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Espinosa-Velasco M, Castro-Zavala A, Reguilón MD, Gallego-Landin I, Bellot M, Rublinetska O, Valverde O, Rodríguez-Arias M, Nadal-Gratacós N, Berzosa X, Gómez-Canela C, Carbó ML, Camarasa J, Escubedo E, López-Arnau R, Pubill D. Sex differences in the effects of N-ethylpentylone in young CD1 mice: Insights on behaviour, thermoregulation and early gene expression. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 39014975 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE New psychoactive substances such as N-ethylpentylone (NEP) are continuously emerging in the illicit drug market, and knowledge of their effects and risks, which may vary between sexes, is scarce. Our present study compares some key effects of NEP in male and female mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Psychostimulant, rewarding and reinforcing effects were investigated by tracking locomotor activity, conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm and through a self-administration (SA) procedure, respectively, in CD1 mice. Moreover, the expression of early genes (C-fos, Arc, Csnk1e, Pdyn, Pp1r1b and Bdnf in addiction-related brain areas) was assessed by qPCR. Finally, serum and brain levels of NEP were determined by UHPLC-MS/MS. KEY RESULTS NEP-treated males experimented locomotor sensitisation and showed higher and longer increases in locomotion as well as higher hyperthermia after repeated administration than females. Moreover, while preference score in the CPP was similar in both sexes, extinction occurred later, and reinstatement was more easily established for males. Female mice self-administered more NEP than males at a higher dose. Differences in early gene expression (Arc, Bdnf, Csnk1e and Ppp1r1b) were found, but the serum and brain NEP levels did not differ between sexes. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results suggest that male mice are more sensitive to NEP psychostimulant and rewarding effects. These differences may be attributed to different early gene expression but not to pharmacokinetic factors. Moreover, males appear to be more vulnerable to the hyperthermic effects of NEP, while females might be more prone to NEP abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Espinosa-Velasco
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Castro-Zavala
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina D Reguilón
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Gallego-Landin
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Bellot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry (Chromatography Section), IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Rublinetska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Núria Nadal-Gratacós
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Chemical Reactions for Innovative Solutions (CRISOL), IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Berzosa
- Chemical Reactions for Innovative Solutions (CRISOL), IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry (Chromatography Section), IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel Lí Carbó
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Camarasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Escubedo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl López-Arnau
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Pubill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
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Chen F, Dong X, Wang Z, Wu T, Wei L, Li Y, Zhang K, Ma Z, Tian C, Li J, Zhao J, Zhang W, Liu A, Shen H. Regulation of specific abnormal calcium signals in the hippocampal CA1 and primary cortex M1 alleviates the progression of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:425-433. [PMID: 37488907 PMCID: PMC10503629 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is a multifactorial neurological dysfunction syndrome that is refractory, resistant to antiepileptic drugs, and has a high recurrence rate. The pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy is complex and is not fully understood. Intracellular calcium dynamics have been implicated in temporal lobe epilepsy. However, the effect of fluctuating calcium activity in CA1 pyramidal neurons on temporal lobe epilepsy is unknown, and no longitudinal studies have investigated calcium activity in pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and primary motor cortex M1 of freely moving mice. In this study, we used a multi-channel fiber photometry system to continuously record calcium signals in CA1 and M1 during the temporal lobe epilepsy process. We found that calcium signals varied according to the grade of temporal lobe epilepsy episodes. In particular, cortical spreading depression, which has recently been frequently used to represent the continuously and substantially increased calcium signals, was found to correspond to complex and severe behavioral characteristics of temporal lobe epilepsy ranging from grade II to grade V. However, vigorous calcium oscillations and highly synchronized calcium signals in CA1 and M1 were strongly related to convulsive motor seizures. Chemogenetic inhibition of pyramidal neurons in CA1 significantly attenuated the amplitudes of the calcium signals corresponding to grade I episodes. In addition, the latency of cortical spreading depression was prolonged, and the above-mentioned abnormal calcium signals in CA1 and M1 were also significantly reduced. Intriguingly, it was possible to rescue the altered intracellular calcium dynamics. Via simultaneous analysis of calcium signals and epileptic behaviors, we found that the progression of temporal lobe epilepsy was alleviated when specific calcium signals were reduced, and that the end-point behaviors of temporal lobe epilepsy were improved. Our results indicate that the calcium dynamic between CA1 and M1 may reflect specific epileptic behaviors corresponding to different grades. Furthermore, the selective regulation of abnormal calcium signals in CA1 pyramidal neurons appears to effectively alleviate temporal lobe epilepsy, thereby providing a potential molecular mechanism for a new temporal lobe epilepsy diagnosis and treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi Dong
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhuan Wang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tongrui Wu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liangpeng Wei
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zengguang Ma
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Aili Liu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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3
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Nunes F, Lotufo Denucci B, Velho Martins Lages Y, Maisonnette S, Eichenberg Krahe T, Pedro Mello Cruz A, Landeira-Fernandez J. Increased hippocampal CREB phosphorylation after retrieval of remote contextual fear memories in Carioca high-conditioned freezing rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 205:107828. [PMID: 37730100 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The participation of the hippocampal formation in consolidation and reconsolidation of contextual fear memories has been widely recognized and known to be dependent on the activation of the cAMP response element (CRE) binding protein (CREB) pathway. Recent findings have challenged the prevailing view that over time contextual fear memories migrate to neocortical circuits and no longer require the hippocampus for retrieval of remote fearful memories. It has also recently been found that this brain structure is important for the maintenance and recall of remote fear memories associated with aversive events, a common trait in stress-related disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In view of these findings, here we examined the putative role of CREB in the hippocampus of an animal model of GAD during the retrieval of remote contextual fear memories. Specifically, we evaluated CREB phosphorylation in the hippocampus of male Carioca High- and Low-conditioned Freezing rats (CHF and CLF, respectively) upon re-exposure of animals to contextual cues associated to footshocks weeks after fear conditioning. Age-matched male rats from a randomized crossbreeding population served as controls (CTL). Adrenal catecholamine levels were also measured as a biological marker of stress response. Seven weeks after contextual fear conditioning, half of the sample of CHF (n = 9), CLF (n = 10) and CTL (n = 10) rats were randomly assigned to return to the same context chamber where footshocks were previously administrated (Context condition), while the remaining animals were individually placed in standard housing cages (Control condition). Western blot results indicated that pCREB levels were significantly increased in the hippocampus of CHF rats for both Context and Control conditions when compared to the other experimental groups. CHF rats in the Context condition also exhibited significant more freezing than that observed for both CLF and CTL rats. Lastly, CHF animals in the Context condition displayed significantly higher adrenal catecholamine levels than those in the Control condition, whereas no differences in catecholamine levels were observed between Context and Control conditions for CLF and CTL rats. These findings are discussed from a perspective in which the hippocampus plays a role in the maintenance and recall of remote contextual fear memories via the CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Nunes
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lotufo Denucci
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sílvia Maisonnette
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Pedro Mello Cruz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
| | - J Landeira-Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Imamura Y, Matsumoto H, Imamura J, Matsumoto N, Yamakawa K, Yoshikawa N, Murakami Y, Mitani S, Nakagawa J, Yamada T, Ogura H, Oda J, Shimazu T. Ultrasound stimulation of the vagal nerve improves acute septic encephalopathy in mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1211608. [PMID: 37529234 PMCID: PMC10388538 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1211608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic encephalopathy (SE) is characterized by symptoms such as coma, delirium, and cognitive dysfunction, and effective therapeutic interventions for SE remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential alleviating effects of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) on SE-associated signs. To evaluate our hypothesis, we utilized a mouse model of SE induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (0.3 mg per mouse) and administered noninvasive, high-frequency ultrasound VNS. To assess the efficacy of ultrasound VNS, we measured inflammation-related molecules, including the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) expression in peritoneal macrophages and plasma interleukin 1β (IL-1β) levels. Consistent with our hypothesis, SE mice exhibited reduced α7nAChR expression in macrophages and elevated IL-1β levels in the blood. Remarkably, VNS in SE mice restored α7nAChR expression and IL-1β levels to those observed in control mice. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of VNS on survival rate, body temperature, and locomotor activity. SE mice subjected to VNS demonstrated a modest, yet significant, improvement in survival rate, recovery from hypothermia, and increased locomotor activity. To investigate the impact on the brain, we examined the hippocampus of SE mice. In control mice, VNS increased the expression of c-fos, a marker of neuronal electrical excitability, in the hippocampus. In SE mice, VNS led to the restoration of aberrant firing patterns in hippocampal neurons. Additionally, proteomic analysis of hippocampal tissue in SE mice revealed abnormal increases in two proteins, tissue factor (TF) and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 9 (ACAD9), which returned to control levels following VNS. Collectively, our findings support the value of exploring the beneficial effects of ultrasound VNS on SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Imamura
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Architectural and Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisatake Matsumoto
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Imamura
- Molex Corporation, Ltd., Yamato, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsumoto
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuma Yamakawa
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nao Yoshikawa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Murakami
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoko Mitani
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yamada
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogura
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Oda
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimazu
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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5
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Wilmerding LK, Kondratyev I, Ramirez S, Hasselmo ME. Route-dependent spatial engram tagging in mouse dentate gyrus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 200:107738. [PMID: 36822466 PMCID: PMC10106405 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus is hypothesized to act as a pattern separator that distinguishes between similar input patterns during memory formation and retrieval. Sparse ensembles of DG cells associated with learning and memory, i.e. engrams, have been labeled and manipulated to recall novel context memories. Functional studies of DG cell activity have demonstrated the spatial specificity and stability of DG cells during navigation. To reconcile how the DG contributes to separating global context as well as individual navigational routes, we trained mice to perform a delayed-non-match-to-position (DNMP) T-maze task and labeled DG neurons during performance of this task on a novel T-maze. The following day, mice navigated a second environment: the same T-maze, the same T-maze with one route permanently blocked but still visible, or a novel open field. We found that the degree of engram reactivation across days differed based on the traversal of maze routes, such that mice traversing only one arm had higher ensemble overlap than chance but less overlap than mice running the full two-route task. Mice experiencing the open field had similar ensemble sizes to the other groups but only chance-level ensemble reactivation. Ensemble overlap differences could not be explained by behavioral variability across groups, nor did behavioral metrics correlate to degree of ensemble reactivation. Together, these results support the hypothesis that DG contributes to spatial navigation memory and that partially non-overlapping ensembles encode different routes within the context of an environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucius K Wilmerding
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States; Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, United States.
| | - Ivan Kondratyev
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States
| | - Steve Ramirez
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States; Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, United States
| | - Michael E Hasselmo
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States; Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, United States
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Wang CH, McHugh TJ. Putting memories in their place. Cell Res 2023; 33:91-92. [PMID: 36257980 PMCID: PMC9892484 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsuan Wang
- Laboratory for Circuit & Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- Laboratory for Circuit & Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan.
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Bijoch Ł, Klos J, Pawłowska M, Wiśniewska J, Legutko D, Szachowicz U, Kaczmarek L, Beroun A. Whole-brain tracking of cocaine and sugar rewards processing. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:20. [PMID: 36683039 PMCID: PMC9868126 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural rewards, such as food, and sex are appetitive stimuli available for animals in their natural environment. Similarly, addictive rewards such as drugs of abuse possess strong, positive valence, but their action relies on their pharmacological properties. Nevertheless, it is believed that both of these kinds of rewards activate similar brain circuitry. The present study aimed to discover which parts of the brain process the experience of natural and addictive rewards. To holistically address this question, we used a single-cell whole-brain imaging approach to find patterns of activation for acute and prolonged sucrose and cocaine exposure. We analyzed almost 400 brain structures and created a brain-wide map of specific, c-Fos-positive neurons engaged by these rewards. Acute but not prolonged sucrose exposure triggered a massive c-Fos expression throughout the brain. Cocaine exposure on the other hand potentiated c-Fos expression with prolonged use, engaging more structures than sucrose treatment. The functional connectivity analysis unraveled an increase in brain modularity after the initial exposure to both types of rewards. This modularity was increased after repeated cocaine, but not sucrose, intake. To check whether discrepancies between the processing of both types of rewards can be found on a cellular level, we further studied the nucleus accumbens, one of the most strongly activated brain structures by both sucrose and cocaine experience. We found a high overlap between natural and addictive rewards on the level of c-Fos expression. Electrophysiological measurements of cellular correlates of synaptic plasticity revealed that natural and addictive rewards alike induce the accumulation of silent synapses. These results strengthen the hypothesis that in the nucleus accumbens drugs of abuse cause maladaptive neuronal plasticity in the circuitry that typically processes natural rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Bijoch
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Klos
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Pawłowska
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland ,grid.12847.380000 0004 1937 1290Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Wiśniewska
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Legutko
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Szachowicz
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Beroun
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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He J, Zhu Y, Wu C, Wu J, Chen Y, Yuan M, Cheng Z, Zeng L, Ji X. Simultaneous multi-target ultrasound neuromodulation in freely-moving mice based on a single-element ultrasound transducer. J Neural Eng 2023; 20. [PMID: 36608340 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acb104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Ultrasound neuromodulation has become an emerging method for the therapy of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. The phased array ultrasonic transducer enables multi-target ultrasound neuromodulation in small animals, but the relatively large size and mass and the thick cables of the array limit the free movement of small animals. Furthermore, spatial interference may occur during multi-target ultrasound brain stimulation with multiple micro transducers.Approach.In this study, we developed a miniature power ultrasound transducer and used the virtual source time inversion method and 3D printing technology to design, optimize, and manufacture the acoustic holographic lens to construct a multi-target ultrasound neuromodulation system for free-moving mice. The feasibility of the system was verified byin vitrotranscranial ultrasound field measurements,in vivodual-target blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening experiments, andin vivodual-target ultrasound neuromodulation experiments.Main results.The developed miniature transducer had a diameter of 4.0 mm, a center frequency of 1.1 MHz, and a weight of 1.25 g. The developed miniature acoustic holographic lens had a weight of 0.019 g to generate dual-focus transcranial ultrasound. The ultrasonic field measurements' results showed that the bifocal's horizontal distance was 3.0 mm, the -6 dB focal spot width in thex-direction was 2.5 and 2.25 mm, and 2.12 and 2.24 mm in they-direction. Finally, thein vivoexperimental results showed that the system could achieve dual-target BBB opening and ultrasound neuromodulation in freely-moving mice.Significance.The ultrasonic neuromodulation system based on a miniature single-element transducer and the miniature acoustic holographic lens could achieve dual-target neuromodulation in awake small animals, which is expected to be applied to the research of non-invasive dual-target ultrasonic treatment of brain diseases in awake small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Canwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Maodan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lvming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanrong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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Pettit NL, Yap EL, Greenberg ME, Harvey CD. Fos ensembles encode and shape stable spatial maps in the hippocampus. Nature 2022; 609:327-334. [PMID: 36002569 PMCID: PMC9452297 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the hippocampus, spatial maps are formed by place cells while contextual memories are thought to be encoded as engrams1-6. Engrams are typically identified by expression of the immediate early gene Fos, but little is known about the neural activity patterns that drive, and are shaped by, Fos expression in behaving animals7-10. Thus, it is unclear whether Fos-expressing hippocampal neurons also encode spatial maps and whether Fos expression correlates with and affects specific features of the place code11. Here we measured the activity of CA1 neurons with calcium imaging while monitoring Fos induction in mice performing a hippocampus-dependent spatial learning task in virtual reality. We find that neurons with high Fos induction form ensembles of cells with highly correlated activity, exhibit reliable place fields that evenly tile the environment and have more stable tuning across days than nearby non-Fos-induced cells. Comparing neighbouring cells with and without Fos function using a sparse genetic loss-of-function approach, we find that neurons with disrupted Fos function have less reliable activity, decreased spatial selectivity and lower across-day stability. Our results demonstrate that Fos-induced cells contribute to hippocampal place codes by encoding accurate, stable and spatially uniform maps and that Fos itself has a causal role in shaping these place codes. Fos ensembles may therefore link two key aspects of hippocampal function: engrams for contextual memories and place codes that underlie cognitive maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah L Pettit
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ee-Lynn Yap
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Cheng ST, Liu S, Ou-Yang B, Dai XY, Cheng L. Specific Effects of Characteristics of Enriched Environment on Innovative Problem Solving by Animals. Psychol Sci 2022; 33:1097-1111. [PMID: 35776087 DOI: 10.1177/09567976211070562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have revealed that an enriched environment can enhance the survival-related behaviors and brain functions of animals. However, the effects and specific roles of the enrichment characteristics on animals' innovative capability, a cognitive ability crucial for survival in nature, are still not well known. In this study, we assigned mice to environment-manipulation groups (n = 15 each) to investigate the specific effects of environmental novelty (novel vs. familiar) and environmental complexity (complex vs. normal) on innovative problem solving and its possible neural mechanisms. Results showed that mice in only the novel-environment group performed better at innovative-problem-solving tasks and showed greater numbers of novel explorations and dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens in the brain. These findings indicate that an enriched environment has the potential to promote the innovative capability of mice by enhancing their novel exploratory motivation, which depends on the novelty of the environment but not its complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Te Cheng
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University
| | - Sha Liu
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University
| | - Bo Ou-Yang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University
| | - Xin-Yu Dai
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University
| | - Liang Cheng
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University
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11
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Post-Weaning Treatment with Probiotic Inhibited Stress-Induced Amnesia in Adulthood Rats: The Mediation of GABAergic System and BDNF/c-Fos Signaling Pathways. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2357-2372. [PMID: 35618945 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03625-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the effect of post-weaning treatment with probiotics on memory formation under stress during the adult period in male Wistar rats. Considering GABA is a potential mediator between probiotics and the host, the present study also investigated the involvement of the GABAergic system in the probiotic response. The hippocampal and prefrontal cortical (PFC) expression levels of BDNF and c-Fos were also assessed to show whether the treatments affect the memory-related signaling pathway. Three weeks after birth, the post-weaning rats were fed with probiotic water (PW) or tap water (TW) for 2, 3, 4, or 5 weeks. Exposure to acute stress impaired memory formation in a passive avoidance learning task. Feeding the post-weaning animals with probiotic strains (3, 4, or 5 weeks) inhibited stress-induced amnesia of the adult period. Post-training intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjection of muscimol improved stress-induced amnesia in the animals fed with TW. ICV microinjection of muscimol inhibited probiotic treatment's significant effect on the stress response in the memory task. The expression levels of BDNF and c-Fos in the PFC and the hippocampus were significantly decreased in the stress animal group. The levels of BDNF and c-Fos were increased in the PW/stress animal group. The muscimol response was compounded with the decreased levels of BDNF and c-Fos in the PFC and the hippocampus. Thus, the GABA-A receptor mechanism may mediate the inhibitory effect of this probiotic mixture on stress-induced amnesia, which may be associated with the PFC and hippocampal BDNF/c-Fos signaling changes.
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12
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Wynn SC, Nyhus E. Brain activity patterns underlying memory confidence. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1774-1797. [PMID: 35304774 PMCID: PMC9314063 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this review is to examine the brain activity patterns that are related to subjectively perceived memory confidence. We focus on the main brain regions involved in episodic memory: the medial temporal lobe (MTL), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and relate activity in their subregions to memory confidence. How this brain activity in both the encoding and retrieval phase is related to (subsequent) memory confidence ratings will be discussed. Specifically, encoding related activity in MTL regions and ventrolateral PFC mainly shows a positive linear increase with subsequent memory confidence, while dorsolateral and ventromedial PFC activity show mixed patterns. In addition, encoding-related PPC activity seems to only have indirect effects on memory confidence ratings. Activity during retrieval in both the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex increases with memory confidence, especially during high-confident recognition. Retrieval-related activity in the PFC and PPC show mixed relationships with memory confidence, likely related to post-retrieval monitoring and attentional processes, respectively. In this review, these MTL, PFC, and PPC activity patterns are examined in detail and related to their functional roles in memory processes. This insight into brain activity that underlies memory confidence is important for our understanding of brain-behaviour relations and memory-guided decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syanah C Wynn
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States
| | - Erika Nyhus
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States
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13
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Mazurkiewicz M, Kambham A, Pace B, Skwarzynska D, Wagley P, Burnsed J. Neuronal activity mapping during exploration of a novel environment. Brain Res 2022; 1776:147748. [PMID: 34896333 PMCID: PMC8728889 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole-brain mapping is an effective approach to investigate which brain areas are activated by the exploration of a novel environment. Previous studies analyzing neuronal activity promoted by novelty focused mostly on one specific area instead of the whole brain and measured activation using cfos immunohistochemistry. In this study, we utilized TRAP2 mice exposed to a novel and familiar environment to examine neuronal activity in exploratory, learning, and memory circuits. We analyzed the behavior of mice during environment exploration. Brain tissue was processed using tissue clarification and neurons active during exploration of an environment were mapped based on the cfos expression. Neuronal activity after each experience were quantified in regions of interest. We observed increased exploratory behavior in mice exposed to a novel environment in comparison to familiar (170.5 s ± 6.47 vs. 112.5 s ± 9.54, p = 0.0001). Neuronal activity was significantly increased in the dentate gyrus (115.56 ± 53.84 vs. 32.24 ± 12.32, p = 0.02) during the exploration of a novel environment. Moreover, examination of the remaining regions of interest showed some increase in the number of active neurons in the novel condition, however, those differences were not statistically significant. Brief exposure to a novel environment results in increased exploratory behavior and significant neuronal activity in the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anvitha Kambham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Belle Pace
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Daria Skwarzynska
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Pravin Wagley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Jennifer Burnsed
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA;,Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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14
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Gutiérrez-Ruiz JR, Villafaña S, Ruiz-Hernández A, Viruette-Pontigo D, Menchaca-Cervantes C, Aguayo-Cerón KA, Huang F, Hong E, Romero-Nava R. Expression profiles of GPR21, GPR39, GPR135, and GPR153 orphan receptors in different cancers. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 41:123-136. [PMID: 35021931 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.2002892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Orphan receptors have unknown endogenous ligands, are expressed in different tissues, and participate in various diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and cancer. We studied the expression profiles of GPR21, GPR39, GPR135 and GPR153 orphan receptors in several tumour tissues. Cervical, breast, skin, prostate, and astrocytoma tissues were analysed for orphan receptor gene expression using Real time PCR analysis. GPR39 is over-expressed in cervical and prostate cancer tissues, and GPR21 and GPR135 receptors are significantly decreased in cervical, breast, skin, prostate, and astrocytoma tissues, when compared with healthy human fibroblasts. In conclusion, GPR21 and GPR135 receptor gene expression is reduced in cancerous tissues. GPR39 may have a role in the development and evolution of cervical and prostate cancer. These data suggest these receptors may be alternative molecules for new diagnostic approaches, and the design of novel therapeutics against oncological pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan René Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México, México
- Secretaria de Salud del estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Armando Ruiz-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, México
| | | | | | - Karla Aidee Aguayo-Cerón
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Departamento de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique Hong
- Departamento de Farmacobiología sede Sur, CINVESTAV, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México, México
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15
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Zheng M, Liu Y, Xiao Z, Jiao L, Lin X. Tau Knockout and α-Synuclein A53T Synergy Modulated Parvalbumin-Positive Neurons Degeneration Staging in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata of Parkinson’s Disease-Liked Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:784665. [PMID: 35087392 PMCID: PMC8787263 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.784665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) was observed in patients with end-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD) and our previously constructed old-aged Pitx3-A53Tα-Syn × Tau–/– triple transgenic mice model of PD. The aim of this study was to examine the progress of PV+ neurons loss. We demonstrated that, as compared with non-transgenic (nTg) mice, the accumulation of α-synuclein in the SNR of aged Pitx3-A53Tα-Syn × Tau–/– mice was increased obviously, which was accompanied by the considerable degeneration of PV+ neurons and the massive generation of apoptotic NeuN+TUNEL+ co-staining neurons. Interestingly, PV was not costained with TUNEL, a marker of apoptosis. PV+ neurons in the SNR may undergo a transitional stage from decreased expression of PV to increased expression of NeuN and then to TUNEL expression. In addition, the degeneration of PV+ neurons and the expression of NeuN were rarely observed in the SNR of nTg and the other triple transgenic mice. Hence, we propose that Tau knockout and α-syn A53T synergy modulate PV+ neurons degeneration staging in the SNR of aged PD-liked mice model, and NeuN may be suited for an indicator that suggests degeneration of SNR PV+ neurons. However, the molecular mechanism needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meige Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanchang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaoming Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Luyan Jiao
- Nuwacell Biotechnologies Co., Ltd, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Luyan Jiao,
| | - Xian Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Xian Lin,
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16
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Increased Accuracy to c-Fos-Positive Neuron Counting. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3060983. [PMID: 34790818 PMCID: PMC8592694 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3060983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is not a described method to count the core label of c-Fos-positive neurons, avoiding false-positive and false-negative results. The aim of this manuscript is to provide guidelines for a secure and accurate method to calculate a threshold to select which core of c-Fos-positive neurons marked by immunofluorescence has to be scored. A background percentage was calculated by dividing the intensity value (0 to 255) of the core of c-Fos-positive neurons by its surrounding background from the 8-bit images obtained in a previous study. Using the background percentage from 20% up to 98%, raising 2% once for each score, as threshold to choose which core has to be counted, a script was written for the R program to count the number of the c-Fos-positive neurons and the comparison between control and experimental groups. The differences of the average number of the core counted c-Fos-positive neurons between control and experimental groups, at all thresholds studied, showed a rising value related to an increase of the background percentage threshold as well as a decrease of its p value related to an increase of the threshold of background percentage. For the smallest thresholds (high intensity of label), the differences between groups are suppressed (false negative). However, for the biggest thresholds (nonspecific label), these differences are always the same (false positive). Therefore, to avoid the false-negative and the false-positive values, it was chosen as the threshold of 62% the inflection point of the linear regression, which is equally different from the biggest and smallest values of the differences between groups.
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17
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Cavalieri D, Angelova A, Islah A, Lopez C, Bocchio M, Bollmann Y, Baude A, Cossart R. CA1 pyramidal cell diversity is rootedin the time of neurogenesis. eLife 2021; 10:69270. [PMID: 34723790 PMCID: PMC8660020 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular diversity supports the computational capacity and flexibility of cortical circuits. Accordingly, principal neurons at the CA1 output node of the murine hippocampus are increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous population. Their genes, molecular content, intrinsic morpho-physiology, connectivity, and function seem to segregate along the main anatomical axes of the hippocampus. Since these axes reflect the temporal order of principal cell neurogenesis, we directly examined the relationship between birthdate and CA1 pyramidal neuron diversity, focusing on the ventral hippocampus. We used a genetic fate-mapping approach that allowed tagging three groups of age-matched principal neurons: pioneer, early-, and late-born. Using a combination of neuroanatomy, slice physiology, connectivity tracing, and cFos staining in mice, we show that birthdate is a strong predictor of CA1 principal cell diversity. We unravel a subpopulation of pioneer neurons recruited in familiar environments with remarkable positioning, morpho-physiological features, and connectivity. Therefore, despite the expected plasticity of hippocampal circuits, given their role in learning and memory, the diversity of their main components is also partly determined at the earliest steps of development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anas Islah
- INMED, INSERM Aix-Marseille University, marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Agnès Baude
- INMED, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Marseille, France
| | - Rosa Cossart
- INMED, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Marseille, France
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18
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Ogando MB, Pedroncini O, Federman N, Romano SA, Brum LA, Lanuza GM, Refojo D, Marin-Burgin A. Cholinergic modulation of dentate gyrus processing through dynamic reconfiguration of inhibitory circuits. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109572. [PMID: 34433032 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus plays a key role in memory formation, and it is known to be modulated by septal projections. By performing electrophysiology and optogenetics, we evaluated the role of cholinergic modulation in the processing of afferent inputs in the DG. We show that mature granule cells (GCs), but not adult-born immature neurons, have increased responses to afferent perforant path stimuli upon cholinergic modulation. This is due to a highly precise reconfiguration of inhibitory circuits, differentially affecting Parvalbumin and Somatostatin interneurons, resulting in a nicotinic-dependent perisomatic disinhibition of GCs. This circuit reorganization provides a mechanism by which mature GCs could escape the strong inhibition they receive, creating a window of opportunity for plasticity. Indeed, coincident activation of perforant path inputs with optogenetic release of acetylcholine produces a long-term potentiated response in GCs, essential for memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mora B Ogando
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Olivia Pedroncini
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noel Federman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián A Romano
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano A Brum
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Guillermo M Lanuza
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Damian Refojo
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonia Marin-Burgin
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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19
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Nociceptin Increases Antioxidant Expression in the Kidney, Liver and Brain of Diabetic Rats. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070621. [PMID: 34356475 PMCID: PMC8301093 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Nociceptin (NC) is a small peptide implicated in the physiology of pain, learning and memory. Here we investigated the role of NC in the induction of antioxidants in the kidney, liver, and the brain of diabetic rats using morphological and biochemical methods. Normal and diabetic animals were treated with NC for 5 days. Catalase (CAT) was expressed in the kidney, liver, and the neurons of the brain. Although CAT was markedly (p < 0.05) lower in the tubules of the kidney of normal and diabetic animals after NC treatment, NC significantly (p < 0.001) increased the presence of CAT in the liver and brain of diabetic rats. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was observed in kidney tubules, hepatocytes, and neurons of the brain. Treatment with NC markedly (p < 0.001) increased the level of SOD in hepatocytes and neurons of the brain. Glutathione reductase (GRED) was seen in the convoluted tubules of the kidney, hepatocytes and neurons of the brain. Treatment with NC markedly increased (p < 0.001) the expression of GRED in kidney tubules, hepatocytes and neurons of the brain. In conclusion, NC can help diabetic patients mitigate the effects of oxidative stress by its ability to induce endogenous antioxidants. Abstract Nociceptin (NC) consists of 17 amino acids (aa) and takes part in the processing of learning and memory. The role of NC in the induction of endogenous antioxidants in still unclear. We examined the effect of NC on the expression of endogenous antioxidants in kidney, liver, cerebral cortex (CC), and hippocampus after the onset of diabetes mellitus, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. Exogenous NC (aa chain 1–17; 10 µg/kg body weight) was given intraperitoneally to normal and diabetic rats for 5 days. Our results showed that catalase (CAT) is present in the proximal (PCT) and distal (DCT) convoluted tubules of kidney, hepatocytes, and neurons of CC and hippocampus. The expression of CAT was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the kidney of normal and diabetic rats after treatment with NC. However, NC markedly (p < 0.001) increased the expression CAT in the liver and neurons of CC of diabetic rats. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is widely distributed in the PCT and DCT of kidney, hepatocytes, and neurons of CC and hippocampus. NC significantly (p < 0.001) increased the expression of SOD in hepatocytes and neurons of CC and the hippocampus but not in the kidney. Glutathione reductase (GRED) was observed in kidney tubules, hepatocytes and neurons of the brain. NC markedly increased (p < 0.001) the expression of GRED in PCT and DCT cells of the kidney and hepatocytes of liver and neurons of CC. In conclusion, NC is a strong inducer of CAT, SOD, and GRED expression in the kidney, liver and brain of diabetic rats.
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20
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Muratori BG, Zamberlam CR, Mendes TB, Nozima BHN, Cerutti JM, Cerutti SM. BDNF as a Putative Target for Standardized Extract of Ginkgo biloba-Induced Persistence of Object Recognition Memory. Molecules 2021; 26:3326. [PMID: 34206011 PMCID: PMC8198829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable progress on the study of the effect of standardized extract of Gingko biloba (EGb) on memory processes, our understanding of its role in the persistence of long-term memory (LTM) and the molecular mechanism underlying its effect, particularly episodic-like memory, is limited. We here investigated the effects of EGb on the long-term retention of recognition memory and its persistence and BDNF expression levels in the dorsal hippocampal formation (DHF). Adult male Wistar rats (n = 10/group) were handled for 10 min/5 day. On day 6, the animals were treated with vehicle or 0.4 mg/kg diazepam (control groups) or with EGb (250, 500 or 100 mg/kg) 30 min before the training session (TR1), in which the animals were exposed to two sample objects. On day 7, all rats underwent a second training session (TR2) as described in the TR1 but without drug treatment. Object recognition memory (ORM) was evaluated on day 8 (retention test, T1) and day 9 (persistence test, T2). At the end of T1or T2, animals were decapitated, and DHF samples were frozen at -80 °C for analyses of the differential expression of BDNF by Western blotting. EGb-treated groups spent more time exploring the novel object in T2 and showed the highest recognition index (RI) values during the T1 and T2, which was associated with upregulation of BDNF expression in the DHF in a dose-and session-dependent manner. Our data reveal, for the first time, that EGb treatment before acquisition of ORM promotes persistence of LTM by BDNF differential expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz G. Muratori
- Cellular and Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, The Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 09972-270, Brazil; (B.G.M.); (C.R.Z.)
| | - Cláudia R. Zamberlam
- Cellular and Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, The Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 09972-270, Brazil; (B.G.M.); (C.R.Z.)
| | - Thaís B. Mendes
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (T.B.M.); (B.H.N.N.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Bruno H. N. Nozima
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (T.B.M.); (B.H.N.N.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Janete M. Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (T.B.M.); (B.H.N.N.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Suzete M. Cerutti
- Cellular and Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, The Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 09972-270, Brazil; (B.G.M.); (C.R.Z.)
- Department of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 09972-270, Brazil
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21
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Hernández-Ramírez S, Osorio-Gómez D, Escobar ML, Rodríguez-Durán L, Velasco M, Bermúdez-Rattoni F, Hiriart M, Guzmán-Ramos KR. Catecholaminergic stimulation restores high-sucrose diet-induced hippocampal dysfunction. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 127:105178. [PMID: 33706043 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that long-term consumption of high-caloric diets increases the risk of developing cognitive dysfunctions. In the present study, we assessed the catecholaminergic activity in the hippocampus as a modulatory mechanism that is altered in rats exposed to six months of a high-sucrose diet (HSD). Male Wistar rats fed with this diet developed a metabolic disorder and showed impaired spatial memory in both water maze and object location memory (OLM) tasks. Intrahippocampal free-movement microdialysis showed a diminished dopaminergic and noradrenergic response to object exploration during OLM acquisition compared to rats fed with normal diet. In addition, electrophysiological results revealed an impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) of the perforant to dentate gyrus pathway in rats exposed to a HSD. Local administration of nomifensine, a catecholaminergic reuptake inhibitor, prior to OLM acquisition or LTP induction, improved long-term memory and electrophysiological responses, respectively. These results suggest that chronic exposure to HSD induces a hippocampal deterioration which impacts on cognitive and neural plasticity events negatively; these impairments can be ameliorated by increasing or restituting the affected catecholaminergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Hernández-Ramírez
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Osorio-Gómez
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha L Escobar
- División de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Rodríguez-Durán
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Myrian Velasco
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcia Hiriart
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Kioko R Guzmán-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. El Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico.
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22
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Yang Q, Yao Y, Zhao D, Zou H, Lai C, Xiang G, Wang G, Luo L, Shi Y, Li Y, Yang M, Huang X. LncRNA H19 secreted by umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells through microRNA-29a-3p/FOS axis for central sensitization of pain in advanced osteoarthritis. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:1245-1256. [PMID: 33841653 PMCID: PMC8014348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the molecular mechanism of umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (UCBMSCs) in the treatment of advanced osteoarthritis pain. METHODS Normal healthy rats were selected to establish advanced osteoarthritis (OA) model, and the rats were randomly divided into control group, intravenous group, intracavitary group and intrathecal group. The intravenous group received intravenous injection of UCBMSCs, intracavitary group received intra-articular injection of UCBMSCs, and intrathecal group received subarachnoid injection of UCBMSCs. The pain behavior and serum pro-inflammatory factor levels were evaluated before and after treatment. microRNA-29a-3p and FOS mRNA in spinal dorsal horn was detected using qPCR, the phosphorylation of c-fos protein and NR1, NR2B, ERK and PKCg was detected using Western blot, and the level of LncRNA H19 was detected using qPCR. RESULTS LncRNA H19 was enriched in the exosomes of UCBMSCs. microRNA-29a-3p was the target gene of LncRNA H19, while FOS was the downstream target of microRNA-29a-3p. Pain and inflammation of rats in the intrathecal group improved best, and the phosphorylation levels of c-fos and NR1, NR2B, ERK and PKCg in the spinal dorsal horn of the intrathecal group decreased. LncRNA H19 regulated the central sensitization of astrocytes through microRNA-29a-3p/FOS axis. CONCLUSION Intrathecal injection of umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells can improve the pain and central sensitization of advanced osteoarthritis through LncRNA H19/microRNA-29a-3p/FOS axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s HospitalChengdu 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research HospitalChengdu 610072, China
| | - Yutong Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s HospitalChengdu 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research HospitalChengdu 610072, China
| | - Daqiang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiahui International HospitalShanghai 200233, China
| | - Haibo Zou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s HospitalChengdu 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research HospitalChengdu 610072, China
| | - Chunyou Lai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s HospitalChengdu 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research HospitalChengdu 610072, China
| | - Guangming Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s HospitalChengdu 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research HospitalChengdu 610072, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s HospitalChengdu 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research HospitalChengdu 610072, China
| | - Le Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s HospitalChengdu 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research HospitalChengdu 610072, China
| | - Ying Shi
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Maozhu Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s HospitalChengdu 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research HospitalChengdu 610072, China
| | - Xiaolun Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s HospitalChengdu 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research HospitalChengdu 610072, China
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23
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Petersen CL, Davis SED, Patel B, Hurley LM. Social Experience Interacts with Serotonin to Affect Functional Connectivity in the Social Behavior Network following Playback of Social Vocalizations in Mice. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0247-20.2021. [PMID: 33658309 PMCID: PMC8114900 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0247-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Past social experience affects the circuitry responsible for producing and interpreting current behaviors. The social behavior network (SBN) is a candidate neural ensemble to investigate the consequences of early-life social isolation. The SBN interprets and produces social behaviors, such as vocalizations, through coordinated patterns of activity (functional connectivity) between its multiple nuclei. However, the SBN is relatively unexplored with respect to murine vocal processing. The serotonergic system is sensitive to past experience and innervates many nodes of the SBN; therefore, we tested whether serotonin signaling interacts with social experience to affect patterns of immediate early gene (IEG; cFos) induction in the male SBN following playback of social vocalizations. Male mice were separated into either social housing of three mice per cage or into isolated housing at 18-24 d postnatal. After 28-30 d in housing treatment, mice were parsed into one of three drug treatment groups: control, fenfluramine (FEN; increases available serotonin), or pCPA (depletes available serotonin) and exposed to a 60-min playback of female broadband vocalizations (BBVs). FEN generally increased the number of cFos-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons within the SBN, but effects were more pronounced in socially isolated mice. Despite a generalized increase in cFos immunoreactivity, isolated mice had reduced functional connectivity, clustering, and modularity compared with socially reared mice. These results are analogous to observations of functional dysconnectivity in persons with psychopathologies and suggests that early-life social isolation modulates serotonergic regulation of social networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Petersen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Sarah E D Davis
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Bhumi Patel
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Laura M Hurley
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405
- Department of Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47406
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24
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Feurle P, Abentung A, Cera I, Wahl N, Ablinger C, Bucher M, Stefan E, Sprenger S, Teis D, Fischer A, Laighneach A, Whitton L, Morris DW, Apostolova G, Dechant G. SATB2-LEMD2 interaction links nuclear shape plasticity to regulation of cognition-related genes. EMBO J 2021; 40:e103701. [PMID: 33319920 PMCID: PMC7849313 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SATB2 is a schizophrenia risk gene and is genetically associated with human intelligence. How it affects cognition at molecular level is currently unknown. Here, we show that interactions between SATB2, a chromosomal scaffolding protein, and the inner nuclear membrane protein LEMD2 orchestrate the response of pyramidal neurons to neuronal activation. Exposure to novel environment in vivo causes changes in nuclear shape of CA1 hippocampal neurons via a SATB2-dependent mechanism. The activity-driven plasticity of the nuclear envelope requires not only SATB2, but also its protein interactor LEMD2 and the ESCRT-III/VPS4 membrane-remodeling complex. Furthermore, LEMD2 depletion in cortical neurons, similar to SATB2 ablation, affects neuronal activity-dependent regulation of multiple rapid and delayed primary response genes. In human genetic data, LEMD2-regulated genes are enriched for de novo mutations reported in intellectual disability and schizophrenia and are, like SATB2-regulated genes, enriched for common variants associated with schizophrenia and cognitive function. Hence, interactions between SATB2 and the inner nuclear membrane protein LEMD2 influence gene expression programs in pyramidal neurons that are linked to cognitive ability and psychiatric disorder etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Feurle
- Institute for NeuroscienceMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Andreas Abentung
- Institute for NeuroscienceMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Isabella Cera
- Institute for NeuroscienceMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Nico Wahl
- Institute for NeuroscienceMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Cornelia Ablinger
- Institute for NeuroscienceMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Michael Bucher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Simon Sprenger
- Institute for Cell BiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - David Teis
- Institute for Cell BiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Andre Fischer
- Department of Systems Medicine and EpigeneticsGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)GoettingenGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical CenterGoettingenGermany
| | - Aodán Laighneach
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) CentreSchool of Psychology and Discipline of BiochemistryNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Laura Whitton
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) CentreSchool of Psychology and Discipline of BiochemistryNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Derek W Morris
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) CentreSchool of Psychology and Discipline of BiochemistryNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Galina Apostolova
- Institute for NeuroscienceMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Georg Dechant
- Institute for NeuroscienceMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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25
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Maeda M, Kitauchi S, Hirano T, Ikenaka Y, Nishi M, Shoda A, Murata M, Mantani Y, Tabuchi Y, Yokoyama T, Hoshi N. Fetal and lactational exposure to the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) dose of the neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin inhibits neurogenesis and induces different behavioral abnormalities at the developmental stages in male mice. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:542-548. [PMID: 33518607 PMCID: PMC8025408 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that neonicotinoid pesticides (NNs) are transferred from mother to child and are assumed to affect the next generation, but the
behavioral effects of NN exposure at different developmental stages have not been investigated. We exposed mice to no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)
doses of clothianidin (CLO) during the fetal and lactational period, and then evaluated the neurobehavioral effects in juvenile and adult mice. Significant
increases in anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity were observed in juveniles and adults, respectively, and neuronal activity and neurogenesis in the
hippocampal dentate gyrus were affected in both stages. These results suggest that fetal and lactational exposure to CLO may inhibit neurogenesis and cause
different behavioral abnormalities at different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Maeda
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kitauchi
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Hirano
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Misaki Nishi
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Asuka Shoda
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Midori Murata
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Youhei Mantani
- Laboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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26
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McQuail JA, Dunn AR, Stern Y, Barnes CA, Kempermann G, Rapp PR, Kaczorowski CC, Foster TC. Cognitive Reserve in Model Systems for Mechanistic Discovery: The Importance of Longitudinal Studies. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:607685. [PMID: 33551788 PMCID: PMC7859530 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.607685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review article is to provide a resource for longitudinal studies, using animal models, directed at understanding and modifying the relationship between cognition and brain structure and function throughout life. We propose that forthcoming longitudinal studies will build upon a wealth of knowledge gleaned from prior cross-sectional designs to identify early predictors of variability in cognitive function during aging, and characterize fundamental neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the vulnerability to, and the trajectory of, cognitive decline. Finally, we present examples of biological measures that may differentiate mechanisms of the cognitive reserve at the molecular, cellular, and network level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A McQuail
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Amy R Dunn
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Carol A Barnes
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers (HZ), Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter R Rapp
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurocognitive Aging Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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27
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Stumbo A, Poulin R, Ruehle B. Altered neuronal activity in the visual processing region of eye-fluke-infected fish. Parasitology 2021; 148:115-121. [PMID: 33059785 PMCID: PMC11010201 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fish, like most vertebrates, are dependent on vision to varying degrees for a variety of behaviours such as predator avoidance and foraging. Disruption of this key sensory system therefore should have some impact on the ability of fish to execute these tasks. Eye-flukes, such as Tylodelphys darbyi, often infect fish where they are known to inflict varying degrees of visual impairment. In New Zealand, T. darbyi infects the eyes of Gobiomorphus cotidianus, a freshwater fish, where it resides in the vitreous chamber between the lens and retina. Here, we investigate whether the presence of the parasite in the eye has an impact on neuronal information transfer using the c-Fos gene as a proxy for neuron activation. We hypothesized that the parasite would reduce visual information entering the eye and therefore result in lower c-Fos expression. Interestingly, however, c-Fos expression increased with T. darbyi intensity when fish were exposed to flashes of light. Our results suggest a mechanism for parasite-induced visual disruption when no obvious pathology is caused by infection. The more T. darbyi present the more visual stimuli the fish is presented with, and as such may experience difficulties in distinguishing various features of its external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Stumbo
- Otago Museum, 419 Great King St., Dunedin9016, New Zealand
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King St., Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King St., Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Brandon Ruehle
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King St., Dunedin9016, New Zealand
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28
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Bae B, Gruner HN, Lynch M, Feng T, So K, Oliver D, Mastick GS, Yan W, Pieraut S, Miura P. Elimination of Calm1 long 3'-UTR mRNA isoform by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing impairs dorsal root ganglion development and hippocampal neuron activation in mice. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 26:1414-1430. [PMID: 32522888 PMCID: PMC7491327 DOI: 10.1261/rna.076430.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of mouse and human genes are subject to alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA), which most often leads to the expression of two or more alternative length 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) mRNA isoforms. In neural tissues, there is enhanced expression of APA isoforms with longer 3'-UTRs on a global scale, but the physiological relevance of these alternative 3'-UTR isoforms is poorly understood. Calmodulin 1 (Calm1) is a key integrator of calcium signaling that generates short (Calm1-S) and long (Calm1-L) 3'-UTR mRNA isoforms via APA. We found Calm1-L expression to be largely restricted to neural tissues in mice including the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and hippocampus, whereas Calm1-S was more broadly expressed. smFISH revealed that both Calm1-S and Calm1-L were subcellularly localized to neural processes of primary hippocampal neurons. In contrast, cultured DRG showed restriction of Calm1-L to soma. To investigate the in vivo functions of Calm1-L, we implemented a CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing strategy to delete a small region encompassing the Calm1 distal poly(A) site. This eliminated Calm1-L expression while maintaining expression of Calm1-S Mice lacking Calm1-L (Calm1ΔL/ΔL ) exhibited disorganized DRG migration in embryos, and reduced experience-induced neuronal activation in the adult hippocampus. These data indicate that Calm1-L plays functional roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongmin Bae
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Hannah N Gruner
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Maebh Lynch
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Ting Feng
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Kevin So
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Daniel Oliver
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Grant S Mastick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Simon Pieraut
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Pedro Miura
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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29
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Fujita M, Ochiai Y, Takeda TC, Hagino Y, Kobayashi K, Ikeda K. Increase in excitability of hippocampal neurons during novelty-induced hyperlocomotion in dopamine-deficient mice. Mol Brain 2020; 13:126. [PMID: 32948232 PMCID: PMC7501682 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is involved in many important brain functions, including voluntary motor movement. Dysfunction of the dopaminergic system can induce motor impairments, including Parkinson’s disease. We previously found that dopamine-deficient (DD) mice became hyperactive in a novel environment 72 h after the last injection of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) when dopamine was almost completely depleted. In the present study, we investigated neuronal activity in hippocampal subregions during hyperactivity by measuring Fos expression levels using immunohistochemistry. Dopamine-deficient mice were maintained on daily intraperitoneal injections of 50 mg/kg L-DOPA. Seventy-two hours after the last L-DOPA injection, DD mice were exposed to a novel environment for 1, 2, or 4 h, and then brains were collected. In wildtype mice, the number of Fos-immunopositive neurons significantly increased in the hippocampal CA1 region after 1 h of exposure to the novel environment and then decreased. In DD mice, the number of Fos-immunopositive neurons gradually increased and then significantly increased after 4 h of exposure to the novel environment. The number of Fos-immunopositive neurons also significantly increased in the CA3 region and dentate gyrus in DD mice after 4 h of exposure to the novel environment. These results indicate that the delayed and prolonged excitation of hippocampal neurons in the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus that is caused by dopamine depletion might be involved in hyperactivity in DD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Fujita
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ochiai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.,Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan
| | - Taishi-Clark Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoko Hagino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
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McGregor M, Richer K, Ananth M, Thanos PK. The functional networks of a novel environment: Neural activity mapping in awake unrestrained rats using positron emission tomography. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01646. [PMID: 32562468 PMCID: PMC7428510 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel environment stimulation is thought to have an important role in cognitive development and has been shown to encourage exploratory behavior in rats. However, psychopathology or perceived danger or stress can impede this exploratory drive. The balance between brain circuits controlling the exploratory drive elicited by a novel environment, and the avoidance response to stressors, is not well understood. METHODS Using positron emission tomography (PET) and the glucose analog [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), we assessed awake brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in rats while in a novel environment (cage of an unfamiliar male rat) and non-novel environment (the animal's home cage). RESULTS Exposure to the novel environment increased BGluM in regions associated with vision (visual cortex), motor function and motivated behavior (striatum and motor cortex), and anxiety (stria terminalis), and decreased BGluM in regions associated with auditory processing (auditory cortex, insular cortex, inferior colliculus), locomotor activity (globus pallidus, striatum, motor cortex, ventral thalamic nucleus), spatial navigation (retrosplenial cortex), and working memory (hippocampus, cingulate cortex, prelimbic cortex, orbitofrontal cortex). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the novel cage is a stressful environment that inhibits activity in brain regions associated with exploratory behavior. Patterns of inhibition in the novel cage also support the proposed rat default mode network, indicating that animals are more cognitively engaged in this environment. Additionally, these data support the unique capability of combining FDG-PET with psychopharmacology experiments to examine novelty seeking and brain activation in the context of decision making, risk taking, and cognitive function more generally, along with response to environmental or stress challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McGregor
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kaleigh Richer
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mala Ananth
- Department of Neurobiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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31
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Moshitzky G, Shoham S, Madrer N, Husain AM, Greenberg DS, Yirmiya R, Ben-Shaul Y, Soreq H. Cholinergic Stress Signals Accompany MicroRNA-Associated Stereotypic Behavior and Glutamatergic Neuromodulation in the Prefrontal Cortex. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E848. [PMID: 32503154 PMCID: PMC7355890 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotypic behavior (SB) is common in emotional stress-involved psychiatric disorders and is often attributed to glutamatergic impairments, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Given the neuro-modulatory role of acetylcholine, we sought behavioral-transcriptomic links in SB using TgR transgenic mice with impaired cholinergic transmission due to over-expression of the stress-inducible soluble 'readthrough' acetylcholinesterase-R splice variant AChE-R. TgR mice showed impaired organization of behavior, performance errors in a serial maze test, escape-like locomotion, intensified reaction to pilocarpine and reduced rearing in unfamiliar situations. Small-RNA sequencing revealed 36 differentially expressed (DE) microRNAs in TgR mice hippocampi, 8 of which target more than 5 cholinergic transcripts. Moreover, compared to FVB/N mice, TgR prefrontal cortices displayed individually variable changes in over 400 DE mRNA transcripts, primarily acetylcholine and glutamate-related. Furthermore, TgR brains presented c-fos over-expression in motor behavior-regulating brain regions and immune-labeled AChE-R excess in the basal ganglia, limbic brain nuclei and the brain stem, indicating a link with the observed behavioral phenotypes. Our findings demonstrate association of stress-induced SB to previously unknown microRNA-mediated perturbations of cholinergic/glutamatergic networks and underscore new therapeutic strategies for correcting stereotypic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilli Moshitzky
- The Institute of Life Sciences and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (G.M.); (N.M.); (A.M.H.); (D.S.G.)
| | - Shai Shoham
- Herzog Medical Center, Givat Shaul, P.O. Box 3900, Jerusalem 9103702, Israel;
| | - Nimrod Madrer
- The Institute of Life Sciences and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (G.M.); (N.M.); (A.M.H.); (D.S.G.)
| | - Amir Mouhammed Husain
- The Institute of Life Sciences and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (G.M.); (N.M.); (A.M.H.); (D.S.G.)
| | - David S. Greenberg
- The Institute of Life Sciences and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (G.M.); (N.M.); (A.M.H.); (D.S.G.)
| | - Raz Yirmiya
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Yoram Ben-Shaul
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Institute of Life Sciences and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (G.M.); (N.M.); (A.M.H.); (D.S.G.)
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Azevedo H, Ferreira M, Mascarello A, Osten P, Guimarães CRW. Brain-wide mapping of c-fos expression in the single prolonged stress model and the effects of pretreatment with ACH-000029 or prazosin. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100226. [PMID: 32478146 PMCID: PMC7251424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that is triggered by a stressful event, with symptoms including exaggerated startle response, intrusive traumatic memories and nightmares. The single prolonged stress (SPS) is a multimodal stress protocol that comprises a sequential exposure to physical restraint, forced swimming, predator scent and ether anesthesia. This procedure generates behavioral and neurobiological alterations that resemble clinical findings of PTSD, and thus it is commonly used to model the disease in rodents. Here, we applied c-fos mapping to produce a comprehensive view of stress-activated brain regions in mice exposed to SPS alone or to SPS after oral pretreatment with the serotonin-noradrenaline receptor dual modulator ACH-000029 or the α1-adrenergic blocker prazosin. The SPS protocol evoked c-fos expression in several brain regions that control the stress-anxiety response, including the central and medial amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the pallidum, the paraventricular hypothalamus, the intermediodorsal, paraventricular and central medial thalamic nuclei, the periaqueductal gray, the lateral habenula and the cuneiform nucleus. These effects were partially blocked by pretreatment with prazosin but completely prevented by ACH-000029. Collectively, these findings contribute to the brain-wide characterization of neural circuits involved in PTSD-related stress responses. Furthermore, the identification of brain areas regulated by ACH-000029 and prazosin revealed regions in which SPS-induced activation may depend on the combined or isolated action of the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Finally, the dual regulation of serotonin and α1 receptors by ACH-000029 might represent a potential pharmacotherapy that can be applied in the peri-trauma or early post-trauma period to mitigate the development of symptoms in PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatylas Azevedo
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Ferreira
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.,Certerra Inc., Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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Havekes R, Aton SJ. Impacts of Sleep Loss versus Waking Experience on Brain Plasticity: Parallel or Orthogonal? Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:385-393. [PMID: 32459991 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on the effects of sleep deprivation on synaptic plasticity have yielded discrepant results. Sleep deprivation studies using novelty exposure as a means to keep animals awake suggests that sleep (compared with wake) leads to widespread reductions in net synaptic strength. By contrast, sleep deprivation studies using approaches avoiding novelty-induced arousal (i.e., gentle handling) suggest that sleep can promote synaptic growth and strengthening. How can these discrepant findings be reconciled? Here, we discuss how varying methodologies for the experimental disruption of sleep (with differential introduction of novel experiences) could fundamentally alter the experimental outcome with regard to synaptic plasticity. Thus, data from experiments aimed at assessing the relative impact of sleep versus wake on the brain may instead reflect the quality of the waking experience itself. The highlighted work suggests that brain plasticity resulting from novel experiences versus wake per se has unique and distinct features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert Havekes
- Neurobiology Expertise Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sara J Aton
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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A GPR17-cAMP-Lactate Signaling Axis in Oligodendrocytes Regulates Whole-Body Metabolism. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2984-2997.e4. [PMID: 30865888 PMCID: PMC6679936 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The CNS plays a pivotal role in energy homeostasis, but whether oligodendrocytes are involved has been largely unexplored. Here, we show that signaling through GPR17, a G-protein-coupled receptor predominantly expressed in the oligodendrocyte lineage, regulates food intake by modulating hypothalamic neuronal activities. GPR17-null mice and mice with an oligodendrocyte-specific knockout of GPR17 have lean phenotypes on a high-fat diet, suggesting that GPR17 regulates body weight by way of oligodendrocytes. Downregulation of GPR17 results in activation of cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in oligodendrocytes and upregulated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), which promotes lactate production. Elevation of lactate activates AKT and STAT3 signaling in the hypothalamic neurons, leading to increased expression of Pomc and suppression of Agrp. Our findings uncover a critical role of oligodendrocytes in metabolic homeostasis, where GPR17 modulates the production of lactate, which, in turn, acts as a metabolic signal to regulate neuronal activity.
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35
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Cirelli C, Tononi G. Effects of sleep and waking on the synaptic ultrastructure. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190235. [PMID: 32248785 PMCID: PMC7209920 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize here several studies performed in our laboratory, mainly using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM), to assess how sleep, spontaneous waking and short sleep deprivation affect the size and number of synapses in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. With SBEM, we reconstructed thousands of cortical and hippocampal excitatory, axospinous synapses and compared the distribution of their size after several hours of sleep relative to several hours of waking. Because stronger synapses are on average also bigger, the goal was to test a prediction of the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis, according to which overall synaptic strength increases during waking, owing to ongoing learning, and needs to be renormalized during sleep, to avoid saturation and to benefit memory consolidation and integration. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that the size of the axon–spine interface (ASI), a morphological measure of synaptic strength, was on average smaller after sleep, but with interesting differences between primary cortex and the CA1 region of the hippocampus. In two-week-old mouse pups, the decline in ASI size after sleep was larger, and affected more cortical synapses, compared with one-month-old adolescent mice, suggesting that synaptic renormalization during sleep may be especially important during early development. This work is still in progress and other brain areas need to be tested after sleep, acute sleep loss and chronic sleep restriction. Still, the current results show that a few hours of sleep or waking lead to significant changes in synaptic morphology that can be linked to changes in synaptic efficacy. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cirelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA
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36
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Kur IM, Prouvot PH, Fu T, Fan W, Müller-Braun F, Das A, Das S, Deller T, Roeper J, Stroh A, Momma S. Neuronal activity triggers uptake of hematopoietic extracellular vesicles in vivo. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000643. [PMID: 32176686 PMCID: PMC7075544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication with the hematopoietic system is a vital component of regulating brain function in health and disease. Traditionally, the major routes considered for this neuroimmune communication are by individual molecules such as cytokines carried by blood, by neural transmission, or, in more severe pathologies, by the entry of peripheral immune cells into the brain. In addition, functional mRNA from peripheral blood can be directly transferred to neurons via extracellular vesicles (EVs), but the parameters that determine their uptake are unknown. Using varied animal models that stimulate neuronal activity by peripheral inflammation, optogenetics, and selective proteasome inhibition of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, we show that the transfer of EVs from blood is triggered by neuronal activity in vivo. Importantly, this transfer occurs not only in pathological stimulation but also by neuronal activation caused by the physiological stimulus of novel object placement. This discovery suggests a continuous role of EVs under pathological conditions as well as during routine cognitive tasks in the healthy brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan-Maximiliano Kur
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pierre-Hugues Prouvot
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ting Fu
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wei Fan
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felicia Müller-Braun
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Avash Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Roeper
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stroh
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Momma
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Li R, Wang X, Lin F, Song T, Zhu X, Lei H. Mapping accumulative whole-brain activities during environmental enrichment with manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116588. [PMID: 32004718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An enriched environment (EE) provides multi-dimensional stimuli to the brain. EE exposure for days to months induces functional and structural neuroplasticity. In this study, manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) was used to map the accumulative whole-brain activities associated with a 7-day EE exposure in freely-moving adult male mice, followed by c-Fos immunochemical assessments. Relative to the mice residing in a standard environment (SE), the mice subjected to EE treatment had significantly enhanced regional MEMRI signal intensities in the prefrontal cortex, somatosensory cortices, basal ganglia, amygdala, motor thalamus, lateral hypothalamus, ventral hippocampus and midbrain dopaminergic areas at the end of the 7-day exposure, likely attributing to enhanced Mn2+ uptake/transport associated with brain activities at both the regional and macroscale network levels. Some of, but not all, the brain regions in the EE-treated mice showing enhanced MEMRI signal intensity had accompanying increases in c-Fos expression. The EE-treated mice were also found to have significantly increased overall amount of food consumption, decreased body weight gain and upregulated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the midbrain dopaminergic areas. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the 7-day EE exposure was associated with elevated cumulative activities in the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and corticostriatal circuits underpinning reward, motivation, cognition, motor control and appetite regulation. Such accumulative activities might have served as the substrate of EE-related neuroplasticity and the beneficial effects of EE treatment on neurological/psychiatric conditions including drug addiction, Parkinson's disease and eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Xuxia Wang
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Fuchun Lin
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Tao Song
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Xutao Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hao Lei
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
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Guo Q, Yang S, Yang D, Zhang N, Li X, Chen T, Chen J, Li G, Yin L, Wu Q. Differential mRNA expression combined with network pharmacology reveals network effects of Liangxue Tongyu Prescription for acute intracerebral hemorrhagic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 246:112231. [PMID: 31520671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Liangxue Tongyu Prescription (LTP) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula composed of 8 crude drugs that is widely used to treat acute intracerebral hemorrhage (AICH). AIM OF THE STUDY To verify the efficacy of LTP on the survival time in the treatment of acute intracerebral hemorrhagic rats (AICHs), and to elucidate its network pharmacodynamic mechanism of multi-component, multi-target, and multi-signaling pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS Survival analysis was used to evaluate the survival time of AICH rats induced by different doses of collagenase and the efficacy of three doses of LTP in the treatment of AICH rats. The Kaplan-Meier curves for survival time were produced and compared with the Log-rank test and Wilcoxon (Gehan) χ2. Differential mRNA-seq combined with network pharmacology was used to disclose the network effect mechanism of LTP on AICH, and the obtained differential genes were mapped into the predictive empirical compound-target network model (ECT network model) and the empirical compound-target-pathogenesis (disease) network model (ECTP network model). RESULTS The median survival time of four different doses of LTP-treated groups (0.00 g/kg, 5.78 g/kg, 11.55 g/kg, 23.10 g/kg) for adult AICH rats by 0.18 U collagenase was 14 h, 37 h, 150 h, and 51 h respectively, and the 7-day survival rates were 33.3%, 41.7%, 50.0%, and 38.5%, of which the medium-dose group (MD) had a longer survival time and higher survival rate. Through further validation experiments, the MD group had a better efficacy trend with a median survival time of 168 h vs 23 h in the model control group (MC) (Wilcoxon Gehan Test, χ2 = 3.478, P = 0.062). The transcriptomic analysis of mRNA showed that 583 significant differential genes were found between the MC and MD group and 7 key therapeutic targets regulated by 29 compounds in LTP on AICH were screened out by VCT and VCTP network model. These targets were involved in 5 regulatory models or pathways. CONCLUSION Our study confirmed the exact efficacy of the LTP in the treatment of AICH and revealed the potential pharmacodynamic components and mode of action of the LTP on AICH. Using differential transcriptome of mRNA combined with network pharmacology, we screened out 29 chemical compounds as the potential effective ingredients of LTP which acted on 7 targets of AICH involving 5 pathological pathways, mainly including repairing the brain function defect, improving neural function, protecting blood-brain barrier from damage, reducing inflammatory factors, and inhibiting apoptosis. The present study not only provides a new explanation for the 'multi-component, multi-target, multi-pathway' effects of the LTP on AICH but also screened out some major compounds of LTP and their potential targets which will facilitate the development of new drugs for AICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Guo
- Department of Public Health, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shijin Yang
- Department of Public Health, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dongqing Yang
- Department of Public Health, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tianli Chen
- Department of Public Health, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jiayan Chen
- Department of Public Health, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Guochun Li
- Department of Public Health, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Lian Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China.
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Jin Y, Li Y, Ye Y, Zou J, Guo T, Bian T, Wang C, Xiao Y, Niu L, Ma T, Zheng H. Development of Multi-Layer Lateral-Mode Ultrasound Needle Transducer for Brain Stimulation in Mice. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 67:1982-1988. [PMID: 31796386 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2953295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound, a non-invasive stimulation method, has proved effective in neurostimulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that low-frequency ultrasound (less than 1 MHz) is preferable owing to better penetrability through tissue and skull. However, the large size of low-frequency transducers, which are used in ultrasound neurostimulation studies, makes it difficult to perform multiple-target neurostimulation, especially in small animals such as mice. In this paper, a proposed low-frequency ultrasound needle transducer based on the multi-layer lateral-mode coupling method with a miniature aperture of 0.6 mm × 0.6 mm and a thickness of 1.65 mm was designed and fabricated. The measured electrical impedance of the fabricated 8-layer lateral-mode PZT-5H ceramic was 50.76 Ω at a resonant frequency of 866 kHz. The -6 dB bandwidth of 8-layer lateral-mode transducer was 29% at a center frequency of 876 kHz. The maximum ultrasound peak pressure amplitude at 820 kHz reached approximately 300 kPa, 4-5 times higher than that of the single-layer thickness-mode transducer with 200 V input voltage. The ultrasound beam showed no attenuation and low shift through mouse skull. To verify the feasibility of using the needle transducer to perform multiple-target nerve stimulation in mice brains, we constructed an ultrasound stimulus system to simultaneously stimulate two areas (M2 and V1) of the mouse brain in vivo and detected the c-Fos expression by immunofluorescence to evaluate the effect of stimulation. The results showed that a high ultrasound peak pressure amplitude with this transducer configuration is useful for ultrasound neurostimulation and multiple-target stimulation in mice.
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Karnay A, Karisetty BC, Beaver M, Elefant F. Hippocampal stimulation promotes intracellular Tip60 dynamics with concomitant genome reorganization and synaptic gene activation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 101:103412. [PMID: 31682915 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic reorganizations mediating the engagement of target genes to transcription factories (TFs), characterized as specialized nuclear subcompartments enriched in hyperphosphorylated RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and transcriptional regulators, act as an important layer of control in coordinating efficient gene transcription. However, their presence in hippocampal neurons and potential role in activity-dependent coregulation of genes within the brain remains unclear. Here, we investigate whether the well-characterized role for the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Tip60 in mediating epigenetic control of inducible neuroplasticity genes involves TF associated chromatin reorganization in the hippocampus. We show that Tip60 shuttles into the nucleus following extracellular stimulation of rat hippocampal neurons with concomitant enhancement of Tip60 binding and activation of specific synaptic plasticity genes. Multicolor three-dimensional (3D) DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (DNA-FISH) reveals that hippocampal stimulation mobilizes these same synaptic plasticity genes and Tip60 to RNAPII-rich TFs. Our data support a model by which external hippocampal stimulation promotes intracellular Tip60 HAT dynamics with concomitant TF associated genome reorganization to initiate Tip60mediated synaptic gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Karnay
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Mariah Beaver
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Felice Elefant
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Bernstein HL, Lu YL, Botterill JJ, Scharfman HE. Novelty and Novel Objects Increase c-Fos Immunoreactivity in Mossy Cells in the Mouse Dentate Gyrus. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:1815371. [PMID: 31534449 PMCID: PMC6732597 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1815371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) and its primary cell type, the granule cell (GC), are thought to be critical to many cognitive functions. A major neuronal subtype of the DG is the hilar mossy cell (MC). MCs have been considered to play an important role in cognition, but in vivo studies to understand the activity of MCs during cognitive tasks are challenging because the experiments usually involve trauma to the overlying hippocampus or DG, which kills hilar neurons. In addition, restraint typically occurs, and MC activity is reduced by brief restraint stress. Social isolation often occurs and is potentially confounding. Therefore, we used c-fos protein expression to understand when MCs are active in vivo in socially housed adult C57BL/6 mice in their home cage. We focused on c-fos protein expression after animals explored novel objects, based on previous work which showed that MCs express c-fos protein readily in response to a novel housing location. Also, MCs are required for the training component of the novel object location task and novelty-encoding during a food-related task. GluR2/3 was used as a marker of MCs. The results showed that MC c-fos protein is greatly increased after exposure to novel objects, especially in ventral DG. We also found that novel objects produced higher c-fos levels than familiar objects. Interestingly, a small subset of neurons that did not express GluR2/3 also increased c-fos protein after novel object exposure. In contrast, GCs appeared relatively insensitive. The results support a growing appreciation of the role of the DG in novelty detection and novel object recognition, where hilar neurons and especially MCs are very sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Bernstein
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yi-Ling Lu
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Justin J. Botterill
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Helen E. Scharfman
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
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Jiang J, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Zahra A, Long C, Yang L. Exposure to prenatal antidepressant alters medial prefrontal-striatal synchronization in mice. Brain Res 2019; 1717:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sleep Deprivation by Exposure to Novel Objects Increases Synapse Density and Axon-Spine Interface in the Hippocampal CA1 Region of Adolescent Mice. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6613-6625. [PMID: 31263066 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0380-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep has been hypothesized to rebalance overall synaptic strength after ongoing learning during waking leads to net synaptic potentiation. If so, because synaptic strength and size are correlated, synapses on average should be larger after wake and smaller after sleep. This prediction was recently confirmed in mouse cerebral cortex using serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM). However, whether these findings extend to other brain regions is unknown. Moreover, sleep deprivation by gentle handling was reported to produce hippocampal spine loss, raising the question of whether synapse size and number are differentially affected by sleep and waking. Here we applied SBEM to measure axon-spine interface (ASI), the contact area between pre-synapse and post-synapse, and synapse density in CA1 stratum radiatum. Adolescent YFP-H mice were studied after 6-8 h of sleep (S = 6), spontaneous wake at night (W = 4) or wake enforced during the day by novelty exposure (EW = 4; males/females balanced). In each animal ≥425 ASIs were measured and synaptic vesicles were counted in ~100 synapses/mouse. Reconstructed dendrites included many small, nonperforated synapses and fewer large, perforated synapses. Relative to S, ASI sizes in perforated synapses shifted toward higher values after W and more so after EW. ASI sizes in nonperforated synapses grew after EW relative to S and W, and so did their density. ASI size correlated with presynaptic vesicle number but the proportion of readily available vesicles decreased after EW, suggesting presynaptic fatigue. Thus, CA1 synapses undergo changes consistent with sleep-dependent synaptic renormalization and their number increases after extended wake.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sleep benefits learning, memory consolidation, and the integration of new with old memories, but the underlying mechanisms remain highly debated. One hypothesis suggests that sleep's cognitive benefits stem from its ability to renormalize total synaptic strength, after ongoing learning during wake leads to net synaptic potentiation. Supporting evidence for this hypothesis mainly comes from the cerebral cortex, including the observation that cortical synapses are larger after wake and smaller after sleep. Using serial electron microscopy, we find here that sleep/wake synaptic changes consistent with sleep-dependent synaptic renormalization also occur in the CA1 region. Thus, the role of sleep in maintaining synaptic homeostasis may extend to the hippocampus, a key area for learning and synaptic plasticity.
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Huang X, Lin Z, Wang K, Liu X, Zhou W, Meng L, Huang J, Yuan K, Niu L, Zheng H. Transcranial Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Modulates Structural and Functional Synaptic Plasticity in Rat Hippocampus. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2019; 66:930-938. [PMID: 30869615 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2903896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasticity of synaptic structure and function play an essential role in neuronal development, cognitive functions, and degenerative diseases. Recently, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation has been reported as a promising technology for neuromodulation. However, the effect of LIPUS stimulation on the structural and functional synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus has not yet been addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LIPUS stimulation could affect the dendritic structure, electrophysiological properties, and expression level of glutamate receptors GluN2A, GluN2B, and GluR1 subunits in rat hippocampus. Transcranial LIPUS was delivered to CA1 of the intact hippocampus of rats ( n = 40 ) for 10 days (10 min/day) with the following parameters: fundamental frequency of 0.5 MHz, pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 500 Hz, peak negative pressure of 0.42 MPa, and Ispta of 360 mW/cm2. The effect of LIPUS on dendritic structure, electrophysiological properties, and the expression of neurotransmitter receptors was measured using Golgi staining, electrophysiological recording, and western blotting, respectively. Golgi staining and electrophysiological recordings showed that LIPUS stimulation significantly increased the density of dendritic spines (0.72 ± 0.17 versus 0.94 ± 0.19 spines/ [Formula: see text], ) and the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (0.37 ± 0.14 versus 1.77 ± 0.37 Hz, ) of CA1 hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, the western blotting analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the expression level of GluN2A ( ). The results illustrated the effect of LIPUS on the dendritic structure, function, and neurotransmitter receptors, which may provide a powerful tool for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Uhelski ML, Simone DA. Sensitization of nociceptors and dorsal horn neurons contributes to pain in sickle cell disease. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:20-26. [PMID: 30995520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) describes a group of disorders associated with a point mutation in the beta chain of hemoglobin. The mutation leads to the creation of sickle hemoglobin (HbS) and causes distortion of erythrocytes through polymerization under low oxygen, resulting in characteristic sickle red blood cells. Vaso-occlusion episodes caused by accumulation of sRBCs results in ischemia-reperfusion injury, reduced oxygen supply to organs, oxidative stress, organ damage and severe pain that often requires hospitalization and opioid treatment. Further, many patients suffer from chronic pain, including hypersensitivity to heat and cold stimuli. Progress towards the development of novel strategies for both acute and chronic pain in patients with SCD has been impeded by a lack of understanding the mechanisms underlying pain in SCD. The purpose of this review is to highlight evidence for the contribution of peripheral and central sensitization that leads to widespread, chronic pain and hyperalgesia. Targeting the mechanisms that initiate and maintain sensitization in SCD might offer effective approaches to manage the severe and debilitating pain associated with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Uhelski
- Department of Pain Medicine, Division of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Donald A Simone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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The Arc gene: Retroviral heritage in cognitive functions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 99:275-281. [PMID: 30772431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stabilization of neuronal plastic changes is mediated by transient gene expression, including transcription of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated gene (Arc), also known as Arg 3.1. Arc is implicated in several types of synaptic plasticity, including synaptic scaling, long-term potentiation, and long-term depression. However, the precise mechanisms by which Arc mediates these forms of long-term plasticity are unclear. It was recently found that Arc protein is capable of forming capsid-like structures and of transferring its own mRNA to neighboring cells. Moreover, Arc mRNA undergoes activity-dependent translation in these "transfected" cells. These new data raise unexpected possibilities for the mechanisms of the Arc action, and many intriguing questions concerning the role of Arc transcellular traffic in neuronal plasticity. In this mini-review, we discuss a possible link between the role of Arc in learning and memory and the virus-like properties of this protein. Additionally, we highlight some of the emerging questions for future neurobiological studies and translational applications of Arc transsynaptic effects.
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Chen LF, Lin YT, Gallegos DA, Hazlett MF, Gómez-Schiavon M, Yang MG, Kalmeta B, Zhou AS, Holtzman L, Gersbach CA, Grandl J, Buchler NE, West AE. Enhancer Histone Acetylation Modulates Transcriptional Bursting Dynamics of Neuronal Activity-Inducible Genes. Cell Rep 2019; 26:1174-1188.e5. [PMID: 30699347 PMCID: PMC6376993 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity-inducible gene transcription correlates with rapid and transient increases in histone acetylation at promoters and enhancers of activity-regulated genes. Exactly how histone acetylation modulates transcription of these genes has remained unknown. We used single-cell in situ transcriptional analysis to show that Fos and Npas4 are transcribed in stochastic bursts in mouse neurons and that membrane depolarization increases mRNA expression by increasing burst frequency. We then expressed dCas9-p300 or dCas9-HDAC8 fusion proteins to mimic or block activity-induced histone acetylation locally at enhancers. Adding histone acetylation increased Fos transcription by prolonging burst duration and resulted in higher Fos protein levels and an elevation of resting membrane potential. Inhibiting histone acetylation reduced Fos transcription by reducing burst frequency and impaired experience-dependent Fos protein induction in the hippocampus in vivo. Thus, activity-inducible histone acetylation tunes the transcriptional dynamics of experience-regulated genes to affect selective changes in neuronal gene expression and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yen Ting Lin
- Center for Nonlinear Studies (T-CNLS) and Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group (T-6), Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, USA
| | - David A Gallegos
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mariah F Hazlett
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mariana Gómez-Schiavon
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Marty G Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Breanna Kalmeta
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allen S Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Liad Holtzman
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles A Gersbach
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jörg Grandl
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicolas E Buchler
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| | - Anne E West
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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García-Maldonado G, Castro-García RDJ. Endocrinological Disorders Related to the Medical Use of Lithium. A Narrative Review. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2019; 48:35-43. [PMID: 30651171 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prescribing of Lithium is common in psychiatric clinical practice. The aim of this study was to identify the most common endocrine side effects associated with this drug and to clarify the pathophysiological basis. A systematic review was conducted in Psycinfo, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus. A computerised search for information was performed using a PICO (patient, intervention, comparative, outcomes) strategy. The main neuroendocrine alterations were reported in kidneys, thyroid and parathyroid glands, pancreas, and the communication pathways between the pituitary and adrenal glands. The pathophysiological mechanisms are diverse, and include the inhibition of the thyroid adenylate cyclase sensitive to the thyroid stimulant hormone (TSH) sensitive adenylate cyclase, which causes hypothyroidism. It also reduces the expression of aquaporin type 2, which is associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and the loss of the ionic balance of calcium that induces hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcaemia. Other considerations are related to alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and a decrease in the production of catecholamines. Finally, another side-effect is the glycaemic dysregulation caused by the insulin resistance. Periodical clinical and para-clinical evaluations are necessary. The author proposes an evaluation scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo García-Maldonado
- Hospital Psiquiátrico de Tampico, Secretaría de Salud, Tamaulipas, México; Facultad de Medicina Dr. Alberto Romo Caballero, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas, México.
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Robakiewicz I, Polak M, Rawska M, Alberski D, Polowy R, Wytrychiewicz K, Syperek M, Matysiak J, Filipkowski RK. Stimulus-seeking in rats is accompanied by increased c-Fos expression in hippocampal CA1 as well as short 22 kHz and flat 50 kHz calls. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2019. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2019-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bai D, Li Q, Wang J, Zhao J, Deng X, Yuan L, Wu P. Neurotoxicity, behavioral changes and gene-expression profile of mice exposed to SnS 2 nanoflowers. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1267-1279. [PMID: 30542609 PMCID: PMC6249627 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00208h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, interest in the potential applications of tin disulphide nanoflowers (SnS2 NFs) in the treatment of waste water and their antibacterial properties has increased. However, their effects on neurotoxicity, brain cognition and behavioural injury, as well as the underlying mechanisms of these effects have remained unknown. In the present study, we compared the neurotoxicity of SnS2 NFs (50 nm) administered intragastrically at different doses (5, 10, and 50 mg kg-1) in mice for 60 days. The results showed that the neurotoxicity of SnS2 NFs in mice is dose-dependent. Furthermore, expression levels of genes related to oxidative stress, metabolism and signal transduction were also modified in the brain tissues of mice exposed to SnS2 NFs, supporting the SnS2 NF-dependent neurotoxic phenotype. Additionally, SnS2 NF exposure resulted in an abnormal ultrastructure in the hippocampus of the treated mice. Nevertheless, their body weight, organ coefficient and behaviour assessed in an open-field test and learning and memory test results assessed using a Morris water maze test remained unaffected. This suggested that the increased risk of neurotoxicity in SnS2 NF-treated mice was dependent on the dosage of SnS2 NFs. The relative level of safety was <5 mg kg-1 for 50 nm SnS2 NFs. The present study provides an experimental basis for the safe application of SnS2 NFs; however, chronic behavioural effects of SnS2 NFs remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disi Bai
- Department of Applied Physics , Institute of Advanced Materials Physics , Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology , Faculty of Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Qingzhao Li
- School of Public Health , North China University of science and technology , Bohai Avenue 21 , Tangshan 063210 , Hebei , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- School of Public Health , North China University of science and technology , Bohai Avenue 21 , Tangshan 063210 , Hebei , People's Republic of China
| | - Junjian Zhao
- Clinical Lab , North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital , Jianshe Road 73 , Tangshan 063000 , Hebei , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuenan Deng
- School of Public Health , North China University of science and technology , Bohai Avenue 21 , Tangshan 063210 , Hebei , People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yuan
- School of Public Health , North China University of science and technology , Bohai Avenue 21 , Tangshan 063210 , Hebei , People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Applied Physics , Institute of Advanced Materials Physics , Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology , Faculty of Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China .
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