1
|
Logrado AL, Cassiano TDSA, da Cunha WF, Gargano R, E Silva GM, de Oliveira Neto PH. Width effects on bilayer graphene nanoribbon polarons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14948-14959. [PMID: 38739011 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00760c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Recent progress in nanoelectronics suggests that stacking armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) into bilayer systems can generate materials with emergent quasiparticle properties. In this context, the impact of width changes is especially relevant. However, its effect on charged carriers remains elusive. In this work, we investigate the effect of width and interlayer interaction changes on polaron states via a hybrid Hamiltonian that couples the electronic and lattice interactions. Results show the rising of two interlayer polarons: the non-symmetric and the symmetric. The coupling strength needed to induce the transition between states depends on the nanoribbon width, being at the most extreme case of ≈174 meV. Electronic properties such as the coupling strength threshold, carrier size, and gap are shown to respect the AGNR width family 3p, 3p + 1, and 3p + 2 rule. The findings demonstrate that strong interlayer interaction simultaneously delocalizes the carriers and reduces the gap up to 0.6 eV. Additionally, it is found that some layers are more prone to share charge, indicating a potential heterogeneous stacking where a particular electronic pathway is favored. The results present an encouraging prospect for integrating AGNR bilayers in future flexible electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Lima Logrado
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70919-970, Brasília, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Ricardo Gargano
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70919-970, Brasília, Brazil.
| | | | - Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Neto
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70919-970, Brasília, Brazil.
- International Center of Physics, University of Brasília, 70919-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Šćepanović S, Kimouche A, Mirković J, Sadiek G, Klamroth T, Hassanien A. Delocalized spin states at zigzag termini of armchair graphene nanoribbon. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11641. [PMID: 38773311 PMCID: PMC11109170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy we demonstrate a revival of magnetism in 7-armchair nanoribbon by unpassivated atoms at the termini. Namely, a pair of intense Kondo resonances emerges at the peripheries of zigzag terminus revealing the many-body screening effects of local magnetic moments. Although Kondo resonance originates from a missing local orbital, it extends to a distance of 2.5 nm along the edge of the ribbon. The results are complemented by density functional theory calculations which suggest a possible coupling between Kondo states despite screening effects of substrate electrons. These findings indicate a possibility to restore intrinsic magnetic ordering in graphene nanoribbon without major structural modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Šćepanović
- Jozef Stefan Institute, 39 Jamova, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Montenegro, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Amina Kimouche
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jovan Mirković
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Montenegro, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Gehad Sadiek
- Department of Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Tillmann Klamroth
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Abdou Hassanien
- Jozef Stefan Institute, 39 Jamova, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Su S, Zhao J, Ly TH. Scanning Probe Microscopies for Characterizations of 2D Materials. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400211. [PMID: 38766949 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
2D materials are intriguing due to their remarkably thin and flat structure. This unique configuration allows the majority of their constituent atoms to be accessible on the surface, facilitating easier electron tunneling while generating weak surface forces. To decipher the subtle signals inherent in these materials, the application of techniques that offer atomic resolution (horizontal) and sub-Angstrom (z-height vertical) sensitivity is crucial. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) emerges as the quintessential tool in this regard, owing to its atomic-level spatial precision, ability to detect unitary charges, responsiveness to pico-newton-scale forces, and capability to discern pico-ampere currents. Furthermore, the versatility of SPM to operate under varying environmental conditions, such as different temperatures and in the presence of various gases or liquids, opens up the possibility of studying the stability and reactivity of 2D materials in situ. The characteristic flatness, surface accessibility, ultra-thinness, and weak signal strengths of 2D materials align perfectly with the capabilities of SPM technologies, enabling researchers to uncover the nuanced behaviors and properties of these advanced materials at the nanoscale and even the atomic scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Su
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Le HA, Lee IH, Kim YH, Eric Yang SR. Phase diagram and crossover phases of topologically ordered graphene zigzag nanoribbons: role of localization effects. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:265604. [PMID: 38547530 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad38f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
We computed the phase diagram of zigzag graphene nanoribbons as a function of on-site repulsion, doping, and disorder strength. The topologically ordered phase undergoes topological phase transitions into crossover phases, which are new disordered phases with non-universal topological entanglement entropy that exhibits significant variance. We explored the nature of non-local correlations in both the topologically ordered and crossover phases. In the presence of localization effects, strong on-site repulsion and/or doping weaken non-local correlations between the opposite zigzag edges of the topologically ordered phase. In one of the crossover phases, bothe-/2solitonic fractional charges and spin-charge separation were absent; however, charge-transfer correlations between the zigzag edges were possible. Another crossover phase contains solitonice-/2fractional charges but lacks charge transfer correlations. We also observed properties of non-topological, strongly disordered, and strongly repulsive phases. Each phase on the phase diagram exhibits a different zigzag-edge structure. Additionally, we investigated the tunneling of solitonic fractional charges under an applied voltage between the zigzag edges of undoped topologically ordered zigzag ribbons, and found that it may lead to a zero-bias tunneling anomaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang-Anh Le
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hwan Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Heon Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - S-R Eric Yang
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Di Giovannantonio M, Qiu Z, Pignedoli CA, Asako S, Ruffieux P, Müllen K, Narita A, Fasel R. On-surface cyclization of vinyl groups on poly-para-phenylene involving an unusual pentagon to hexagon transformation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1910. [PMID: 38429274 PMCID: PMC10907692 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
On-surface synthesis relies on carefully designed molecular precursors that are thermally activated to afford desired, covalently coupled architectures. Here, we study the intramolecular reactions of vinyl groups in a poly-para-phenylene-based model system and provide a comprehensive description of the reaction steps taking place on the Au(111) surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. We find that vinyl groups successfully cyclize with the phenylene rings in the ortho positions, forming a dimethyl-dihydroindenofluorene as the repeating unit, which can be further dehydrogenated to a dimethylene-dihydroindenofluorene structure. Interestingly, the obtained polymer can be transformed cleanly into thermodynamically stable polybenzo[k]tetraphene at higher temperature, involving a previously elusive pentagon-to-hexagon transformation via ring opening and rearrangement on a metal surface. Our insights into the reaction cascade unveil fundamental chemical processes involving vinyl groups on surfaces. Because the formation of specific products is highly temperature-dependent, this innovative approach offers a valuable tool for fabricating complex, low-dimensional nanostructures with high precision and yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia - CNR (ISM-CNR), 00133, Roma, Italy.
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Guangdong, 518172, P.R. China
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sobi Asako
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jacobse PH, Sarker M, Saxena A, Zahl P, Wang Z, Berger E, Aluru NR, Sinitskii A, Crommie MF. Tunable Magnetic Coupling in Graphene Nanoribbon Quantum Dots. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400473. [PMID: 38412424 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbon-based quantum dots (QDs) enable flexible manipulation of electronic behavior at the nanoscale, but controlling their magnetic properties requires atomically precise structural control. While magnetism is observed in organic molecules and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), GNR precursors enabling bottom-up fabrication of QDs with various spin ground states have not yet been reported. Here the development of a new GNR precursor that results in magnetic QD structures embedded in semiconducting GNRs is reported. Inserting one such molecule into the GNR backbone and graphitizing it results in a QD region hosting one unpaired electron. QDs composed of two precursor molecules exhibit nonmagnetic, antiferromagnetic, or antiferromagnetic ground states, depending on the structural details that determine the coupling behavior of the spins originating from each molecule. The synthesis of these QDs and the emergence of localized states are demonstrated through high-resolution atomic force microscopy (HR-AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging, and spectroscopy, and the relationship between QD atomic structure and magnetic properties is uncovered. GNR QDs provide a useful platform for controlling the spin-degree of freedom in carbon-based nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mamun Sarker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Anshul Saxena
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Percy Zahl
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Emma Berger
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nagahara T, Camargo FVA, Xu F, Ganzer L, Russo M, Zhang P, Perri A, de la Cruz Valbuena G, Heisler IA, D’Andrea C, Polli D, Müllen K, Feng X, Mai Y, Cerullo G. Electronic Structure of Isolated Graphene Nanoribbons in Solution Revealed by Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:797-804. [PMID: 38189787 PMCID: PMC10811683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Structurally well-defined graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are nanostructures with unique optoelectronic properties. In the liquid phase, strong aggregation typically hampers the assessment of their intrinsic properties. Recently we reported a novel type of GNRs, decorated with aliphatic side chains, yielding dispersions consisting mostly of isolated GNRs. Here we employ two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to unravel the optical properties of isolated GNRs and disentangle the transitions underlying their broad and rather featureless absorption band. We observe that vibronic coupling, typically neglected in modeling, plays a dominant role in the optical properties of GNRs. Moreover, a strong environmental effect is revealed by a large inhomogeneous broadening of the electronic transitions. Finally, we also show that the photoexcited bright state decays, on the 150 fs time scale, to a dark state which is in thermal equilibrium with the bright state, that remains responsible for the emission on nanosecond time scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiko Nagahara
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto
Institute of Technology, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Fugui Xu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for
Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lucia Ganzer
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mattia Russo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for
Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Antonio Perri
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Ismael A. Heisler
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal do
Paraná, Caixa
Postal 19044, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cosimo D’Andrea
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Polli
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Department
of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische
Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for
Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- IFN-CNR, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Q, Wang X, Yu J, Wang J. Graphyne and graphdiyne nanoribbons: from their structures and properties to potential applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1541-1563. [PMID: 38165768 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04393b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Graphyne (GY) and graphdiyne (GDY) have properties including unique sp- and sp2-hybrid carbon atomic structures, natural non-zero band gaps, and highly conjugated π electrons. GY and GDY have good application prospects in many fields, including catalysis, solar cells, sensors, and modulators. Under the influence of the boundary effect and quantum size effect, quasi-one-dimensional graphyne nanoribbons (GYNRs) and graphdiyne nanoribbons (GDYNRs) show novel physical properties. The various structures available give GYNRs and GDYNRs greater band structure and electronic properties, and their excellent physical and chemical properties differ from those of two-dimensional GY and GDY. However, the development of GYNRs and GDYNRs still faces problems, including issues with accurate synthesis, advanced structural characterization, the structure-performance correlation of materials, and potential applications. In this review, the structures and physical properties of quasi-one-dimensional GYNRs and GDYNRs are reviewed, their advantages and disadvantages are summarized, and their potential applications are highlighted. This review provides a meaningful basis and research foundation for the design and development of high-performance materials and devices based on GYNRs and GDYNRs in the field of energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohan Liu
- College of Science, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- School of petrochemical engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Science, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, P. R. China.
| | - Jingang Wang
- College of Science, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lou S, Lyu B, Chen J, Zhou X, Jiang W, Qiu L, Shen P, Ma S, Zhang Z, Xie Y, Wu Z, Chen Y, Xu K, Liang Q, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Xian L, Zhang G, Ouyang W, Ding F, Shi Z. Tip Growth of Quasi-Metallic Bilayer Graphene Nanoribbons with Armchair Chirality. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:156-164. [PMID: 38147652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), quasi one-dimensional (1D) narrow strips of graphene, have shown promise for high-performance nanoelectronics due to their exceptionally high carrier mobility and structurally tunable bandgaps. However, producing chirality-uniform GNRs on insulating substrates remains a big challenge. Here, we report the successful growth of bilayer GNRs with predominantly armchair chirality and ultranarrow widths (<5 nm) on insulating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) substrates using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The growth of GNRs is catalyzed by transition metal nanoparticles, including Fe, Co, and Ni, through a unique tip-growth mechanism. Notably, GNRs catalyzed by Ni exhibit a high purity (97.3%) of armchair chirality. Electron transport measurements indicate that the ultrathin bilayer armchair GNRs exhibit quasi-metallic behavior. This quasi-metallicity is further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which reveal a significantly reduced bandgap in bilayer armchair GNRs. The chirality-specific GNRs reported here offer promising advancements for the application of graphene in nanoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Lou
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bosai Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenwu Jiang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lu Qiu
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Peiyue Shen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Saiqun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhichun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhenghan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Kunqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Lede Xian
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wengen Ouyang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiwen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yao X, Zhang H, Kong F, Hinaut A, Pawlak R, Okuno M, Graf R, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Meyer E, Bogani L, Bonn M, Wang HI, Müllen K, Narita A. N=8 Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons: Solution Synthesis and High Charge Carrier Mobility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312610. [PMID: 37750665 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Structurally defined graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have emerged as promising candidates for nanoelectronic devices. Low band gap (<1 eV) GNRs are particularly important when considering the Schottky barrier in device performance. Here, we demonstrate the first solution synthesis of 8-AGNRs through a carefully designed arylated polynaphthalene precursor. The efficiency of the oxidative cyclodehydrogenation of the tailor-made polymer precursor into 8-AGNRs was validated by FT-IR, Raman, and UV/Vis-near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectroscopy, and further supported by the synthesis of naphtho[1,2,3,4-ghi]perylene derivatives (1 and 2) as subunits of 8-AGNR, with a width of 0.86 nm as suggested by the X-ray single crystal analysis. Low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and solid-state NMR analyses provided further structural support for 8-AGNR. The resulting 8-AGNR exhibited a remarkable NIR absorption extending up to ∼2400 nm, corresponding to an optical band gap as low as ∼0.52 eV. Moreover, optical-pump TeraHertz-probe spectroscopy revealed charge-carrier mobility in the dc limit of ∼270 cm2 V-1 s-1 for the 8-AGNR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Yao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, OX1 3PH, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heng Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fanmiao Kong
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, OX1 3PH, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Masanari Okuno
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter N Horton
- National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Coles
- National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lapo Bogani
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, OX1 3PH, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Nanophotonics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 904-0495, Okinawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yin R, Wang Z, Tan S, Ma C, Wang B. On-Surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons with Atomically Precise Structural Heterogeneities and On-Site Characterizations. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17610-17623. [PMID: 37666005 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are strips of graphene, with widths of a few nanometers, that are promising candidates for future applications in nanodevices and quantum information processing due to their highly tunable structure-dependent electronic, spintronic, topological, and optical properties. Implantation of periodic structural heterogeneities, such as heteroatoms, nanopores, and non-hexagonal rings, has become a powerful manner for tailoring the designer properties of GNRs. The bottom-up synthesis approach, by combining on-surface chemical reactions based on rationally designed molecular precursors and in situ tip-based microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, promotes the construction of atomically precise GNRs with periodic structural modulations. However, there are still obstacles and challenges lying on the way toward the understanding of the intrinsic structure-property relations, such as the strong screening and Fermi level pinning effect of the normally used transition metal substrates and the lack of collective tip-based techniques that can cover multi-internal degrees of freedom of the GNRs. In this Perspective, we briefly review the recent progress in the on-surface synthesis of GNRs with diverse structural heterogeneities and highlight the structure-property relations as characterized by the noncontact atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy. We furthermore motivate to deliver the need for developing strategies to achieve quasi-freestanding GNRs and for exploiting multifunctional tip-based techniques to collectively probe the intrinsic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoting Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengya Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chuanxu Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang PC, Sun H, Sarker M, Caroff CM, Girolami GS, Sinitskii A, Lyding JW. Sub-5 nm Contacts and Induced p-n Junction Formation in Individual Atomically Precise Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17771-17778. [PMID: 37581379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the fabrication of nanometer-scale metal contacts on individual graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and the use of these contacts to control the electronic character of the GNRs. We demonstrate the use of a low-voltage direct-write STM-based process to pattern sub-5 nm metallic hafnium diboride (HfB2) contacts directly on top of single GNRs in an ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (UHV-STM), with all the fabrication performed on a technologically relevant semiconductor silicon substrate. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) data not only verify the expected metallic and semiconducting character of the contacts and GNR, respectively, but also show induced band bending and p-n junction formation in the GNR due to the metal-GNR work function difference. Contact engineering with different work function metals obviates the need to create GNRs with different characteristics by complex chemical doping. This is a demonstration of the successful fabrication of precise metal contacts and local p-n junction formation on single GNRs.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yao CJ, Xun W, Yu M, Hao X, Zhong JL, Gu H, Wu YZ. Tailoring angle dependent ferroelectricity in nanoribbons of group-IV monochalcogenides. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:495301. [PMID: 37652037 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acf5ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectricity is significant in low dimensional structures due to the potential applications in multifunctional nanodevices. In this work, the tailoring angle dependent ferroelectricity is systematically investigated for the nanoribbons and nanowires of puckered group-IV monochalcogenides MX (M =Ge,Sn; X =S,Se). Based on first-principles calculations, it is found that the ferroelectricity of nanoribbon and nanowire strongly depends on the tailoring angle. Firstly, the critical width for the bare nanoribbon of group-IV monochalcogenide is obtained and discussed. As the nanowires are concerned, the ferroelectricity will disappear when the tailoring angle becomes small. At last, H-passivation on the edge and the strain engineering are employed to improve the ferroelectricity of nanoribbon, and it is obtained that H-passivation is beneficial to the enhancement of polarization for nanoribbons tailored near the armchair direction, while the polarization of nanoribbons tailored along the diagonal direction will decrease when the edges are passivated with H atoms, and the tensile strain along the length direction always favors the improvement of ferroelectricity of the considered nanoribbons. Therefore, tailoring angle has great influence on the ferroelectricity of nanoribbons and nanowires, which may be used as an effective way to tune the ferroelectricity and further the electronic structures of nanostructures in the field of nanoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jun Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, and School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xun
- Faculty of Electronic Information Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, and School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, and School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Lin Zhong
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
- Semiconductor Sensor and Microelectronic System TEKISM United Laboratory, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Gu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Zhong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, and School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Iimori T, Miyamachi T, Kajiwara T, Mase K, Tanaka S, Komori F, Nakatsuji K. Width-dependent band gap of arm-chair graphene nanoribbons formed on vicinal SiC substrates by MBE. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:455002. [PMID: 37536324 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aced30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Formation and electronic states of graphene nanoribbons with arm-chair edges (AGNR) are studied on the SiC(0001) vicinal surfaces toward the [11-00] direction. The surface step and terrace structures of both 4H and 6H-SiC substrates are used as the growth templates of one-dimensional arrays of AGNRs, which are prepared using the carbon molecular beam epitaxy followed by hydrogen intercalation. A band gap is observed above theπ-band maximum by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) for the both samples. The average widths of the AGNRs are 6 and 10 nm, and the estimated average band gaps are 0.40 and 0.28 eV for the 4H- and 6H- substrates, respectively. A simple and phenomenological inverse relation between the energy gap and AGNR width works in the analyses of the ARPES data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Iimori
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Toshio Miyamachi
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Takashi Kajiwara
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mase
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Department of Materials Structure Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Satoru Tanaka
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Fumio Komori
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kan Nakatsuji
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bouwmeester D, Ghiasi TS, Borin Barin G, Müllen K, Ruffieux P, Fasel R, van der Zant HSJ. MoRe Electrodes with 10 nm Nanogaps for Electrical Contact to Atomically Precise Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:13935-13944. [PMID: 37588262 PMCID: PMC10425920 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are predicted to exhibit exceptional edge-related properties, such as localized edge states, spin polarization, and half-metallicity. However, the absence of low-resistance nanoscale electrical contacts to the GNRs hinders harnessing their properties in field-effect transistors. In this paper, we make electrical contact with nine-atom-wide armchair GNRs using superconducting alloy MoRe as well as Pd (as a reference), which are two of the metals providing low-resistance contacts to carbon nanotubes. We take a step toward contacting a single GNR by fabricating electrodes with needlelike geometry, with about 20 nm tip diameter and 10 nm separation. To preserve the nanoscale geometry of the contacts, we develop a PMMA-assisted technique to transfer the GNRs onto the prepatterned electrodes. Our device characterizations as a function of bias voltage and temperature show thermally activated gate-tunable conductance in GNR-MoRe-based transistors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Bouwmeester
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Talieh S. Ghiasi
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Borin Barin
- nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
McCurdy RD, Delgado A, Jiang J, Zhu J, Wen ECH, Blackwell RE, Veber GC, Wang S, Louie SG, Fischer FR. Engineering Robust Metallic Zero-Mode States in Olympicene Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37428750 PMCID: PMC10360063 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Metallic graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) represent a critical component in the toolbox of low-dimensional functional materials technology serving as 1D interconnects capable of both electronic and quantum information transport. The structural constraints imposed by on-surface bottom-up GNR synthesis protocols along with the limited control over orientation and sequence of asymmetric monomer building blocks during the radical step-growth polymerization have plagued the design and assembly of metallic GNRs. Here, we report the regioregular synthesis of GNRs hosting robust metallic states by embedding a symmetric zero-mode (ZM) superlattice along the backbone of a GNR. Tight-binding electronic structure models predict a strong nearest-neighbor electron hopping interaction between adjacent ZM states, resulting in a dispersive metallic band. First-principles density functional theory-local density approximation calculations confirm this prediction, and the robust, metallic ZM band of olympicene GNRs is experimentally corroborated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aidan Delgado
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Junmian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ethan Chi Ho Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raymond E Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gregory C Veber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shenkai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee J, Ryu H, Park S, Cho M, Choi TL. Living Suzuki-Miyaura Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization for Precision Synthesis of Length-Controlled Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons and Their Block Copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37376993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) offers a promising approach for designing atomically precise GNRs with tuneable photophysical properties, but controlling their length remains a challenge. Herein, we report an efficient synthetic protocol for producing length-controlled armchair GNRs (AGNRs) through living Suzuki-Miyaura catalyst-transfer polymerization (SCTP) using RuPhos-Pd catalyst and mild graphitization methods. Initially, SCTP of a dialkynylphenylene monomer was optimized by modifying boronates and halide moieties on the monomers, affording poly(2,5-dialkynyl-p-phenylene) (PDAPP) with controlled molecular weight (Mn up to 29.8k) and narrow dispersity (Đ = 1.14-1.39) in excellent yield (>85%). Subsequently, we successfully obtained N = 5 AGNRs by employing a mild alkyne benzannulation reaction on the PDAPP precursor and confirmed their length retention by size-exclusion chromatography. In addition, photophysical characterization revealed that a molar absorptivity was directly proportional to the length of the AGNR, while its highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level remained constant within the given AGNR length. Furthermore, we prepared, for the very first time, N = 5 AGNR block copolymers with widely used donor or acceptor-conjugated polymers by taking advantage of the living SCTP. Finally, we achieved the lateral extension of AGNRs from N = 5 to 11 by oxidative cyclodehydrogenation in solution and confirmed their chemical structure and low band gap by various spectroscopic analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Ryu
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Songyee Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu Z, Liu X, Wang J. Electronic Structures of Penta-SiC 2 and g-SiC 3 Nanoribbons: A First-Principles Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114041. [PMID: 37297175 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dimensions of nanoribbons have a significant impact on their material properties. In the fields of optoelectronics and spintronics, one-dimensional nanoribbons exhibit distinct advantages due to their low-dimensional and quantum restrictions. Novel structures can be formed by combining silicon and carbon at different stoichiometric ratios. Using density functional theory, we thoroughly explored the electronic structure properties of two kinds of silicon-carbon nanoribbons (penta-SiC2 and g-SiC3 nanoribbons) with different widths and edge conditions. Our study reveals that the electronic properties of penta-SiC2 and g-SiC3 nanoribbons are closely related to their width and orientation. Specifically, one type of penta-SiC2 nanoribbons exhibits antiferromagnetic semiconductor characteristics, two types of penta-SiC2 nanoribbons have moderate band gaps, and the band gap of armchair g-SiC3 nanoribbons oscillates in three dimensions with the width of the nanoribbon. Notably, zigzag g-SiC3 nanoribbons exhibit excellent conductivity, high theoretical capacity (1421 mA h g-1), moderate open circuit voltage (0.27 V), and low diffusion barriers (0.09 eV), making them a promising candidate for high storage capacity electrode material in lithium-ion batteries. Our analysis provides a theoretical basis for exploring the potential of these nanoribbons in electronic and optoelectronic devices as well as high-performance batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Liu
- School of Physics and Electronic Informations, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xiaobiao Liu
- School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Junru Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Informations, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yano M, Yasuda S, Fukutani K, Asaoka H. Long and oriented graphene nanoribbon synthesis from well-ordered 10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthracene monolayer on crystalline Au surfaces. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14089-14096. [PMID: 37179998 PMCID: PMC10167794 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bottom-up synthesis on metal surfaces has attracted attention for the fabrication of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with atomically-precise chemical structures to realize novel electronic devices. However, control of length and orientation on surfaces during GNR synthesis is difficult, thus, achieving longer and aligned GNR growth is a significant challenge. Herein, we report GNR synthesis from a well-ordered dense monolayer on Au crystalline surfaces for long and oriented GNR growth. Scanning tunneling microscopy showed that 10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthracene (DBBA) precursors deposited on Au(111) at room temperature self-assembled into a well-ordered dense monolayer, and the straight molecular wire structure was formed where Br atoms in each precursor were adjacent along the wire axis. The DBBAs in the monolayer were found to be hardly desorbed from the surface under subsequent heating and efficiently polymerize along with the molecular arrangement, resulting in more long and oriented GNR growth compared to the conventional growth method. The result is attributed to be suppression of random diffusion and desorption of the DBBAs on the Au surface during polymerization due to the densely-packed DBBA structure. Additionally, an investigation of the effect of the Au crystalline plane on the GNR growth revealed further anisotropic GNR growth on Au(100) compared to Au(111) due to the stronger interactions of DBBA with Au(100). These findings provide fundamental knowledge for controlling GNR growth from a well-ordered precursor monolayer to achieve more long and oriented GNRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yano
- Research Group for Surface and Interface Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirakata Tokai Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Research Group for Surface and Interface Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirakata Tokai Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Fukutani
- Research Group for Surface and Interface Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirakata Tokai Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
| | - Hidehito Asaoka
- Research Group for Surface and Interface Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirakata Tokai Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kuo DMT. Effects of metallic electrodes on the thermoelectric properties of zigzag graphene nanoribbons with periodic vacancies. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:305301. [PMID: 37068484 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/accdac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically analyze the thermoelectric properties of graphene quantum dot arrays (GQDAs) with line- or surface-contacted metal electrodes. Such GQDAs are realized as zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) with periodic vacancies. Gaps and minibands are formed in these GQDAs, which can have metallic and semiconducting phases. The electronic states of the first conduction (valence) miniband with nonlinear dispersion may have long coherent lengths along the zigzag edge direction. With line-contacted metal electrodes, the GQDAs have the characteristics of serially coupled quantum dots (SCQDs) if the armchair edge atoms of the ZGNRs are coupled to the electrodes. By contrast, the GQDAs have the characteristics of parallel quantum dots if the zigzag edge atoms are coupled to the electrodes. The maximum thermoelectric power factors of SCQDs with line-contacted electrodes of Cu, Au, Pt, Pd, or Ti at room temperature were similar or greater than 0.186 nW K-1; their figures of merit were greater than three. GQDAs with line-contacted metal electrodes have much better thermoelectric performance than surface contacted metal electrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M T Kuo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Physics, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ma C, Wang J, Ma H, Yin R, Zhao XJ, Du H, Meng X, Ke Y, Hu W, Li B, Tan S, Tan YZ, Yang J, Wang B. Remote-Triggered Domino-like Cyclodehydrogenation in Second-Layer Topological Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10126-10135. [PMID: 37097709 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodehydrogenation reactions in the on-surface synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) usually involve a series of Csp2-Csp2 and/or Csp2-Csp3 couplings and just happen on uncovered metal or metal oxide surfaces. It is still a big challenge to extend the growth of second-layer GNRs in the absence of necessary catalytic sites. Here, we demonstrate the direct growth of topologically nontrivial GNRs via multistep Csp2-Csp2 and Csp2-Csp3 couplings in the second layer by annealing designed bowtie-shaped precursor molecules over one monolayer on the Au(111) surface. After annealing at 700 K, most of the polymerized chains that appear in the second layer covalently link to the first-layer GNRs that have partially undergone graphitization. Following annealing at 780 K, the second-layer GNRs are formed and linked to the first-layer GNRs. Benefiting from the minimized local steric hindrance of the precursors, we suggest that the second-layer GNRs undergo domino-like cyclodehydrogenation reactions that are remotely triggered at the link. We confirm the quasi-freestanding behaviors in the second-layer GNRs by measuring the quasiparticle energy gap of topological bands and the tunable Kondo resonance from topological end spins using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy combined with first-principles calculations. Our findings pave the avenue to diverse multilayer graphene nanostructures with designer quantum spins and topological states for quantum information science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxu Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Jufeng Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huanhuan Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ruoting Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xin-Jing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Hongjian Du
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Xinyong Meng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yifan Ke
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Bin Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen 518054, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gao W, Cai L, Kang F, Shang L, Zhao M, Zhang C, Xu W. Bottom-Up Synthesis of Metalated Carbyne Ribbons via Elimination Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6203-6209. [PMID: 36897772 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Elimination reactions are one of the most important reactions in organic synthesis, especially in the formation of alkenes and alkynes. Herein, based on scanning tunneling microscopy, we report the bottom-up synthesis of one-dimensional carbyne-like nanostructures, metalated carbyne ribbons with the incorporation of Cu or Ag atoms, through α- and β-elimination reactions of tetrabromomethane and hexabromoethane on surfaces. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate a width-dependent band gap modulation within these ribbon structures, which is affected by interchain interactions. Moreover, mechanistic insights into the on-surface elimination reactions have also been provided in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenze Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Faming Kang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Shang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Mali Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cassiano TDSA, Júnior LAR, Silva GME, Neto PHDO. Regulating Polaron Transport Regime via Heterojunction Engineering in Cove‐Type Graphene Nanoribbons. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
|
24
|
Tunable growth of one-dimensional graphitic materials: graphene nanoribbons, carbon nanotubes, and nanoribbon/nanotube junctions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4328. [PMID: 36922649 PMCID: PMC10017793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), two representative one-dimensional (1D) graphitic materials, have attracted tremendous research interests due to their promising applications for future high-performance nanoelectronics. Although various methods have been developed for fabrication of GNRs or CNTs, a unified method allowing controllable synthesis of both of them, as well as their heterojunctions, which could largely benefit their nano-electronic applications, is still lacking. Here, we report on a generic growth of 1D carbon using nanoparticles catalyzed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on atomically flat hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) substrates. Relative ratio of the yielded GNRs and CNTs is able to be arbitrarily tuned by varying the growth temperature or feeding gas pressures. The tunability of the generic growth is quantitatively explained by a competing nucleation theory: nucleation into either GNRs or CNTs by the catalysts is determined by the free energy of their formation, which is controlled by the growth conditions. Under the guidance of the theory, we further realized growth of GNR/CNT intramolecular junctions through changing H2 partial pressure during a single growth process. Our study provides not only a universal and controllable method for growing 1D carbon nanostructures, but also a deep understanding of their growth mechanism, which would largely benefit future carbon-based electronics and optoelectronics.
Collapse
|
25
|
Twisted bilayer zigzag-graphene nanoribbon junctions with tunable edge states. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1018. [PMID: 36823140 PMCID: PMC9950076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stacking two-dimensional layered materials such as graphene and transitional metal dichalcogenides with nonzero interlayer twist angles has recently become attractive because of the emergence of novel physical properties. Stacking of one-dimensional nanomaterials offers the lateral stacking offset as an additional parameter for modulating the resulting material properties. Here, we report that the edge states of twisted bilayer zigzag graphene nanoribbons (TBZGNRs) can be tuned with both the twist angle and the stacking offset. Strong edge state variations in the stacking region are first revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We construct and characterize twisted bilayer zigzag graphene nanoribbon (TBZGNR) systems on a Au(111) surface using scanning tunneling microscopy. A detailed analysis of three prototypical orthogonal TBZGNR junctions exhibiting different stacking offsets by means of scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals emergent near-zero-energy states. From a comparison with DFT calculations, we conclude that the emergent edge states originate from the formation of flat bands whose energy and spin degeneracy are highly tunable with the stacking offset. Our work highlights fundamental differences between 2D and 1D twistronics and spurs further investigation of twisted one-dimensional systems.
Collapse
|
26
|
Shan G, Tan H, Ma R, Zhao H, Huang W. Recent progress in emergent two-dimensional silicene. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2982-2996. [PMID: 36655560 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05809j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although graphene is by far the most famous example of two-dimensional (2D) materials, which exhibits a wealth of exotic and intriguing properties, it suffers from a severe drawback. In this regard, the exploration of silicene, the silicon analog of the graphene material, has attracted substantial interest in the past decade. This review therefore provides a comprehensive survey of recent theoretical and experimental works on this 2D material. We first overview the distinctive structures and properties of silicene, including mechanical, electronic, and spintronic properties. We then discuss the growth and experimental characterization of silicene on Ag(111) and other different substrates, providing insights into the different phases or atomic arrangements of silicene observed on the metallic surfaces as well as on its electronic structures. Then, the recent state-of-the-art applications of silicene are summarized in section 4 with the aim to break the scientific and engineering barriers for application in nanoelectronics, sensors, energy storage devices, electrode materials, and quantum technology. Finally, the concluding remarks and the future prospects of silicene are also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangcun Shan
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronic Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 XueYuan Road, Beijing 100083, China.
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Haoyi Tan
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronic Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 XueYuan Road, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ruguang Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Khang ND, Nguyen CQ, Nguyen CV. Theoretical prediction of a type-II BP/SiH heterostructure for high-efficiency electronic devices. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2080-2086. [PMID: 36692487 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03946j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The generation of layered heterostructures from a combination of two or more different two-dimensional (2D) materials is considered as a powerful strategy to modify the electronic properties of 2D materials and enhance their performance in devices. Herein, using first-principles calculations, we systematically study the electronic properties and the band alignment in a heterostructure formed from 2D boron phosphide (BP) and silicane (SiH) monolayers. The BP/SiH heterostructure is structurally and mechanically stable in the ground state. The generation of the BP/SiH heterostructure leads to a reduction in the band gap, thus enhancing the optical absorption coefficient compared to the constituent BP and SiH monolayers. In addition, the BP/SiH heterostructure has a high carrier mobility of 3.2 × 104 cm2 V-1 s-1. Furthermore, the combined BP/SiH heterostructure gives rise to the formation of a type-II band alignment, inhibiting the recombination of the photogenerated carriers. The electronic properties and band alignment of the BP/SiH heterostructure can be tuned by an applied external electric field, which causes a reduction in the band gap and leads to the transition of the band alignment from type-II to type-I. Our findings could act as theoretical guidance for the use of the BP/SiH heterostructure in the design of high-efficiency nanodevices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dang Khang
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Hanoi University of Industry, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Cuong Q Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam. .,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Chuong V Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
An epitaxial graphene platform for zero-energy edge state nanoelectronics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7814. [PMID: 36535919 PMCID: PMC9763431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene's original promise to succeed silicon faltered due to pervasive edge disorder in lithographically patterned deposited graphene and the lack of a new electronics paradigm. Here we demonstrate that the annealed edges in conventionally patterned graphene epitaxially grown on a silicon carbide substrate (epigraphene) are stabilized by the substrate and support a protected edge state. The edge state has a mean free path that is greater than 50 microns, 5000 times greater than the bulk states and involves a theoretically unexpected Majorana-like zero-energy non-degenerate quasiparticle that does not produce a Hall voltage. In seamless integrated structures, the edge state forms a zero-energy one-dimensional ballistic network with essentially dissipationless nodes at ribbon-ribbon junctions. Seamless device structures offer a variety of switching possibilities including quantum coherent devices at low temperatures. This makes epigraphene a technologically viable graphene nanoelectronics platform that has the potential to succeed silicon nanoelectronics.
Collapse
|
29
|
Niu W, Ma J, Feng X. Precise Structural Regulation and Band-Gap Engineering of Curved Graphene Nanoribbons. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3322-3333. [PMID: 36378659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs)─quasi-one-dimensional graphene cutouts─have drawn growing attention as promising candidates for next-generation electronic and spintronic materials. Theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated that the electronic and magnetic properties of GNRs critically depend on their widths and edge topologies. Thus, the preparation of structurally defined GNRs is highly desirable not only for their fundamental physicochemical studies but also for their future technological development in carbon-based nanoelectronics. In the past decade, significant efforts have been made to construct a wide variety of GNRs with well-defined widths and edge structures via bottom-up synthesis. In addition to extensively studied planar GNRs consisting of armchair, zigzag, or gulf edges, curved GNRs (cGNRs) bearing cove ([4]helicene unit) or fjord ([5]helicene unit) regions along the ribbon edges have received increasing interest after we presented the first attempt to synthesize the fully cove-edged GNRs in 2015. Profiting from their novel edge topologies, cGNRs usually exhibit an unprecedented narrow band gap and high carrier transport mobility in comparison to the planar GNRs with similar widths. Moreover, cGNRs with particular out-of-plane-distorted structures are expected to provide further opportunities in nonlinear optics and asymmetric catalysis. However, the synthesis of cGNRs bearing cove or fjord edges remains underdeveloped due to the absence of efficient synthetic strategies/methods and suitable molecular precursor design.In this Account, we present the recent advances in the bottom-up synthesis and characterization of structurally defined cGNRs containing cove or fjord edges, mainly from our research group. First, the synthetic strategies toward cGNRs bearing cove edges are described, including the design of molecular monomers and polymer precursors as well as the corresponding polymerization methods, such as Ullmann coupling, Yamamoto coupling, A2B2-type Diels-Alder polymerization, followed by Scholl-type cyclodehydrogenation. The synthesis of typical model compounds is also described to support the understanding of the related cGNRs. In addition, the synthesis of cGNRs containing fjord edges from other research groups via the regioselective Scholl reaction, Hopf cyclization or regioselective photochemical cyclodehydrochlorination approach is presented. Second, we discuss the optoelectronic properties of the as-synthesized cGNRs and reveal the design principle to obtain cGNRs with high charge carrier mobilities. Finally, the challenges and prospects in the design and synthesis of cGNRs are offered. We anticipate that this Account will further stimulate the development of cGNRs through a collaborative effort between different disciplines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Niu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wu S, Li H, Futaba DN, Chen G, Chen C, Zhou K, Zhang Q, Li M, Ye Z, Xu M. Structural Design and Fabrication of Multifunctional Nanocarbon Materials for Extreme Environmental Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201046. [PMID: 35560664 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extreme environments represent numerous harsh environmental conditions, such as temperature, pressure, corrosion, and radiation. The tolerance of applications in extreme environments exemplifies significant challenges to both materials and their structures. Given the superior mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and chemical stability of nanocarbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, they are widely investigated as base materials for extreme environmental applications and have shown numerous breakthroughs in the fields of wide-temperature structural-material construction, low-temperature energy storage, underwater sensing, and electronics operated at high temperatures. Here, the critical aspects of structural design and fabrication of nanocarbon materials for extreme environments are reviewed, including a description of the underlying mechanism supporting the performance of nanocarbon materials against extreme environments, the principles of structural design of nanocarbon materials for the optimization of extreme environmental performances, and the fabrication processes developed for the realization of specific extreme environmental applications. Finally, perspectives on how CNTs and graphene can further contribute to the development of extreme environmental applications are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huajian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Don N Futaba
- Nano Carbon Device Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Guohai Chen
- Nano Carbon Device Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kechen Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qifan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zonglin Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Miranda LP, da Costa DR, Peeters FM, Costa Filho RN. Vacancy clustering effect on the electronic and transport properties of bilayer graphene nanoribbons. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:055706. [PMID: 36322965 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac9f50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Experimental realizations of two-dimensional materials are hardly free of structural defects such as e.g. vacancies, which, in turn, modify drastically its pristine physical defect-free properties. In this work, we explore effects due to point defect clustering on the electronic and transport properties of bilayer graphene nanoribbons, for AA and AB stacking and zigzag and armchair boundaries, by means of the tight-binding approach and scattering matrix formalism. Evident vacancy concentration signatures exhibiting a maximum amplitude and an universality regardless of the system size, stacking and boundary types, in the density of states around the zero-energy level are observed. Our results are explained via the coalescence analysis of the strong sizeable vacancy clustering effect in the system and the breaking of the inversion symmetry at high vacancy densities, demonstrating a similar density of states for two equivalent degrees of concentration disorder, below and above the maximum value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L P Miranda
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - D R da Costa
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - F M Peeters
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R N Costa Filho
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ohtomo M, Hayashi H, Shiotari A, Kawamura M, Hayashi R, Jippo H, Yamaguchi J, Ohfuchi M, Aratani N, Sugimoto Y, Yamada H, Sato S. On-surface synthesis of hydroxy-functionalized graphene nanoribbons through deprotection of methylenedioxy groups. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4871-4879. [PMID: 36381511 PMCID: PMC9642360 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00031h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate on-surface deprotection of methylenedioxy groups which yielded graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with edges functionalized by hydroxy groups. While anthracene trimer precursors functionalized with hydroxy groups did not yield GNRs, it was found that hydroxy groups are first protected as methylenedioxy groups and then deprotected during the cyclo-dehydrogenation process to form GNRs with hydroxy groups. The X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy studies revealed that ∼20% of the methylenedioxy turned into hydroxy groups, while the others were hydrogen-terminated. The first-principles density functional theory (DFT) study on the cyclo-dehydrogenation process was performed to investigate the deprotection mechanism, which indicates that hydrogen atoms emerging during the cyclo-dehydrogenation process trigger the deprotection of methylenedioxy groups. The scanning tunneling spectroscopy study and DFT revealed a significant charge transfer from hydroxy to the Au substrate, causing an interface dipole and the HOMO being closer to the Fermi level when compared with hydrogen-terminated GNR/Au(111). This result demonstrates on-surface deprotection and indicates a possible new route to obtain GNRs with desired edge functionalization, which can be a critical component for high-performance devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ohtomo
- Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya Atsugi Kanagawa 243-0197 Japan
| | - Hironobu Hayashi
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Akitoshi Shiotari
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8561 Japan
| | - Mayu Kawamura
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Hayashi
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Jippo
- Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya Atsugi Kanagawa 243-0197 Japan
| | - Junichi Yamaguchi
- Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya Atsugi Kanagawa 243-0197 Japan
| | - Mari Ohfuchi
- Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya Atsugi Kanagawa 243-0197 Japan
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sugimoto
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8561 Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya Atsugi Kanagawa 243-0197 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ge Y, Fisher TS. First-principles calculations of the optical response of single-layer and bilayer armchair graphene nanoribbons. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.999292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic and optical properties of single-layer and bilayer armchair graphene nanoribbons are investigated using a first-principles method. Increased nanoribbon width reduces the band gap and causes a red shift in photon absorption energy. The 3n + 2 family of nanoribbons has the smallest band gaps and lowest onset photon absorption energy among the three families considered due to high π-conjugation indicated by exciton wavefunctions. We also compare the bilayer α and β alignments of armchair graphene nanoribbons with their single-layer counterparts. The extra layer of graphene reduces the band gap and onset photon absorption energy, and the difference between the α alignment and the single-layer configuration is more significant than that of the β alignment and the single layer. Our calculations indicate that the optical properties of graphene nanoribbons depend on the details of atomic structures, including nanoribbon width, edge alignment and number of layers. These characteristics are expected to be important in the design of optoelectronic devices.
Collapse
|
34
|
Shi X, Gao W, Liu H, Fu ZG, Zhang G, Zhang YW, Liu T, Zhao J, Gao J. Sumanene Monolayer of Pure Carbon: A Two-Dimensional Kagome-Analogy Lattice with Desirable Band Gap, Ultrahigh Carrier Mobility, and Strong Exciton Binding Energy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203274. [PMID: 36050882 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of novel two-dimensional (2D) materials that possess robust structural stability and unusual physical properties may open up enormous opportunities for device and engineering applications. Herein, a 2D sumanene lattice that can be regarded as a derivative of the conventional Kagome lattice is proposed. The tight-binding analysis demonstrates sumanene lattice contains two sets of Dirac cones and two sets of flat bands near the Fermi surface, distinctively different from the Kagome lattice. Using first-principles calculations, two possible routines for the realization of stable 2D sumanene monolayers (named α phase and β phase) are theoretically suggested, and an α-sumanene monolayer can be experimentally synthesized with chemical vapor deposition using C21 H12 as a precursor. Small binding energies on Au(111) surface (e.g., -37.86 eV Å-2 for α phase) signify the possibility of their peel-off after growing on the noble metal substrate. Importantly, the GW plus Bethe-Salpeter equation calculations demonstrate both monolayers have moderate band gaps (1.94 eV for α) and ultrahigh carrier mobilities (3.4 × 104 cm2 V-1 s-1 for α). In particular, the α-sumanene monolayer possesses a strong exciton binding energy of 0.73 eV, suggesting potential applications in optics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Guo Fu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, 100088, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Friedrich N, Menchón RE, Pozo I, Hieulle J, Vegliante A, Li J, Sánchez-Portal D, Peña D, Garcia-Lekue A, Pascual JI. Addressing Electron Spins Embedded in Metallic Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14819-14826. [PMID: 36037149 PMCID: PMC9527809 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spin-hosting graphene nanostructures are promising metal-free systems for elementary quantum spintronic devices. Conventionally, spins are protected from quenching by electronic band gaps, which also hinder electronic access to their quantum state. Here, we present a narrow graphene nanoribbon substitutionally doped with boron heteroatoms that combines a metallic character with the presence of localized spin 1/2 states in its interior. The ribbon was fabricated by on-surface synthesis on a Au(111) substrate. Transport measurements through ribbons suspended between the tip and the sample of a scanning tunneling microscope revealed their ballistic behavior, characteristic of metallic nanowires. Conductance spectra show fingerprints of localized spin states in the form of Kondo resonances and inelastic tunneling excitations. Density functional theory rationalizes the metallic character of the graphene nanoribbon due to the partial depopulation of the valence band induced by the boron atoms. The transferred charge builds localized magnetic moments around the boron atoms. The orthogonal symmetry of the spin-hosting state's and the valence band's wave functions protects them from mixing, maintaining the spin states localized. The combination of ballistic transport and spin localization into a single graphene nanoribbon offers the perspective of electronically addressing and controlling carbon spins in real device architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo E. Menchón
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Iago Pozo
- CiQUS,
Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | - Jingcheng Li
- CIC
nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Portal
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- CiQUS,
Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Pascual
- CIC
nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gao Y, Okada S. Field induced electron emission from graphene nanostructures. NANO EXPRESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/ac8822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Electric fields play a crucial role in modulating the electronic properties of nanoscale materials. Electron emission, induced by an electric field, is a representative phenomenon. Experimental and theoretical aspects of such electron emission from graphene are briefly reviewed. The emission occurs at the edge of graphene flakes, not at the surface, because the edge highly concentrates the electric field. Emission currents are sensitive to the edge shapes and edge functionalization. This review provides guiding principles for designing high-efficiency field-emission devices by using graphene nanostructures.
Collapse
|
37
|
Borin Barin G, Sun Q, Di Giovannantonio M, Du CZ, Wang XY, Llinas JP, Mutlu Z, Lin Y, Wilhelm J, Overbeck J, Daniels C, Lamparski M, Sahabudeen H, Perrin ML, Urgel JI, Mishra S, Kinikar A, Widmer R, Stolz S, Bommert M, Pignedoli C, Feng X, Calame M, Müllen K, Narita A, Meunier V, Bokor J, Fasel R, Ruffieux P. Growth Optimization and Device Integration of Narrow-Bandgap Graphene Nanoribbons. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202301. [PMID: 35713270 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) can be engineered by controlling their edge structure and width with atomic precision through bottom-up fabrication based on molecular precursors. This approach offers a unique platform for all-carbon electronic devices but requires careful optimization of the growth conditions to match structural requirements for successful device integration, with GNR length being the most critical parameter. In this work, the growth, characterization, and device integration of 5-atom wide armchair GNRs (5-AGNRs) are studied, which are expected to have an optimal bandgap as active material in switching devices. 5-AGNRs are obtained via on-surface synthesis under ultrahigh vacuum conditions from Br- and I-substituted precursors. It is shown that the use of I-substituted precursors and the optimization of the initial precursor coverage quintupled the average 5-AGNR length. This significant length increase allowed the integration of 5-AGNRs into devices and the realization of the first field-effect transistor based on narrow bandgap AGNRs that shows switching behavior at room temperature. The study highlights that the optimized growth protocols can successfully bridge between the sub-nanometer scale, where atomic precision is needed to control the electronic properties, and the scale of tens of nanometers relevant for successful device integration of GNRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Borin Barin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Cheng-Zhuo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Juan Pablo Llinas
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zafer Mutlu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jan Wilhelm
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Overbeck
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Colin Daniels
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Michael Lamparski
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Hafeesudeen Sahabudeen
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mickael L Perrin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - José I Urgel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Shantanu Mishra
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Stolz
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michel Calame
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bokor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sung YY, Vejayan H, Baddeley CJ, Richardson NV, Grillo F, Schaub R. Surface Confined Hydrogenation of Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10281-10291. [PMID: 35786912 PMCID: PMC9330764 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis with designer precursor molecules is considered an effective method for preparing graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) of well-defined widths and with tunable electronic properties. Recent reports have shown that the band gap of ribbons doped with heteroatoms (such as boron, nitrogen, and sulfur) remains unchanged in magnitude in most cases. Nevertheless, theory predicts that a tunable band gap may be engineered by hydrogenation, but experimental evidence for this is so far lacking. Herein, surface-confined hydrogenation studies of 7-armchair graphene nanoribbons (7-AGNRs) grown on Au(111) surfaces, in an ultrahigh vacuum environment, are reported. GNRs are first prepared, then hydrogenated by exposure to activated hydrogen atoms. High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images reveal a self-limited hydrogenation process. By means of a combination of bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (BRSTM) imaging and tip-induced site-specific dehydrogenation, the hydrogenation mechanism is studied in detail, and density-functional theory (DFT) calculation methods are used to complement the experimental findings. In all cases, the results demonstrate the successful modification of the electronic properties of the GNR/Au(111) system by edge and basal-plane hydrogenation, and a mechanism for the hydrogenation process is proposed.
Collapse
|
39
|
Kumar S, Pratap S, Kumar V, Mishra RK, Gwag JS, Chakraborty B. Electronic, transport, magnetic and optical properties of graphene nanoribbons review. LUMINESCENCE 2022. [PMID: 35850156 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Low dimensional materials have attracted great research interest from both theoretical and experimental point of view. These materials exhibit novel physical and chemical properties due to the confinement effect in low dimensions. The experimental observations of graphene open a new platform to study the physical properties of materials restricted to two dimensions. This featured article provides a review on the novel properties of quasi one-dimensional (1D) material known as graphene nanoribbon. Graphene nanoribbons can be obtained by unzipping carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or cutting the graphene sheet. Alternatively, it is also called the finite termination of graphene edges. It gives rise different edge geometries namely zigzag and armchair among others. There are various physical and chemical techniques to realize these materials. Depending on the edge type termination, these are called the zigzag and armchair graphene nanoribbons (ZGNR and AGNR). These edges play an important role in controlling the properties of graphene nanoribbons. The present review article provides an overview of the electronic, transport, optical and magnetic properties of graphene nanoribbons. However, there are different ways to tune these properties for device applications. Here, some of them are highlighted such as external perturbations and chemical modifications. Few applications of graphene nanoribbon have and chemical modifications. Few applications of graphene nanoribbon have also been briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Physics and astronomical Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, H.P, India
| | - Surender Pratap
- Department of Physics and astronomical Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, H.P, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Physics, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | | | - Jin Seog Gwag
- Department of Physics, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu Z, Fu S, Liu X, Narita A, Samorì P, Bonn M, Wang HI. Small Size, Big Impact: Recent Progress in Bottom-Up Synthesized Nanographenes for Optoelectronic and Energy Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106055. [PMID: 35218329 PMCID: PMC9259728 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up synthesized graphene nanostructures, including 0D graphene quantum dots and 1D graphene nanoribbons, have recently emerged as promising candidates for efficient, green optoelectronic, and energy storage applications. The versatility in their molecular structures offers a large and novel library of nanographenes with excellent and adjustable optical, electronic, and catalytic properties. In this minireview, recent progress on the fundamental understanding of the properties of different graphene nanostructures, and their state-of-the-art applications in optoelectronics and energy storage are summarized. The properties of pristine nanographenes, including high emissivity and intriguing blinking effect in graphene quantum dots, superior charge transport properties in graphene nanoribbons, and edge-specific electrochemistry in various graphene nanostructures, are highlighted. Furthermore, it is shown that emerging nanographene-2D material-based van der Waals heterostructures provide an exciting opportunity for efficient green optoelectronics with tunable characteristics. Finally, challenges and opportunities of the field are highlighted by offering guidelines for future combined efforts in the synthesis, assembly, spectroscopic, and electrical studies as well as (nano)fabrication to boost the progress toward advanced device applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- University of StrasbourgCNRSISIS UMR 70068 allée Gaspard MongeStrasbourg67000France
| | - Shuai Fu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University1919‐1 Tancha, Onna‐sonKunigamiOkinawa904‐0495Japan
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of StrasbourgCNRSISIS UMR 70068 allée Gaspard MongeStrasbourg67000France
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Hai I. Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lyu B, Chen J, Lou S, Li C, Qiu L, Ouyang W, Xie J, Mitchell I, Wu T, Deng A, Hu C, Zhou X, Shen P, Ma S, Wu Z, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Wang X, Liang Q, Jia J, Urbakh M, Hod O, Ding F, Wang S, Shi Z. Catalytic Growth of Ultralong Graphene Nanoribbons on Insulating Substrates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200956. [PMID: 35560711 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with widths of a few nanometers are promising candidates for future nanoelectronic applications due to their structurally tunable bandgaps, ultrahigh carrier mobilities, and exceptional stability. However, the direct growth of micrometer-long GNRs on insulating substrates, which is essential for the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices, remains an immense challenge. Here, the epitaxial growth of GNRs on an insulating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) substrate through nanoparticle-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition is reported. Ultranarrow GNRs with lengths of up to 10 µm are synthesized. Remarkably, the as-grown GNRs are crystallographically aligned with the h-BN substrate, forming 1D moiré superlattices. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals an average width of 2 nm and a typical bandgap of ≈1 eV for similar GNRs grown on conducting graphite substrates. Fully atomistic computational simulations support the experimental results and reveal a competition between the formation of GNRs and carbon nanotubes during the nucleation stage, and van der Waals sliding of the GNRs on the h-BN substrate throughout the growth stage. This study provides a scalable, single-step method for growing micrometer-long narrow GNRs on insulating substrates, thus opening a route to explore the performance of high-quality GNR devices and the fundamental physics of 1D moiré superlattices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bosai Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shuo Lou
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Can Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lu Qiu
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Wengen Ouyang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Jingxu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Izaac Mitchell
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Tongyao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Aolin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Peiyue Shen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Saiqun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhenghan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Centre for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Michael Urbakh
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and The Sackler Centre for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Oded Hod
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and The Sackler Centre for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Feng Ding
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Shiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhiwen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xuan M, Schumacher C, Bolm C, Göstl R, Herrmann A. The Mechanochemical Synthesis and Activation of Carbon-Rich π-Conjugated Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105497. [PMID: 35048569 PMCID: PMC9259731 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry uses mechanical force to break, form, and manipulate chemical bonds to achieve functional transformations and syntheses. Over the last years, many innovative applications of mechanochemistry have been developed. Specifically for the synthesis and activation of carbon-rich π-conjugated materials, mechanochemistry offers reaction pathways that either are inaccessible with other stimuli, such as light and heat, or improve reaction yields, energy consumption, and substrate scope. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent advances in this research field combining the viewpoints of polymer and trituration mechanochemistry. The highlighted mechanochemical transformations include π-conjugated materials as optical force probes, the force-induced release of small dye molecules, and the mechanochemical synthesis of polyacetylene, carbon allotropes, and other π-conjugated materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Xuan
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tene T, Guevara M, Viteri E, Maldonado A, Pisarra M, Sindona A, Vacacela Gomez C, Bellucci S. Calibration of Fermi Velocity to Explore the Plasmonic Character of Graphene Nanoribbon Arrays by a Semi-Analytical Model. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122028. [PMID: 35745366 PMCID: PMC9229183 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We present an analysis of the electronic and plasmonic behavior of periodic planar distributions of sufficiently wide graphene nanoribbons, for which a thorough ab initio investigation is practically unfeasible. Our approach is based on a semi-analytical model whose only free parameter is the charge carrier velocity, which we estimate by density-functional theory calculations on graphene. By this approach, we show that the plasmon resonance energies of the scrutinized systems fall in the lower THz band, relevant for optoelectronic and photonic applications. We further observe that these energies critically depend on the charge carrier concentration, ribbon width, electron relaxation rate, and in-plane transferred momentum angle, thus, suggesting a tunability of the associated light-matter modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talia Tene
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110160, Ecuador;
| | - Marco Guevara
- School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador;
| | - Edwin Viteri
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba 060155, Ecuador;
| | - Alba Maldonado
- Facultad de Informática y Electrónica, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba 060155, Ecuador;
| | - Michele Pisarra
- INFN, Sezione LNF, Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Cubo 31C, I-87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonello Sindona
- INFN, Sezione LNF, Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Cubo 31C, I-87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (M.P.); (A.S.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, I-87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Cristian Vacacela Gomez
- UNICARIBE Research Center, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, CS, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.V.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefano Bellucci
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Frascati, RM, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.V.G.); (S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Graphene nanoribbons initiated from molecularly derived seeds. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2992. [PMID: 35637229 PMCID: PMC9151757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting graphene nanoribbons are promising materials for nanoelectronics but are held back by synthesis challenges. Here we report that molecular-scale carbon seeds can be exploited to initiate the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis of graphene to generate one-dimensional graphene nanoribbons narrower than 5 nm when coupled with growth phenomena that selectively extend seeds along a single direction. This concept is demonstrated by subliming graphene-like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules onto a Ge(001) catalyst surface and then anisotropically evolving size-controlled nanoribbons from the seeds along \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\left\langle 110\right\rangle$$\end{document}110 of Ge(001) via CH4 CVD. Armchair nanoribbons with mean normalized standard deviation as small as 11% (3 times smaller than nanoribbons nucleated without seeds), aspect ratio as large as 30, and width as narrow as 2.6 nm (tunable via CH4 exposure time) are realized. Two populations of nanoribbons are compared in field-effect transistors (FETs), with off-current differing by 150 times because of the nanoribbons’ different widths. The authors report on harnessing sp2-organic molecules as a basis for uniformly initiating the homoepitaxial-like, size-controlled, synthesis of sub-5 nm semiconducting graphene nanoribbons for electronics via chemical vapor deposition.
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen J, Li L, Gong P, Zhang H, Yin S, Li M, Wu L, Gao W, Long M, Shan L, Yan F, Li G. A Submicrosecond-Response Ultraviolet-Visible-Near-Infrared Broadband Photodetector Based on 2D Tellurosilicate InSiTe 3. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7745-7754. [PMID: 35499232 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
2D material (2DM) based photodetectors with broadband photoresponse are of great value for a vast number of applications such as multiwavelength photodetection, imaging, and night vision. However, compared with traditional photodetectors based on bulk material, the relatively slow speed performance of 2DM based photodetectors hinders their practical applications. Herein, a submicrosecond-response photodetector based on ternary telluride InSiTe3 with trigonal symmetry and layered structure was demonstrated in this study. The InSiTe3 based photodetectors exhibit an ultrafast photoresponse (545-576 ns) and broadband detection capabilities from the ultraviolet (UV) to the near-infrared (NIR) optical communication region (365-1310 nm). Besides, the photodetector presents an outstanding reversible and stable photoresponse in which the response performance remains consistent within 200 000 cycles of switch operation. These significant findings suggest that InSiTe3 can be a promising candidate for constructing fast response broadband 2DM based optoelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Penglai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Shiqi Yin
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Liangfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Wenshuai Gao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Mingsheng Long
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P.R. China
| | - Guanghai Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zdetsis AD. Bandgaps of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons and Occam's razor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10334-10345. [PMID: 35438110 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00650b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rationalization of the "bulk" (ΔEac) or "zigzag-end" (ΔEzz) energy gaps of atomically precise armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs), which are directly related to fundamental applications in nanoelectronics, could be challenging and largely controversial with respect to their magnitude, origin, substrate influence (ΔEsb), and spin-polarization, among others. Hereby a simple self-consistent and "economical" interpretation is presented, in full accordance with Occam's simplicity principle, which is highly successful (within less than 1%) in predicting all energy gaps of the 5-, 7-, and 9-AGNRs, in contrast to other complicated and/or contradicting prevailing views in the literature for ΔEac, ΔEzz, and ΔEsb. The present approach is based on "appropriate" DFT (TDDFT) calculations, general symmetry principles, and plausibility arguments. The excellent agreement with experiments and the new insight gained is achieved by invoking the approximate equivalence of Coulomb correlation energy with the staggered sublattice potential. Breaking established stereotypes, we suggest that the measured STS gaps are virtually independent of the substrate, essentially equal to their free-standing values, and that the "true" lowest energy state is a closed singlet with no conventional magnetism. The primary source of discrepancies is the finite length of AGNRs together with inversion/reflection symmetry conflict and the resulting topological end/edge states. Such states invariably mix with other "bulk" states making their unambiguous detection/distinction difficult. This can be further tested by eliminating end-states (and ΔEzz), by eliminating "empty" zigzag rings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristides D Zdetsis
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Patras, Patras 26500, GR, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ji P, Dettmann D, Liu YH, Berti G, Preetha Genesh N, Cui D, MacLean O, Perepichka DF, Chi L, Rosei F. Tandem Desulfurization/C-C Coupling Reaction of Tetrathienylbenzenes on Cu(111): Synthesis of Pentacene and an Exotic Ladder Polymer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6506-6514. [PMID: 35363486 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface-confined reactions represent a powerful approach for the precise synthesis of low-dimensional organic materials. A complete understanding of the pathways of surface reactions would enable the rational synthesis of a wide range of molecules and polymers. Here, we report different reaction pathways of tetrathienylbenzene (T1TB) and its extended congener tetrakis(dithienyl)benzene (T2TB) on Cu(111), investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Both T1TB and T2TB undergo desulfurization when deposited on Cu(111) at room temperature. Deposition of T1TB at 453 K yields pentacene through desulfurization, hydrogen transfer, and a cascade of intramolecular cyclization. In contrast, for T2TB the intramolecular cyclization stops at anthracene and the following intermolecular C-C coupling produces a conjugated ladder polymer. We show that tandem desulfurization/C-C coupling provides a versatile approach for growing carbon-based nanostructures on metal surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Dominik Dettmann
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Ying-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Giulia Berti
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Navathej Preetha Genesh
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Daling Cui
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Oliver MacLean
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P.R. China
| | - Dmytro F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abdulradha SK, Hussein MT, Abdulsattar MA. Study of the interaction between reduced graphene oxide and NO 2 gas molecules via density functional theory (DFT). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x22500090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
49
|
Ma Z, Masumoto S, Kawai K, Yamamura K, Arima K. Separation of Neighboring Terraces on a Flattened Si(111) Surface by Selective Etching along Step Edges Using Total Wet Chemical Processing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3748-3754. [PMID: 35298169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a bottom-up technique using total wet chemical treatments to separate neighboring terraces on Si(111). First, Ag cations were reduced at the step edges of a vicinal Si(111) surface composed of biatomic steps and flat terraces, resulting in self-assembled Ag rows consisting of nanodots and nanowires. By immersing this sample into a mixed solution of HF and H2O2, almost continuous nanotrenches with depths and widths of nanometer scales were fabricated along the edges. The potential electrochemical processes in the solution/Ag/Si system that lead to the formation of nanotrenches are discussed. Additionally, we present how we plan to use our approach to create atomic-thickness Si ribbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhida Ma
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Seiya Masumoto
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawai
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamamura
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Center for Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenta Arima
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Flores E, Mella JD, Aparicio E, Gonzalez RI, Parra C, Bringa EM, Munoz F. Inducing a topological transition in graphene nanoribbon superlattices by external strain. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7134-7143. [PMID: 35262146 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00038e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Armchair graphene nanoribbons, when forming a superlattice, can be classified into different topological phases, with or without edge states. By means of tight-binding and classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we studied the electronic and mechanical properties of some of these superlattices. MD shows that fracture in modulated superlattices is brittle, as for unmodulated ribbons, and occurs at the thinner regions, with staggered superlattices achieving a larger fracture strain than inline superlattices. We found a general mechanism to induce a topological transition with strain, related to the electronic properties of each segment of the superlattice, and by studying the sublattice polarization we were able to characterize the transition and the response of these states to the strain. For the cases studied in detail here, the topological transition occurred at ∼3-5% strain, well below the fracture strain. The topological states of the superlattice - if present - are robust to strain even close to fracture. The topological transition was characterized by means of the sublattice polarization of the states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Flores
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José D Mella
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Aparicio
- CONICET and Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
| | - R I Gonzalez
- Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile. .,Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Parra
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaiso, Chile.
| | - E M Bringa
- CONICET and Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina.,Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
| | - F Munoz
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|