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Du SX, Wang LL, Yu WP, Xu SX, Chen L, Huang W. Appropriate induction of TOC1 ensures optimal MYB44 expression in ABA signaling and stress response in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3046-3062. [PMID: 38654596 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Plants possess the remarkable ability to integrate the circadian clock with various signalling pathways, enabling them to quickly detect and react to both external and internal stress signals. However, the interplay between the circadian clock and biological processes in orchestrating responses to environmental stresses remains poorly understood. TOC1, a core component of the plant circadian clock, plays a vital role in maintaining circadian rhythmicity and participating in plant defences. Here, our study reveals a direct interaction between TOC1 and the promoter region of MYB44, a key gene involved in plant defence. TOC1 rhythmically represses MYB44 expression, thereby ensuring elevated MYB44 expression at dawn to help the plant in coping with lowest temperatures during diurnal cycles. Additionally, both TOC1 and MYB44 can be induced by cold stress in an Abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and independent manner. TOC1 demonstrates a rapid induction in response to lower temperatures compared to ABA treatment, suggesting timely flexible regulation of TOC1-MYB44 regulatory module by the circadian clock in ensuring a proper response to diverse stresses and maintaining a balance between normal physiological processes and energy-consuming stress responses. Our study elucidates the role of TOC1 in effectively modulating expression of MYB44, providing insights into the regulatory network connecting the circadian clock, ABA signalling, and stress-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Xiu Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu-Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Peng Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Xuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Zhao Z, Tu H, Wang Y, Yang J, Hao G, Wu J. Chemical Driving the Subtype Selectivity of Phytohormone Receptors Is Beneficial for Crop Productivity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:16583-16593. [PMID: 39013833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Chemicals that modulate phytohormones serve as a research tool in plant science and as products to improve crop productivity. Subtype selectivity refers to a ligand to selectively bind to specific subtypes of a receptor rather than binding to all possible subtypes indiscriminately. It allows for precise and specific control of cellular functions and is widely used in medicine. However, subtype selectivity is rarely mentioned in the realm of plant science, and it requires integrated knowledge from chemistry and biology, including structural features of small molecules as ligands, the redundancy of target proteins, and the response of signaling factors. Here, we present a comprehensive review and evaluation of phytohormone receptor subtype selectivity, leveraging the chemical characteristics of phytohormones and their analogues as clues. This work endeavors to provide a valuable research strategy that integrates knowledge from chemistry and biology to advance research efforts geared toward enhancing crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Gefei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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3
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Shang Y, Yang D, Ha Y, Hur YS, Lee MM, Nam KH. Brassinosteroid-Insensitive 1-Associated Receptor Kinase 1 Modulates Abscisic Acid Signaling by Inducing PYR1 Monomerization and Association With ABI1 in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:849467. [PMID: 35548282 PMCID: PMC9083366 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.849467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid-Insensitive 1-Associated Receptor Kinase 1 (BAK1) is a versatile kinase involved in many different plant developmental responses. Previously, we showed that BAK1 interacts with open stomata 1 (OST1), a cytoplasmic kinase, to promote abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. ABA is a plant hormone that primarily regulates stress responses and is recognized by the PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1 (PYR1)/PYR1-LIKE (PYL)/REGULATORY COMPONENT OF ABA RECEPTORS (RCAR), which activates ABA signaling. Here, we demonstrated that BAK1 interacts with PYR1 and phosphorylates PYR1 in response to ABA in plants. We identified T137 and S142 of PYR1 as the phosphosites targeted by BAK1. Using phosphomimetic (PYR1DD) and phospho-dead (PYR1AA) PYR1 compared with wild-type PYR1, we showed that transgenic plants overexpressing a phosphomimetic PYR1 exhibited hypersensitivity to the inhibition of ABA-induced root growth and seed germination and increased ABA-induced stomatal closure and ABA-inducible gene expression. As underlying reasons for these phenomena, we further demonstrated that phosphorylated PYR1 existed in a monomeric form, in which ABA binding was increased, and the degree of complex formation with ABI1 was also increased. These results suggest that BAK1 positively modulates ABA signaling through interaction with PYR1, in addition to OST1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dami Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yunmi Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Sun Hur
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myeong Min Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Hee Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
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PYR/PYL/RCAR Receptors Play a Vital Role in the Abscisic-Acid-Dependent Responses of Plants to External or Internal Stimuli. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081352. [PMID: 35456031 PMCID: PMC9028234 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone that plays a key role in regulating several developmental processes as well as in response to stressful conditions such as drought. Activation of the ABA signaling cascade allows the induction of an appropriate physiological response. The basic components of the ABA signaling pathway have been recognized and characterized in recent years. Pyrabactin resistance, pyrabactin resistance-like, and the regulatory component of ABA receptors (PYR/PYL/RCAR) are the major components responsible for the regulation of the ABA signaling pathway. Here, we review recent findings concerning the PYR/PYL/RCAR receptor structure, function, and interaction with other components of the ABA signaling pathway as well as the termination mechanism of ABA signals in plant cells. Since ABA is one of the basic elements related to abiotic stress, which is increasingly common in the era of climate changes, understanding the perception and transduction of the signal related to this phytohormone is of paramount importance in further increasing crop tolerance to various stress factors.
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5
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Fan KT, Hsu Y, Yeh CF, Chang CH, Chang WH, Chen YR. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Dynamic Regulation of the Tomato Proteome in Response to Phytophthora infestans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084174. [PMID: 33920680 PMCID: PMC8073981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Late blight (LB) disease is a major threat to potato and tomato production. It is caused by the hemibiotrophic pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. P. infestans can destroy all of the major organs in plants of susceptible crops and result in a total loss of productivity. At the early pathogenesis stage, this hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen causes an asymptomatic biotrophic infection in hosts, which then progresses to a necrotrophic phase at the later infection stage. In this study, to examine how the tomato proteome is regulated by P. infestans at different stages of pathogenesis, a data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics approach was used to trace the dynamics of the protein regulation. A comprehensive picture of the regulation of tomato proteins functioning in the immunity, signaling, defense, and metabolism pathways at different stages of P. infestans infection is revealed. Among the regulated proteins, several involved in mediating plant defense responses were found to be differentially regulated at the transcriptional or translational levels across different pathogenesis phases. This study increases understanding of the pathogenesis of P. infestans in tomato and also identifies key transcriptional and translational events possibly targeted by the pathogen during different phases of its life cycle, thus providing novel insights for developing a new strategy towards better control of LB disease in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ting Fan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Yang Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Ching-Fang Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Chi-Hsin Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-02-2787-2050
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6
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Li Z, Wang M, Yao X, Li H, Li S, Liu L, Yu D, Li X, Fang J, Huang C. Development of novel anti-CD19 antibody-drug conjugates for B-cell lymphoma treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 62:299-308. [PMID: 30048860 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma remains one of the most refractory tumors, and as such the development of novel treatment approaches, such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), is required. To improve the stability and homogeneity of the ADCs, a humanized anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (RC58) was developed in the present study. RC58 was based on the CD19 antigen as a potential molecular target of human B-cell lymphomas. RC58 has high CD19-binding affinity and can be internalized in CD19-positive cells through endocytosis. Furthermore, three types of RC58-based ADCs (ADC-1, ADC-2, and ADC-3) were generated using three kinds of Maleimide-PEG-based linkers with two different cytotoxins. The anti-tumor activities of the ADCs were confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The stability of the ADCs was also evaluated by incubation in human plasma for 10 days. In vitro experiments showed that the three ADCs had distinct inhibitory effects on several B-lymphoma cell lines. Meanwhile, a close correlation between efficacy and drug concentration was found in a nude mouse xenograft model of human B-cell lymphoma, after treatment with RC58-based ADCs. Our results suggest that ADC-1, with high efficiency, could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for human B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingxue Wang
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Xuejing Yao
- RemeGen, Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Huanzhao Li
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Shenjun Li
- RemeGen, Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Deling Yu
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Li
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Jianmin Fang
- RemeGen, Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China; Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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7
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Zhu JK. Abiotic Stress Signaling and Responses in Plants. Cell 2016; 167:313-324. [PMID: 27716505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0634-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants must cope with abiotic stress such as soil salinity, drought, and extreme temperatures. Core stress-signaling pathways involve protein kinases related to the yeast SNF1 and mammalian AMPK, suggesting that stress signaling in plants evolved from energy sensing. Stress signaling regulates proteins critical for ion and water transport and for metabolic and gene-expression reprogramming to bring about ionic and water homeostasis and cellular stability under stress conditions. Understanding stress signaling and responses will increase our ability to improve stress resistance in crops to achieve agricultural sustainability and food security for a growing world population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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8
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Ibata H, Nagatani A, Mochizuki N. CHLH/GUN5 Function in Tetrapyrrole Metabolism Is Correlated with Plastid Signaling but not ABA Responses in Guard Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1650. [PMID: 27872634 PMCID: PMC5098175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Expression of Photosynthesis-Associated Nuclear Genes (PhANGs) is controlled by environmental stimuli and plastid-derived signals ("plastid signals") transmitting the developmental and functional status of plastids to the nucleus. Arabidopsis genomes uncoupled (gun) mutants exhibit defects in plastid signaling, leading to ectopic expression of PhANGs in the absence of chloroplast development. GUN5 encodes the plastid-localized Mg-chelatase enzyme subunit (CHLH), and recent studies suggest that CHLH is a multifunctional protein involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, plastid signaling and ABA responses in guard cells. To understand the basis of CHLH multifunctionality, we investigated 15 gun5 missense mutant alleles and transgenic lines expressing a series of truncated CHLH proteins in a severe gun5 allele (cch) background (tCHLHs, 10 different versions). Here, we show that Mg-chelatase function and plastid signaling are generally correlated; in contrast, based on the analysis of the gun5 missense mutant alleles, ABA-regulated stomatal control is distinct from these two other functions. We found that none of the tCHLHs could restore plastid-signaling or Mg-chelatase functions. Additionally, we found that both the C-terminal half and N-terminal half of CHLH function in ABA-induced stomatal movement.
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9
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A novel humanized anti-HER2 antibody conjugated with MMAE exerts potent anti-tumor activity. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 153:123-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Zhang XL, Jiang L, Xin Q, Liu Y, Tan JX, Chen ZZ. Structural basis and functions of abscisic acid receptors PYLs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:88. [PMID: 25745428 PMCID: PMC4333806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a key role in many developmental processes and responses to adaptive stresses in plants. Recently, a new family of nucleocytoplasmic PYR/PYL/RCAR (PYLs) has been identified as bona fide ABA receptors. PYLs together with protein phosphatases type-2C (PP2Cs), Snf1 (Sucrose-non-fermentation 1)-related kinases subfamily 2 (SnRK2s) and downstream substrates constitute the core ABA signaling network. Generally, PP2Cs inactivate SnRK2s kinases by physical interaction and direct dephosphorylation. Upon ABA binding, PYLs change their conformations and then contact and inhibit PP2Cs, thus activating SnRK2s. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in research regarding the structures of the core signaling pathways of ABA, including the (+)-ABA, (-)-ABA and ABA analogs pyrabactin as well as 6AS perception by PYLs, SnRK2s mimicking PYLs in binding PP2Cs. PYLs inhibited PP2Cs in both the presence and absence of ABA and activated SnRK2s. The present review elucidates multiple ABA signal perception and transduction by PYLs, which might shed light on how to design small chemical compounds for improving plant performance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing L. Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical CollegeZhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xing L. Zhang, Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China e-mail:
| | - Lun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Qi Xin
- National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jian X. Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical CollegeZhanjiang, China
| | - Zhong Z. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- Zhong Z. Chen, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China e-mail:
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11
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Danquah A, de Zelicourt A, Colcombet J, Hirt H. The role of ABA and MAPK signaling pathways in plant abiotic stress responses. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:40-52. [PMID: 24091291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have developed specific mechanisms that allow them to rapidly perceive and respond to stresses in the environment. Among the evolutionarily conserved pathways, the ABA (abscisic acid) signaling pathway has been identified as a central regulator of abiotic stress response in plants, triggering major changes in gene expression and adaptive physiological responses. ABA induces protein kinases of the SnRK family to mediate a number of its responses. Recently, MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) cascades have also been shown to be implicated in ABA signaling. Therefore, besides discussing the role of ABA in abiotic stress signaling, we will also summarize the evidence for a role of MAPKs in the context of abiotic stress and ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agyemang Danquah
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Axel de Zelicourt
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Jean Colcombet
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
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12
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Moubasher H, Wahsh SS, El-Kassem NA. Isolation of Aureobasidium pullulans and the effect of different conditions for pullulanase and pullulan production. Microbiology (Reading) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261713020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Du SY, Zhang XF, Lu Z, Xin Q, Wu Z, Jiang T, Lu Y, Wang XF, Zhang DP. Roles of the different components of magnesium chelatase in abscisic acid signal transduction. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 80:519-37. [PMID: 23011401 PMCID: PMC3472068 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The H subunit of Mg-chelatase (CHLH) was shown to regulate abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and the I subunit (CHLI) was also reported to modulate ABA signaling in guard cells. However, it remains essentially unknown whether and how the Mg-chelatase-catalyzed Mg-protoporphyrin IX-production differs from ABA signaling. Using a newly-developed surface plasmon resonance system, we showed that ABA binds to CHLH, but not to the other Mg-chelatase components/subunits CHLI, CHLD (D subunit) and GUN4. A new rtl1 mutant allele of the CHLH gene in Arabidopsis thaliana showed ABA-insensitive phenotypes in both stomatal movement and seed germination. Upregulation of CHLI1 resulted in ABA hypersensitivity in seed germination, while downregulation of CHLI conferred ABA insensitivity in stomatal response in Arabidopsis. We showed that CHLH and CHLI, but not CHLD, regulate stomatal sensitivity to ABA in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). The overexpression lines of the CHLD gene showed wild-type ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Both the GUN4-RNA interference and overexpression lines of Arabidopsis showed wild-type phenotypes in the major ABA responses. These findings provide clear evidence that the Mg-chelatase-catalyzed Mg-ProtoIX production is distinct from ABA signaling, giving information to understand the mechanism by which the two cellular processes differs at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Du
- MOE Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- MOE Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Zekuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Qi Xin
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Zhen Wu
- MOE Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Yan Lu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- MOE Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Da-Peng Zhang
- MOE Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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14
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Ben-Ari G. The ABA signal transduction mechanism in commercial crops: learning from Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1357-69. [PMID: 22660953 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) affects a wide range of stages of plant development as well as the plant's response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Manipulation of ABA signaling in commercial crops holds promising potential for improving crop yields. Several decades of research have been invested in attempts to identify the first components of the ABA signaling cascade. It was only in 2009, that two independent groups identified the PYR/PYL/RCAR protein family as the plant ABA receptor. This finding was followed by a surge of studies on ABA signal transduction, many of them using Arabidopsis as their model. The ABA signaling cascade was found to consist of a double-negative regulatory mechanism assembled from three protein families. These include the ABA receptors, the PP2C family of inhibitors, and the kinase family, SnRK2. It was found that ABA-bound PYR/RCARs inhibit PP2C activity, and that PP2Cs inactivate SnRK2s. Researchers today are examining how the elucidation of the ABA signaling cascade in Arabidopsis can be applied to improvements in commercial agriculture. In this article, we have attempted to review recent studies which address this issue. In it, we discuss various approaches useful in identifying the genetic and protein components involved. Finally, we suggest possible commercial applications of genetic manipulation of ABA signaling to improve crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giora Ben-Ari
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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15
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Hicks GR, Raikhel NV. Small molecules present large opportunities in plant biology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:261-82. [PMID: 22404475 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of chemical genomics to plant biology as a tool for basic research, the field has advanced significantly. There are now examples of important basic discoveries that demonstrate the power and untapped potential of this approach. Given the combination of protein and small-molecule complexity, new phenotypes can be described through the perturbation of cellular functions that can be linked to growth and developmental phenotypes. There are now clear examples of overcoming functional redundancy in plants to dissect molecular mechanisms or critical pathways such as hormone signaling and dynamic intracellular processes. Owing to ongoing advances, including more sophisticated high-content screening and rapid approaches for target identification, the field is beginning to move forward. However, there are also challenges to improve automation, imaging, and analysis and provide chemical biology resources to the broader plant biology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Hicks
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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16
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Santiago J, Dupeux F, Betz K, Antoni R, Gonzalez-Guzman M, Rodriguez L, Márquez JA, Rodriguez PL. Structural insights into PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors and PP2Cs. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 182:3-11. [PMID: 22118610 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an essential function in plant physiology since it is required for biotic and abiotic stress responses as well as control of plant growth and development. A new family of soluble ABA receptors, named PYR/PYL/RCAR, has emerged as ABA sensors able to inhibit the activity of specific protein phosphatases type-2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA-dependent manner. The structural and functional mechanism by which ABA is perceived by these receptors and consequently leads to inhibition of the PP2Cs has been recently elucidated. The module PYR/PYL/RCAR-ABA-PP2C offers an elegant and unprecedented mechanism to control phosphorylation signaling cascades in a ligand-dependent manner. The knowledge of their three-dimensional structures paves the way to the design of ABA agonists able to modulate the plant stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Santiago
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Avd de los Naranjos, Edificio CPI 8E, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain
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17
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Antoni R, Rodriguez L, Gonzalez-Guzman M, Pizzio GA, Rodriguez PL. News on ABA transport, protein degradation, and ABFs/WRKYs in ABA signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:547-53. [PMID: 21742545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The recent identification of abscisic acid (ABA) transporters provides an important insight into the delivery of ABA from the vascular system and its uptake by target cells. A putative connection with PYR/PYL receptors is envisaged, linking ABA uptake and intracellular perception by a fast and efficient mechanism. Downstream signaling of the core pathway involves regulation of ABA-responsive element binding factors (ABFs/AREBs) through phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation in the case of ABI5. Several E3 ligases appear to regulate ABA signaling either positively or negatively, although relatively few targets are known yet. ABFs/AREBs are themselves subjected to transcriptional regulation, and some transcription factors (TFs) harboring the WRKY domain (WRKYs) appear to regulate their expression through W-box sequences present in the promoters of ABFs/AREBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Antoni
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Avd de los Naranjos, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain
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18
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Kitahata N, Asami T. Chemical biology of abscisic acid. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2011; 124:549-57. [PMID: 21461661 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biology is a discipline that utilizes chemicals to elucidate biological mechanisms and physiological functions. Various abscisic acid (ABA) derivatives have revealed the structural requirement for the perception by ABA receptors while biotin or caged derivatives of ABA have disclosed the localization of several ABA-binding proteins. Recently, selective ABA agonist has been used to identify ABA receptors. Furthermore, ABA biosynthesis and catabolic inhibitors have contributed to the identification of new ABA functions in plant growth and development. The physiological function of ABA in non-plant organisms has gradually been revealed. In this review, we discuss the development of small bioactive chemicals and their significance in ABA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Kitahata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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19
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Tsuzuki T, Takahashi K, Inoue SI, Okigaki Y, Tomiyama M, Hossain MA, Shimazaki KI, Murata Y, Kinoshita T. Mg-chelatase H subunit affects ABA signaling in stomatal guard cells, but is not an ABA receptor in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2011; 124:527-38. [PMID: 21562844 PMCID: PMC3129500 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mg-chelatase H subunit (CHLH) is a multifunctional protein involved in chlorophyll synthesis, plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling, and ABA perception. However, whether CHLH acts as an actual ABA receptor remains controversial. Here we present evidence that CHLH affects ABA signaling in stomatal guard cells but is not itself an ABA receptor. We screened ethyl methanesulfonate-treated Arabidopsis thaliana plants with a focus on stomatal aperture-dependent water loss in detached leaves and isolated a rapid transpiration in detached leaves 1 (rtl1) mutant that we identified as a novel missense mutant of CHLH. The rtl1 and CHLH RNAi plants showed phenotypes in which stomatal movements were insensitive to ABA, while the rtl1 phenotype showed normal sensitivity to ABA with respect to seed germination and root growth. ABA-binding analyses using (3)H-labeled ABA revealed that recombinant CHLH did not bind ABA, but recombinant pyrabactin resistance 1, a reliable ABA receptor used as a control, showed specific binding. Moreover, we found that the rtl1 mutant showed ABA-induced stomatal closure when a high concentration of extracellular Ca(2+) was present and that a knockout mutant of Mg-chelatase I subunit (chli1) showed the same ABA-insensitive phenotype as rtl1. These results suggest that the Mg-chelatase complex as a whole affects the ABA-signaling pathway for stomatal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Tsuzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Inoue
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Yukiko Okigaki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Masakazu Tomiyama
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Mohammad Anowar Hossain
- The Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8560 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- The Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
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20
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Joshi-Saha A, Valon C, Leung J. Abscisic acid signal off the STARting block. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:562-80. [PMID: 21746700 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The year 2009 marked a real turnaround in our understanding of the mode of abscisic acid (ABA) action. Nearly 25 years had elapsed since the first biochemical detection of ABA-binding proteins in the plasmalemma of Vicia guard cells was reported. This recent--and laudable--achievement is owed largely to the discovery of the soluble ABA receptors whose major interacting proteins happen to be some of the most well-established components of earliest steps in ABA signaling. These soluble receptors, with the double name of PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE (PYR) or REGULATORY COMPONENT OF ABA RECEPTOR (RCAR), are a family of Arabidopsis proteins of about 150-200 amino acids that share a conserved START domain. The ABA signal transduction circuitry under non-stress conditions is muted by the clade A protein phosphatases 2C (PP2C) (notably HAB1, ABI1, and ABI2). During the initial steps of ABA signaling, the binding of the hormone to the receptor induces a conformational change in the latter that allows it to sequester the PP2Cs. This excludes them from the negative regulation of the downstream ABA-activated kinases (OST1/SnRK2.6/SRK2E, SnRK2.2, and SnRK2.3), thus unleashing the pathway by freeing them to phosphorylate downstream targets that now include several b-ZIP transcription factors, ion channels (SLAC1, KAT1), and a NADPH oxidase (AtrbohF). The discovery of this family of soluble receptors and the rich insight already gained from structural studies of their complexes with different isoforms of ABA, PP2C, and the synthetic agonist pyrabactin lay the foundation towards rational design of chemical switches that can bolster drought hardiness in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Joshi-Saha
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR2355, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Bât. 23, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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21
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Mori IC, Murata Y. ABA signaling in stomatal guard cells: lessons from Commelina and Vicia. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2011; 124:477-87. [PMID: 21706139 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling mechanisms have been studied in a broad variety of plant species using complementary analyses, taking advantage of different methodologies suitable for each plant species. Early studies on ABA biosynthesis using Solanum lycopersicum mutants suggested an importance of ABA synthesis in stomatal closure. To understand ABA signaling in guard cells, cellular, biochemical and electrophysiological studies in Vicia faba and Commelina communis have been conducted, providing fundamental knowledge that was further reconfirmed by molecular genetic studies of Arabidopsis. In this article, examples of stomatal studies in several plants and prospects in ABA research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
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22
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Guo J, Yang X, Weston DJ, Chen JG. Abscisic acid receptors: past, present and future. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:469-79. [PMID: 21554537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Jin-Gui Chen (Corresponding author) Abscisic acid (ABA) is the key plant stress hormone. Consistent with the earlier studies in support of the presence of both membrane- and cytoplasm-localized ABA receptors, recent studies have identified multiple ABA receptors located in various subcellular locations. These include a chloroplast envelope-localized receptor (the H subunit of Chloroplast Mg(2+) -chelatase/ABA Receptor), two plasma membrane-localized receptors (G-protein Coupled Receptor 2 and GPCR-type G proteins), and one cytosol/nucleus-localized Pyrabactin Resistant (PYR)/PYR-Like (PYL)/Regulatory Component of ABA Receptor 1 (RCAR). Although the downstream molecular events for most of the identified ABA receptors are currently unknown, one of them, PYR/PYL/RCAR was found to directly bind and regulate the activity of a long-known central regulator of ABA signaling, the A-group protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C). Together with the Sucrose Non-fermentation Kinase Subfamily 2 (SnRK2s) protein kinases, a central signaling complex (ABA-PYR-PP2Cs-SnRK2s) that is responsible for ABA signal perception and transduction is supported by abundant genetic, physiological, biochemical and structural evidence. The identification of multiple ABA receptors has advanced our understanding of ABA signal perception and transduction while adding an extra layer of complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Guo
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114-2790, USA
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23
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Wang XF, Xin Q, Shen YY, Zhang DP. Approaches to the identification of ABAR as an abscisic acid receptor. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 773:83-97. [PMID: 21898251 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-231-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a vital phytohormone that regulates seed maturation and germination, seedling growth, and adaptation to environmental stresses. ABA functions through a complex network of signaling pathways, where the cell response is initiated by an ABA receptor which triggers downstream signaling cascades to induce the final physiological effects. Two classes of technologies may be used for the isolation of ABA receptors. One is the genetic screening for ABA receptor mutants, and another is the biochemical isolation of ABA-binding proteins that are putative ABA receptors. We implemented biochemical approaches, namely, the purification of ABA-binding proteins to identify a putative ABA receptor; this protein was further characterized by a combination of biochemical and reverse genetic approaches. The identified ABA receptor, called ABAR, mediates the responses of plants to ABA in seed germination, postgerminative growth, and stomatal movement. This protein is the H subunit (CHLH) of the magnesium protoporphyrin-IX chelatase (Mg-chelatase) that also plays a key role in both chlorophyll biosynthesis and plastid-to-nucleus signaling. Here, we describe the experimental procedures for the purification of ABA-binding proteins and the identification of the ABA-binding protein, ABAR/CHLH, as an ABA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Wang
- China State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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24
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Hubbard KE, Nishimura N, Hitomi K, Getzoff ED, Schroeder JI. Early abscisic acid signal transduction mechanisms: newly discovered components and newly emerging questions. Genes Dev 2010; 24:1695-708. [PMID: 20713515 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1953910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many key processes in plants, including seed germination and development and abiotic stress tolerance, particularly drought resistance. Understanding early events in ABA signal transduction has been a major goal of plant research. The recent identification of the PYRABACTIN (4-bromo-N-[pyridin-2-yl methyl]naphthalene-1-sulfonamide) RESISTANCE (PYR)/REGULATORY COMPONENT OF ABA RECEPTOR (RCAR) family of ABA receptors and their biochemical mode of action represents a major breakthrough in the field. The solving of PYR/RCAR structures provides a context for resolving mechanisms mediating ABA control of protein-protein interactions for downstream signaling. Recent studies show that a pathway based on PYR/RCAR ABA receptors, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2Cs (PP2Cs), and SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2s (SnRK2s) forms the primary basis of an early ABA signaling module. This pathway interfaces with ion channels, transcription factors, and other targets, thus providing a mechanistic connection between the phytohormone and ABA-induced responses. This emerging PYR/RCAR-PP2C-SnRK2 model of ABA signal transduction is reviewed here, and provides an opportunity for testing novel hypotheses concerning ABA signaling. We address newly emerging questions, including the potential roles of different PYR/RCAR isoforms, and the significance of ABA-induced versus constitutive PYR/RCAR-PP2C interactions. We also consider how the PYR/RCAR-PP2C-SnRK2 pathway interfaces with ABA-dependent gene expression, ion channel regulation, and control of small molecule signaling. These exciting developments provide researchers with a framework through which early ABA signaling can be understood, and allow novel questions about the hormone response pathway and possible applications in stress resistance engineering of plants to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Hubbard
- Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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25
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Shang Y, Yan L, Liu ZQ, Cao Z, Mei C, Xin Q, Wu FQ, Wang XF, Du SY, Jiang T, Zhang XF, Zhao R, Sun HL, Liu R, Yu YT, Zhang DP. The Mg-chelatase H subunit of Arabidopsis antagonizes a group of WRKY transcription repressors to relieve ABA-responsive genes of inhibition. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1909-35. [PMID: 20543028 PMCID: PMC2910980 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.073874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a vital role in plant development and response to environmental challenges, but the complex networks of ABA signaling pathways are poorly understood. We previously reported that a chloroplast protein, the magnesium-protoporphyrin IX chelatase H subunit (CHLH/ABAR), functions as a receptor for ABA in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we report that ABAR spans the chloroplast envelope and that the cytosolic C terminus of ABAR interacts with a group of WRKY transcription factors (WRKY40, WRKY18, and WRKY60) that function as negative regulators of ABA signaling in seed germination and postgermination growth. WRKY40, a central negative regulator, inhibits expression of ABA-responsive genes, such as ABI5. In response to a high level of ABA signal that recruits WRKY40 from the nucleus to the cytosol and promotes ABAR-WRKY40 interaction, ABAR relieves the ABI5 gene of inhibition by repressing WRKY40 expression. These findings describe a unique ABA signaling pathway from the early signaling events to downstream gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Yan
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chao Mei
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Xin
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Fu-Qing Wu
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Du
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Hai-Li Sun
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yong-Tao Yu
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Da-Peng Zhang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Address correspondence to
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26
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Popko J, Hänsch R, Mendel RR, Polle A, Teichmann T. The role of abscisic acid and auxin in the response of poplar to abiotic stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:242-58. [PMID: 20398232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormones auxin and abscisic acid may at first sight appear to be a conflicting pair of plant regulators. Abscisic acid content increases during stress and protects plant water status. The content of free auxin in the developing xylem of poplar declines during stress, while auxin conjugates increase. This indicates that specific down-regulation of a signal transduction chain is important in plant adaptation to stress. Diminished auxin content may be a factor that adapts growth and wood development of poplar during adverse environmental conditions. To allow integration of environmental signals, abscisic acid and auxin must interact. Data are accumulating that abscisic acid-auxin cross-talk exists in plants. However, knowledge of the role of plant hormones in the response of trees to stress is scarce. Our data show that differences in the localisation of ABA synthesis exist between the annual, herbaceous plant Arabidopsis and the perennial woody species, poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Popko
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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27
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Cutler SR, Rodriguez PL, Finkelstein RR, Abrams SR. Abscisic acid: emergence of a core signaling network. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 61:651-79. [PMID: 20192755 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1736] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates numerous developmental processes and adaptive stress responses in plants. Many ABA signaling components have been identified, but their interconnections and a consensus on the structure of the ABA signaling network have eluded researchers. Recently, several advances have led to the identification of ABA receptors and their three-dimensional structures, and an understanding of how key regulatory phosphatase and kinase activities are controlled by ABA. A new model for ABA action has been proposed and validated, in which the soluble PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors function at the apex of a negative regulatory pathway to directly regulate PP2C phosphatases, which in turn directly regulate SnRK2 kinases. This model unifies many previously defined signaling components and highlights the importance of future work focused on defining the direct targets of SnRK2s and PP2Cs, dissecting the mechanisms of hormone interactions (i.e., cross talk) and defining connections between this new negative regulatory pathway and other factors implicated in ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Cutler
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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28
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Rodríguez-Gacio MDC, Matilla-Vázquez MA, Matilla AJ. Seed dormancy and ABA signaling: the breakthrough goes on. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:1035 - 49. [PMID: 19875942 PMCID: PMC2819511 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.11.9902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The seed is an important organ of higher plants regarding plant survival and species dispersion. The transition between seed dormancy and germination represents a critical stage in the plant life cycle and it is an important ecological and commercial trait. A dynamic balance of synthesis and catabolism of two antagonistic hormones, abscisic acid (ABA) and giberellins (GAs), controls the equilibrium between seed dormancy and germination. Embryonic ABA plays a central role in induction and maintenance of seed dormancy, and also inhibits the transition from embryonic to germination growth. Therefore, the ABA metabolism must be highly regulated at both temporal and spatial levels during phase of dessication tolerance. On the other hand, the ABA levels do not depend exclusively on the seeds because sometimes it becomes a strong sink and imports it from the roots and rhizosphere through the xylem and/or phloem. All theses events are discussed in depth here. Likewise, the role of some recently characterized genes belonging to seeds of woody species and related to ABA signaling, are also included. Finally, although four possible ABA receptors have been reported, not much is known about how they mediate ABA signalling transduction. However, new publications seem to shown that almost all these receptors lack several properties to consider them as such.
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29
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Legnaioli T, Cuevas J, Mas P. TOC1 functions as a molecular switch connecting the circadian clock with plant responses to drought. EMBO J 2009; 28:3745-57. [PMID: 19816401 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite our increasing knowledge on the transcriptional networks connecting abscisic acid (ABA) signalling with the circadian clock, the molecular nodes in which both pathways converge to translate the environmental information into a physiological response are not known. Here, we provide evidence of a feedback mechanism linking the circadian clock with plant responses to drought. A key clock component (TOC1, timing of CAB expression 1) binds to the promoter of the ABA-related gene (ABAR/CHLH/GUN5) and controls its circadian expression. TOC1 is in turn acutely induced by ABA and this induction advances the phase of TOC1 binding and modulates ABAR circadian expression. Moreover, the gated induction of TOC1 by ABA is abolished in ABAR RNAi plants suggesting that the reciprocal regulation between ABAR and TOC1 expression is important for sensitized ABA activity. Genetic studies with TOC1 and ABAR over-expressing and RNAi plants showed defective responses to drought, which support the notion that clock-dependent gating of ABA function is important for cellular homeostasis under dry environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Legnaioli
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG, CSIC-IRTA-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Wu FQ, Xin Q, Cao Z, Liu ZQ, Du SY, Mei C, Zhao CX, Wang XF, Shang Y, Jiang T, Zhang XF, Yan L, Zhao R, Cui ZN, Liu R, Sun HL, Yang XL, Su Z, Zhang DP. The magnesium-chelatase H subunit binds abscisic acid and functions in abscisic acid signaling: new evidence in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:1940-54. [PMID: 19535472 PMCID: PMC2719140 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.140731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Using a newly developed abscisic acid (ABA)-affinity chromatography technique, we showed that the magnesium-chelatase H subunit ABAR/CHLH (for putative abscisic acid receptor/chelatase H subunit) specifically binds ABA through the C-terminal half but not the N-terminal half. A set of potential agonists/antagonists to ABA, including 2-trans,4-trans-ABA, gibberellin, cytokinin-like regulator 6-benzylaminopurine, auxin indole-3-acetic acid, auxin-like substance naphthalene acetic acid, and jasmonic acid methyl ester, did not bind ABAR/CHLH. A C-terminal C370 truncated ABAR with 369 amino acid residues (631-999) was shown to bind ABA, which may be a core of the ABA-binding domain in the C-terminal half. Consistently, expression of the ABAR/CHLH C-terminal half truncated proteins fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) in wild-type plants conferred ABA hypersensitivity in all major ABA responses, including seed germination, postgermination growth, and stomatal movement, and the expression of the same truncated proteins fused with GFP in an ABA-insensitive cch mutant of the ABAR/CHLH gene restored the ABA sensitivity of the mutant in all of the ABA responses. However, the effect of expression of the ABAR N-terminal half fused with GFP in the wild-type plants was limited to seedling growth, and the restoring effect of the ABA sensitivity of the cch mutant was limited to seed germination. In addition, we identified two new mutant alleles of ABAR/CHLH from the mutant pool in the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center via Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Targeting-Induced Local Lesions in Genomes. The abar-2 mutant has a point mutation resulting in the N-terminal Leu-348-->Phe, and the abar-3 mutant has a point mutation resulting in the N-terminal Ser-183-->Phe. The two mutants show altered ABA-related phenotypes in seed germination and postgermination growth but not in stomatal movement. These findings support the idea that ABAR/CHLH is an ABA receptor and reveal that the C-terminal half of ABAR/CHLH plays a central role in ABA signaling, which is consistent with its ABA-binding ability, but the N-terminal half is also functionally required, likely through a regulatory action on the C-terminal half.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Qing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry , China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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Risk JM, Day CL, Macknight RC. Reevaluation of abscisic acid-binding assays shows that G-Protein-Coupled Receptor2 does not bind abscisic Acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:6-11. [PMID: 19286934 PMCID: PMC2675752 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.135749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Risk
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Müller AH, Hansson M. The barley magnesium chelatase 150-kd subunit is not an abscisic acid receptor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:157-66. [PMID: 19176716 PMCID: PMC2675733 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.135277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium chelatase is the first unique enzyme of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. It is composed of three gene products of which the largest is 150 kD. This protein was recently identified as an abscisic acid receptor in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We have evaluated whether the barley (Hordeum vulgare) magnesium chelatase large subunit, XanF, could be a receptor for the phytohormone. The study involved analysis of recombinant magnesium chelatase protein as well as several induced chlorophyll-deficient magnesium chelatase mutants with defects identified at the gene and protein levels. Abscisic acid had no effect on magnesium chelatase activity and binding to the barley 150-kD protein could not be shown. Magnesium chelatase mutants showed a wild-type response in respect to postgermination growth and stomatal aperture. Our results question the function of the large magnesium chelatase subunit as an abscisic acid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- André H Müller
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-2500 Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Biswas B, Chan PK, Gresshoff PM. A novel ABA insensitive mutant of Lotus japonicus with a wilty phenotype displays unaltered nodulation regulation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:487-499. [PMID: 19825632 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An ABA insensitive mutant, Beyma, was isolated in Lotus japonicus MG-20 from an EMS mutagenesis population using root growth inhibition to applied ABA as the screening criterion. (The name 'Beyma' was taken from the Australian Aboriginal language, Wagiman, beyma, meaning 'drying up'.) The stable mutant that segregates as a dominant Mendelian mutation is insensitive to ABA induced inhibition of germination, vegetative growth, stomatal opening, as well as nodulation. Tissue ABA levels were normal, suggesting a sensitivity rather than biosynthesis mutation. It is slow-growing (50-70% of wild-type MG-20) and has a near-constitutive wilty phenotype associated with its inability to regulate stomatal opening. Whilst showing a wide range of ABA insensitive phenotypes, Beyma did not show alteration of nodule number control, as, in the absence of added ABA, the number and patterning (but not size) of nodules formed in the mutant were similar to that of MG-20. Split root experiments on MG-20 showed that application of ABA on one side of the root inhibited nodulation locally but not systemically. We propose that ABA is not involved directly in systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Biswas
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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Two Novel GPCR-Type G Proteins Are Abscisic Acid Receptors in Arabidopsis. Cell 2009; 136:136-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The RNA-binding protein FCA promotes flowering in Arabidopsis. Razem et al. reported that FCA is also a receptor for the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). However, we find that FCA does not bind ABA, suggesting that the quality of the proteins assayed and the sensitivity of the ABA-binding assay have led Razem et al. to erroneous conclusions. Because similar assays have been used to characterize other ABA receptors, our results indicate that the ABA-binding properties of these proteins should be carefully re-evaluated and that alternative ABA receptors are likely to be discovered.
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Abstract
Plant growth and development require the integration of a variety of environmental and endogenous signals that, together with the intrinsic genetic program, determine plant form. Central to this process are several growth regulators known as plant hormones or phytohormones. Despite decades of study, only recently have receptors for several of these hormones been identified, revealing novel mechanisms for perceiving chemical signals and providing plant biologists with a much clearer picture of hormonal control of growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Spartz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Wasilewska A, Vlad F, Sirichandra C, Redko Y, Jammes F, Valon C, Frei dit Frey N, Leung J. An update on abscisic acid signaling in plants and more... MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:198-217. [PMID: 19825533 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssm022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The mode of abscisic acid (ABA) action, and its relations to drought adaptive responses in particular, has been a captivating area of plant hormone research for much over a decade. The hormone triggers stomatal closure to limit water loss through transpiration, as well as mobilizes a battery of genes that presumably serve to protect the cells from the ensuing oxidative damage in prolonged stress. The signaling network orchestrating these various responses is, however, highly complex. This review summarizes several significant advances made within the last few years. The biosynthetic pathway of the hormone is now almost completely elucidated, with the latest identification of the ABA4 gene encoding a neoxanthin synthase, which seems essential for de novo ABA biosynthesis during water stress. This leads to the interesting question on how ABA is then delivered to perception sites. In this respect, regulated transport has attracted renewed focus by the unexpected finding of a shoot-to-root translocation of ABA during drought response, and at the cellular level, by the identification of a beta-galactosidase that releases biologically active ABA from inactive ABA-glucose ester. Surprising candidate ABA receptors were also identified in the form of the Flowering Time Control Protein A (FCA) and the Chloroplastic Magnesium Protoporphyrin-IX Chelatase H subunit (CHLH) in chloroplast-nucleus communication, both of which have been shown to bind ABA in vitro. On the other hand, the protein(s) corresponding to the physiologically detectable cell-surface ABA receptor(s) is (are) still not known with certainty. Genetic and physiological studies based on the guard cell have reinforced the central importance of reversible phosphorylation in modulating rapid ABA responses. Sucrose Non-Fermenting Related Kinases (SnRK), Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPK), Protein Phosphatases (PP) of the 2C and 2A classes figure as prominent regulators in this single-cell model. Identifying their direct in vivo targets of regulation, which may include H(+)-ATPases, ion channels, 14-3-3 proteins and transcription factors, will logically be the next major challenge. Emerging evidence also implicates ABA as a repressor of innate immune response, as hinted by the highly similar roster of genes elicited by certain pathogens and ABA. Undoubtedly, the most astonishing revelation is that ABA is not restricted to plants and mosses, but overwhelming evidence now indicates that it also exists in metazoans ranging from the most primitive to the most advance on the evolution scale (sponges to humans). In metazoans, ABA has healing properties, and plays protective roles against both environmental and pathogen related injuries. These cross-kingdom comparisons have shed light on the surprising ancient origin of ABA and its attendant mechanisms of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wasilewska
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2355, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Bât. 23, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Wang XF, Zhang DP. Abscisic acid receptors: multiple signal-perception sites. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2008; 101:311-7. [PMID: 17981876 PMCID: PMC2701815 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a vital role in various aspects of plant growth and development and in adaptation of plants to various environmental stresses. Cell response to ABA is initiated by ABA perception with a cell receptor. Recently, three distinct ABA receptors have been identified, opening a door to uncover the initial events of ABA signal transduction. The aim of this Botanical Briefing is to present a perspective of the ABA receptors identified. SCOPE This Briefing offers an introduction to the three ABA receptors identified and an analysis of the complexity and multiplicity of ABA receptors, and provides some viewpoints on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Da-Peng Zhang
- China State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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Melhorn V, Matsumi K, Koiwai H, Ikegami K, Okamoto M, Nambara E, Bittner F, Koshiba T. Transient expression of AtNCED3 and AAO3 genes in guard cells causes stomatal closure in Vicia faba. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2008; 121:125-31. [PMID: 18060348 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-007-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates stomatal closure in response to water loss. Here, we examined the competence of guard cells to synthesize ABA, using two Arabidopsis ABA biosynthetic enzymes. 35S pro::AtNCED3-GFP and AAO3-GFP were introduced into guard cells of broad bean leaves. AtNCED3-GFP expression was detected at the chloroplasts, whereas green fluorescent protein (GFP) and AAO3-GFP were in the cytosol. The stomatal aperture was decreased in AtNCED3-GFP- and AAO3-GFP-transformed guard cells. This indicated that ABA biosynthesis is stimulated by heterologous expression of AtNCED3 and Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase 3 (AAO3) proteins, which both seem to be regulatory enzymes for ABA biosynthesis in these cells. Furthermore, stomatal closure by the expression of AtNCED3 and AAO3 suggested that the substrates of the enzymes are present and native ABA-biosynthesis enzymes are active in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Melhorn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
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Hirayama T, Shinozaki K. Perception and transduction of abscisic acid signals: keys to the function of the versatile plant hormone ABA. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2007; 12:343-51. [PMID: 17629540 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, much progress has been made toward understanding the mechanisms underlying plant hormone activity, from perception to nuclear events. However, the signaling mechanisms for abscisic acid (ABA) have remained largely obscure. Recent breakthroughs identifying FCA, which is an RNA-binding protein, the Mg-chelatase H subunit, and a G protein-coupled receptor as receptors for ABA provide a major leap forward in understanding the initial steps of ABA signaling mechanisms. Recent studies have also revealed the molecular mechanisms of second messenger production, protein modifications such as phosphorylation, and regulatory mechanisms of gene expression in the ABA response. Therefore, the connections between these events are also beginning to be determined. Here, we review recent progress and discuss the overall scheme of the ABA response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirayama
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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42
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Huang D, Jaradat MR, Wu W, Ambrose SJ, Ross AR, Abrams SR, Cutler AJ. Structural analogs of ABA reveal novel features of ABA perception and signaling in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 50:414-28. [PMID: 17376162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in gene expression produced by the application of (+)-abscisic acid (ABA) to Arabidopsis thaliana plants were compared with changes produced by the ABA structural analogs (-)-ABA, (+)-8'-acetylene ABA and (-)-2',3'-dihydroacetylenic abscisyl alcohol. The maximum expression of many rapidly (+)-ABA-induced genes occurred prior to peak hormone accumulation, suggesting negative feedback regulation that may be mediated by the induction of genes encoding PP2C-type protein phosphatases. For most rapidly (+)-ABA-induced genes, expression was delayed in ABA analog treatments although analogs accumulated to higher levels than did (+)-ABA. For each analog, some genes exhibited a hypersensitive response to the analog and some genes were less sensitive to the analog than to (+)-ABA. Variations in the sensitivity of gene expression to (+)-ABA and analogs reflect the different structural requirements of two or more classes of hormone receptors. By using ABA analogs to reveal and confirm weakly (+)-ABA-regulated genes, we estimate that 14% of Arabidopsis genes are ABA-regulated in aerial tissues. Treatments with the analog (+)-8'-acetylene ABA (PBI425) led to the identification of new ABA-regulated genes. As an example, the transcription factor MYBR1 was significantly induced by PBI425, but not by (+)-ABA, and is shown to play a role in ABA signaling by phenotypic analysis of gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiqing Huang
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon S7N 0W9, Canada
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Bruzzone S, Moreschi I, Usai C, Guida L, Damonte G, Salis A, Scarfì S, Millo E, De Flora A, Zocchi E. Abscisic acid is an endogenous cytokine in human granulocytes with cyclic ADP-ribose as second messenger. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5759-64. [PMID: 17389374 PMCID: PMC1832220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609379104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone involved in fundamental physiological processes of higher plants, such as response to abiotic stress (temperature, light, drought), regulation of seed dormancy and germination, and control of stomatal closure. Here, we provide evidence that ABA stimulates several functional activities [phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO) production, and chemotaxis] of human granulocytes through a signaling pathway sequentially involving a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G protein/receptor complex, protein kinase A activation, ADP-ribosyl cyclase phosphorylation, and consequent cyclic-ADP-ribose overproduction, leading to an increase of the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. The increase of free intracellular ABA and its release by activated human granulocytes indicate that ABA should be considered as a new pro-inflammatory cytokine in humans. This discovery is an intriguing example of conservation of a hormone and its signaling pathway from plants to humans and provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of granulocyte activation, possibly leading to the development of new antiinflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santina Bruzzone
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Advanced Biotechnology Centre, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy; and
| | - Iliana Moreschi
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Guida
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Advanced Biotechnology Centre, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy; and
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salis
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sonia Scarfì
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Advanced Biotechnology Centre, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy; and
| | - Enrico Millo
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio De Flora
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Zocchi
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Advanced Biotechnology Centre, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genoa, Italy. E-mail:
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Shen YY, Wang XF, Wu FQ, Du SY, Cao Z, Shang Y, Wang XL, Peng CC, Yu XC, Zhu SY, Fan RC, Xu YH, Zhang DP. The Mg-chelatase H subunit is an abscisic acid receptor. Nature 2006; 443:823-6. [PMID: 17051210 DOI: 10.1038/nature05176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a vital phytohormone that regulates mainly stomatal aperture and seed development, but ABA receptors involved in these processes have yet to be determined. We previously identified from broad bean an ABA-binding protein (ABAR) potentially involved in stomatal signalling, the gene for which encodes the H subunit of Mg-chelatase (CHLH), which is a key component in both chlorophyll biosynthesis and plastid-to-nucleus signalling. Here we show that Arabidopsis ABAR/CHLH specifically binds ABA, and mediates ABA signalling as a positive regulator in seed germination, post-germination growth and stomatal movement, showing that ABAR/CHLH is an ABA receptor. We show also that ABAR/CHLH is a ubiquitous protein expressed in both green and non-green tissues, indicating that it might be able to perceive the ABA signal at the whole-plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yue Shen
- China State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, 100094 Beijing, China
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Razem FA, Baron K, Hill RD. Turning on gibberellin and abscisic acid signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:454-9. [PMID: 16870490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) play essential and often antagonistic roles in regulating plant growth, development and stress responses. The long-awaited identification of receptors for both GA and ABA has shed light upon the initial events that surround the perception of these two phytohormones. The discovery of these receptors also challenges conventional views of plant hormone signaling and raises intriguing questions regarding the nature of GA and ABA perception and the initiation of their signaling pathways. Moreover, recent advances in understanding GA and ABA signaling point to the existence of multiple, non-linear cell- and compartment-specific pathways that regulate genomic and non-genomic responses to these phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzi A Razem
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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47
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Yu XC, Li MJ, Gao GF, Feng HZ, Geng XQ, Peng CC, Zhu SY, Wang XJ, Shen YY, Zhang DP. Abscisic acid stimulates a calcium-dependent protein kinase in grape berry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:558-79. [PMID: 16407437 PMCID: PMC1361324 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.074971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that calcium plays a central role in mediating abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, but many of the Ca2+-binding sensory proteins as the components of the ABA-signaling pathway remain to be elucidated. Here we identified, characterized, and purified a 58-kD ABA-stimulated calcium-dependent protein kinase from the mesocarp of grape berries (Vitis vinifera x Vitis labrusca), designated ACPK1 (for ABA-stimulated calcium-dependent protein kinase1). ABA stimulates ACPK1 in a dose-dependent manner, and the ACPK1 expression and enzyme activities alter accordantly with the endogenous ABA concentrations during fruit development. The ABA-induced ACPK1 stimulation appears to be transient with a rapid effect in 15 min but also with a slow and steady state of induction after 60 min. ABA acts on ACPK1 indirectly and dependently on in vivo state of the tissues. Two inactive ABA isomers, (-)-2-cis, 4-trans-ABA and 2-trans, 4-trans-(+/-)-ABA, are ineffective for inducing ACPK1 stimulation, revealing that the ABA-induced effect is stereo specific to physiological active (+)-2-cis, 4-trans-ABA. The other phytohormones such as auxin indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid, synthetic cytokinin N-benzyl-6-aminopurine, and brassinolide are also ineffective in this ACPK1 stimulation. Based on sequencing of the two-dimensional electrophoresis-purified ACPK1, we cloned the ACPK1 gene. The ACPK1 is expressed specifically in grape berry covering a fleshy portion and seeds, and in a developmental stage-dependent manner. We further showed that ACPK1 is localized in both plasma membranes and chloroplasts/plastids and positively regulates plasma membrane H+-ATPase in vitro, suggesting that ACPK1 may be involved in the ABA-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Chun Yu
- China State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, 100094 Beijing, China
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48
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Prokic L, Jovanovic Z, McAinsh MR, Vucinic Z, Stikic R. Species-dependent changes in stomatal sensitivity to abscisic acid mediated by external pH. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2006; 57:675-83. [PMID: 16396996 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The direct effects of pH changes and/or abscisic acid (ABA) on stomatal aperture were examined in epidermal strips of Commelina communis L. and Arabidopsis thaliana. Stomata were initially opened at pH 7 or pH 5. The stomatal closure induced by changes in external pH and/or ABA (10 microM or 10 nM) was monitored using video microscopy and quantified in terms of changes in stomatal area using image analysis software. Measurements of aperture area enabled stomatal responses and, in particular, small changes in stomatal area to be quantified reliably. Both plant species exhibited a biphasic closure response to ABA: an initial phase of rapid stomatal closure, followed by a second, more prolonged, phase during which stomata closure proceeded at a slower rate. Changes in stomatal sensitivity to ABA were also observed. Comparison of these effects between C. communis and A. thaliana demonstrate that this differential sensitivity of stomata to ABA is species-dependent, as well as being dependent on the pH of the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Prokic
- Department of Agrochemistry and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, Zemun 11080 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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Kitahata N, Nakano T, Kuchitsu K, Yoshida S, Asami T. Biotin-labeled abscisic acid as a probe for investigating abscisic acid binding sites on plasma membranes of barley aleurone protoplasts. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:3351-8. [PMID: 15848747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays important roles in dormancy and stress responses, but its binding sites have not yet been fully elucidated. In this report, we suggest the utility of biotin-labeled abscisic acid (bioABA) as a probe to investigate ABA-binding sites on the plasma membrane of barley aleurone protoplasts. BioABA was approximately 100 times less effective than ABA in inhibiting expression of gibberellin-inducible alpha-amylase and in inducing expression of a reporter gene fused to the dehydrin promoter. To ascertain that bioABA could bind to ABA-binding sites on the plasma membrane, we used fluorescence flow cytometry to measure the fluorescence intensity of aleurone protoplasts treated with a combination of bioABA and fluorescence-labeled streptavidin. Addition of bioABA increased the fluorescence of aleurone protoplasts in a concentration-dependent manner, but addition of non-active bioABA derivatives did not. Furthermore, the increase in fluorescence intensity observed upon addition of bioABA was eliminated by co-treatment with excess ABA, but it was not eliminated by co-treatment with other plant hormones. These results suggest that bioABA binds to ABA-binding sites, and that bioABA should be a valuable probe for investigating ABA-binding sites on the plasma membrane.
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Fan LM, Zhao Z, Assmann SM. Guard cells: a dynamic signaling model. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2004; 7:537-46. [PMID: 15337096 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The year 2003 has provided a continuing accretion of knowledge concerning the diverse ways in which guard cells sense and respond to abscisic acid. A deeper understanding of the biochemical mechanisms governing the response of guard cells to blue light has been gained, and new insights have been garnered regarding roles of the extracellular matrix in stomatal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Min Fan
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-5301, USA
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