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Chilling-induced phosphorylation of IPA1 by OsSAPK6 activates chilling tolerance responses in rice. Cell Discov 2022; 8:71. [PMID: 35882853 PMCID: PMC9325753 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chilling is a major abiotic stress harming rice development and productivity. The C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (CBF)-dependent transcriptional regulatory pathway plays a central role in cold stress and acclimation in Arabidopsis. In rice, several genes have been reported in conferring chilling tolerance, however, the chilling signaling in rice remains largely unknown. Here, we report the chilling-induced OSMOTIC STRESS/ABA-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 6 (OsSAPK6)-IDEAL PLANT ARCHITECTURE 1 (IPA1)-OsCBF3 signal pathway in rice. Under chilling stress, OsSAPK6 could phosphorylate IPA1 and increase its stability. In turn, IPA1 could directly bind to the GTAC motif on the OsCBF3 promoter to elevate its expression. Genetic evidence showed that OsSAPK6, IPA1 and OsCBF3 were all positive regulators of rice chilling tolerance. The function of OsSAPK6 in chilling tolerance depended on IPA1, and overexpression of OsCBF3 could rescue the chilling-sensitive phenotype of ipa1 loss-of-function mutant. Moreover, the natural gain-of-function allele ipa1-2D could simultaneously enhance seedling chilling tolerance and increase grain yield. Taken together, our results revealed a chilling-induced OsSAPK6-IPA1-OsCBF signal cascade in rice, which shed new lights on chilling stress-tolerant rice breeding.
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Kamiyama Y, Katagiri S, Umezawa T. Growth Promotion or Osmotic Stress Response: How SNF1-Related Protein Kinase 2 (SnRK2) Kinases Are Activated and Manage Intracellular Signaling in Plants. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071443. [PMID: 34371646 PMCID: PMC8309267 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation is a major mechanism for regulating protein function and controls a wide range of cellular functions including responses to external stimuli. The plant-specific SNF1-related protein kinase 2s (SnRK2s) function as central regulators of plant growth and development, as well as tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. Although the activity of SnRK2s is tightly regulated in a phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent manner, recent investigations have revealed that SnRK2s can be activated by group B Raf-like protein kinases independently of ABA. Furthermore, evidence is accumulating that SnRK2s modulate plant growth through regulation of target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling. Here, we summarize recent advances in knowledge of how SnRK2s mediate plant growth and osmotic stress signaling and discuss future challenges in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kamiyama
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sotaro Katagiri
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Taishi Umezawa
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.K.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Fàbregas N, Yoshida T, Fernie AR. Role of Raf-like kinases in SnRK2 activation and osmotic stress response in plants. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6184. [PMID: 33273465 PMCID: PMC7712759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental drought and high salinity impose osmotic stress, which inhibits plant growth and yield. Thus, understanding how plants respond to osmotic stress is critical to improve crop productivity. Plants have multiple signalling pathways in response to osmotic stress in which the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays important roles. However, since little is known concerning key early components, the global osmotic stress-signalling network remains to be elucidated. Here, we review recent advances in the identification of osmotic-stress activated Raf-like protein kinases as regulators of ABA-dependent and -independent signalling pathways and discuss the plant stress-responsive kinase network from an evolutionary perspective. A better understanding of how plants respond to osmotic stress could potentially help improve crop yields. Here Fàbregas et al. review the recent characterization of Raf-like kinases that act in both in ABA-dependent and -independent responses to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Hewage KAH, Yang J, Wang D, Hao G, Yang G, Zhu J. Chemical Manipulation of Abscisic Acid Signaling: A New Approach to Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management in Agriculture. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001265. [PMID: 32999840 PMCID: PMC7509701 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is the best-known stress signaling molecule in plants. ABA protects sessile land plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. The conserved pyrabactin resistance/pyrabactin resistance-like/regulatory component of ABA receptors (PYR/PYL/RCAR) perceives ABA and triggers a cascade of signaling events. A thorough knowledge of the sequential steps of ABA signaling will be necessary for the development of chemicals that control plant stress responses. The core components of the ABA signaling pathway have been identified with adequate characterization. The information available concerning ABA biosynthesis, transport, perception, and metabolism has enabled detailed functional studies on how the protective ability of ABA in plants might be modified to increase plant resistance to stress. Some of the significant contributions to chemical manipulation include ABA biosynthesis inhibitors, and ABA receptor agonists and antagonists. Chemical manipulation of key control points in ABA signaling is important for abiotic and biotic stress management in agriculture. However, a comprehensive review of the current knowledge of chemical manipulation of ABA signaling is lacking. Here, a thorough analysis of recent reports on small-molecule modulation of ABA signaling is provided. The challenges and prospects in the chemical manipulation of ABA signaling for the development of ABA-based agrochemicals are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalani Achala H. Hewage
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and HealthCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Jing‐Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and HealthCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and HealthCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Ge‐Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and HealthCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Guang‐Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and HealthCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biologyand CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai20032P. R. China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitecturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
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Avni A, Golan Y, Shirron N, Shamai Y, Golumbic Y, Danin-Poleg Y, Gepstein S. From Survival to Productivity Mode: Cytokinins Allow Avoiding the Avoidance Strategy Under Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:879. [PMID: 32714345 PMCID: PMC7343901 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Growth retardation and stress-induced premature plant senescence are accompanied by a severe yield reduction and raise a major agro-economic concern. To improve biomass and yield in agricultural crops under mild stress conditions, the survival must be changed to productivity mode. Our previous successful attempts to delay premature senescence and growth inhibition under abiotic stress conditions by autoregulation of cytokinins (CKs) levels constitute a generic technology toward the development of highly productive plants. Since this technology is based on the induction of CKs synthesis during the age-dependent senescence phase by a senescence-specific promoter (SARK), which is not necessarily regulated by abiotic stress conditions, we developed autoregulating transgenic plants expressing the IPT gene specifically under abiotic stress conditions. The Arabidopsis promoter of the stress-induced metallothionein gene (AtMT) was isolated, fused to the IPT gene and transformed into tobacco plants. The MT:IPT transgenic tobacco plants displayed comparable elevated biomass productivity and maintained growth under drought conditions. To decipher the role and the molecular mechanisms of CKs in reverting the survival transcriptional program to a sustainable plant growth program, we performed gene expression analysis of candidate stress-related genes and found unexpectedly clear downregulation in the CK-overproducing plants. We also investigated kinase activity after applying exogenous CKs to tobacco cell suspensions that were grown in salinity stress. In-gel kinase activity analysis demonstrated CK-dependent deactivation of several stress-related kinases including two of the MAPK components, SIPK and WIPK and the NtOSAK, a member of SnRK2 kinase family, a key component of the ABA signaling cascade. A comprehensive phosphoproteomics analysis of tobacco cells, treated with exogenous CKs under salinity-stress conditions indicated that >50% of the identified phosphoproteins involved in stress responses were dephosphorylated by CKs. We hypothesize that upregulation of CK levels under stress conditions desensitize stress signaling cues through deactivation of kinases that are normally activated under stress conditions. CK-dependent desensitization of environmental stimuli is suggested to attenuate various pathways of the avoidance syndrome including the characteristic growth arrest and the premature senescence while allowing normal growth and metabolic maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishai Avni
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yelena Golan
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Natali Shirron
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yeela Shamai
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaela Golumbic
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yael Danin-Poleg
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shimon Gepstein
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Kinneret Academic College, Sea of Galilee, Israel
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Liu M, Wang J, Gou J, Wang X, Li Z, Yang X, Sun S. Overexpression of NtSnRK2.2 enhances salt tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum by regulating carbohydrate metabolism and lateral root development. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:537-543. [PMID: 32336321 DOI: 10.1071/fp19299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
SnRK2 is a plant-specific protein kinase family implicated in environmental stress tolerance. Individual SnRK2 genes have acquired distinct regulatory properties in response to various environmental stresses. In this study, NtSnRK2.2, a SnRK2 subclass II member in Nicotiana tabacum L., was cloned and characterised. Sequence alignment analysis showed that SnRK2.2 exhibits widespread sequence differences across Nicotiana species. The tissue expression pattern of NtSnRK2.2 showed a root-predominant expression. To investigate its biological function, NtSnRK2.2 was overexpressed in tobacco, which subsequently resulted in increased soluble sugars and more lateral roots under a normal condition. A salt-stress tolerance assay showed that NtSnRK2.2-overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced salt tolerance, which was further confirmed based on its better root architecture and increase in soluble sugars, thereby implying that NtSnRK2.2 is a multifunctional regulatory factor in plants. Together, our results indicated the possible role played by NtSnRK2.2 in maintaining metabolic homeostasis via the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in response to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghong Liu
- Zunyi Branch of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi, Guizhou, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Limited Liability Company, Wuhan, Hubei, Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Jianyu Gou
- Zunyi Branch of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi, Guizhou, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Zunyi Branch of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi, Guizhou, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Limited Liability Company, Wuhan, Hubei, Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yang
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Limited Liability Company, Wuhan, Hubei, Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Shuguang Sun
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Limited Liability Company, Wuhan, Hubei, Wuhan 430040, China; and Corresponding author.
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Kawa D, Meyer AJ, Dekker HL, Abd-El-Haliem AM, Gevaert K, Van De Slijke E, Maszkowska J, Bucholc M, Dobrowolska G, De Jaeger G, Schuurink RC, Haring MA, Testerink C. SnRK2 Protein Kinases and mRNA Decapping Machinery Control Root Development and Response to Salt. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:361-377. [PMID: 31570508 PMCID: PMC6945840 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASES 2 (SnRK2) are important components of early osmotic and salt stress signaling pathways in plants. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SnRK2 family comprises the abscisic acid (ABA)-activated protein kinases SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3, SnRK2.6, SnRK2.7, and SnRK2.8, and the ABA-independent subclass 1 protein kinases SnRK2.1, SnRK2.4, SnRK2.5, SnRK2.9, and SnRK2.10. ABA-independent SnRK2s act at the posttranscriptional level via phosphorylation of VARICOSE (VCS), a member of the mRNA decapping complex, that catalyzes the first step of 5'mRNA decay. Here, we identified VCS and VARICOSE RELATED (VCR) as interactors and phosphorylation targets of SnRK2.5, SnRK2.6, and SnRK2.10. All three protein kinases phosphorylated Ser-645 and Ser-1156 of VCS, whereas SnRK2.6 and SnRK2.10 also phosphorylated VCS Ser-692 and Ser-680 of VCR. We showed that subclass 1 SnRK2s, VCS, and 5' EXORIBONUCLEASE 4 (XRN4) are involved in regulating root growth under control conditions as well as modulating root system architecture in response to salt stress. Our results suggest interesting patterns of redundancy within subclass 1 SnRK2 protein kinases, with SnRK2.1, SnRK2.5, and SnRK2.9 controlling root growth under nonstress conditions and SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10 acting mostly in response to salinity. We propose that subclass 1 SnRK2s function in root development under salt stress by affecting the transcript levels of aquaporins, as well as CYP79B2, an enzyme involved in auxin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kawa
- Plant Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Jessica Meyer
- Plant Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk L Dekker
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed M Abd-El-Haliem
- Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Eveline Van De Slijke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Justyna Maszkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Maria Bucholc
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Grażyna Dobrowolska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel A Haring
- Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christa Testerink
- Plant Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Maszkowska J, Dębski J, Kulik A, Kistowski M, Bucholc M, Lichocka M, Klimecka M, Sztatelman O, Szymańska KP, Dadlez M, Dobrowolska G. Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals that dehydrins ERD10 and ERD14 are phosphorylated by SNF1-related protein kinase 2.10 in response to osmotic stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:931-946. [PMID: 30338858 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
SNF1-related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s) regulate the plant responses to abiotic stresses, especially water deficits. They are activated in plants subjected to osmotic stress, and some of them are additionally activated in response to enhanced concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) in plant cells. The SnRK2s that are activated in response to ABA are key elements of ABA signalling that regulate plant acclimation to environmental stresses and ABA-dependent development. Much less is known about the SnRK2s that are not activated by ABA, albeit several studies have shown that these kinases are also involved in response to osmotic stress. Here, we show that one of the Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-non-activated SnRK2s, SnRK2.10, regulates not only the response to salinity but also the plant sensitivity to dehydration. Several potential SnRK2.10 targets phosphorylated in response to stress were identified by a phosphoproteomic approach, including the dehydrins ERD10 and ERD14. Their phosphorylation by SnRK2.10 was confirmed in vitro. Our data suggest that the phosphorylation of ERD14 within the S-segment is involved in the regulation of dehydrin subcellular localization in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Maszkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Dębski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kistowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Bucholc
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lichocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Klimecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Sztatelman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michał Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Dobrowolska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
Kinase-mediated phosphorylation is a pivotal regulatory process in stomatal responses to stresses. Through a redox proteomics study, a sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase (SnRK2.4) was identified to be redox-regulated in Brassica napus guard cells upon abscisic acid treatment. There are six genes encoding SnRK2.4 paralogs in B. napus Here, we show that recombinant BnSnRK2.4-1C exhibited autophosphorylation activity and preferentially phosphorylated the N-terminal region of B. napus slow anion channel (BnSLAC1-NT) over generic substrates. The in vitro activity of BnSnRK2.4-1C requires the presence of manganese (Mn2+). Phosphorylation sites of autophosphorylated BnSnRK2.4-1C were mapped, including serine and threonine residues in the activation loop. In vitro BnSnRK2.4-1C autophosphorylation activity was inhibited by oxidants such as H2O2 and recovered by active thioredoxin isoforms, indicating redox regulation of BnSnRK2.4-1C. Thiol-specific isotope tagging followed by mass spectrometry analysis revealed specific cysteine residues responsive to oxidant treatments. The in vivo activity of BnSnRK2.4-1C is inhibited by 15 min of H2O2 treatment. Taken together, these data indicate that BnSnRK2.4-1C, an SnRK preferentially expressed in guard cells, is redox-regulated with potential roles in guard cell signal transduction.
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Liu Z, Ge X, Yang Z, Zhang C, Zhao G, Chen E, Liu J, Zhang X, Li F. Genome-wide identification and characterization of SnRK2 gene family in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). BMC Genet 2017; 18:54. [PMID: 28606097 PMCID: PMC5469022 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) is a plant-specific serine/threonine kinase family involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway and responds to osmotic stress. A genome-wide analysis of this protein family has been conducted previously in some plant species, but little is known about SnRK2 genes in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The recent release of the G. hirsutum genome sequence provides an opportunity to identify and characterize the SnRK2 kinase family in upland cotton. Results We identified 20 putative SnRK2 sequences in the G. hirsutum genome, designated as GhSnRK2.1 to GhSnRK2.20. All of the sequences encoded hydrophilic proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the GhSnRK2 genes were classifiable into three groups. The chromosomal location and phylogenetic analysis of the cotton SnRK2 genes indicated that segmental duplication likely contributed to the diversification and evolution of the genes. The gene structure and motif composition of the cotton SnRK2 genes were analyzed. Nine exons were conserved in length among all members of the GhSnRK2 family. Although the C-terminus was divergent, seven conserved motifs were present. All GhSnRK2s genes showed expression patterns under abiotic stress based on transcriptome data. The expression profiles of five selected genes were verified in various tissues by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Transcript levels of some family members were up-regulated in response to drought, salinity or ABA treatments, consistent with potential roles in response to abiotic stress. Conclusions This study is the first comprehensive analysis of SnRK2 genes in upland cotton. Our results provide the fundamental information for the functional dissection of GhSnRK2s and vital availability for the improvement of plant stress tolerance using GhSnRK2s. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0517-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Zuoren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Chaojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Eryong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
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Bai J, Mao J, Yang H, Khan A, Fan A, Liu S, Zhang J, Wang D, Gao H, Zhang J. Sucrose non-ferment 1 related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) genes could mediate the stress responses in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). BMC Genet 2017; 18:41. [PMID: 28506210 PMCID: PMC5433004 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The SnRKs (sucrose non-fermenting 1 related protein kinase) are a gene family coding for Ser/Thr protein kinases and play important roles in linking the tolerance and metabolic responses of plants to abiotic stresses. To date, no genome-wide characterization of the sucrose non-ferment 1 related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) subfamily has been conducted in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Results In this study, eight StSnRK2 genes (StSnRK2.1- StSnRK2.8) were identified in the genome of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar ‘Longshu 3’, with similar characteristics to SnRK2 from other plant species in gene structure, motif distribution and secondary structures. The C-terminal regions were highly divergent among StSnRK2s, while they all carried the similar Ser/Thr protein kinase domain. The fluorescence of GFP fused with StSnRK2.1, StSnRK2.2, StSnRK2.6, StSnRK2.7 and StSnRK2.8 was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of onion epidermal cells with StSnRK2.3 and StSnRK2.4 mainly associated to the nucleus while StSnRK2.5 to subcellular organelles. Expression level analysis by qRT-PCR showed that StSnRK2.1, 2.2, 2.5 and 2.6 were more than 1 fold higher in the root than in the leaf, tuber and stem tissues. The expressions of StSnRK2.3, 2.7, and 2.8 were at least 1.5 folds higher in the leaf and stem than in the root, but lower in the tuber. The expression of StSnRK2.4 was also significantly (P < 0.05) higher in leaf, stem, and tuber than in the root. From the perspective of the relative expressions of StSnRK2 genes in potato, ABA treatment had a different effect from NaCl and PEG treatments. Conclusion In the present study, we identified and characterized eight SnRK2s in the potato genome. The eight StSnRK2s exhibit similar gene structure and secondary structures in potato to the SnRK2s found in other plant species. The relative expression of eight genes varied among various tissues (roots, leaves, tubers, and stems) and abiotic stresses (ABA, NaCl and PEG-6000) with the prolongation of treatments. This study provides valuable information for the future functional dissection of potato SnRK2 genes in stress signal transduction, plant growth and development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0506-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Bai
- Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China. .,College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Juan Mao
- Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China.,College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China.,College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Awais Khan
- International Potato Center (CIP), Avenida La Molina 1895, La Molina Apartado, 1558, Lima, Peru
| | - Aqi Fan
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlian Zhang
- Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China.,College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wang
- Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China.,College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Zhang
- Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a Sucrose Nonfermenting 1-Related Protein Kinases 2 of Arabidopsis thaliana in E. coli-Based Cell-Free System. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9469356. [PMID: 27999818 PMCID: PMC5143698 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9469356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The plant-specific sucrose nonfermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family is considered an important regulator of plant responses to abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, salinity, and nutrition deficiency. However, little information is available on how SnRK2s regulate sulfur deprivation responses in Arabidopsis. Large-scale production of SnRK2 kinases in vitro can help to elucidate the biochemical properties and physiological functions of this protein family. However, heterogenous expression of SnRK2s usually leads to inactive proteins. In this study, we expressed a recombinant Arabidopsis SnRK2.1 in a modified E. coli cell-free system, which combined two kinds of extracts allowing for a convenient and affordable protein preparation. The recombinant SnRK2.1 was produced in large-scale and the autophosphorylation activity of purified SnRK2.1 was characterized, allowing for further biochemical and substrate binding analysis in sulfur signaling. The application of this improved E. coli cell-free system provides us a promising and convenient platform to enhance expression of the target proteins economically.
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Krzywińska E, Bucholc M, Kulik A, Ciesielski A, Lichocka M, Dębski J, Ludwików A, Dadlez M, Rodriguez PL, Dobrowolska G. Phosphatase ABI1 and okadaic acid-sensitive phosphoprotein phosphatases inhibit salt stress-activated SnRK2.4 kinase. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:136. [PMID: 27297076 PMCID: PMC4907068 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SNF1-related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s) are key regulators of the plant response to osmotic stress. They are transiently activated in response to drought and salinity. Based on a phylogenetic analysis SnRK2s are divided into three groups. The classification correlates with their response to abscisic acid (ABA); group 1 consists SnRK2s non-activated in response to ABA, group 2, kinases non-activated or weakly activated (depending on the plant species) by ABA treatment, and group 3, ABA-activated kinases. The activity of all SnRK2s is regulated by phosphorylation. It is well established that clade A phosphoprotein phosphatases 2C (PP2Cs) are negative regulators of ABA-activated SnRK2s, whereas regulators of SnRK2s from group 1 remain unidentified. RESULTS Here, we show that ABI1, a PP2C clade A phosphatase, interacts with SnRK2.4, member of group 1 of the SnRK2 family, dephosphorylates Ser158, whose phosphorylation is needed for the kinase activity, and inhibits the kinase, both in vitro and in vivo. Our data indicate that ABI1 and the kinase regulate primary root growth in response to salinity; the phenotype of ABI1 knockout mutant (abi1td) exposed to salt stress is opposite to that of the snrk2.4 mutant. Moreover, we show that the activity of SnRK2s from group 1 is additionally regulated by okadaic acid-sensitive phosphatase(s) from the phosphoprotein phosphatase (PPP) family. CONCLUSIONS Phosphatase ABI1 and okadaic acid-sensitive phosphatases of the PPP family are negative regulators of salt stress-activated SnRK2.4. The results show that ABI1 inhibits not only the ABA-activated SnRK2s but also at least one ABA-non-activated SnRK2, suggesting that the phosphatase is involved in the cross talk between ABA-dependent and ABA-independent stress signaling pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Krzywińska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
- Present address: Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Bucholc
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Ciesielski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Pasteur 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lichocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Dębski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ludwików
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, ES-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Grażyna Dobrowolska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Sah SK, Reddy KR, Li J. Abscisic Acid and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:571. [PMID: 27200044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00571/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is a primary threat to fulfill the demand of agricultural production to feed the world in coming decades. Plants reduce growth and development process during stress conditions, which ultimately affect the yield. In stress conditions, plants develop various stress mechanism to face the magnitude of stress challenges, although that is not enough to protect them. Therefore, many strategies have been used to produce abiotic stress tolerance crop plants, among them, abscisic acid (ABA) phytohormone engineering could be one of the methods of choice. ABA is an isoprenoid phytohormone, which regulates various physiological processes ranging from stomatal opening to protein storage and provides adaptation to many stresses like drought, salt, and cold stresses. ABA is also called an important messenger that acts as the signaling mediator for regulating the adaptive response of plants to different environmental stress conditions. In this review, we will discuss the role of ABA in response to abiotic stress at the molecular level and ABA signaling. The review also deals with the effect of ABA in respect to gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K Sah
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University Mississippi State, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Kambham R Reddy
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University Mississippi State, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Jiaxu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University Mississippi State, Mississippi, MS, USA
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15
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Sah SK, Reddy KR, Li J. Abscisic Acid and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:571. [PMID: 27200044 PMCID: PMC4855980 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is a primary threat to fulfill the demand of agricultural production to feed the world in coming decades. Plants reduce growth and development process during stress conditions, which ultimately affect the yield. In stress conditions, plants develop various stress mechanism to face the magnitude of stress challenges, although that is not enough to protect them. Therefore, many strategies have been used to produce abiotic stress tolerance crop plants, among them, abscisic acid (ABA) phytohormone engineering could be one of the methods of choice. ABA is an isoprenoid phytohormone, which regulates various physiological processes ranging from stomatal opening to protein storage and provides adaptation to many stresses like drought, salt, and cold stresses. ABA is also called an important messenger that acts as the signaling mediator for regulating the adaptive response of plants to different environmental stress conditions. In this review, we will discuss the role of ABA in response to abiotic stress at the molecular level and ABA signaling. The review also deals with the effect of ABA in respect to gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K. Sah
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Kambham R. Reddy
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Jiaxu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, Mississippi, MS, USA
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Zhang H, Li W, Mao X, Jing R, Jia H. Differential Activation of the Wheat SnRK2 Family by Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:420. [PMID: 27066054 PMCID: PMC4814551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to stress occur via abscisic acid (ABA) dependent or independent pathways. Sucrose non-fermenting1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) play a key role in plant stress signal transduction pathways. It is known that some SnRK2 members are positive regulators of ABA signal transduction through interaction with group A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs). Here, 10 SnRK2s were isolated from wheat. Based on phylogenetic analysis using kinase domains or the C-terminus, the 10 SnRK2s were divided into three subclasses. Expression pattern analysis revealed that all TaSnRK2s were involved in the responses to PEG, NaCl, and cold stress. TaSnRK2s in subclass III were strongly induced by ABA. Subclass II TaSnRK2s responded weakly to ABA, whereas TaSnRK2s in subclass I were not activated by ABA treatment. Motif scanning in the C-terminus indicated that motifs 4 and 5 in the C-terminus were unique to subclass III. We further demonstrate the physical and functional interaction between TaSnRK2s and a typical group A PP2C (TaABI1) using Y2H and BiFC assays. The results showed that TaABI1 interacted physically with subclass III TaSnRK2s, while having no interaction with subclasses I and II TaSnRK2s. Together, these findings indicated that subclass III TaSnRK2s were involved in ABA regulated stress responses, whereas subclasses I and II TaSnRK2s responded to various abiotic stressors in an ABA-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongying Zhang,
| | - Weiyu Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Xinguo Mao
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ruilian Jing
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hongfang Jia
- Key Laboratory for Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
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Bakhtari B, Razi H. Differential expression of BnSRK2D gene in two Brassica napus cultivars under water deficit stress. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 3:241-251. [PMID: 27843988 PMCID: PMC5019310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family members are plant unique serine/threonine kinases which play a key role in cellular signaling in response to abiotic stresses. The three SnRK2 members including SRK2D, SRK2I and SRK2E are known to phosphorylate major abscisic acid (ABA) responsive transcription factors, ABF2 and ABF4, involved in an ABA-dependent stress signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. This study aimed to clone and sequence an ortholog of the Arabidopsis SRK2D gene from Brassica napus, designated as BnSRK2D. An 833bp cDNA fragment of BnSRK2D, which shared high amino acid sequence identity with its Arabidopsis counterpart, was obtained suggesting a possible conserved function for these genes. The expression pattern of BnSRK2D and its potential target gene B. napus ABF2 (BnABF2) were then analyzed in the two cultivars with contrasting reaction to water deficit stress. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that BnSRK2D and BnABF2 were water-deficit stress responsive genes with similar expression profiles. The accumulation of the BnSRK2D and BnABF2 transcripts in the two cultivars was linked with their level of drought tolerance, as the drought tolerant cultivar had significantly higher expression levels of both genes under normal and water deficit stress conditions. These findings suggest that BnSRK2D and BnABF2 genes may be involved in conferring drought tolerance in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hooman Razi
- Address for correspondence: Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, Tel: +98 (0711) 36138375, Fax: +98 (0711) 32286134, E-mail:
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Zhang H, Jia H, Liu G, Yang S, Zhang S, Yang Y, Yang P, Cui H. Cloning and characterization of SnRK2 subfamily II genes from Nicotiana tabacum. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5701-9. [PMID: 24919756 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SnRK2 is a plant-specific protein kinase family involved in abiotic stress signalling. In this study, NtSnRK2.1, NtSnRK2.2, and NtSnRK2.3, were cloned from tobacco by in silico cloning and reverse transcription PCR. The three protein kinases were classed into subfamily II of the SnRK2 family using a phylogenetic tree and C-terminus analysis. Subcellular localization revealed NtSnRK2s in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Dynamic expression of NtSnRK2s in tobacco plants that were exposed to drought, salt, or cold stressors were characterised using quantitative real-time PCR. It was revealed that the three genes showed similar patterns of transcription under abiotic stress responses; there was evidence NtSnRK2s participated in abscisic acid-dependent signalling pathways. NtSnRK2.1-3 responded much faster to drought and salt than to cold stress. To investigate the role of NtSnRK2s under abiotic stresses, NtSnRK2.1 gene was over-expressed in tobacco. A stress tolerance assay showed that tobacco plants that over-expressed NtSnRK2.1 plants had greater salt tolerance. The results indicate that NtSnRK2s are involved in abiotic stress response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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Mehrotra R, Bhalothia P, Bansal P, Basantani MK, Bharti V, Mehrotra S. Abscisic acid and abiotic stress tolerance - different tiers of regulation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:486-96. [PMID: 24655384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses affect plant growth, metabolism and sustainability in a significant way and hinder plant productivity. Plants combat these stresses in myriad ways. The analysis of the mechanisms underlying abiotic stress tolerance has led to the identification of a highly complex, yet tightly regulated signal transduction pathway consisting of phosphatases, kinases, transcription factors and other regulatory elements. It is becoming increasingly clear that also epigenetic processes cooperate in a concerted manner with ABA-mediated gene expression in combating stress conditions. Dynamic stress-induced mechanisms, involving changes in the apoplastic pool of ABA, are transmitted by a chain of phosphatases and kinases, resulting in the expression of stress inducible genes. Processes involving DNA methylation and chromatin modification as well as post transcriptional, post translational and epigenetic control mechanisms, forming multiple tiers of regulation, regulate this gene expression. With recent advances in transgenic technology, it has now become possible to engineer plants expressing stress-inducible genes under the control of an inducible promoter, enhancing their ability to withstand adverse conditions. This review briefly discusses the synthesis of ABA, components of the ABA signal transduction pathway and the plants' responses at the genetic and epigenetic levels. It further focuses on the role of RNAs in regulating stress responses and various approaches to develop stress-tolerant transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India; G(o) Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1, Onnason, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Purva Bhalothia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Prashali Bansal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India; Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Kumar Basantani
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, BST E1140, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Vandana Bharti
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Columba's College, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh, India
| | - Sandhya Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Saha J, Chatterjee C, Sengupta A, Gupta K, Gupta B. Genome-wide analysis and evolutionary study of sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) gene family members in Arabidopsis and Oryza. Comput Biol Chem 2013; 49:59-70. [PMID: 24225178 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The over-expression of plant specific SnRK2 gene family members by hyperosmotic stress and some by abscisic acid is well established. In this report, we have analyzed the evolution of SnRK2 gene family in different plant lineages including green algae, moss, lycophyte, dicot and monocot. Our results provide some evidences to indicate that the natural selection pressure had considerable influence on cis-regulatory promoter region and coding region of SnRK2 members in Arabidopsis and Oryza independently through time. Observed degree of sequence/motif conservation amongst SnRK2 homolog in all the analyzed plant lineages strongly supported their inclusion as members of this family. The chromosomal distributions of duplicated SnRK2 members have also been analyzed in Arabidopsis and Oryza. Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS) database derived expression data and the presence of abiotic stress related promoter elements within the 1 kb upstream promoter region of these SnRK2 family members further strengthen the observations of previous workers. Additionally, the phylogenetic relationships of SnRK2 have been studied in all plant lineages along with their respective exon-intron structural patterns. Our results indicate that the ancestral SnRK2 gene of land plants gradually evolved by duplication and diversification and modified itself through exon-intron loss events to survive under environmental stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayita Saha
- Department of Biological Sciences (Section Biotechnology), Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India; Department of Biological Sciences (Section Botany), Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Chitrita Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences (Section Biotechnology), Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Atreyee Sengupta
- Department of Biological Sciences (Section Biotechnology), Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India; Department of Biological Sciences (Section Botany), Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Kamala Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences (Section Botany), Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India.
| | - Bhaskar Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences (Section Biotechnology), Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India.
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Fujita Y, Yoshida T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K. Pivotal role of the AREB/ABF-SnRK2 pathway in ABRE-mediated transcription in response to osmotic stress in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 147:15-27. [PMID: 22519646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Water availability is one of the main limiting factors for plant growth and development. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) fulfills a critical role in coordinating the responses to reduced water availability as well as in multiple developmental processes. Endogenous ABA levels increase in response to osmotic stresses such as drought and high salinity, and ABA activates the expression of many genes via ABA-responsive elements (ABREs) in their promoter regions. ABRE-binding protein/ABRE-binding factor (AREB/ABF) transcription factors (TFs) regulate the ABRE-mediated transcription of downstream target genes. Three subclass III sucrose non-fermenting-1 related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) protein kinases (SRK2D/SnRK2.2, SRK2E/SnRK2.6/OST1 and SRK2I/SnRK2.3) phosphorylate and positively control the AREB/ABF TFs. Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the ABA-sensing system mediated by Pyrabactin resistance1/PYR1-like/regulatory components of ABA receptor (PYR/PYL/RCAR)-protein phosphatase 2C complexes. In addition to PP2C-PYR/PYL/RCAR ABAreceptor complex, the AREB/ABF-SnRK2 pathway, which is well conserved in land plants, was recently shown to play a major role as a positive regulator of ABA/stress signaling through ABRE-mediated transcription of target genes implicated in the osmotic stress response. This review focuses on current progress in the study of the AREB/ABF-SnRK2 positive regulatory pathway in plants and describes additional signaling factors implicated in the AREB/ABF-SnRK2 pathway. Moreover, to help promote the link between basic and applied studies, the nomenclature and phylogenetic relationships between the AREB/ABFs and SnRK2s are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Fujita
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences-JIRCAS, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
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McLoughlin F, Galvan-Ampudia CS, Julkowska MM, Caarls L, van der Does D, Laurière C, Munnik T, Haring MA, Testerink C. The Snf1-related protein kinases SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10 are involved in maintenance of root system architecture during salt stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 72:436-49. [PMID: 22738204 PMCID: PMC3533798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family represents a unique family of plant-specific protein kinases implicated in cellular signalling in response to osmotic stress. In our studies, we observed that two class 1 SnRK2 kinases, SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10, are rapidly and transiently activated in Arabidopsis roots after exposure to salt. Under saline conditions, snrk2.4 knockout mutants had a reduced primary root length, while snrk2.10 mutants exhibited a reduction in the number of lateral roots. The reduced lateral root density was found to be a combinatory effect of a decrease in the number of lateral root primordia and an increase in the number of arrested lateral root primordia. The phenotypes were in agreement with the observed expression patterns of genomic yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusions of SnRK2.10 and -2.4, under control of their native promoter sequences. SnRK2.10 was found to be expressed in the vascular tissue at the base of a developing lateral root, whereas SnRK2.4 was expressed throughout the root, with higher expression in the vascular system. Salt stress triggered a rapid re-localization of SnRK2.4-YFP from the cytosol to punctate structures in root epidermal cells. Differential centrifugation experiments of isolated Arabidopsis root proteins confirmed recruitment of endogenous SnRK2.4/2.10 to membranes upon exposure to salt, supporting their observed binding affinity for the phospholipid phosphatidic acid. Together, our results reveal a role for SnRK2.4 and -2.10 in root growth and architecture in saline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionn McLoughlin
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Plant Physiology, Postbus 94215, 1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Soon FF, Suino-Powell KM, Li J, Yong EL, Xu HE, Melcher K. Abscisic acid signaling: thermal stability shift assays as tool to analyze hormone perception and signal transduction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47857. [PMID: 23112859 PMCID: PMC3480437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that plays important roles in growth and development. ABA is also the central regulator to protect plants against abiotic stresses, such as drought, high salinity, and adverse temperatures, and ABA signaling is therefore a promising biotechnological target for the generation of crops with increased stress resistance. Recently, a core signal transduction pathway has been established, in which ABA receptors, type 2C protein phosphatases, and AMPK-related protein kinases control the regulation of transcription factors, ion channels, and enzymes. Here we use a simple protein thermal stability shift assay to independently validate key aspects of this pathway and to demonstrate the usefulness of this technique to detect and characterize very weak (Kd ≥50 µM) interactions between receptors and physiological and synthetic agonists, to determine and analyze protein-protein interactions, and to screen small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Fen Soon
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Hospital, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelly M. Suino-Powell
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jun Li
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Hospital, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eu-Leong Yong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Hospital, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H. Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HEX); (KM)
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HEX); (KM)
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Kulik A, Anielska-Mazur A, Bucholc M, Koen E, Szymańska K, Żmieńko A, Krzywińska E, Wawer I, McLoughlin F, Ruszkowski D, Figlerowicz M, Testerink C, Skłodowska A, Wendehenne D, Dobrowolska G. SNF1-related protein kinases type 2 are involved in plant responses to cadmium stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:868-83. [PMID: 22885934 PMCID: PMC3461561 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.194472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium ions are notorious environmental pollutants. To adapt to cadmium-induced deleterious effects plants have developed sophisticated defense mechanisms. However, the signaling pathways underlying the plant response to cadmium are still elusive. Our data demonstrate that SnRK2s (for SNF1-related protein kinase2) are transiently activated during cadmium exposure and are involved in the regulation of plant response to this stress. Analysis of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Osmotic Stress-Activated Protein Kinase activity in tobacco Bright Yellow 2 cells indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide, produced mainly via an l-arginine-dependent process, contribute to the kinase activation in response to cadmium. SnRK2.4 is the closest homolog of tobacco Osmotic Stress-Activated Protein Kinase in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Comparative analysis of seedling growth of snrk2.4 knockout mutants versus wild-type Arabidopsis suggests that SnRK2.4 is involved in the inhibition of root growth triggered by cadmium; the mutants were more tolerant to the stress. Measurements of the level of three major species of phytochelatins (PCs) in roots of plants exposed to Cd(2+) showed a similar (PC2, PC4) or lower (PC3) concentration in snrk2.4 mutants in comparison to wild-type plants. These results indicate that the enhanced tolerance of the mutants does not result from a difference in the PCs level. Additionally, we have analyzed ROS accumulation in roots subjected to Cd(2+) treatment. Our data show significantly lower Cd(2+)-induced ROS accumulation in the mutants' roots. Concluding, the obtained results indicate that SnRK2s play a role in the regulation of plant tolerance to cadmium, most probably by controlling ROS accumulation triggered by cadmium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kulik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | - Anna Anielska-Mazur
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | - Maria Bucholc
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | - Emmanuel Koen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Żmieńko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | - Ewa Krzywińska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | | | - Fionn McLoughlin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | - Dariusz Ruszkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | - Christa Testerink
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Skłodowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | - David Wendehenne
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
| | - Grażyna Dobrowolska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland (A.K., A.A.-M., M.B., K.S., E.Kr., I.W., G.D.); Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon cedex, France (E.Ko., D.W.); Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61–704 Poznan, Poland (A.Ż., M.F.); Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL–1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (F.M., C.T.); and Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, University of Warsaw, 02–096 Warsaw, Poland (D.R., A.S.)
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25
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Ishibashi Y, Tawaratsumida T, Kondo K, Kasa S, Sakamoto M, Aoki N, Zheng SH, Yuasa T, Iwaya-Inoue M. Reactive oxygen species are involved in gibberellin/abscisic acid signaling in barley aleurone cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1705-14. [PMID: 22291200 PMCID: PMC3320179 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signal molecules for a variety of processes in plants. However, many questions about the roles of ROS in plants remain to be clarified. Here, we report the role of ROS in gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone cells. The production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a type of ROS, was induced by GA in aleurone cells but suppressed by ABA. Furthermore, exogenous H2O2 appeared to promote the induction of α-amylases by GA. In contrast, antioxidants suppressed the induction of α-amylases. Therefore, H2O2 seems to function in GA and ABA signaling, and in regulation of α-amylase production, in aleurone cells. To identify the target of H2O2 in GA and ABA signaling, we analyzed the interrelationships between H2O2 and DELLA proteins Slender1 (SLN1), GA-regulated Myb transcription factor (GAmyb), and ABA-responsive protein kinase (PKABA) and their roles in GA and ABA signaling in aleurone cells. In the presence of GA, exogenous H2O2 had little effect on the degradation of SLN1, the primary transcriptional repressor mediating GA signaling, but it promoted the production of the mRNA encoding GAMyb, which acts downstream of SLN1 and involves induction of α-amylase mRNA. Additionally, H2O2 suppressed the production of PKABA mRNA, which is induced by ABA:PKABA represses the production of GAMyb mRNA. From these observations, we concluded that H2O2 released the repression of GAMyb mRNA by PKABA and consequently promoted the production of α-amylase mRNA, thus suggesting that the H2O2 generated by GA in aleurone cells is a signal molecule that antagonizes ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Ishibashi
- Crop Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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26
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Yang L, Ji W, Gao P, Li Y, Cai H, Bai X, Chen Q, Zhu Y. GsAPK, an ABA-activated and calcium-independent SnRK2-type kinase from G. soja, mediates the regulation of plant tolerance to salinity and ABA stress. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33838. [PMID: 22439004 PMCID: PMC3306294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant Snf1 (sucrose non-fermenting-1) related protein kinase (SnRK), a subfamily of serine/threonine kinases, has been implicated as a crucial upstream regulator of ABA and osmotic signaling as in many other signaling cascades. In this paper, we have isolated a novel plant specific ABA activated calcium independent protein kinase (GsAPK) from a highly salt tolerant plant, Glycine soja (50109), which is a member of the SnRK2 family. Subcellular localization studies using GFP fusion protein indicated that GsAPK is localized in the plasma membrane. We found that autophosphorylation and Myelin Basis Protein phosphorylation activity of GsAPK is only activated by ABA and the kinase activity also was observed when calcium was replaced by EGTA, suggesting its independence of calcium in enzyme activity. We also found that cold, salinity, drought, and ABA stress alter GsAPK gene transcripts and heterogonous overexpression of GsAPK in Arabidopsis alters plant tolerance to high salinity and ABA stress. In summary, we demonstrated that GsAPK is a Glycine soja ABA activated calcium independent SnRK-type kinase presumably involved in ABA mediated stress signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yong Li
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hua Cai
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xi Bai
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yanming Zhu
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Kulik A, Wawer I, Krzywińska E, Bucholc M, Dobrowolska G. SnRK2 protein kinases--key regulators of plant response to abiotic stresses. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:859-72. [PMID: 22136638 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The SnRK2 family members are plant-specific serine/threonine kinases involved in plant response to abiotic stresses and abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent plant development. SnRK2s have been classed into three groups; group 1 comprises kinases not activated by ABA, group 2 comprises kinases not activated or activated very weakly by ABA, and group 3 comprises kinases strongly activated by ABA. So far, the ABA-dependent kinases belonging to group 3 have been studied most thoroughly. They are considered major regulators of plant response to ABA. The regulation of the plant response to ABA via SnRK2s pathways occurs by direct phosphorylation of various downstream targets, for example, SLAC1, KAT1, AtRbohF, and transcription factors required for the expression of numerous stress response genes. Members of group 2 share some cellular functions with group 3 kinases; however, their contribution to ABA-related responses is not clear. There are strong indications that they are positive regulators of plant responses to water deficit. Most probably they complement the ABA-dependent kinases in plant defense against environmental stress. So far, data concerning the physiological role of ABA-independent SnRK2s are very limited; it is to be expected they will be studied extensively in the nearest future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kulik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Ying S, Zhang DF, Li HY, Liu YH, Shi YS, Song YC, Wang TY, Li Y. Cloning and characterization of a maize SnRK2 protein kinase gene confers enhanced salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:1683-99. [PMID: 21638061 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
SnRK2 (sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinases 2) represents a unique family of protein kinase in regulating signaling transduction in plants. Although the regulatory mechanisms of SnRK2 have been well demonstrated in Arabidopsis thaliana, their functions in maize are still unknown. In our study, we cloned an SnRK2 gene from maize, ZmSAPK8, which encoded a putative homolog of the rice SAPK8 protein. ZmSAPK8 had two copies in the maize genome and harbored eight introns in its coding region. We demonstrated that ZmSAPK8 expressed differentially in various organs of maize plants and was up-regulated by high-salinity and drought treatment. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged ZmSAPK8 showed subcellular localization in the cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. In vitro kinase assays indicated that ZmSAPK8 preferred Mn(2+) to Mg(2+) as cofactor for phosphorylation, and Ser-182 and Thr-183 in activation loop was important for its activity. Heterologous overexpression of ZmSAPK8 in Arabidopsis could significantly strengthen tolerance to salt stress. Under salt treatment, ZmSAPK8-overexpressed transgenic plants exhibited higher germination rate and proline content, low electrolyte leakage and higher survival rate than wild type. Further analysis indicated that transgenic plants showed increased transcription of the stress-related genes, RD29A, RD29B, RAB18, ABI1, DREB2A and P5CS1, under high-salinity conditions. The results demonstrated that ZmSAPK8 was involved in diverse stress signal transduction. Moreover, no obvious adverse effects on growth and development in the ZmSAPK8-overexpressed transgenic plants implied that ZmSAPK8 was potentially useful in transgenic breeding to improve salt tolerance in crops.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/drug effects
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arabidopsis/physiology
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Electrolytes/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Germination
- Manganese/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phosphorylation
- Phylogeny
- Plants, Genetically Modified/drug effects
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/physiology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Salt Tolerance
- Signal Transduction
- Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
- Stress, Physiological
- Transcription, Genetic
- Up-Regulation
- Zea mays/drug effects
- Zea mays/genetics
- Zea mays/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ying
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhang H, Zhao X, Yang J, Yin H, Wang W, Lu H, Du Y. Nitric oxide production and its functional link with OIPK in tobacco defense response elicited by chitooligosaccharide. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:1153-62. [PMID: 21336582 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (COS) or oligochitosan has been shown to induce tobacco defense responses which are connected with nitric oxide (NO) and OIPK (oligochitosan-induced Ser/Thr protein kinase). The aim of this study was to reveal the relationship between NO production and OIPK pathway in the defense response of tobacco elicited by COS. NO generation was investigated by epidermal strip bioassay and fluorophore microscope using fluorophore diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2DA). Tobacco epidermal cells treated with COS resulted in production of NO, which was first present in chloroplast, then in nucleus, finally in the whole cell; this NO production was sensitive to NO scavenger cPTIO and the mammalian NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L: -NAME, suggesting that NOS-like enzyme maybe involved in NO generation in tobacco epidermal cells. However, NOS and nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1) inhibitors reduced NO content in tobacco leaves by using NO Assay Kit, suggesting both NOS and NR were involved in NO production in tobacco leaves. Using a pharmacological approach and western blotting, we provide evidence that NO acts upstream of OIPK expression. NO scavenger, NOS inhibitor partly blocked the activation of OIPK and the activities of several defense-related enzymes induced by COS; treatment with NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) induced the activation of OIPK and enhanced the defense systems. The results suggest that COS is able to induce NO generation, which results in up-regulation the activities of some defense-related enzymes through an OIPK-dependent or independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
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30
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Bucholc M, Ciesielski A, Goch G, Anielska-Mazur A, Kulik A, Krzywińska E, Dobrowolska G. SNF1-related protein kinases 2 are negatively regulated by a plant-specific calcium sensor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:3429-41. [PMID: 21098029 PMCID: PMC3030349 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.115535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SNF1-related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s) are plant-specific enzymes involved in environmental stress signaling and abscisic acid-regulated plant development. Here, we report that SnRK2s interact with and are regulated by a plant-specific calcium-binding protein. We screened a Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Matchmaker cDNA library for proteins interacting with Nicotiana tabacum osmotic stress-activated protein kinase (NtOSAK), a member of the SnRK2 family. A putative EF-hand calcium-binding protein was identified as a molecular partner of NtOSAK. To determine whether the identified protein interacts only with NtOSAK or with other SnRK2s as well, we studied the interaction of an Arabidopsis thaliana orthologue of the calcium-binding protein with selected Arabidopsis SnRK2s using a two-hybrid system. All kinases studied interacted with the protein. The interactions were confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, indicating that the binding occurs in planta, exclusively in the cytoplasm. Calcium binding properties of the protein were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy using Tb(3+) as a spectroscopic probe. The calcium binding constant, determined by the protein fluorescence titration, was 2.5 ± 0.9 × 10(5) M(-1). The CD spectrum indicated that the secondary structure of the protein changes significantly in the presence of calcium, suggesting its possible function as a calcium sensor in plant cells. In vitro studies revealed that the activity of SnRK2 kinases analyzed is inhibited in a calcium-dependent manner by the identified calcium sensor, which we named SCS (SnRK2-interacting calcium sensor). Our results suggest that SCS is involved in response to abscisic acid during seed germination most probably by negative regulation of SnRK2s activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bucholc
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 and
| | - Arkadiusz Ciesielski
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 and
- the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Goch
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 and
| | - Anna Anielska-Mazur
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 and
| | - Anna Kulik
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 and
| | - Ewa Krzywińska
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 and
| | - Grażyna Dobrowolska
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 and
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Wawer I, Bucholc M, Astier J, Anielska-Mazur A, Dahan J, Kulik A, Wysłouch-Cieszynska A, Zareba-Kozioł M, Krzywinska E, Dadlez M, Dobrowolska G, Wendehenne D. Regulation of Nicotiana tabacum osmotic stress-activated protein kinase and its cellular partner GAPDH by nitric oxide in response to salinity. Biochem J 2010; 429:73-83. [PMID: 20397974 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several studies focusing on elucidating the mechanism of NO (nitric oxide) signalling in plant cells have highlighted that its biological effects are partly mediated by protein kinases. The identity of these kinases and details of how NO modulates their activities, however, remain poorly investigated. In the present study, we have attempted to clarify the mechanisms underlying NO action in the regulation of NtOSAK (Nicotiana tabacum osmotic stress-activated protein kinase), a member of the SNF1 (sucrose non-fermenting 1)-related protein kinase 2 family. We found that in tobacco BY-2 (bright-yellow 2) cells exposed to salt stress, NtOSAK is rapidly activated, partly through a NO-dependent process. This activation, as well as the one observed following treatment of BY-2 cells with the NO donor DEA/NO (diethylamine-NONOate), involved the phosphorylation of two residues located in the kinase activation loop, one being identified as Ser158. Our results indicate that NtOSAK does not undergo the direct chemical modifications of its cysteine residues by S-nitrosylation. Using a co-immunoprecipitation-based strategy, we identified several proteins present in immunocomplex with NtOSAK in salt-treated cells including the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Our results indicate that NtOSAK directly interacts with GAPDH in planta. Furthermore, in response to salt, GAPDH showed a transient increase in its S-nitrosylation level which was correlated with the time course of NtOSAK activation. However, GADPH S-nitrosylation did not influence its interaction with NtOSAK and did not have an impact on the activity of the protein kinase. Taken together, the results support the hypothesis that NtOSAK and GAPDH form a cellular complex and that both proteins are regulated directly or indirectly by NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Wawer
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
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32
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Mao X, Zhang H, Tian S, Chang X, Jing R. TaSnRK2.4, an SNF1-type serine/threonine protein kinase of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), confers enhanced multistress tolerance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:683-96. [PMID: 20022921 PMCID: PMC2814103 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and cold are major environmental factors that limit agricultural productivity worldwide. Protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation are major signalling events induced by osmotic stress in higher plants. Sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase2 family members play essential roles in response to hyperosmotic stresses in Arabidopsis, rice, and maize. In this study, the function of TaSnRK2.4 in drought, salt, and freezing stresses in Arabidopsis was characterized. A translational fusion protein of TaSnRK2.4 with green fluorescent protein showed subcellular localization in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. To examine the role of TaSnRK2.4 under various environmental stresses, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing wheat TaSnRK2.4 under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were generated. Overexpression of TaSnRK2.4 resulted in delayed seedling establishment, longer primary roots, and higher yield under normal growing conditions. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing TaSnRK2.4 had enhanced tolerance to drought, salt, and freezing stresses, which were simultaneously supported by physiological results, including decreased rate of water loss, enhanced higher relative water content, strengthened cell membrane stability, improved photosynthesis potential, and significantly increased osmotic potential. The results show that TaSnRK2.4 is involved in the regulation of enhanced osmotic potential, growth, and development under both normal and stress conditions, and imply that TaSnRK2.4 is a multifunctional regulatory factor in Arabidopsis. Since the overexpression of TaSnRK2.4 can significantly strengthen tolerance to drought, salt, and freezing stresses and does not retard the growth of transgenic Arabidopsis plants under well-watered conditions, TaSnRK2.4 could be utilized in transgenic breeding to improve abiotic stresses in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Mao
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanjun Tian
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoping Chang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruilian Jing
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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34
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Frederich M, O'Rourke MR, Furey NB, Jost JA. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the rock crab, Cancer irroratus: an early indicator of temperature stress. J Exp Biol 2009; 212:722-30. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.021998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Exposure of marine invertebrates to high temperatures leads to a switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, a drop in the cellular ATP concentration([ATP]), and subsequent death. In mammals, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)is a major regulator of cellular [ATP] and activates ATP-producing pathways,while inhibiting ATP-consuming pathways. We hypothesized that temperature stress in marine invertebrates activates AMPK to provide adequate concentrations of ATP at increased but sublethal temperatures and that AMPK consequently can serve as a stress indicator (similar to heat shock proteins,HSPs). We tested these hypotheses through two experiments with the rock crab, Cancer irroratus. First, crabs were exposed to a progressive temperature increase (6°C h–1) from 12 to 30°C. AMPK activity, total AMPK protein and HSP70 levels, reaction time, heart rate and lactate accumulation were measured in hearts at 2°C increments. AMPK activity remained constant between 12 and 18°C, but increased up to 9.1(±1.5)-fold between 18 and 30°C. The crabs' reaction time also decreased above 18°C. By contrast, HSP70 (total and inducible) and total AMPK protein expression levels did not vary significantly over this temperature range. Second, crabs were exposed for up to 6 h to the sublethal temperature of 26°C. This prolonged exposure led to a constant elevation of AMPK activity and levels of HSP70 mRNA. AMPK mRNA continuously increased,indicating an additional response in gene expression. We conclude that AMPK is an earlier indicator of temperature stress in rock crabs than HSP70,especially during the initial response to high temperatures. We discuss the temperature-dependent increase in AMPK activity in the context of Shelford's law of tolerance. Specifically, we describe AMPK activity as a cellular marker that indicates a thermal threshold, called the pejus temperature, Tp. At Tp the animals leave their optimum range and enter a temperature range with a limited aerobic scope for exercise. This Tp is reached periodically during annual temperature fluctuations and has higher biological significance than earlier described critical temperatures, at which the animals switch to anaerobic metabolism and HSP expression is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Frederich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford,MA 04005, USA
| | - Michaela R. O'Rourke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford,MA 04005, USA
| | - Nathan B. Furey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford,MA 04005, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Jost
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford,MA 04005, USA
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35
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Bargmann BOR, Laxalt AM, ter Riet B, van Schooten B, Merquiol E, Testerink C, Haring MA, Bartels D, Munnik T. Multiple PLDs required for high salinity and water deficit tolerance in plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:78-89. [PMID: 19017627 PMCID: PMC2638713 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High salinity and drought have received much attention because they severely affect crop production worldwide. Analysis and comprehension of the plant's response to excessive salt and dehydration will aid in the development of stress-tolerant crop varieties. Signal transduction lies at the basis of the response to these stresses, and numerous signaling pathways have been implicated. Here, we provide further evidence for the involvement of phospholipase D (PLD) in the plant's response to high salinity and dehydration. A tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) alpha-class PLD, LePLDalpha1, is transcriptionally up-regulated and activated in cell suspension cultures treated with salt. Gene silencing revealed that this PLD is indeed involved in the salt-induced phosphatidic acid production, but not exclusively. Genetically modified tomato plants with reduced LePLDalpha1 protein levels did not reveal altered salt tolerance. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), both AtPLDalpha1 and AtPLDdelta were found to be activated in response to salt stress. Moreover, pldalpha1 and plddelta single and double knock-out mutants exhibited enhanced sensitivity to high salinity stress in a plate assay. Furthermore, we show that both PLDs are activated upon dehydration and the knock-out mutants are hypersensitive to hyperosmotic stress, displaying strongly reduced growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan O. R. Bargmann
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana M. Laxalt
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas ter Riet
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van Schooten
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuelle Merquiol
- Department of Ecology and Physiology of Plants, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christa Testerink
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel A. Haring
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorothea Bartels
- Universität Bonn, Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Teun Munnik
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +31-20-5257934
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Weigelt K, Küster H, Rutten T, Fait A, Fernie AR, Miersch O, Wasternack C, Emery RJN, Desel C, Hosein F, Müller M, Saalbach I, Weber H. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase-deficient pea embryos reveal specific transcriptional and metabolic changes of carbon-nitrogen metabolism and stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:395-411. [PMID: 18987213 PMCID: PMC2613696 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.129940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive analysis of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP)-repressed pea (Pisum sativum) seeds using transcript and metabolite profiling to monitor the effects that reduced carbon flow into starch has on carbon-nitrogen metabolism and related pathways. Changed patterns of transcripts and metabolites suggest that AGP repression causes sugar accumulation and stimulates carbohydrate oxidation via glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and mitochondrial respiration. Enhanced provision of precursors such as acetyl-coenzyme A and organic acids apparently support other pathways and activate amino acid and storage protein biosynthesis as well as pathways fed by cytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A, such as cysteine biosynthesis and fatty acid elongation/metabolism. As a consequence, the resulting higher nitrogen (N) demand depletes transient N storage pools, specifically asparagine and arginine, and leads to N limitation. Moreover, increased sugar accumulation appears to stimulate cytokinin-mediated cell proliferation pathways. In addition, the deregulation of starch biosynthesis resulted in indirect changes, such as increased mitochondrial metabolism and osmotic stress. The combined effect of these changes is an enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species coupled with an up-regulation of energy-dissipating, reactive oxygen species protection, and defense genes. Transcriptional activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and oxylipin synthesis indicates an additional activation of stress signaling pathways. AGP-repressed embryos contain higher levels of jasmonate derivatives; however, this increase is preferentially in nonactive forms. The results suggest that, although metabolic/osmotic alterations in iAGP pea seeds result in multiple stress responses, pea seeds have effective mechanisms to circumvent stress signaling under conditions in which excessive stress responses and/or cellular damage could prematurely initiate senescence or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Weigelt
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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37
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Xu ZS, Liu L, Ni ZY, Liu P, Chen M, Li LC, Chen YF, Ma YZ. W55a encodes a novel protein kinase that is involved in multiple stress responses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:58-66. [PMID: 19166495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases play crucial roles in response to external environment stress signals. A putative protein kinase, W55a, belonging to SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) subfamily, was isolated from a cDNA library of drought-treated wheat seedlings. The entire length of W55a was obtained using rapid amplification of 5' cDNA ends (5'-RACE) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). It contains a 1,029 -bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 342 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of W55a had eleven conserved catalytic subdomains and one Ser/Thr protein kinase active-site that characterize Ser/Thr protein kinases. Phylogenetic analysis showed that W55a was 90.38% homologous with rice SAPK1, a member of the SnRK2 family. Using nullisomic-tetrasomic and ditelocentric lines of Chinese Spring, W55a was located on chromosome 2BS. Expression pattern analysis revealed that W55a was upregulated by drought and salt, exogenous abscisic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene and methyl jasmonate, but was not responsive to cold stress. In addition, W55a transcripts were abundant in leaves, but not in roots or stems, under environmental stresses. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing W55a exhibited higher tolerance to drought. Based on these findings, W55a encodes a novel dehydration-responsive protein kinase that is involved in multiple stress signal transductions.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Droughts
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Protein Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Stress, Physiological
- Triticum/enzymology
- Triticum/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Shi Xu
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Vlad F, Turk BE, Peynot P, Leung J, Merlot S. A versatile strategy to define the phosphorylation preferences of plant protein kinases and screen for putative substrates. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 55:104-17. [PMID: 18363786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most signaling networks are regulated by reversible protein phosphorylation. The specificity of this regulation depends in part on the capacity of protein kinases to recognize and efficiently phosphorylate particular sequence motifs in their substrates. Sequenced plant genomes potentially encode over than 1000 protein kinases, representing 4% of the proteins, twice the proportion found in humans. This plethora of plant kinases requires the development of high-throughput strategies to identify their substrates. In this study, we have implemented a semi-degenerate peptide array screen to define the phosphorylation preferences of four kinases from Arabidopsis thaliana that are representative of the plant calcium-dependent protein kinase and Snf1-related kinase superfamily. We converted these quantitative data into position-specific scoring matrices to identify putative substrates of these kinases in silico in protein sequence databases. Our data show that these kinases display related but nevertheless distinct phosphorylation motif preferences, suggesting that they might share common targets but are likely to have specific substrates. Our analysis also reveals that a conserved motif found in the stress-related dehydrin protein family may be targeted by the SnRK2-10 kinase. Our results indicate that semi-degenerate peptide array screening is a versatile strategy that can be used on numerous plant kinases to facilitate identification of their substrates, and therefore represents a valuable tool to decipher phosphorylation-regulated signaling networks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Vlad
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR 2355, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, Bât. 23, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Saunders NFW, Brinkworth RI, Huber T, Kemp BE, Kobe B. Predikin and PredikinDB: a computational framework for the prediction of protein kinase peptide specificity and an associated database of phosphorylation sites. BMC Bioinformatics 2008; 9:245. [PMID: 18501020 PMCID: PMC2412879 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously described an approach to predicting the substrate specificity of serine-threonine protein kinases. The method, named Predikin, identifies key conserved substrate-determining residues in the kinase catalytic domain that contact the substrate in the region of the phosphorylation site and so determine the sequence surrounding the phosphorylation site. Predikin was implemented originally as a web application written in Javascript. Results Here, we describe a new version of Predikin, completely revised and rewritten as a modular framework that provides multiple enhancements compared with the original. Predikin now consists of two components: (i) PredikinDB, a database of phosphorylation sites that links substrates to kinase sequences and (ii) a Perl module, which provides methods to classify protein kinases, reliably identify substrate-determining residues, generate scoring matrices and score putative phosphorylation sites in query sequences. The performance of Predikin as measured using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) graph analysis equals or surpasses that of existing comparable methods. The Predikin website has been redesigned to incorporate the new features. Conclusion New features in Predikin include the use of SQL queries to PredikinDB to generate predictions, scoring of predictions, more reliable identification of substrate-determining residues and putative phosphorylation sites, extended options to handle protein kinase and substrate data and an improved web interface. The new features significantly enhance the ability of Predikin to analyse protein kinases and their substrates. Predikin is available at .
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil F W Saunders
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Shukla V, Mattoo AK. Sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2): a family of protein kinases involved in hyperosmotic stress signaling. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 14:91-100. [PMID: 23572876 PMCID: PMC3550663 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-008-0008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of plant adaptation to abiotic stresses, which include drought, salinity, non-optimal temperatures and poor soil nutrition, is limited, although significant strides have been made in identifying some of the gene players and signaling partners. Several protein kinases get activated in plants in response to osmotic stress and the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Among these is a superfamily of sucrose non-fermenting protein kinase genes (SnRK2). This review focuses on the developments related to the activity, substrates, interacting proteins and gene regulation of SnRK2 gene family members. Reversible phosphorylation as a crucial regulatory mechanism turns out to be a rule rather than an exception in plant responses to abiotic stress. Nine out of thirteen bZIP transcription factors (ABI5/ABF/AREB family) share the recognition motif, R-Q-X-S/T, suggesting that likely SnRK2 kinases have a major role in regulating gene expression during hyperosmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Shukla
- />Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, USDA-ARS, The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 USA
- />Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Autar K. Mattoo
- />Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, USDA-ARS, The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 USA
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Besson-Bard A, Courtois C, Gauthier A, Dahan J, Dobrowolska G, Jeandroz S, Pugin A, Wendehenne D. Nitric oxide in plants: production and cross-talk with Ca2+ signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:218-28. [PMID: 19825534 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssm016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic gas that performs crucial functions in a wide array of physiological processes in animals. The past several years have revealed much about its roles in plants. It is well established that NO is synthesized from nitrite by nitrate reductase (NR) and via chemical pathways. There is increasing evidence for the occurrence of an alternative pathway in which NO production is catalysed from L-arginine by a so far non-identified enzyme. Contradictory results have been reported regarding the respective involvement of these enzymes in specific physiological conditions. Although much remains to be proved, we assume that these inconsistencies can be accounted for by the limited specificity of the pharmacological agents used to suppress NO synthesis but also by the reduced content of L-arginine as well as the inactivity of nitrate-permeable anion channels in nitrate reductase- and/or nitrate/nitrite-deficient plants. Another unresolved issue concerns the molecular mechanisms underlying NO effects in plants. Here, we provide evidence that the second messenger Ca2+, as well as protein kinases including MAPK and SnRK2, are very plausible mediators of the NO signals. These findings open new perspectives about NO-based signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Besson-Bard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
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Besson-Bard A, Pugin A, Wendehenne D. New insights into nitric oxide signaling in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 59:21-39. [PMID: 18031216 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A decade-long investigation of nitric oxide (NO) functions in plants has led to its characterization as a biological mediator involved in key physiological processes. Despite the wealth of information gathered from the analysis of its functions, until recently little was known about the mechanisms by which NO exerts its effects. In the past few years, part of the gap has been bridged. NO modulates the activity of proteins through nitrosylation and probably tyrosine nitration. Furthermore, NO can act as a Ca(2+)-mobilizing messenger, and researchers are beginning to unravel the mechanisms underlying the cross talk between NO and Ca(2+). Nonetheless, progress in this area of research is hindered by our ignorance of the pathways for NO production in plants. This review summarizes the basic concepts of NO signaling in animals and discusses new insights into NO enzymatic sources and molecular signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Besson-Bard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
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Shin R, Alvarez S, Burch AY, Jez JM, Schachtman DP. Phosphoproteomic identification of targets of the Arabidopsis sucrose nonfermenting-like kinase SnRK2.8 reveals a connection to metabolic processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:6460-5. [PMID: 17404219 PMCID: PMC1851029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610208104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SnRK2.8 is a member of the sucrose nonfermenting-related kinase family that is down-regulated when plants are deprived of nutrients and growth is reduced. When this kinase is over expressed in Arabidopsis, the plants grow larger. To understand how this kinase modulates growth, we identified some of the proteins that are phosphorylated by this kinase. A new phosphoproteomic method was used in which total protein from plants overexpressing the kinase was compared with total protein from plants in which the kinase was inactivated. Protein profiles were compared on two-dimensional gels following staining by a dye that recognizes phosphorylated amino acids. Candidate target proteins were confirmed with in vitro phosphorylation assays, using the kinase and target proteins that were purified from Escherichia coli. Seven target proteins were confirmed as being phosphorylated by SnRK2.8. Certain targets, such as 14-3-3 proteins, regulate as yet unidentified proteins, whereas other targets, such as glyoxalase I and ribose 5-phosphate isomerase, detoxify byproducts from glycolysis and catalyze one of the final steps in carbon fixation, respectively. Also, adenosine kinase and 60S ribosomal protein were confirmed as targets of SnRK2.8. Using mass spectrometry, we identified phosphorylated residues in the SnRK2.8, the 14-3-3kappa, and the 14-3-3chi. These data show that the expression of SnRK2.8 is correlated with plant growth, which may in part be due to the phosphorylation of enzymes involved in metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoung Shin
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - Adrien Y. Burch
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - Joseph M. Jez
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - Daniel P. Schachtman
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Kobayashi M, Ohura I, Kawakita K, Yokota N, Fujiwara M, Shimamoto K, Doke N, Yoshioka H. Calcium-dependent protein kinases regulate the production of reactive oxygen species by potato NADPH oxidase. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:1065-80. [PMID: 17400895 PMCID: PMC1867354 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.048884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in plant innate immunity. NADPH oxidase (RBOH; for Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog) plays a central role in the oxidative burst, and EF-hand motifs in the N terminus of this protein suggest possible regulation by Ca(2+). However, regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. We identified Ser-82 and Ser-97 in the N terminus of potato (Solanum tuberosum) St RBOHB as potential phosphorylation sites. An anti-phosphopeptide antibody (pSer82) indicated that Ser-82 was phosphorylated by pathogen signals in planta. We cloned two potato calcium-dependent protein kinases, St CDPK4 and St CDPK5, and mass spectrometry analyses showed that these CDPKs phosphorylated only Ser-82 and Ser-97 in the N terminus of St RBOHB in a calcium-dependent manner. Ectopic expression of the constitutively active mutant of St CDPK5, St CDPK5VK, provoked ROS production in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The CDPK-mediated ROS production was disrupted by knockdown of Nb RBOHB in N. benthamiana. The loss of function was complemented by heterologous expression of wild-type potato St RBOHB but not by a mutant (S82A/S97A). Furthermore, the heterologous expression of St CDPK5VK phosphorylated Ser-82 of St RBOHB in N. benthamiana. These results suggest that St CDPK5 induces the phosphorylation of St RBOHB and regulates the oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michie Kobayashi
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Boudsocq M, Droillard MJ, Barbier-Brygoo H, Laurière C. Different phosphorylation mechanisms are involved in the activation of sucrose non-fermenting 1 related protein kinases 2 by osmotic stresses and abscisic acid. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 63:491-503. [PMID: 17103012 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis cell suspension, hyperosmotic stresses (mannitol and NaCl) were previously shown to activate nine sucrose non-fermenting 1 related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s) whereas only five of them were also activated by abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Here, the possible activation by phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation of each kinase was investigated by studying their phosphorylation state after osmotic stress, using the Pro-Q Diamond, a specific dye for phosphoproteins. All the activated kinases were phosphorylated after osmotic stress but the induced phosphorylation changes were clearly different depending on the kinase. In addition, the increase of the global phosphorylation level induced by ABA application was lower, suggesting that different mechanisms may be involved in SnRK2 activation by hyperosmolarity and ABA. On the other hand, SnRK2 kinases remain activated by hyperosmotic stress in ABA-deficient and ABA-insensitive mutants, indicating that SnRK2 osmotic activation is independent of ABA. Moreover, using a mutant form of SnRK2s, a specific serine in the activation loop was shown to be phosphorylated after stress treatments and essential for activity and/or activation. Finally, SnRK2 activity was sensitive to staurosporine, whereas SnRK2 activation by hyperosmolarity or ABA was not, indicating that SnRK2 activation by phosphorylation is mediated by an upstream staurosporine-insensitive kinase, in both signalling pathways. All together, these results indicate that different phosphorylation mechanisms and at least three signalling pathways are involved in the activation of SnRK2 proteins in response to osmotic stress and ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Boudsocq
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR 2355, CNRS, 1 av. de la terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
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Guidetti-Gonzalez S, Ragassi CF, Carrer H. Identification of protein kinase SNF1 in CitEST. Genet Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572007000500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Chae MJ, Lee JS, Nam MH, Cho K, Hong JY, Yi SA, Suh SC, Yoon IS. A rice dehydration-inducible SNF1-related protein kinase 2 phosphorylates an abscisic acid responsive element-binding factor and associates with ABA signaling. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 63:151-69. [PMID: 16977424 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
By a differential cDNA screening technique, we have isolated a dehydration-inducible gene (designated OSRK1) that encodes a 41.8 kD protein kinase of SnRK2 family from Oryza sativa. The OSRK1 transcript level was undetectable in vegetative tissues, but significantly increased by hyperosmotic stress and Abscisic acid (ABA). To determine its biochemical properties, we expressed and isolated OSRK1 and its mutants as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. In vitro kinase assay showed that OSRK1 can phosphorylate itself and generic substrates as well. Interestingly, OSRK1 showed strong substrate preference for rice bZIP transcription factors and uncommon cofactor requirement for Mn(2+) over Mg(2+). By deletion of C-terminus 73 amino acids or mutations of Ser-158 and Thr-159 to aspartic acids (Asp) in the activation loop, the activity of OSRK1 was dramatically decreased. OSRK1 can transphosphorylate the inactive deletion protein. A rice family of abscisic acid-responsive element (ABRE) binding factor, OREB1 was phosphorylated in vitro by OSRK1 at multiple sites of different functional domains. MALDI-TOF analysis identified a phosphorylation site at Ser44 of OREB1 and mutation of the residue greatly decreased the substrate specificity for OSRK1. The recognition motif for OSRK1, RQSS is highly similar to the consensus substrate sequence of AMPK/SNF1 kinase family. We further showed that OSRK1 interacts with OREB1 in a yeast two-hybrid system and co-localized to nuclei by transient expression analysis of GFP-fused protein in onion epidermis. Finally, ectopic expression of OSRK1 in transgenic tobacco resulted in a reduced sensitivity to ABA in seed germination and root elongation. These findings suggest that OSRK1 is associated with ABA signaling, possibly through the phosphorylation of ABF family in vivo. The interaction between SnRK2 family kinases and ABF transcription factors may constitute an important part of cross-talk mechanism in the stress signaling networks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Chae
- Cell and Genetics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Suwon, 441-707, Republic of Korea
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Boscariol-Camargo RL, Berger IJ, Souza AA, Amaral AMD, Carlos EF, Freitas-Astúa J, Takita MA, Targon MLP, Medina CL, Reis MS, Machado MA. In silico analysis of ESTs from roots of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) under water stress. Genet Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572007000500019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexandre M. do Amaral
- Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Brazil; EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Brazil; EMBRAPA Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, Brazil
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Burza AM, Pekala I, Sikora J, Siedlecki P, Małagocki P, Bucholc M, Koper L, Zielenkiewicz P, Dadlez M, Dobrowolska G. Nicotiana tabacum osmotic stress-activated kinase is regulated by phosphorylation on Ser-154 and Ser-158 in the kinase activation loop. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:34299-311. [PMID: 16980311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601977200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NtOSAK (Nicotiana tabacum osmotic stress-activated protein kinase), a member of the SnRK2 subfamily, is activated rapidly in response to hyperosmotic stress. Our previous results as well as data presented by others indicate that phosphorylation is involved in activation of SnRK2 kinases. Here, we have mapped the regulatory phosphorylation sites of NtOSAK by mass spectrometry with collision-induced peptide fragmentation. We show that active NtOSAK, isolated from NaCl-treated tobacco BY-2 cells, is phosphorylated on Ser-154 and Ser-158 in the kinase activation loop. Prediction of the NtOSAK three-dimensional structure indicates that phosphorylation of Ser-154 and Ser-158 triggers changes in enzyme conformation resulting in its activation. The involvement of Ser-154 and Ser-158 phosphorylation in regulation of NtOSAK activity was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis of NtOSAK expressed in bacteria and in maize protoplasts. Our data reveal that phosphorylation of Ser-158 is essential for NtOSAK activation, whereas phosphorylation of Ser-154 most probably facilitates Ser-158 phosphorylation. The time course of NtOSAK phosphorylation on Ser-154 and Ser-158 in BY-2 cells subjected to osmotic stress correlates with NtOSAK activity, indicating that NtOSAK is regulated by reversible phosphorylation of these residues in vivo. Importantly, Ser-154 and Ser-158 are conserved in all SnRK2 subfamily members, suggesting that phosphorylation at these sites may be a general mechanism for SnRK2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Burza
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Belin C, de Franco PO, Bourbousse C, Chaignepain S, Schmitter JM, Vavasseur A, Giraudat J, Barbier-Brygoo H, Thomine S. Identification of features regulating OST1 kinase activity and OST1 function in guard cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:1316-27. [PMID: 16766677 PMCID: PMC1533939 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.079327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) mediates drought responses in plants and, in particular, triggers stomatal closure. Snf1-related kinase 2 (SnRK2) proteins from several plant species have been implicated in ABA-signaling pathways. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) guard cells, OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1)/SRK2E/SnRK2-6 is a critical positive regulator of ABA signal transduction. A better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for SnRK2 protein kinase activation is thus a major goal toward understanding ABA signal transduction. Here, we report successful purification of OST1 produced in Escherichia coli: The protein is active and autophosphorylates. Using mass spectrometry, we identified five target residues of autophosphorylation in recombinant OST1. Sequence analysis delineates two conserved boxes located in the carboxy-terminal moiety of OST1 after the catalytic domain: the SnRK2-specific box (glutamine-303 to proline-318) and the ABA-specific box (leucine-333 to methionine-362). Site-directed mutagenesis and serial deletions reveal that serine (Ser)-175 in the activation loop and the SnRK2-specific box are critical for the activity of recombinant OST1 kinase. Targeted expression of variants of OST1 kinase in guard cells uncovered additional features that are critical for OST1 function in ABA signaling, although not required for OST1 kinase activity: Ser-7, Ser-18, and Ser-29 and the ABA-specific box. Ser-7, Ser-18, Ser-29, and Ser-43 represent putative targets for regulatory phosphorylation and the ABA-specific box may be a target for the binding of signaling partners in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Belin
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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