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Alrajhi A, Alharbi S, Beecham S, Alotaibi F. Regulation of root growth and elongation in wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1397337. [PMID: 38835859 PMCID: PMC11148372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1397337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Currently, the control of rhizosphere selection on farms has been applied to achieve enhancements in phenotype, extending from improvements in single root characteristics to the dynamic nature of entire crop systems. Several specific signals, regulatory elements, and mechanisms that regulate the initiation, morphogenesis, and growth of new lateral or adventitious root species have been identified, but much more work remains. Today, phenotyping technology drives the development of root traits. Available models for simulation can support all phenotyping decisions (root trait improvement). The detection and use of markers for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are effective for enhancing selection efficiency and increasing reproductive genetic gains. Furthermore, QTLs may help wheat breeders select the appropriate roots for efficient nutrient acquisition. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or alignment of sequences can only be helpful when they are associated with phenotypic variation for root development and elongation. Here, we focus on major root development processes and detail important new insights recently generated regarding the wheat genome. The first part of this review paper discusses the root morphology, apical meristem, transcriptional control, auxin distribution, phenotyping of the root system, and simulation models. In the second part, the molecular genetics of the wheat root system, SNPs, TFs, and QTLs related to root development as well as genome editing (GE) techniques for the improvement of root traits in wheat are discussed. Finally, we address the effect of omics strategies on root biomass production and summarize existing knowledge of the main molecular mechanisms involved in wheat root development and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alrajhi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Sustainable Infrastructure and Resource Management, University of South Australia, University of South Australia Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (UniSA STEM), Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Saif Alharbi
- The National Research and Development Center for Sustainable Agriculture (Estidamah), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Beecham
- Sustainable Infrastructure and Resource Management, University of South Australia, University of South Australia Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (UniSA STEM), Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Fahad Alotaibi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Chen X, Chen H, Shen T, Luo Q, Xu M, Yang Z. The miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Modules of Pinus massoniana Lamb. in Response to Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14655. [PMID: 37834103 PMCID: PMC10572226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) is a major fast-growing woody tree species and pioneer species for afforestation in barren sites in southern China. However, the regulatory mechanism of gene expression in P. massoniana under drought remains unclear. To uncover candidate microRNAs, their expression profiles, and microRNA-mRNA interactions, small RNA-seq was used to investigate the transcriptome from seedling roots under drought and rewatering in P. massoniana. A total of 421 plant microRNAs were identified. Pairwise differential expression analysis between treatment and control groups unveiled 134, 156, and 96 differential expressed microRNAs at three stages. These constitute 248 unique microRNAs, which were subsequently categorized into six clusters based on their expression profiles. Degradome sequencing revealed that these 248 differentially expressed microRNAs targeted 2069 genes. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis suggested that these target genes were related to translational and posttranslational regulation, cell wall modification, and reactive oxygen species scavenging. miRNAs such as miR482, miR398, miR11571, miR396, miR166, miRN88, and miRN74, along with their target genes annotated as F-box/kelch-repeat protein, 60S ribosomal protein, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, luminal-binding protein, S-adenosylmethionine synthase, and Early Responsive to Dehydration Stress may play critical roles in drought response. This study provides insights into microRNA responsive to drought and rewatering in Masson pine and advances the understanding of drought tolerance mechanisms in Pinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Chen
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan Road 1, Guangzhou 510520, China;
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of State Forestry Administration, Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China; (H.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Hu Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of State Forestry Administration, Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China; (H.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Tengfei Shen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Qunfeng Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of State Forestry Administration, Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China; (H.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Zhangqi Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of State Forestry Administration, Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China; (H.C.); (Q.L.)
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Gao C, Li M, Li D. Root architecture and visualization model of cotton group with different planting spacing under local irrigation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1080234. [PMID: 37152176 PMCID: PMC10160472 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1080234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Planting spacing plays a key role in the root system architecture of the cotton group under local irrigation. This study used the Cellular Automata (CA) theory to establish a root visualization model for the cotton group at two different planting spacing (30 and 15 cm) within a leaching-pond. At a planting spacing of 30 cm, the lateral roots grew almost horizontally toward the irrigation point, and a logarithmic relationship was observed between root length density and soil water suction. However, at a planting spacing of 15 cm, the lateral roots exhibited overlapping growth and mainly competed for resources, and a power function relationship was observed between root length density and soil water suction. The main parameters of the visualization model for each treatment were essentially consistent with the experimental observations, with respective simulation errors were 6.03 and 15.04%. The findings suggest that the correlation between root length density and soil water suction in the cotton plants is a crucial driving force for the model, leading to a more accurate replication of the root structure development pathway. In conclusion, the root system exhibits a certain degree of self-similarity, which extends into the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingsi Li
- College of Water Conservancy and Architecture Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- *Correspondence: Mingsi Li, ; Dongwei Li,
| | - Dongwei Li
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Mingsi Li, ; Dongwei Li,
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Ullah S, Khan MN, Lodhi SS, Ahmed I, Tayyab M, Mehmood T, Din IU, Khan M, Sohail Q, Akram M. Targeted metabolomics reveals fatty acid abundance adjustments as playing a crucial role in drought-stress response and post-drought recovery in wheat. Front Genet 2022; 13:972696. [PMID: 36437965 PMCID: PMC9691424 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.972696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the abiotic stresses restricting plant development, reproductive growth, and survival. In the present study, the effect of drought stress and post-drought recovery for the selected local wheat cultivar, Atta Habib, was studied. Wheat was grown for 16 days followed by drought stress for 7 days and allowed to recover for 7 days after the removal of the drought stress. Same-aged untreated plants were also grown as a control. The effect of drought stress and post-drought recovery on morphology (root length, shoot length, root weight, and shoot weight), enzymatic activity, and fatty acid profile were analyzed. The results showed that shoot weight (93.1 mg), root weight (85.2 mg), and shoot length (11.1 cm) decreased in the stressed plants but increased steadily in the recovered plants compared to the same-aged control plants, while root length showed a higher increase (14.0 cm) during drought stress and tended to normalize during the recovery phase (13.4 cm). The ascorbate peroxidase activity increased in the stressed plants (5.44 unit/mg protein) compared to the control, while gradually normalizing in the recovery phase (5.41 unit/mg protein). Gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometric analysis revealed abundance changes in important fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. Palmitic acid (39.1%) and oleic acid (2.11%) increased in the drought-stressed plants, while a reduction in linoleic acid (6.85%) and linolenic acid (51.18%) was observed compared to the same-aged control plants, i.e., palmitic (33.71%), oleic (0.95%), linoleic (7.52%), and linolenic acid (55.23%). The results suggest that wheat tries to recover in the post-drought stage by repairing oxidative damage through ascorbate peroxidase, and by adjusting fatty acid abundances under drought stress and during the post-drought phase in an effort to maintain membranes' integrity and a suitable fat metabolism route, thus helping recovery. Targeted metabolomics may be further used to explore the role of other metabolites in the drought-stress response mechanism in wheat. Furthermore, this relatively little explored avenue of post-drought recovery needs more detailed studies involving multiple stress durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safi Ullah
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mudassar Nawaz Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | | | - Iftikhar Ahmed
- National Culture Collection of Pakistan, Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mehmood
- Department of Agriculture, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Israr Ud Din
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Majid Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Quahir Sohail
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
- AgroBioSiences, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Medicinal Botanic Centre, PCSIR Labs Complex Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Toulotte JM, Pantazopoulou CK, Sanclemente MA, Voesenek LACJ, Sasidharan R. Water stress resilient cereal crops: Lessons from wild relatives. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:412-430. [PMID: 35029029 PMCID: PMC9255596 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cereal crops are significant contributors to global diets. As climate change disrupts weather patterns and wreaks havoc on crops, the need for generating stress-resilient, high-yielding varieties is more urgent than ever. One extremely promising avenue in this regard is to exploit the tremendous genetic diversity expressed by the wild ancestors of current day crop species. These crop wild relatives thrive in a range of environments and accordingly often harbor an array of traits that allow them to do so. The identification and introgression of these traits into our staple cereal crops can lessen yield losses in stressful environments. In the last decades, a surge in extreme drought and flooding events have severely impacted cereal crop production. Climate models predict a persistence of this trend, thus reinforcing the need for research on water stress resilience. Here we review: (i) how water stress (drought and flooding) impacts crop performance; and (ii) how identification of tolerance traits and mechanisms from wild relatives of the main cereal crops, that is, rice, maize, wheat, and barley, can lead to improved survival and sustained yields in these crops under water stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M. Toulotte
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CHThe Netherlands
| | - Chrysoula K. Pantazopoulou
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CHThe Netherlands
| | - Maria Angelica Sanclemente
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CHThe Netherlands
| | - Laurentius A. C. J. Voesenek
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CHThe Netherlands
| | - Rashmi Sasidharan
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CHThe Netherlands
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Basu S, Kumari S, Kumar A, Shahid R, Kumar S, Kumar G. Nitro-oxidative stress induces the formation of roots' cortical aerenchyma in rice under osmotic stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:963-975. [PMID: 33826753 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress induces the formation of cortical aerenchyma in roots, providing drought tolerance by reducing respiration. However, unrestricted aerenchyma formation impedes the radial transport of water through the root's central cylinder; thereby decreasing the water uptake under drought stress. Therefore, exploring the root architectural and anatomical alterations in rice under drought is essential for targeting crop improvement. Drought stress-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in the lysigenous aerenchyma development. However, the influence of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the development of lysigenous aerenchyma under drought has never been studied in rice. The present study examined the effect of ROS and RNS, generated by progressive drought stress, on the lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the roots of contrasting rice genotypes of the Eastern Indo-Gangetic plains (EIGP). As expected, the PEG-induced drought stress stimulated the expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX), thereby promoting the ROS generation in roots of the rice seedlings. Excessive ROS and RNS accumulations in roots affected the membrane lipids, promoting the tissue-specific programmed cell death (PCD) in rice. The activation of the antioxidant defense system played a major role in the ROS and RNS detoxification, thereby restricting the root aerenchyma formation in rice under drought stress. The results also displayed that drought tolerance in rice is associated with the formation of the Casparian strip, which limits the apoplastic flow of water in the water-deficient roots. Overall, our study revealed the association of nitro-oxidative metabolism with PCD and lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the cortical cells of root under drought stress in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Basu
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Surbhi Kumari
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Rimsha Shahid
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
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Terletskaya NV, Lee TE, Altayeva NA, Kudrina NO, Blavachinskaya IV, Erezhetova U. Some Mechanisms Modulating the Root Growth of Various Wheat Species under Osmotic-Stress Conditions. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111545. [PMID: 33187339 PMCID: PMC7696822 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of the root in water supply and plant viability is especially important if plants are subjected to stress at the juvenile stage. This article describes the study of morphophysiological and cytological responses, as well as elements of the anatomical structure of primary roots of three wheat species, Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Shuebl., and Triticum aestivum L., to osmotic stress. It was shown that the degree of plasticity of root morphology in water deficit affected the growth and development of aboveground organs. It was found that in conditions of osmotic stress, the anatomical root modulations were species-specific. In control conditions the increase in absolute values of root diameter was reduced with the increase in the ploidy of wheat species. Species-specific cytological responses to water deficit of apical meristem cells were also shown. The development of plasmolysis, interpreted as a symptom of reduced viability apical meristem cells, was revealed. A significant increase in enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase under osmotic stress was found to be one of the mechanisms that could facilitate root elongation in adverse conditions. The tetraploid species T. dicoccum Shuebl. were confirmed as a source of traits of drought tolerant primary root system for crosses with wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V. Terletskaya
- Department of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (I.V.B.); (U.E.)
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Timiryazev Str. 45, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Correspondence: (N.V.T.); (T.E.L.); (N.O.K.); Tel.: +7-(777)-2993335 (N.V.T.); +7-(707)-6844924 (T.E.L.); +7-(705)-1811440 (N.O.K.)
| | - Tamara E. Lee
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Timiryazev Str. 45, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Correspondence: (N.V.T.); (T.E.L.); (N.O.K.); Tel.: +7-(777)-2993335 (N.V.T.); +7-(707)-6844924 (T.E.L.); +7-(705)-1811440 (N.O.K.)
| | - Nazira A. Altayeva
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Timiryazev Str. 45, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Nataliya O. Kudrina
- Department of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (I.V.B.); (U.E.)
- Central Laboratory for Biocontrol, Certification and Preclinical Trials, Al-Farabi av., 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: (N.V.T.); (T.E.L.); (N.O.K.); Tel.: +7-(777)-2993335 (N.V.T.); +7-(707)-6844924 (T.E.L.); +7-(705)-1811440 (N.O.K.)
| | - Irina V. Blavachinskaya
- Department of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (I.V.B.); (U.E.)
- Central Laboratory for Biocontrol, Certification and Preclinical Trials, Al-Farabi av., 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Ulzhan Erezhetova
- Department of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (I.V.B.); (U.E.)
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Ni J, Ng CWW, Gao Y. Modelling root growth and soil suction due to plant competition. J Theor Biol 2019; 484:110019. [PMID: 31560885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous experimental results show that planting spacing has significant effects on root distribution and soil suction (negative pore water pressure) due to inter-plant competition. However, there is a lack of theoretical study on this aspect. This study proposes a new physically based mathematical model to capture planting spacing effects on root growth and soil suction considering three key factors, namely hydrotropism, soil mechanical impedance and inter-plant competition. The model is mainly composed of four parts: (i) extension of root zone front; (ii) increase in root density; (iii) root water uptake and (iv) water flow in soil matrix. Root growth and root water uptake are fully coupled. In order to validate the model, laboratory and field tests were conducted on one tree (Schefflera heptaphylla) and one shrub species (Schefflera arboricola), respectively, with different planting spacings. Even though the investigated tree and shrub species had different values of leaf area index and root length density, consistent conclusions on planting spacing effects can be drawn. When planting spacing became smaller, the size of root system decreased while root density increased, hence causing higher soil suction. The model can capture the root distributions as well as induced soil suction during both evapotranspiration and rainfall events quite well for both tree and shrub species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ni
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Charles Wang Wai Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Department of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
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Ahmed IM, Nadira UA, Cao F, He X, Zhang G, Wu F. Physiological and molecular analysis on root growth associated with the tolerance to aluminum and drought individual and combined in Tibetan wild and cultivated barley. PLANTA 2016; 243:973-85. [PMID: 26748913 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The drought-stimulated gene expression of NCED, SUS, and KS - DHN and ABA signal cross-talk with other phytohormones maintains barley root growth under drought stress at pH 4.0 plus polyethylene glycol plus aluminum. Aluminum (Al) toxicity and drought are two major factors that limit barley production. In this work, the individual and combined effects of Al/acid and polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) induced drought stress that suppressed root growth and caused oxidative damage as characterized by increased H2O2 and O2(.-) accumulation. The wild-barley genotypes, XZ5 and XZ29, exhibited a higher tolerance than the two cultivars Dayton (Al tolerant) and Tadmor (drought tolerant) under combined stress (pH 4.0 + PEG + Al). The oxidative damage induced by PEG was more severe at pH 4.0 than at pH 6.0. In XZ29, the highest root secretion of malate and citrate was recorded, and the least Al uptake in the four genotypes. In XZ5, a peak accumulation of ABA and minor synthesis of zeatin riboside and ethylene were found being essential in maintaining primary root elongation and root hair development. PEG-induced drought stress repressed Al uptake in root tips, with a lower increase in callose formation and HvMATE (Hordeum vulgare multidrug and toxic compound exudation) expression compared to Al-induced callose production. Stress by pH 4.0 + PEG + Al up-regulated 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) which is involved in ABA biosynthesis. Such treatment stimulated the regulation of ABA-dependent genes sucrose synthase (SUS) and KS-type dehydrin (KS-DHN) in root tips. Our results suggest that the tolerance ranking to pH 4.0 + PEG + Al stress in Tibetan wild barley by gene expression is closely correlated to physiological indices. The results show that acclimatisation to pH 4.0 + PEG + Al stress involves specific responses in XZ5 and XZ29. The present study provides insights into the effects of Al/acid and drought combined stress on the abundance of physiological indices in the roots of barley varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imrul Mosaddek Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Plant Physiology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Umme Aktari Nadira
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fangbin Cao
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feibo Wu
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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De Novo Transcriptome Analysis of Medicinally Important Plantago ovata Using RNA-Seq. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150273. [PMID: 26943165 PMCID: PMC4778938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plantago ovata is an economically and medicinally important plant of the family Plantaginaceae. It is used extensively for the production of seed husk for its application in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. In the present study, the transcriptome of P. ovata ovary was sequenced using Illumina Genome Analyzer platform to characterize the mucilage biosynthesis pathway in the plant. De novo assembly was carried out using Oases followed by velvet. A total of 46,955 non-redundant transcripts (≥100 bp) using ~29 million high-quality paired end reads were generated. Functional categorization of these transcripts revealed the presence of several genes involved in various biological processes like metabolic pathways, mucilage biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and antioxidants. In addition, simple sequence-repeat motifs, non-coding RNAs and transcription factors were also identified. Expression profiling of some genes involved in mucilage biosynthetic pathway was performed in different tissues of P. ovata using Real time PCR analysis. The study has resulted in a valuable resource for further studies on gene expression, genomics and functional genomics in P. ovata.
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Ji H, Liu L, Li K, Xie Q, Wang Z, Zhao X, Li X. PEG-mediated osmotic stress induces premature differentiation of the root apical meristem and outgrowth of lateral roots in wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4863-72. [PMID: 24935621 PMCID: PMC4144773 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Water stress is one of the major environmental stresses causing growth retardation and yield loss of plants. In the past decades, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant protection, and stomatal movement have been extensively studied, but much less attention has been paid to the study of root system reprogramming to maximize water absorption and survival under water stress. Here, it is shown that polyethylene glycol (PEG)-simulated mild and moderate osmotic stress induced premature differentiation of the root apical meristem (RAM). It is demonstrated that RAM premature differentiation is a conserved adaptive mechanism that is widely adopted by various plants to cope with osmotic stress simulated by PEG 8000, and the occurrence of RAM premature differentiation is directly related to stress tolerance of plants. It is shown that the osmotic stress-induced premature differentiation caused growth cessation of primary roots allowing outgrowth of lateral roots. This work has uncovered a key mechanism for controlling the plastic development of the root system by which plants are capable of survival, growth, or reproduction under water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Ling Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Kexue Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Qingen Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Xuhua Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Xia Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
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12
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Effects of Water Regime on the Structure of Roots and Stems of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/703874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Yield improvement of durum wheat is considerably limited by the expression of environmental abiotic factors. Water deficits are one of these limiting factors. Plants develop various strategies to tolerate the effects of water deficit. Some of such mechanisms might occur in the root and stem systems. The present study aimed to investigate some anatomical traits contributing to the drought tolerance in the durum wheat. The anatomical variations of the meristem of roots and stems, as a response to water deficit, were evaluated. The results indicated that the enhancement of the intensity of water deficit was accompanied by profound structural changes in the piliferous zone of roots. Water deficit caused a significant decrease in the diameter of the newly formed adventitious roots, which can be explained by a reduction in the thickness of the cortical parenchyma, through the reduction of cell size. This action was usually a contrary effect in the principal adventitious roots. The study also showed that increasing the intensity of water deficit reduced the diameter of vessels in the primary xylem, thereby increasing the hydraulic resistance of roots and lowering the flow of sap.
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13
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Dyson RJ, Vizcay-Barrena G, Band LR, Fernandes AN, French AP, Fozard JA, Hodgman TC, Kenobi K, Pridmore TP, Stout M, Wells DM, Wilson MH, Bennett MJ, Jensen OE. Mechanical modelling quantifies the functional importance of outer tissue layers during root elongation and bending. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1212-1222. [PMID: 24641449 PMCID: PMC4286105 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Root elongation and bending require the coordinated expansion of multiple cells of different types. These processes are regulated by the action of hormones that can target distinct cell layers. We use a mathematical model to characterise the influence of the biomechanical properties of individual cell walls on the properties of the whole tissue. Taking a simple constitutive model at the cell scale which characterises cell walls via yield and extensibility parameters, we derive the analogous tissue-level model to describe elongation and bending. To accurately parameterise the model, we take detailed measurements of cell turgor, cell geometries and wall thicknesses. The model demonstrates how cell properties and shapes contribute to tissue-level extensibility and yield. Exploiting the highly organised structure of the elongation zone (EZ) of the Arabidopsis root, we quantify the contributions of different cell layers, using the measured parameters. We show how distributions of material and geometric properties across the root cross-section contribute to the generation of curvature, and relate the angle of a gravitropic bend to the magnitude and duration of asymmetric wall softening. We quantify the geometric factors which lead to the predominant contribution of the outer cell files in driving root elongation and bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Dyson
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Leah R Band
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Anwesha N Fernandes
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrew P French
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - John A Fozard
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - T Charlie Hodgman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kim Kenobi
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Tony P Pridmore
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Michael Stout
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Darren M Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Michael H Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Oliver E Jensen
- School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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14
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Nezhadahmadi A, Prodhan ZH, Faruq G. Drought tolerance in wheat. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:610721. [PMID: 24319376 PMCID: PMC3844267 DOI: 10.1155/2013/610721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the most important phenomena which limit crops' production and yield. Crops demonstrate various morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses to tackle drought stress. Plants' vegetative and reproductive stages are intensively influenced by drought stress. Drought tolerance is a complicated trait which is controlled by polygenes and their expressions are influenced by various environmental elements. This means that breeding for this trait is so difficult and new molecular methods such as molecular markers, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping strategies, and expression patterns of genes should be applied to produce drought tolerant genotypes. In wheat, there are several genes which are responsible for drought stress tolerance and produce different types of enzymes and proteins for instance, late embryogenesis abundant (lea), responsive to abscisic acid (Rab), rubisco, helicase, proline, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and carbohydrates during drought stress. This review paper has concentrated on the study of water limitation and its effects on morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of wheat with the possible losses caused by drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Nezhadahmadi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zakaria Hossain Prodhan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Golam Faruq
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Wiegers BS, Cheer AY, Silk WK. Modeling the hydraulics of root growth in three dimensions with phloem water sources. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:2092-103. [PMID: 19542299 PMCID: PMC2719130 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.138198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Primary growth is characterized by cell expansion facilitated by water uptake generating hydrostatic (turgor) pressure to inflate the cell, stretching the rigid cell walls. The multiple source theory of root growth hypothesizes that root growth involves transport of water both from the soil surrounding the growth zone and from the mature tissue higher in the root via phloem and protophloem. Here, protophloem water sources are used as boundary conditions in a classical, three-dimensional model of growth-sustaining water potentials in primary roots. The model predicts small radial gradients in water potential, with a significant longitudinal gradient. The results improve the agreement of theory with empirical studies for water potential in the primary growth zone of roots of maize (Zea mays). A sensitivity analysis quantifies the functional importance of apical phloem differentiation in permitting growth and reveals that the presence of phloem water sources makes the growth-sustaining water relations of the root relatively insensitive to changes in root radius and hydraulic conductivity. Adaptation to drought and other environmental stresses is predicted to involve more apical differentiation of phloem and/or higher phloem delivery rates to the growth zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy S Wiegers
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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16
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Leucci MR, Lenucci MS, Piro G, Dalessandro G. Water stress and cell wall polysaccharides in the apical root zone of wheat cultivars varying in drought tolerance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:1168-80. [PMID: 18155804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyl composition and linkage analysis of cell wall polysaccharides were examined in apical root zones excised from water-stressed and unstressed wheat seedlings (Triticum durum Desf.) cv. Capeiti ("drought-tolerant") and cv. Creso ("drought sensitive"). Wall polysaccharides were sequentially solubilized to obtain three fractions: CDTA+Na(2)CO(3) extract, KOH extract and the insoluble residue (alpha-cellulose). A comparison between the two genotypes showed only small variations in the percentages of matrix polysaccharides (CDTA+Na(2)CO(3) plus KOH extract) and of the insoluble residues (alpha-cellulose) in water-stressed and unstressed conditions. Xylosyl, glucosyl and arabinosyl residues represented more than 90 mol% of the matrix polysaccharides. The linkage analysis of matrix polysaccharides showed high levels of xyloglucans (23-39 mol%), and arabinoxylans (38-48 mol%) and a low amount of pectins and (1-->3), (1-->4)-beta-D-glucans. The high level of xyloglucans was supported by the release of the diagnostic disaccharide isoprimeverose after Driselase digestion of KOH-extracted polysaccharides. In the "drought-tolerant" cv. Capeiti the mol% of side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I and II significantly increased in response to water stress, whereas in cv. Creso, this increase did not occur. The results support a role of the pectic side chains during water stress response in a drought-tolerant wheat cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Leucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
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