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Seregin IV, Kozhevnikova AD. Phytochelatins: Sulfur-Containing Metal(loid)-Chelating Ligands in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2430. [PMID: 36768751 PMCID: PMC9917255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are small cysteine-rich peptides capable of binding metal(loid)s via SH-groups. Although the biosynthesis of PCs can be induced in vivo by various metal(loid)s, PCs are mainly involved in the detoxification of cadmium and arsenic (III), as well as mercury, zinc, lead, and copper ions, which have high affinities for S-containing ligands. The present review provides a comprehensive account of the recent data on PC biosynthesis, structure, and role in metal(loid) transport and sequestration in the vacuoles of plant cells. A comparative analysis of PC accumulation in hyperaccumulator plants, which accumulate metal(loid)s in their shoots, and in the excluders, which accumulate metal(loid)s in their roots, investigates the question of whether the endogenous PC concentration determines a plant's tolerance to metal(loid)s. Summarizing the available data, it can be concluded that PCs are not involved in metal(loid) hyperaccumulation machinery, though they play a key role in metal(loid) homeostasis. Unraveling the physiological role of metal(loid)-binding ligands is a fundamental problem of modern molecular biology, plant physiology, ionomics, and toxicology, and is important for the development of technologies used in phytoremediation, biofortification, and phytomining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V. Seregin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St., 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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Zhang J, Liu J, Zheng F, Yu M, Shabala S, Song WY. Comparative Analysis of Arsenic Transport and Tolerance Mechanisms: Evolution from Prokaryote to Higher Plants. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172741. [PMID: 36078150 PMCID: PMC9454679 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid for all living organisms and can cause serious harm to humans. Arsenic is also toxic to plants. To alleviate As toxicity, all living organisms (from prokaryotes to higher plants) have evolved comprehensive mechanisms to reduce cytosolic As concentration through the set of As transporters localized at the plasma and tonoplast membranes, which operate either in arsenite As(III) extrusion out of cells (via ArsB, ACR3, and aquaporins) or by sequestering arsenic into vacuoles (by ABC transporters). In addition, a special arsenate resistance mechanism found in some bacterial systems has evolved in an As hyperaccumulating fern Pteris vittata, which involves transforming arsenate As(V) to an As(V) phosphoglycerate derivative by a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and transporting this complex by an efflux transporter. In the present review, we summarize the evolution of these arsenic resistance mechanisms from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and discuss future approaches that could be utilized to better understand and improve As resistance mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- International Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China
| | - Jiayou Liu
- International Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China
| | - Fubin Zheng
- International Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China
| | - Min Yu
- International Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
- School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (W.-Y.S.)
| | - Won-Yong Song
- International Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (W.-Y.S.)
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Díaz S, Aguilera Á, de Figueras CG, de Francisco P, Olsson S, Puente-Sánchez F, González-Pastor JE. Heterologous Expression of the Phytochelatin Synthase CaPCS2 from Chlamydomonas acidophila and Its Effect on Different Stress Factors in Escherichia coli. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137692. [PMID: 35805349 PMCID: PMC9265389 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are cysteine-rich small peptides, enzymatically synthesized from reduced glutathione (GSH) by cytosolic enzyme phytochelatin synthase (PCS). The open reading frame (ORF) of the phytochelatin synthase CaPCS2 gene from the microalgae Chlamydomonas acidophila was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli strain DH5α, to analyze its role in protection against various abiotic agents that cause cellular stress. The transformed E. coli strain showed increased tolerance to exposure to different heavy metals (HMs) and arsenic (As), as well as to acidic pH and exposure to UVB, salt, or perchlorate. In addition to metal detoxification activity, new functions have also been reported for PCS and PCs. According to the results obtained in this work, the heterologous expression of CaPCS2 in E. coli provides protection against oxidative stress produced by metals and exposure to different ROS-inducing agents. However, the function of this PCS is not related to HM bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, C. José Antonio Novais, 12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Ángeles Aguilera
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (Á.A.); (C.G.d.F.); (P.d.F.); (J.E.G.-P.)
| | - Carolina G. de Figueras
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (Á.A.); (C.G.d.F.); (P.d.F.); (J.E.G.-P.)
| | - Patricia de Francisco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (Á.A.); (C.G.d.F.); (P.d.F.); (J.E.G.-P.)
| | - Sanna Olsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (INIA, CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando Puente-Sánchez
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - José Eduardo González-Pastor
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (Á.A.); (C.G.d.F.); (P.d.F.); (J.E.G.-P.)
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Wang J, Man Y, Yin R, Feng X. Isotopic and Spectroscopic Investigation of Mercury Accumulation in Houttuynia cordata Colonizing Historically Contaminated Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7997-8007. [PMID: 35618674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Houttuynia cordata Thunb (H. cordata) is a native vegetable colonizing mercury (Hg) mining sites in the southwest of China; it can accumulate high Hg concentrations in the rhizomes and roots (edible sections), and thus consumption of H. cordata represents an important Hg exposure source to human. Here, we studied the spatial distribution, chemical speciation, and stable isotope compositions of Hg in the soil-H. cordata system at the Wuchuan Hg mining region in China, aiming to provide essential knowledge for assessing Hg risks and managing the transfer of Hg from soils to plants and agricultural systems. Mercury was mainly compartmentalized in the outlayer (periderm) of the underground tissues, with little Hg being translocated to the vascular bundle of the stem. Mercury presented as Hg-thiolates (94% ± 8%), with minor fractional amount of nanoparticulate β-HgS (β-HgSNP, 15% ± 4%), in the roots and rhizomes. Analysis of Hg stable isotope ratios showed that cysteine-extractable soil Hg pool (δ202Hgcys), root and rhizome Hg (δ202Hgroot, δ202Hgrhizome) were isotopically lighter than Hg in the bulk soils. A significant positive correlation between δ202Hgcys and δ202Hgroot was observed, suggesting that cysteine-extractable soil Hg pool was an important Hg source to H. cordata. The slightly positive Δ199Hg value in the plant (Δ199Hgroot = 0.07 ± 0.07‰, 2SD, n = 21; Δ199Hgrhizome = 0.06 ± 0.06‰, 2SD, n = 22) indicated that minor Hg was sourced from the surface water. Our results are important to assess the risks of Hg in H. cordata, and to develop sustainable methods to manage the transfer of Hg from soils to agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550082, China
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550082, China
| | - Runsheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550082, China
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550082, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Podar D, Maathuis FJM. The role of roots and rhizosphere in providing tolerance to toxic metals and metalloids. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:719-736. [PMID: 34622470 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human activity and natural processes have led to the widespread dissemination of metals and metalloids, many of which are toxic and have a negative impact on plant growth and development. Roots, as the first point of contact, are essential in endowing plants with tolerance to excess metal(loid) in the soil. The most important root processes that contribute to tolerance are: adaptation of transport processes that affect uptake efflux and long-distance transport of metal(loid)s; metal(loid) detoxification within root cells via conjugation to thiol rich compounds and subsequent sequestration in the vacuole; plasticity in root architecture; the presence of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere that impact on metal(loid) bioavailability; the role of root exudates. In this review, we provide details on these processes and assess their relevance on the detoxification of arsenic, cadmium, mercury and zinc in crops. Furthermore, we assess which of these strategies have been tested in field conditions and whether they are effective in terms of improving crop metal(loid) tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Podar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology-Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj, Romania
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Zhang J, Hamza A, Xie Z, Hussain S, Brestic M, Tahir MA, Ulhassan Z, Yu M, Allakhverdiev SI, Shabala S. Arsenic transport and interaction with plant metabolism: Clues for improving agricultural productivity and food safety. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117987. [PMID: 34425370 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a ubiquitous metalloid that is highly toxic to all living organisms. When grown in As-contaminated soils, plants may accumulate significant amounts of As in the grains or edible shoot parts which then enter a food chain. Plant growth and development per se are also both affected by arsenic. These effects are traditionally attributed to As-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a consequent lipid peroxidation and damage to cellular membranes. However, this view is oversimplified, as As exposure have a major impact on many metabolic processes in plants, including availability of essential nutrients, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, and sulfur metabolism. This review is aimed to fill this gap in the knowledge. In addition, the molecular basis of arsenic uptake and transport in plants and prospects of creating low As-accumulating crop species, for both agricultural productivity and food safety, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Ameer Hamza
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan, 430074, China; College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Zuoming Xie
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sajad Hussain
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Mukkram Ali Tahir
- College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Zaid Ulhassan
- Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China; K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St. 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China; Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas7001, Australia.
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Zhang Z, Shang H, Xing B, He L. In situ and real time investigation of foliarly applied silver nanoparticles on and in spinach leaves by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic mapping. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2567-2574. [PMID: 34047309 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior and biological fate of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) applied on plant surfaces is significant for their risk assessment. Our study's objective is to investigate the interactions between AgNPs and plant biomolecules as well as to monitor and quantify the penetration of AgNPs in spinach by an in situ and real-time surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) mapping technique. AgNPs (2 μg per leaf) of different surface coatings (citrate, CIT, and polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP) and sizes (40 and 100 nm) were foliarly applied onto spinach leaves with different exposure times (1-48 h). Cysteine is the major biomolecule that interacts with AgNPs in spinach based on the in situ and in vitro SERS pattern recognition. The interaction between CIT-AgNPs and cysteine happened in as early as 1 h after AgNP foliar deposition, which is faster than the interaction between PVP-AgNPs and cysteine. Also, the SERS depth mapping shows that particle size rather than surface coating determines the penetration capability of AgNPs in spinach, in which 40 nm AgNPs show a deeper penetration than the 100 nm ones. Last but not least, based on the results of SERS mapping, we detected significantly higher amounts of 40 nm CIT-/PVP-AgNPs than 100 nm CIT-AgNPs internalized in the leaf tissues after 1 h exposure. The estimated percentage of internalized AgNPs (0.2-0.8%) was significantly smaller than that of the total residual Ag (9-12%), indicating the potential transformation of the AgNPs into other Ag species inside the plant tissues. This study facilitates a better understanding of the behavior and biological fate of AgNPs in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 240 Chenoweth Laboratory, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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Bhat JA, Ahmad P, Corpas FJ. Main nitric oxide (NO) hallmarks to relieve arsenic stress in higher plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124289. [PMID: 33153789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid that adversely affects plant growth, and poses severe risks to human health. It induces disturbance to many physiological and metabolic pathways such as nutrient, water and redox imbalance, abnormal photosynthesis and ATP synthesis and loss of membrane integrity. Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical molecule endogenously generated in plant cells which has signalling properties. Under As-stress, the endogenous NO metabolism is significantly affected in a clear connection with the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggering nitro-oxidative stress. However, the exogenous NO application provides beneficial effects under As-stress conditions which can relieve oxidative damages by stimulating the antioxidant systems, regulation of the expression of the transporter and other defence-related genes, modification of root cell wall composition or the biosynthesis of enriched sulfur compounds such phytochelatins (PCs). This review aims to provide up-to-date information on the key NO hallmarks to relieve As-stress in higher plants. Furthermore, it will be analyzed the diverse genetic engineering techniques to increase the endogenous NO content which could open new biotechnological applications, especially in crops under arsenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javaid Akhter Bhat
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 8, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, S.P. College Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Hendrix S, Jozefczak M, Wójcik M, Deckers J, Vangronsveld J, Cuypers A. Glutathione: A key player in metal chelation, nutrient homeostasis, cell cycle regulation and the DNA damage response in cadmium-exposed Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:498-507. [PMID: 32673998 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an important player in plant responses to cadmium (Cd) through its dual function as an antioxidant and precursor for metal-chelating phytochelatins (PCs). In addition, it was shown to be involved in cell cycle regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana roots, but its involvement in this process in leaves is largely unknown and has never been evaluated in Cd-exposed plants. This study aimed to elucidate the role of GSH in leaf growth and development, metal chelation, nutrient homeostasis and cell cycle regulation in A. thaliana plants upon prolonged Cd exposure. Responses were compared between wild-type (WT) plants and three GSH-deficient mutants. Our results indicate that PC production remains important in plants exposed to Cd for an extended duration. Furthermore, an important role for GSH in regulating nutrient homeostasis in Cd-exposed plants was revealed. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that negative effects of Cd exposure on cell division and endoreplication were more pronounced in leaves of the GSH-deficient cadmium-sensitive 2-1 (cad2-1) mutant in comparison to the WT, indicating the involvement of GSH in cell cycle regulation. Finally, a crucial role for GSH in transcriptional activation of the Cd-induced DNA damage response (DDR) was revealed, as the Cd-induced upregulation of DDR-related genes was either less pronounced or completely abolished in leaves of the GSH-deficient mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hendrix
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Marijke Jozefczak
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Małgorzata Wójcik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jana Deckers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Rajab H, Khan MS, Wirtz M, Malagoli M, Qahar F, Hell R. Sulfur metabolic engineering enhances cadmium stress tolerance and root to shoot iron translocation in Brassica napus L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 152:32-43. [PMID: 32387912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Serine acetyltransferase (SAT) (EC 2.3.1.30) is the rate-limiting enzyme of cysteine (Cys) biosynthesis, providing the decisive precursor for the ubiquitous defense thiol glutathione (GSH). Together with O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OAS-TL; EC 2.5.1.47) SAT generates Cys in the cytosol, plastids, and mitochondria of vascular plants. The current study aimed to overproduce Cys and GSH for enhanced stress tolerance via overexpression of the feedback-insensitive isoform of serine acetyltransferase from tobacco, i.e., NtSAT4. Constitutive overexpression of NtSAT4 in Brassica napus resulted in the 2.6-fold-4-fold higher SAT activity in different subcellular compartment-specific lines. This higher SAT activity led to a 2.5-fold-3.5-fold higher steady-state level of free Cys and 2.2-fold-5.3-fold elevated level of GSH in leaves compared with nontransformed plants. Among the compartment-specific lines, the mitochondrial targeted NtSAT4 overexpressor line M-182 showed the highest levels of Cys (3.5-fold) and GSH (5.3-fold) compared with wild-type plants. Overexpression of NtSAT4 conferred a physiological advantage in terms of enhanced tolerance against oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide and the heavy metal cadmium (Cd). The NtSAT4 overexpressor lines showed a significantly higher amount of iron (Fe) translocation from roots to shoots compared with nontransformed plants. Overall, these results suggest that overexpression of NtSAT4 is a promising approach to creating plants with tolerance to heavy metals and oxidative stress and, in addition, may potentially improve plant nutrition in terms of enhanced Fe translocation from roots to shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Rajab
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, 25130, Peshawar, Pakistan; Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sayyar Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, 25130, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Malagoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Fariha Qahar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, 25130, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Khullar S, Reddy MS. Arsenic toxicity and its mitigation in ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum through glutathione biosynthesis. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124914. [PMID: 31557642 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination is one of the most daunting environmental problem bothering the whole world. Exploring a suitable bioremediation technique is an urgent need of the hour. The present study focusses on scrutinizing the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus for its potential role in As detoxification and understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for its tolerance. When exposed to increasing concentrations of external As, the ECM fungus H. cylindrosporum accumulated the metalloid intracellularly, inducing the glutathione biosynthesis pathway. The genes coding for GSH biosynthesis enzymes, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (Hcγ-GCS) and glutathione synthetase (HcGS) were highly regulated by As stress. Arsenic coordinately upregulated the expression of both Hcγ-GCS and HcGS genes, thus resulting in increased Hcγ-GCS and HcGS protein expressions and enzyme activities, with substantial increase in intracellular GSH. Functional complementation of the two genes (Hcγ-GCS and HcGS) in their respective yeast mutants (gsh1Δ and gsh2Δ) further validated the role of both enzymes in mitigating As toxicity. These findings clearly highlight the potential importance of GSH antioxidant defense system in regulating the As induced responses and its detoxification in ECM fungus H. cylindrosporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Khullar
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, 147004, Punjab, India
| | - M Sudhakara Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, 147004, Punjab, India.
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Campos FVD, Oliveira JAD, Silva AAD, Ribeiro C, Montoya SG, Farnese FDS. Involvement of glutathione and glutathione metabolizing enzymes in Pistia stratiotes tolerance to arsenite. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 22:404-411. [PMID: 31538487 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1667951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is essential for plant tolerance to arsenic but few studies have focused on the coordination between the enzymes involved in its metabolism. We exposed Pistia stratiotes to four treatments (control, 5, 10 and 20 µM AsIII) for 24 h to evaluate the role of glutathione metabolism in arsenic response and determined the arsenic uptake, growth, membrane integrity, glutathione concentration and enzyme activities (γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase). Despite absorbing high concentrations of AsIII, plants maintained growth and cell membrane integrity when exposed to concentrations of up to 10 µM AsIII. The maintenance of these parameters involved glutathione concentration increase due to an increase in its biosynthetic pathway (higher γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase). In addition, an increase in the activity of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase also contributed to the conserve the cellular homeostasis. However, at the concentration of 20 µM AsIII, the high toxicity of AsIII affected glutathione concentration and glutathione metabolizing enzymes activities, which resulted in drastic decrease in growth and damage to cell membranes. These results showed that not only the glutathione concentration but also the coordination of the enzymes involved in the synthesis, oxidation and reduction pathways of glutathione is essential for AsIII tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cleberson Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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13
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Deciphering the involvement of glutathione in phytohormone signaling pathways to mitigate stress in planta. THE NUCLEUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-019-00288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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14
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Wang J, Shaheen SM, Swertz AC, Rennert T, Feng X, Rinklebe J. Sulfur-modified organoclay promotes plant uptake and affects geochemical fractionation of mercury in a polluted floodplain soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 371:687-693. [PMID: 30889465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated effects of the application of a sulfur-modified organoclay (SMOC) at doses of 1%, 3% and 5% (w/w) on the geochemical fractionation of mercury (Hg) and its accumulation by pea and corn in a polluted floodplain soil. Soil Hg was fractionated sequentially to five operationally defined fractions as follows: F1: water soluble Hg; F2: "human stomach acid" soluble Hg; F3: organo-chelated Hg; F4: elemental Hg; and F5: Hg-sulfur-compounds/residual Hg. The high dosage of SMOC caused a decrease of Hg in F3 (18%) and F5 (36-63%), and 6.7 fold increase of Hg in the mobile fraction (MF = F1+F2) as compared to control soil. The transformation of Hg from F5 to the MF in SMOC-treated soil might be due to the associated decrease of soil pH. Pea accumulated more Hg than corn. Mercury contents were larger in roots than in shoots of both plants and increased significantly by a factor of up to 11 by SMOC addition. The potential transformation of Hg from the hardly soluble to the MF by SMOC addition and the associated increase of Hg accumulation by plants imply a great potential of the SMOC for enhancing Hg phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550082 Guiyang, PR China; University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ann-Christin Swertz
- University of Wuppertal, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Safety Engineering, Department of Safety Technology and Environmental Protection, Rainer-Gruenter-Straße, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Thilo Rennert
- Department of Soil Chemistry and Pedology, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550082 Guiyang, PR China.
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; University of Sejong, Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Wang P, Chen X, Xu X, Lu C, Zhang W, Zhao FJ. ARSENATE INDUCED CHLOROSIS 1/ TRANSLOCON AT THE OUTER ENVOLOPE MEMBRANE OF CHLOROPLASTS 132 Protects Chloroplasts from Arsenic Toxicity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1568-1583. [PMID: 30309965 PMCID: PMC6288752 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is highly toxic to plants and detoxified primarily through complexation with phytochelatins (PCs) and other thiol compounds. To understand the mechanisms of As toxicity and detoxification beyond PCs, we isolated an arsenate-sensitive mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), arsenate induced chlorosis1 (aic1), in the background of the PC synthase-defective mutant cadmium-sensitive1-3 (cad1-3). Under arsenate stress, aic1 cad1-3 showed larger decreases in chlorophyll content and the number and size of chloroplasts than cad1-3 and a severely distorted chloroplast structure. The aic1 single mutant also was more sensitive to arsenate than the wild type (Columbia-0). As concentrations in the roots, shoots, and chloroplasts were similar between aic1 cad1-3 and cad1-3 Using genome resequencing and complementation, TRANSLOCON AT THE OUTER ENVOLOPE MEMBRANE OF CHLOROPLAST132 (TOC132) was identified as the mutant gene, which encodes a translocon protein involved in the import of preproteins from the cytoplasm into the chloroplasts. Proteomic analysis showed that the proteome of aic1 cad1-3 chloroplasts was more affected by arsenate stress than that of cad1-3 A number of proteins related to chloroplast ribosomes, photosynthesis, compound synthesis, and thioredoxin systems were less abundant in aic1 cad1-3 than in cad1-3 under arsenate stress. Our results indicate that chloroplasts are a sensitive target of As toxicity and that AIC1/Toc132 plays an important role in protecting chloroplasts from As toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chenni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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16
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Azevedo R, Rodriguez E, Mendes RJ, Mariz-Ponte N, Sario S, Lopes JC, Ferreira de Oliveira JMP, Santos C. Inorganic Hg toxicity in plants: A comparison of different genotoxic parameters. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 125:247-254. [PMID: 29477088 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic Mercury (Hg) contamination persists an environmental problem, but its cyto- and genotoxicity in plants remains yet unquantified. To determine the extent of Hg-induced cyto- and genotoxicity, and assess most sensitive endpoints in plants, Pisum sativum L. seedlings were exposed for 14 days to different HgCl2 concentrations up to 100 μM. Shoots and roots from hydroponic exposure presented growth impairment and/or morphological disorders for doses >1 μM, being the roots more sensitive. Plant growth, ploidy changes, clastogenicity (HPCV), cell cycle dynamics (G1-S-G2), Comet-tail moment (TM), Comet-TD, Mitotic-index (MI) and cell proliferation index (CPI) were used to evaluate Hg-induced cyto/genotoxicity. Both leaf and root DNA-ploidy levels, assessed by flow cytometry (FCM), remained unaltered after exposure. Root cell cycle impairment occurred at lower doses (≥1 μM) than structural DNA damages (≥10 μM). Cytostatic effects depended on the Hg concentration, with delays during S-phase at lower doses, and arrests at G1 at higher ones. This arrest was paralleled with decreases of both mitotic index (MI) and cell proliferation index (CPI). DNA fragmentation, assessed by the Comet assay parameters of TD and TM, could be visualized for conditions ≥10 μM, while FCM-clastogenic parameter (FPCV) and micronuclei (MNC) were only altered in roots exposed to 100 μM. We demonstrate that inorganic-Hg induced cytostaticity is detectable even at 1 μM (a value found in contaminated sites), while structural DNA breaks/damage are only visualized in plants at concentrations ≥10 μM. We also demonstrate that among the different techniques tested for cyto- and genotoxicity, TD and TM Comet endpoints were more sensitive than FPCV or MNC. Regarding cytostatic effects, cell cycle analysis by FCM, including the difference in % cell cycle phases and CPI were more sensitive than MI or MNC frequency. Our data contribute to better understand Hg cyto- and genotoxicity in plants and to understand the information and sensitivity provided by each of the genotoxic techniques used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Azevedo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Cytomics, University of Aveiro, 3810-123, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eleazar Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Cytomics, University of Aveiro, 3810-123, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rafael José Mendes
- iB(2)Lab, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mariz-Ponte
- iB(2)Lab, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Sario
- iB(2)Lab, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Lopes
- Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-123, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Miguel P Ferreira de Oliveira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Santos
- iB(2)Lab, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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17
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Wang C, Na G, Bermejo ES, Chen Y, Banks JA, Salt DE, Zhao FJ. Dissecting the components controlling root-to-shoot arsenic translocation in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:206-218. [PMID: 28857170 PMCID: PMC6260828 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is an important environmental and food-chain toxin. We investigated the key components controlling As accumulation and tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. We tested the effects of different combinations of gene knockout, including arsenate reductase (HAC1), γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase (γ-ECS), phytochelatin synthase (PCS1) and phosphate effluxer (PHO1), and the heterologous expression of the As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata arsenite efflux (PvACR3), on As tolerance, accumulation, translocation and speciation in A. thaliana. Heterologous expression of PvACR3 markedly increased As tolerance and root-to-shoot As translocation in A. thaliana, with PvACR3 being localized to the plasma membrane. Combining PvACR3 expression with HAC1 mutation led to As hyperaccumulation in the shoots, whereas combining HAC1 and PHO1 mutation decreased As accumulation. Mutants of γ-ECS and PCS1 were hypersensitive to As and had higher root-to-shoot As translocation. Combining γ-ECS or PCS1 with HAC1 mutation did not alter As tolerance or accumulation beyond the levels observed in the single mutants. PvACR3 and HAC1 have large effects on root-to-shoot As translocation. Arsenic hyperaccumulation can be engineered in A. thaliana by knocking out the HAC1 gene and expressing PvACR3. PvACR3 and HAC1 also affect As tolerance, but not to the extent of γ-ECS and PCS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - GunNam Na
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Eduardo Sanchez Bermejo
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jo Ann Banks
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David E. Salt
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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18
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Bustingorri C, Noriega G, Lavado RS, Balestrasse K. Protective effect exerted by soil phosphorus on soybean subjected to arsenic and fluoride. Redox Rep 2017; 22:353-360. [PMID: 28073323 PMCID: PMC6837734 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2016.1276253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetive: Arsenic (As) and fluoride (F) are found in groundwater and soils around the world, causing different problems to crops. Because these elements compete against phosphorus (P) in soils and plants, their relationship is complex. The aim of this work was to study the oxidative stress of soybean plants subjected to different concentrations of As and F, and the effect of P. METHODS The following 10 treatments were carried out in each of two soils with different P content: three As levels (low 10 mg As kg-1, medium 50 mg As kg-1 and high 100 mg As kg-1), three F levels (low 160 mg F kg-1, medium 250 mg F kg-1 and high 500 mg F kg-1) and three As + F levels (same concentrations), and the control treatment (soil with the background As and F concentrations) Lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll, gluthatione contents and antioxidant enzymes activities were determination. RESULTS Increased lipid peroxidation and alterations in glutathione content, catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities as well as in chlorophyll content revealed that As causes higher oxidative stress in plants grown in soils with low P content. CONCLUSION Stress parameters in F treatments were less affected. Plants grown in soils enriched with P revealed a decrease in the toxic effects caused by As and F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bustingorri
- Facultad de Agronomía, INBA (CONICET/ UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Noriega
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raúl S. Lavado
- Facultad de Agronomía, INBA (CONICET/ UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Balestrasse
- Facultad de Agronomía, INBA (CONICET/ UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hwang SG, Chapagain S, Lee JW, Han AR, Jang CS. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of genes associated with arsenate toxicity in an arsenic-tolerant rice mutant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 120:40-51. [PMID: 28987861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of arsenic (As) in polluted environments, such as ground water, affects the accumulation of As in rice grains and causes a serious threat to human health. However, the precise molecular regulations related to As toxicity and tolerance in rice remain largely unknown. In the present study, we developed an arsenic-tolerant type 1 (ATT1) rice mutant by γ-irradiation mutagenesis and performed genome-wide transcriptome analysis for the characterization of As-responsive genes. Toxicity inhibited transcriptional regulation of putative genes involved in photosynthesis, mitochondrial electron transport, and lipid biosynthesis metabolism in wild-type (WT) and ATT1 rice mutant. However, many cysteine biosynthesis-related genes were significantly upregulated in both plants. We also attempted to elucidate the putative genes associated with As tolerance by comparing transcriptomes and identified ATT1-specific transcriptional regulation of genes involved in stress and RNA-protein synthesis. This analysis identified 50 genes that had DNA polymorphisms in upstream regions that differed from those in the exon regions, which suggested that genetic variations in the upstream regions might enhance As tolerance in the mutants. Therefore, the expression profiles of the genes evaluated in this study may improve understanding of the functional roles of As-related genes in response to As tolerance mechanisms and could potentially be used in molecular breeding to limit As accumulation in rice grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Goo Hwang
- Plant Genomics Laboratory, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-713, South Korea
| | - Sandeep Chapagain
- Plant Genomics Laboratory, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-713, South Korea
| | - Jae Woo Lee
- Plant Genomics Laboratory, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-713, South Korea
| | - A-Reum Han
- Plant Genomics Laboratory, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-713, South Korea
| | - Cheol Seong Jang
- Plant Genomics Laboratory, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-713, South Korea.
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Bianucci E, Furlan A, Tordable MDC, Hernández LE, Carpena-Ruiz RO, Castro S. Antioxidant responses of peanut roots exposed to realistic groundwater doses of arsenate: Identification of glutathione S-transferase as a suitable biomarker for metalloid toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:551-561. [PMID: 28463730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As)-polluted groundwater constitutes a serious problem for peanut plants, as roots can accumulate the metalloid in their edible parts. Characterization of stress responses to As may help to detect potential risks and identify mechanisms of tolerance, being the induction of oxidative stress a key feature. Fifteen-day old peanut plants were treated with arsenate in order to characterize the oxidative stress indexes and antioxidant response of the legume under realistic groundwater doses of the metalloid. Superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) histochemical staining along with the activities of NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and thiol (glutathione and thioredoxins) metabolism were determined in roots. Results showed that at 20 μM H2AsO4-, peanut growth was reduced and the root architecture was altered. O2- and H2O2 accumulated at the root epidermis, while lipid peroxidation, NADPH oxidase, SOD, CAT and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities augmented. These variables increased with increasing As concentration (100 μM) while glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase/peroxiredoxin (GPX/PRX) were significantly decreased. These findings demonstrated that the metalloid induced physiological and biochemical alterations, being the NADPH oxidase enzyme implicated in the oxidative burst. Additionally, the strong induction of GST activity, even at the lowest H2AsO4- doses studied, can be exploited as suitable biomarker of As toxicity in peanut plants, which may help to detect risks of As accumulation and select tolerant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Bianucci
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Química Agrícola Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Furlan
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Del Carmen Tordable
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luis E Hernández
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón O Carpena-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Agrícola Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stella Castro
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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21
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Das N, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharyya S, Maiti MK. Identification of alternatively spliced transcripts of rice phytochelatin synthase 2 gene OsPCS2 involved in mitigation of cadmium and arsenic stresses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:167-183. [PMID: 28283922 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The OsPCS2 exhibits root- and shoot-specific differential ratios of alternatively spliced transcripts in indica rice under Cd stress, and plays role in Cd and As stress tolerance and accumulation. Enzymatic activity of phytochelatin synthase (PCS) in plant produces phytochelatins, which help in sequestration of heavy metal(loid)s inside the cell vacuole to alleviate toxicity. Here we report that among the two PCS genes-OsPCS1 and OsPCS2 in indica rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar, the OsPCS2 produces an alternatively spliced OsPCS2b transcript that bears the unusual premature termination codon besides the canonically spliced OsPCS2a transcript. Root- and shoot-specific differential ratios of alternatively spliced OsPCS2a and OsPCS2b transcript expressions were observed under cadmium stress. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells transformed with OsPCS2a exhibited increased cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) tolerance and accumulation, unlike the OsPCS2b transformed yeast cells. An intron-containing hairpin RNA-mediated gene silencing was carried out in endosperm-specific manner for efficient down-regulation of OsPCS genes in rice grains. Analysis of the transgenic rice lines grown under metal(loid) stress revealed almost complete absence of both OsPCS1 and OsPCS2 transcripts in the developing seeds coupled with the significant reduction in the content of Cd (~51%) and As (~35%) in grains compared with the non-transgenic plant. Taken together, the findings indicate towards a crucial role played by the tissue-specific alternative splicing and relative abundance of the OsPCS2 gene during heavy metal(loid) stress mitigation in rice plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Surajit Bhattacharya
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Somnath Bhattacharyya
- Department of Genetics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 741252, India
| | - Mrinal K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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Mishra S, Mattusch J, Wennrich R. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40522. [PMID: 28094280 PMCID: PMC5240135 DOI: 10.1038/srep40522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental contamination of arsenic (As) and its accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is of serious human health concern. In planta speciation of As is an important tool to understand As metabolism in plants. In the present study, we investigated root to shoot As translocation and speciation in rice exposed to inorganic and methylated As. Arsenate (AsV) and methylarsonate (MAV) were efficiently reduced to arsenite (AsIII) and MAIII, respectively in rice root and shoot but no trivalent form of dimethylarsinate (DMAV) was detected. Further, up to 48 and 83% of root As in AsV and MAV exposed plants, respectively were complexed with various thiols showing up to 20 and 16 As species, respectively. Several mixed As- and MA-complexes with hydroxymethyl-phytochelatin, DesGly-phytochelatin, hydroxymethyl-GSH and cysteine were identified in rice. Despite high complexation in roots, more As was translocated to shoots in MAV exposed plants than AsV, with shoot/root As transfer factor being in order DMAV > MAV > AsV. Moreover, in shoots 78% MAIII and 71% AsIII were present as weakly bound species which is alarming, as MAIII has been found to be more cytotoxic than AsIII for human and it could also be an important factor inducing straighthead (spikelet sterility disorder) in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mishra
- UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Plant Ecology & Environmental Science Division, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001 (U.P.), India
| | - Jürgen Mattusch
- UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rainer Wennrich
- UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Kim YO, Bae HJ, Cho E, Kang H. Exogenous Glutathione Enhances Mercury Tolerance by Inhibiting Mercury Entry into Plant Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:683. [PMID: 28507557 PMCID: PMC5410599 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing understanding of the crucial roles of glutathione (GSH) in cellular defense against heavy metal stress as well as oxidative stress, little is known about the functional role of exogenous GSH in mercury (Hg) tolerance in plants. Here, we provide compelling evidence that GSH contributes to Hg tolerance in diverse plants. Exogenous GSH did not mitigate the toxicity of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), or zinc (Zn), whereas application of exogenous GSH significantly promoted Hg tolerance during seed germination and seedling growth of Arabidopsis thaliana, tobacco, and pepper. By contrast, addition of buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis, severely retarded seed germination and seedling growth of the plants in the presence of Hg. The effect of exogenous GSH on Hg specific tolerance was also evident in the presence of other heavy metals, such as Cd, Cu, and Zn, together with Hg. GSH treatment significantly decreased H2O2 and O2- levels and lipid peroxidation, but increased chlorophyll content in the presence of Hg. Importantly, GSH treatment resulted in significantly less accumulation of Hg in Arabidopsis plants, and thin layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that GSH had much stronger binding affinity to Hg than to Cd, Cu, or Zn, suggesting that tight binding of GSH to Hg impedes Hg uptake, leading to low Hg accumulation in plant cells. Collectively, the present findings reveal that GSH is a potent molecule capable of conferring Hg tolerance by inhibiting Hg accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ok Kim
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hunseung Kang, Yeon-Ok Kim,
| | - Hyeun-Jong Bae
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Cho
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
| | - Hunseung Kang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hunseung Kang, Yeon-Ok Kim,
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Chandrakar V, Naithani SC, Keshavkant S. Arsenic-induced metabolic disturbances and their mitigation mechanisms in crop plants: A review. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yamaguchi C, Takimoto Y, Ohkama-Ohtsu N, Hokura A, Shinano T, Nakamura T, Suyama A, Maruyama-Nakashita A. Effects of Cadmium Treatment on the Uptake and Translocation of Sulfate in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2353-2366. [PMID: 27590710 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic and non-essential element for plants, whereas phytochelatins and glutathione are low-molecular-weight sulfur compounds that function as chelators and play important roles in detoxification. Cadmium exposure is known to induce the expression of sulfur-assimilating enzymes and sulfate uptake by roots. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Cd-induced changes remains largely unknown. Accordingly, we analyzed the effects of Cd treatment on the uptake and translocation of sulfate and accumulation of thiols in Arabidopsis thaliana Both wild type (WT) and null mutant (sel1-10 and sel1-18) plants of the sulfate transporter SULTR1;2 exhibited growth inhibition when treated with CdCl2 However, the mutant plants exhibited a lower growth rate and lower Cd accumulation. Cadmium treatment also upregulated the transcription of SULTR1;2 and sulfate uptake activity in WT plants, but not in mutant plants. In addition, the sulfate, phytochelatin and total sulfur contents were preferentially accumulated in the shoots of both WT and mutant plants treated with CdCl2, and sulfur K-edge XANES spectra suggested that sulfate was the main compound responsible for the increased sulfur content in the shoots of CdCl2-treated plants. Our results demonstrate that Cd-induced sulfate uptake depends on SULTR1;2 activity, and that CdCl2 treatment greatly shifts the distribution of sulfate to shoots, increases the sulfate concentration of xylem sap and upregulates the expression of SULTRs involved in root-to-shoot sulfate transport. Therefore, we conclude that root-to-shoot sulfate transport is stimulated by Cd and suggest that the uptake and translocation of sulfate in CdCl2-treated plants are enhanced by demand-driven regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuki Takimoto
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-town, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Akiko Hokura
- Department of Green and Sustainable Chemistry School of Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, 5 Senju-Asahicho, Adachi, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan
| | - Takuro Shinano
- NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, 062-8555, Japan
- Present address: Agricultural Radiation Research Center, NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, 50 Aza-Harajyukuminami, Arai, Fukushima, 210-2156
| | - Toshiki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Akiko Suyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-town, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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Hasan MK, Liu C, Wang F, Ahammed GJ, Zhou J, Xu MX, Yu JQ, Xia XJ. Glutathione-mediated regulation of nitric oxide, S-nitrosothiol and redox homeostasis confers cadmium tolerance by inducing transcription factors and stress response genes in tomato. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:536-545. [PMID: 27472435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays a critical role in plant growth, development and responses to stress. However, the mechanism by which GSH regulates tolerance to cadmium (Cd) stress still remains unclear. Here we show that inhibition of GSH biosynthesis by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) aggravated Cd toxicity by increasing accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing contents of nitric oxide (NO) and S-nitrosothiol (SNO) in tomato roots. In contrast, exogenous GSH alleviated Cd toxicity by substantially minimizing ROS accumulation and increasing contents of NO and SNO, and activities of antioxidant enzymes that eventually reduced oxidative stress. GSH-induced enhancement in Cd tolerance was closely associated with the upregulation of transcripts of several transcription factors such as ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 (ERF1), ERF2, MYB1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR- AIM1 and R2R3-MYB TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR- AN2, and some stress response genes. In addition, GSH modulated the cellular redox balance through maintaining increased GSH: GSSG and AsA: DHA ratios, and also increased phytochelatins contents. Nonetheless, GSH-induced alleviation of Cd phytotoxicity was also associated with increased sequestration of Cd into cell walls and vacuoles but not with Cd accumulation. Under Cd stress, while treatment with BSO slightly decreased vacuolar fraction of Cd, combined treatment with BSO and GSH noticeably increased that fraction. Our results suggest that GSH increases tomato tolerance to Cd stress not only by promoting the chelation and sequestration of Cd but also by stimulating NO, SNO and the antioxidant system through a redox-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Fanan Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ming-Xing Xu
- Geological Research Center for Agricultural Applications, China Geological Survey, Xiaojin Road 508, Hangzhou 311203, PR China; Zhejiang Institute of Geological Survey, Xiaojin Road 508, Hangzhou 311203, PR China.
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Ma C, Chhikara S, Minocha R, Long S, Musante C, White JC, Xing B, Dhankher OP. Reduced Silver Nanoparticle Phytotoxicity in Crambe abyssinica with Enhanced Glutathione Production by Overexpressing Bacterial γ-Glutamylcysteine Synthase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10117-10126. [PMID: 26186015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are widely used in consumer products, and their release has raised serious concerns about the risk of their exposure to the environment and to human health. However, biochemical mechanisms by which plants counteract NP toxicity are largely unknown. We have previously engineered Crambe abyssinica plants expressing the bacterial γ-glutamylecysteine synthase (γ-ECS) for enhancing glutathione (GSH) levels. In this study, we investigated if enhanced levels of GSH and its derivatives can protect plants from Ag NPs and AgNO3 (Ag(+) ions). Our results showed that transgenic lines, when exposed to Ag NPs and Ag(+) ions, were significantly more tolerant, attaining a 28%-46% higher biomass and 34-49% more chlorophyll content, as well as maintaining 35-46% higher transpiration rates as compared to those of wild type (WT) plants. Transgenic γ-ECS lines showed 2-6-fold Ag accumulation in shoot tissue and slightly lower or no difference in root tissue relative to levels in WT plants. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in γ-ECS lines were also 27.3-32.5% lower than those in WT Crambe. These results indicate that GSH and related peptides protect plants from Ag nanotoxicity. To our knowledge, this is the first direct report of Ag NP detoxification by GSH in transgenic plants, and these results will be highly useful in developing strategies to counteract the phytotoxicty of metal-based nanoparticles in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Ma
- †Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Sudesh Chhikara
- †Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Rakesh Minocha
- ‡USDA Forest Service, NRS, 271 Mast Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Stephanie Long
- ‡USDA Forest Service, NRS, 271 Mast Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Craig Musante
- §Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Jason C White
- §Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Baoshan Xing
- †Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- †Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Ma C, White JC, Dhankher OP, Xing B. Metal-based nanotoxicity and detoxification pathways in higher plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7109-22. [PMID: 25974388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The potential risks from metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment have increased with the rapidly rising demand for and use of nanoenabled consumer products. Plant's central roles in ecosystem function and food chain integrity ensure intimate contact with water and soil systems, both of which are considered sinks for NPs accumulation. In this review, we document phytotoxicity caused by metal-based NPs exposure at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Although the exact mechanisms of plant defense against nanotoxicity are unclear, several relevant studies have been recently published. Possible detoxification pathways that might enable plant resistance to oxidative stress and facilitate NPs detoxification are reviewed herein. Given the importance of understanding the effects and implications of metal-based NPs on plants, future research should focus on the following: (1) addressing key knowledge gaps in understanding molecular and biochemical responses of plants to NPs stress through global transcriptome, proteome, and metablome assays; (2) designing long-term experiments under field conditions at realistic exposure concentrations to investigate the impact of metal-based NPs on edible crops and the resulting implications to the food chain and to human health; and (3) establishing an impact assessment to evaluate the effects of metal-based NPs on plants with regard to ecosystem structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Ma
- †Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jason C White
- ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- †Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Baoshan Xing
- †Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Anjum NA, Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, Thangavel P, Roychoudhury A, Gill SS, Rodrigo MAM, Adam V, Fujita M, Kizek R, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Ahmad I. Jacks of metal/metalloid chelation trade in plants-an overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:192. [PMID: 25883598 PMCID: PMC4382971 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Varied environmental compartments including soils are being contaminated by a myriad toxic metal(loid)s (hereafter termed as "metal/s") mainly through anthropogenic activities. These metals may contaminate food chain and bring irreparable consequences in human. Plant-based approach (phytoremediation) stands second to none among bioremediation technologies meant for sustainable cleanup of soils/sites with metal-contamination. In turn, the capacity of plants to tolerate potential consequences caused by the extracted/accumulated metals decides the effectiveness and success of phytoremediation system. Chelation is among the potential mechanisms that largely govern metal-tolerance in plant cells by maintaining low concentrations of free metals in cytoplasm. Metal-chelation can be performed by compounds of both thiol origin (such as GSH, glutathione; PCs, phytochelatins; MTs, metallothioneins) and non-thiol origin (such as histidine, nicotianamine, organic acids). This paper presents an appraisal of recent reports on both thiol and non-thiol compounds in an effort to shed light on the significance of these compounds in plant-metal tolerance, as well as to provide scientific clues for the advancement of metal-phytoextraction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A. Anjum
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural UniversityDhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A. Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Palaniswamy Thangavel
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Periyar UniversitySalem, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous)Kolkata, India
| | - Sarvajeet S. Gill
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
| | - Miguel A. Merlos Rodrigo
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa UniversityMiki-cho, Japan
| | - Rene Kizek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Armando C. Duarte
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
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Kumar S, Dubey RS, Tripathi RD, Chakrabarty D, Trivedi PK. Omics and biotechnology of arsenic stress and detoxification in plants: current updates and prospective. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:221-30. [PMID: 25454239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As), a naturally occurring metallic element, is a dreadful health hazard to millions of people across the globe. Arsenic is present in low amount in the environment and originates from anthropogenic impact and geogenic sources. The presence of As in groundwater used for irrigation is a worldwide problem as it affects crop productivity, accumulates to different tissues and contaminates food chain. The consumption of As contaminated water or food products leads to several diseases and even death. Recently, studies have been carried out to explore the biochemical and molecular mechanisms which contribute to As toxicity, accumulation, detoxification and tolerance acquisition in plants. This information has led to the development of the biotechnological tools for developing plants with modulated As tolerance and detoxification to safeguard cellular and genetic integrity as well as to minimize food chain contamination. This review aims to provide current updates about the biochemical and molecular networks involved in As uptake by plants and the recent developments in the area of functional genomics in terms of developing As tolerant and low As accumulating plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kumar
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rama Shanker Dubey
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rudra Deo Tripathi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Debasis Chakrabarty
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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Gupta M, Ahmad MA. Arsenate induced differential response in rice genotypes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 107:46-54. [PMID: 24905696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To study the differential response in two rice genotypes (PB1 and IR-64), hydroponically grown 14 days old plants were exposed to 50, 150 and 300µM As(V) for 24 and 96h. Accumulation of As was not significantly higher in PB1 variety except at higher concentration (300μM) and duration (96h), but up regulation of gene transcripts were higher as compared to IR-64. Inhibition in seed germination, root-shoot length, chlorophyll and protein content was observed in both varieties with increasing concentration and exposure time. PB1 variety was found more capable to detoxify As(V) through induction of antioxidant defense system and other stress related parameters (cysteine, proline content). SDS-PAGE and semi quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed significant changes in protein profile and gene expression analysis. The results suggests that various studied parameters and transcripts accumulation showed a combinatorial type of tolerance mechanism in PB1 variety to provide better protection against As(V) stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meetu Gupta
- Ecotoxicogenomics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India.
| | - Mohd Anwar Ahmad
- Ecotoxicogenomics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
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Zhao C, Xu J, Li Q, Li S, Wang P, Xiang F. Cloning and characterization of a Phragmites australis phytochelatin synthase (PaPCS) and achieving Cd tolerance in tall fescue. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103771. [PMID: 25133575 PMCID: PMC4136729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of phytochelatins (PCs) provides an important means for plants to achieve tolerance to cadmium (Cd) toxicity. A reed gene encoding PC synthase (PaPCS) was isolated and its function tested through its heterologous expression in a strain of yeast sensitive to Cd. Subsequently, the Cd sensitive and high biomass accumulating species tall fescue was transformed either with PaPCS or PaGCS (a glutamyl cysteine synthetase gene of reed) on their own (single transformants), or with both genes together in the same transgene cassette (double transformant). The single and double transformants showed greater Cd tolerance and accumulated more Cd and PC than wild type plants, and their Cd leaf/root ratio content was higher. The ranking in terms of Cd and PC content for the various transgenic lines was double transformants>PaGCS single transformants>PaPCS single transformants>wild type. Thus PaGCS appears to exert a greater influence than PaPCS over PC synthesis and Cd tolerance/accumulation. The double transformant has interesting potential for phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhu Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuo Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fengning Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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Kühnlenz T, Schmidt H, Uraguchi S, Clemens S. Arabidopsis thaliana phytochelatin synthase 2 is constitutively active in vivo and can rescue the growth defect of the PCS1-deficient cad1-3 mutant on Cd-contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4241-53. [PMID: 24821959 PMCID: PMC4112630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatins play a key role in the detoxification of metals in plants and many other eukaryotes. Their formation is catalysed by phytochelatin synthases (PCS) in the presence of metal excess. It appears to be common among higher plants to possess two PCS genes, even though in Arabidopsis thaliana only AtPCS1 has been demonstrated to confer metal tolerance. Employing a highly sensitive quantification method based on ultraperformance electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we detected AtPCS2-dependent phytochelatin formation. Overexpression of AtPCS2 resulted in constitutive phytochelatin accumulation, i.e. in the absence of metal excess, both in planta and in a heterologous system. This indicates distinct enzymatic differences between AtPCS1 and AtPCS2. Furthermore, AtPCS2 was able to partially rescue the Cd hypersensitivity of the AtPCS1-deficient cad1-3 mutant in a liquid seedling assay, and, more importantly, when plants were grown on soil spiked with Cd to a level that is close to what can be found in agricultural soils. No rescue was found in vertical-plate assays, the most commonly used method to assess metal tolerance. Constitutive AtPCS2-dependent phytochelatin synthesis suggests a physiological role of AtPCS2 other than metal detoxification. The differences observed between wild-type plants and cad1-3 on Cd soil demonstrated: (i) the essentiality of phytochelatin synthesis for tolerating levels of Cd contamination that can naturally be encountered by plants outside of metal-rich habitats, and (ii) a contribution to Cd accumulation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kühnlenz
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmidt
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Shimpei Uraguchi
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Lancilli C, Giacomini B, Lucchini G, Davidian JC, Cocucci M, Sacchi GA, Nocito FF. Cadmium exposure and sulfate limitation reveal differences in the transcriptional control of three sulfate transporter (Sultr1;2) genes in Brassica juncea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:132. [PMID: 24884748 PMCID: PMC4049391 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) exposure and sulfate limitation induce root sulfate uptake to meet the metabolic demand for reduced sulfur. Although these responses are well studied, some aspects are still an object of debate, since little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which changes in sulfate availability and sulfur metabolic demand are perceived and transduced into changes in the expression of the high-affinity sulfate transporters of the roots. The analysis of the natural variation occurring in species with complex and highly redundant genome could provide precious information to better understand the topic, because of the possible retention of mutations in the sulfate transporter genes. RESULTS The analysis of plant sulfur nutritional status and root sulfate uptake performed on plants of Brassica juncea - a naturally occurring allotetraploid species - grown either under Cd exposure or sulfate limitation showed that both these conditions increased root sulfate uptake capacity but they caused quite dissimilar nutritional states, as indicated by changes in the levels of nonprotein thiols, glutathione and sulfate of both roots and shoots. Such behaviors were related to the general accumulation of the transcripts of the transporters involved in root sulfate uptake (BjSultr1;1 and BjSultr1;2). However, a deeper analysis of the expression patterns of three redundant, fully functional, and simultaneously expressed Sultr1;2 forms (BjSultr1;2a, BjSultr1;2b, BjSultr1;2c) revealed that sulfate limitation induced the expression of all the variants, whilst BjSultr1;2b and BjSultr1;2c only seemed to have the capacity to respond to Cd. CONCLUSIONS A novel method to estimate the apparent kM for sulfate, avoiding the use of radiotracers, revealed that BjSultr1;1 and BjSultr1;2a/b/c are fully functional high-affinity sulfate transporters. The different behavior of the three BjSultr1;2 variants following Cd exposure or sulfate limitation suggests the existence of at least two distinct signal transduction pathways controlling root sulfate uptake in dissimilar nutritional and metabolic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Lancilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Giacomini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Lucchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jean-Claude Davidian
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité mixte de recherche, Montpellier SupAgro (Département Biologie et Ecologie), INRA, CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, 34060 Montpelliercedex 2, France
| | - Maurizio Cocucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gian Attilio Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Francesco Nocito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Álvarez-Fernández A, Díaz-Benito P, Abadía A, López-Millán AF, Abadía J. Metal species involved in long distance metal transport in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:105. [PMID: 24723928 PMCID: PMC3971170 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms plants use to transport metals from roots to shoots are not completely understood. It has long been proposed that organic molecules participate in metal translocation within the plant. However, until recently the identity of the complexes involved in the long-distance transport of metals could only be inferred by using indirect methods, such as analyzing separately the concentrations of metals and putative ligands and then using in silico chemical speciation software to predict metal species. Molecular biology approaches also have provided a breadth of information about putative metal ligands and metal complexes occurring in plant fluids. The new advances in analytical techniques based on mass spectrometry and the increased use of synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy have allowed for the identification of some metal-ligand species in plant fluids such as the xylem and phloem saps. Also, some proteins present in plant fluids can bind metals and a few studies have explored this possibility. This study reviews the analytical challenges researchers have to face to understand long-distance metal transport in plants as well as the recent advances in the identification of the ligand and metal-ligand complexes in plant fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Javier Abadía
- Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station (CSIC)Zaragoza, Spain
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36
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Rahman S, Kim KH, Saha SK, Swaraz AM, Paul DK. Review of remediation techniques for arsenic (As) contamination: a novel approach utilizing bio-organisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 134:175-85. [PMID: 24509286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination has recently become a worldwide problem, as it is found to be widespread not only in drinking water but also in various foodstuffs. Because of the high toxicity, As contamination poses a serious risk to human health and ecological system. To cope with this problem, a great deal of effort have been made to account for the mechanisms of As mineral formation and accumulation by some plants and aquatic organisms exposed to the high level of As. Hence, bio-remediation is now considered an effective and potent approach to breakdown As contamination. In this review, we provide up-to-date knowledge on how biological tools (such as plants for phytoremediation and to some extent microorganisms) can be used to help resolve the effects of As problems on the Earth's environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahedur Rahman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Swaraz
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Dipak Kumar Paul
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
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Lim B, Pasternak M, Meyer AJ, Cobbett CS. Restricting glutamylcysteine synthetase activity to the cytosol or glutathione biosynthesis to the plastid is sufficient for normal plant development and stress tolerance. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:58-67. [PMID: 23691990 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is an important metabolite with a broad spectrum of functions, and its homeostasis is essential to maintain cellular redox poise and effective responses to stress in plants. In Arabidopsis GSH is synthesised in two successive enzymatic steps by γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1), localised exclusively in plastids, forming the pathway intermediate γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC), and then by glutathione synthetase (GSH2), which is located in both plastids and cytosol. This suggests a mechanism for γ-EC export from the plastids and, because the majority of GSH2 transcripts (90%) encode the cytosolic isoform, it is speculated that the cytosol may be the main compartment for GSH biosynthesis. With the availability of knockout lethal mutants of GSH1 and GSH2 in Arabidopsis, we were able to manipulate the GSH biosynthetic pathway within cells through transgenic techniques. We successfully complemented the gsh1 and gsh2 null mutants with a cytosol-targeted bacterial EcGSHA and plastid-targeted Arabidopsis GSH2 protein, respectively, to wild-type phenotypes. These transgenics were little affected under heavy metal (cadmium) or oxidative stress (H2 O2 ) when compared to the wild type. Collectively, our data show that redirecting GSH1 activity exclusively to the cytosol or restricting GSH biosynthesis to the plastids has no significant impact on development or stress resistance, suggesting efficient exchange of γ-EC and GSH between the plastid and cytosol compartments within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lim
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - M Pasternak
- BASF SE, APR/HE - LI470, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - A J Meyer
- University of Bonn, INRES - Chemical Signaling, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - C S Cobbett
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Shukla D, Kesari R, Tiwari M, Dwivedi S, Tripathi RD, Nath P, Trivedi PK. Expression of Ceratophyllum demersum phytochelatin synthase, CdPCS1, in Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis enhances heavy metal(loid)s accumulation. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:1263-72. [PMID: 23702817 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0508-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) gene encoding key enzyme for heavy metal detoxification and accumulation has been characterised from different sources and used to develop a technology for bioremediation. Past efforts provided limited success and contradictory results. Therefore, functional characterisation of PCS gene from new sources into different target systems is considered as an important task in the area of bioremediation. Earlier, we isolated and functionally characterised PCS gene from an aquatic macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum L., a metal accumulator aquatic plant. Expression of this gene, CdPCS1, in tobacco enhanced PC synthesis and metal accumulation of transgenic tobacco plants. In the present study, we have expressed CdPCS1 in more diverse systems, Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis, and studied growth and metal accumulation of transgenic organisms. The expression of CdPCS1 in E. coli offered tolerance against cadmium as well as higher accumulation accompanied with PCS1 activity. The expression of CdPCS1 in Arabidopsis showed a significant enhanced accumulation of heavy metal(loid)s in aerial parts without significant difference in growth parameters in comparison to wild-type Arabidopsis plants. Our study suggests that CdPCS1 can be utilised for enhancing bioremediation potential of different organisms using biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Shukla
- National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
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Adams E, Abdollahi P, Shin R. Cesium Inhibits Plant Growth through Jasmonate Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4545-59. [PMID: 23439557 PMCID: PMC3634425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14034545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that cesium is absorbed from the soil through potassium uptake machineries in plants; however, not much is known about perception mechanism and downstream response. Here, we report that the jasmonate pathway is required in plant response to cesium. Jasmonate biosynthesis mutant aos and jasmonate-insensitive mutant coi1-16 show clear resistance to root growth inhibition caused by cesium. However, the potassium and cesium contents in these mutants are comparable to wild-type plants, indicating that jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling are not involved in cesium uptake, but involved in cesium perception. Cesium induces expression of a high-affinity potassium transporter gene HAK5 and reduces potassium content in the plant body, suggesting a competitive nature of potassium and cesium uptake in plants. It has also been found that cesium-induced HAK5 expression is antagonized by exogenous application of methyl-jasmonate. Taken together, it has been indicated that cesium inhibits plant growth via induction of the jasmonate pathway and likely modifies potassium uptake machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Adams
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (E.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Parisa Abdollahi
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (E.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Ryoung Shin
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (E.A.); (P.A.)
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40
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Schnaubelt D, Schulz P, Hannah MA, Yocgo RE, Foyer CH. A phenomics approach to the analysis of the influence of glutathione on leaf area and abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:416. [PMID: 24204368 PMCID: PMC3817356 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reduced glutathione (GSH) is an abundant low molecular weight plant thiol. It fulfills multiple functions in plant biology, many of which remain poorly characterized. A phenomics approach was therefore used to investigate the effects of glutathione homeostasis on growth and stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Rosette leaf area was compared in mutants that are either defective in GSH synthesis (cad2, pad2, and rax1) or the export of γ-glutamylcysteine and GSH from the chloroplast (clt) and in wild-type plants under standard growth conditions and following exposure to a range of abiotic stress treatments, including oxidative stress, water stress, and high salt. In the absence of stress, the GSH synthesis mutants had a significantly lower leaf area than the wild type. Conversely, the clt mutant has a greater leaf area and a significantly reduced lateral root density than the wild type. These findings demonstrate that cellular glutathione homeostasis exerts an influence on root architecture and on rosette area. An impaired capacity to synthesize GSH or a specific depletion of the cytosolic GSH pool did not adversely affect leaf area in plants exposed to short-term abiotic stress. However, the negative effects of long-term exposure to oxidative stress and high salt on leaf area were less marked in the GSH synthesis mutants than the wild type. These findings demonstrate the importance of cellular glutathione homeostasis in the regulation of plant growth under optimal and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schnaubelt
- Centre of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | | | | | - Rosita E. Yocgo
- Centre of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
- Botany Department, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- Centre of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
- *Correspondence: Christine H. Foyer, Centre of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK e-mail:
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Prado C, Pagano E, Prado F, Rosa M. Detoxification of Cr(VI) in Salvinia minima is related to seasonal-induced changes of thiols, phenolics and antioxidative enzymes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 239-240:355-361. [PMID: 23022414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, protein- and non-protein-thiol-containing compounds (THCC), soluble phenolics (SP), proline (Pro), proteins and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and antioxidative enzyme activities were analyzed in floating and submerged leaves of Salvinia minima to establish their role against Cr-induced oxidative stress. We analyzed relationships among biochemical responses to different Cr(VI) concentrations to explore underlying mechanisms of Cr detoxification in plants growing under field conditions during summer and winter seasons. Significant increases in THCC were observed in submerged leaves from both seasons, while in floating leaves THCC increased only in summer being decreased in winter. Contrarily SP increased in floating leaves and decreased in submerged ones. MDA increased significantly in winter-leaves, but in summer-leaves remained unchanged. Antioxidative enzymes, i.e. guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) showed different activity patterns. G-POD significantly increased in Cr-treated leaves from both seasons, while SOD increased in submerged leaves only, remaining practically unchanged in floating ones. CAT activity increased in floating leaves from both seasons, whereas in submerged ones was decreased or increased. Proteins increased in both leaf types during summer whereas decreased or remained unchanged in winter. Pro increased in winter-submerged leaves only. Results show that seasonal-induced changes occur in all measured parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Prado
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, CP 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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LeBlanc MS, McKinney EC, Meagher RB, Smith AP. Hijacking membrane transporters for arsenic phytoextraction. J Biotechnol 2012; 163:1-9. [PMID: 23108027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid and recognized carcinogen. Arsenate and arsenite are the most common arsenic species available for uptake by plants. As an inorganic phosphate (Pi) analog, arsenate is acquired by plant roots through endogenous Pi transport systems. Inside the cell, arsenate is reduced to the thiol-reactive form arsenite. Glutathione (GSH)-conjugates of arsenite may be extruded from the cell or sequestered in vacuoles by members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transporters. In the present study we sought to enhance both plant arsenic uptake through Pi transporter overexpression, and plant arsenic tolerance through ABC transporter overexpression. We demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing the high-affinity Pi transporter family members, AtPht1;1 or AtPht1;7, are hypersensitive to arsenate due to increased arsenate uptake. These plants do not exhibit increased sensitivity to arsenite. Co-overexpression of the yeast ABC transporter YCF1 in combination with AtPht1;1 or AtPht1;7 suppresses the arsenate-sensitive phenotype while further enhancing arsenic uptake. Taken together, our results support an arsenic transport mechanism in which arsenate uptake is increased through Pi transporter overexpression, and arsenic tolerance is enhanced through YCF1-mediated vacuolar sequestration. This work substantiates the viability of coupling enhanced uptake and vacuolar sequestration as a means for developing a prototypical engineered arsenic hyperaccumulator.
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Yoshimatsu K, Kawano N, Kawahara N, Akiyama H, Teshima R, Nishijima M. [Current status in the commercialization and application of genetically modified plants and their effects on human and livestock health and phytoremediation]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2012; 132:629-74. [PMID: 22687699 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.132.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Developments in the use of genetically modified plants for human and livestock health and phytoremediation were surveyed using information retrieved from Entrez PubMed, Chemical Abstracts Service, Google, congress abstracts and proceedings of related scientific societies, scientific journals, etc. Information obtained was classified into 8 categories according to the research objective and the usage of the transgenic plants as 1: nutraceuticals (functional foods), 2: oral vaccines, 3: edible curatives, 4: vaccine antigens, 5: therapeutic antibodies, 6: curatives, 7: diagnostic agents and reagents, and 8: phytoremediation. In total, 405 cases were collected from 2006 to 2010. The numbers of cases were 120 for nutraceuticals, 65 for oral vaccines, 25 for edible curatives, 36 for vaccine antigens, 36 for therapeutic antibodies, 76 for curatives, 15 for diagnostic agents and reagents, and 40 for phytoremediation (sum of each cases was 413 because some reports were related to several categories). Nutraceuticals, oral vaccines and curatives were predominant. The most frequently used edible crop was rice (51 cases), and tomato (28 cases), lettuce (22 cases), potato (18 cases), corn (15 cases) followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Yoshimatsu
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Japan.
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44
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Srivastava S, Suprasanna P, D'Souza SF. Mechanisms of arsenic tolerance and detoxification in plants and their application in transgenic technology: a critical appraisal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2012; 14:506-17. [PMID: 22567728 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2011.604690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination of the environment has emerged as a serious problem. Consequently, there is an urge to understand plants' responses to As. The analysis of various hypertolerant and hyperaccumulator plants and comparison of their responses with non-tolerant and nonaccumulators have provided valuable information about the mechanisms of As tolerance and detoxification. Therefore, we understand why most of the pteridophytes are able to hyperacumulate As, why it is difficult to find hyperaccumulators among angiosperms and why rice is able to translocate As to its grains more efficiently than any other cereal crop. This information can be employed to generate As hyperaccumulators in angiosperms and to develop safe cultivars of rice for human consumption through biotechnological approaches. Although measurable success, in terms of application in the field, has so far not been achieved, transgenic research has yielded promising results, which shed light on the approaches to be taken up in future endeavor. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of As tolerance and detoxification in plants and transgenic research conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India.
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45
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Molecular mechanistic model of plant heavy metal tolerance. Biometals 2012; 25:489-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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46
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Herschbach C, Gessler A, Rennenberg H. Long-Distance Transport and Plant Internal Cycling of N- and S-Compounds. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22746-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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47
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Biochemical and Functional Responses of Arabidopsis thaliana Exposed to Cadmium, Copper and Zinc. THE PLANT FAMILY BRASSICACEAE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-3913-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Mendoza-Cózatl DG, Jobe TO, Hauser F, Schroeder JI. Long-distance transport, vacuolar sequestration, tolerance, and transcriptional responses induced by cadmium and arsenic. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:554-62. [PMID: 21820943 PMCID: PMC3191310 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron, zinc, copper and manganese are essential metals for cellular enzyme functions while cadmium, mercury and the metalloid arsenic lack any biological function. Both, essential metals, at high concentrations, and non-essential metals and metalloids are extremely reactive and toxic. Therefore, plants have acquired specialized mechanisms to sense, transport and maintain essential metals within physiological concentrations and to detoxify non-essential metals and metalloids. This review focuses on the recent identification of transporters that sequester cadmium and arsenic in vacuoles and the mechanisms mediating the partitioning of these metal(loid)s between roots and shoots. We further discuss recent models of phloem-mediated long-distance transport, seed accumulation of Cd and As and recent data demonstrating that plants posses a defined transcriptional response that allow plants to preserve metal homeostasis. This research is instrumental for future engineering of reduced toxic metal(loid) accumulation in edible crop tissues as well as for improved phytoremediation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Corresponding author, Julian I. Schroeder, Ph D, University of California, San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA., +1 858 534-7759 (phone), +1 858 534-7108 (fax),
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Zhang Y, Liu J. Transgenic alfalfa plants co-expressing glutathione S-transferase (GST) and human CYP2E1 show enhanced resistance to mixed contaminates of heavy metals and organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 189:357-362. [PMID: 21411224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic alfalfa plants simultaneously expressing human CYP2E1 and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were generated from hypocotyl segments by the use of an Agrobacterium transformation system for the phytoremediation of the mixed contaminated soil with heavy metals and organic pollutants. The transgenic alfalfa plants were screened by a combination of kanamycin resistance, PCR, GST and CYP2E1 activity and Western blot analysis. The capabilities of mixed contaminants (heavy metals-organic compounds) resistance of pKHCG transgenic alfalfa plants became markedly increased compared with the transgenic alfalfa plants expressing single gene (GST or CYP2E1) and the non-transgenic control plants. The pKHCG alfalfa plants exhibited strong resistance towards the mixtures of cadmium (Cd) and trichloroethylene (TCE) that were metabolized by the introduced GST and CYP2E1 in combination. Our results show that the pKHCG transgenic alfalfa plants have good potential for phytoremediation because they have cross-tolerance towards the complex contaminants of heavy metals and organic pollutants. Therefore, these transgenic alfalfa plants co-expressing GST and human P450 CDNAs may have a great potential for phytoremediation of mixed environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, PO Box 70, Qingdao 266042, China
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Bashandy T, Meyer Y, Reichheld JP. Redox regulation of auxin signaling and plant development in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:117-119. [PMID: 21422826 PMCID: PMC3122021 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.1.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (NTR/TRX) and glutathione (GSH/GRX) are the two major systems which play a key role in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. They are essential for plant development, cell division or the response to environmental stresses. In a recent article, we studied the interplay between the NADP-linked thioredoxin and glutathione systems in auxin signaling genetically, by associating TRX reductase (ntra ntrb) and glutathione biosynthesis (cad2) mutations. We show that these two thiol reduction pathways interfere with developmental processes. This occurs through modulation of auxin activity as shown by genetic analyses of loss of function mutations in a triple ntra ntrb cad2 mutant. The triple mutant develops almost normally at the rosette stage but fails to generate lateral organs from the inflorescence meristem, producing almost naked stems that are reminiscent of mutants affected in PAT (polar auxin transport) or biosynthesis. The triple mutant exhibits other defects in processes regulated by auxin, including a loss of apical dominance, vasculature defects and reduced secondary root production. Furthermore, it has lower auxin (IAA) levels and decreased capacity for PAT, suggesting that the NTR and glutathione pathways influence inflorescence meristem development through regulation of auxin transport and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talaat Bashandy
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan, UMR CNRS-IRD-UPVD 5096, Perpignan, France
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