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Bigini V, Sillo F, Giulietti S, Pontiggia D, Giovannini L, Balestrini R, Savatin DV. Oligogalacturonide application increases resistance to Fusarium head blight in durum wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3070-3091. [PMID: 38334507 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Fusariosis causes substantial yield losses in the wheat crop worldwide and compromises food safety because of the presence of toxins associated with the fungal disease. Among the current approaches to crop protection, the use of elicitors able to activate natural defense mechanisms in plants is a strategy gaining increasing attention. Several studies indicate that applications of plant cell-wall-derived elicitors, such as oligogalacturonides (OGs) derived from partial degradation of pectin, induce local and systemic resistance against plant pathogens. The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy of OGs in protecting durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum), which is characterized by an extreme susceptibility to Fusarium graminearum. To evaluate the functionality of OGs, spikes and seedlings of cv. Svevo were inoculated with OGs, F. graminearum spores, and a co-treatment of both. Results demonstrated that OGs are active elicitors of wheat defenses, triggering typical immune marker genes and determining regulation of fungal genes. Moreover, bioassays on spikes and transcriptomic analyses on seedlings showed that OGs can regulate relevant physiological processes in Svevo with dose-dependent specificity. Thus, the OG sensing system plays an important role in fine tuning immune signaling pathways in durum wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bigini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Sarah Giulietti
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Biology and biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Ple Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Ple Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, Ple Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Giovannini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Molina A, Jordá L, Torres MÁ, Martín-Dacal M, Berlanga DJ, Fernández-Calvo P, Gómez-Rubio E, Martín-Santamaría S. Plant cell wall-mediated disease resistance: Current understanding and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:699-724. [PMID: 38594902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Beyond their function as structural barriers, plant cell walls are essential elements for the adaptation of plants to environmental conditions. Cell walls are dynamic structures whose composition and integrity can be altered in response to environmental challenges and developmental cues. These wall changes are perceived by plant sensors/receptors to trigger adaptative responses during development and upon stress perception. Plant cell wall damage caused by pathogen infection, wounding, or other stresses leads to the release of wall molecules, such as carbohydrates (glycans), that function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are perceived by the extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disease resistance. Similarly, glycans released from the walls and extracellular layers of microorganisms interacting with plants are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by specific ECD-PRRs triggering PTI responses. The number of oligosaccharides DAMPs/MAMPs identified that are perceived by plants has increased in recent years. However, the structural mechanisms underlying glycan recognition by plant PRRs remain limited. Currently, this knowledge is mainly focused on receptors of the LysM-PRR family, which are involved in the perception of various molecules, such as chitooligosaccharides from fungi and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (i.e., Nod/MYC factors from bacteria and mycorrhiza, respectively) that trigger differential physiological responses. Nevertheless, additional families of plant PRRs have recently been implicated in oligosaccharide/polysaccharide recognition. These include receptor kinases (RKs) with leucine-rich repeat and Malectin domains in their ECDs (LRR-MAL RKs), Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE group (CrRLK1L) with Malectin-like domains in their ECDs, as well as wall-associated kinases, lectin-RKs, and LRR-extensins. The characterization of structural basis of glycans recognition by these new plant receptors will shed light on their similarities with those of mammalians involved in glycan perception. The gained knowledge holds the potential to facilitate the development of sustainable, glycan-based crop protection solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martín-Dacal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Gómez-Rubio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Song N, Wu J. NaWRKY70 is a key regulator of Nicotiana attenuata resistance to Alternaria alternata through regulation of phytohormones and phytoalexins biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1289-1306. [PMID: 38426573 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Jasmonate (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) are two major phytohormones involved in pathogen resistance. However, how their biosynthesis is regulated is not well understood. We silenced NaWRKY70 in wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata and determined its role in regulating genes involved in the production of JA, ABA and the phytoalexin capsidiol in response to the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata using techniques including electrophoretic mobility shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation, transient overexpression and virus-induced gene silencing. Silencing NaWRKY70 dramatically reduced both basal and A. alternata-induced jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and ABA. Further evidence showed that NaWRKY70 directly binds to the W-boxes of the promoters of NaAOS and NaJAR4 (JA biosynthesis), NaNCED1 and NaXD1-like (ABA biosynthesis), and NaMPK4 (ABA signaling) to activate their expression, while binding but repressing the expression of NaCYP707A4-like3 (ABA degradation). Additionally, NaWRKY70 regulates capsidiol production through its key enzyme genes NaEASs and NaEAHs, and interacts with its regulator NaERF2-like to enhance their expression, whereas ABA negatively regulates capsidiol biosynthesis. Our results highlight the key role of NaWRKY70 in controlling both JA-Ile and ABA production, as well as capsidiol production, thus providing new insight into the defense mechanism of plant resistance to A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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Song N, Wu J. Synergistic induction of phytoalexins in Nicotiana attenuata by jasmonate and ethylene signaling mediated by NaWRKY70. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1063-1080. [PMID: 37870145 PMCID: PMC10837013 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Production of the phytoalexins scopoletin and scopolin is regulated by jasmonate (JA) and ethylene signaling in Nicotiana species in response to Alternaria alternata, the necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes brown spot disease. However, how these two signaling pathways are coordinated to control this process remains unclear. In this study, we found that the levels of these two phytoalexins and transcripts of their key enzyme gene, feruloyl-CoA 6'-hydroxylase 1 (NaF6'H1), were synergistically induced in Nicotiana attenuata by co-treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethephon. By combination of RNA sequencing and virus-induced gene silencing, we identified a WRKY transcription factor, NaWRKY70, which had a similar expression pattern to NaF6'H1 and was responsible for A. alternata-induced NaF6'H1 expression. Further evidence from stable transformed plants with RNA interference, knock out and overexpression of NaWRKY70 demonstrated that it is a key player in the synergistic induction of phytoalexins and plant resistance to A. alternata. Electrophoretic mobility shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR, and dual-luciferase assays revealed that NaWRKY70 can bind directly to the NaF6'H1 promoter and activate its expression. Furthermore, the key regulator of the ethylene pathway, NaEIN3-like1, can directly bind to the NaWRKY70 promoter and activate its expression. Meanwhile, NaMYC2s, important JA pathway transcription factors, also indirectly regulate the expression of NaWRKY70 and NaF6'H1 to control scopoletin and scopolin production. Our data reveal that these phytoalexins are synergistically induced by JA and ethylene signaling during A. alternata infection, which is largely mediated by NaWRKY70, thus providing new insights into the defense responses against A. alternata in Nicotiana species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10049, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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Harris FM, Mou Z. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Systemic Signaling. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:308-327. [PMID: 37665354 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-23-0104-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular damage inflicted by wounding, pathogen infection, and herbivory releases a variety of host-derived metabolites, degraded structural components, and peptides into the extracellular space that act as alarm signals when perceived by adjacent cells. These so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) function through plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors to regulate wound and immune responses. In plants, DAMPs act as elicitors themselves, often inducing immune outputs such as calcium influx, reactive oxygen species generation, defense gene expression, and phytohormone signaling. Consequently, DAMP perception results in a priming effect that enhances resistance against subsequent pathogen infections. Alongside their established function in local tissues, recent evidence supports a critical role of DAMP signaling in generation and/or amplification of mobile signals that induce systemic immune priming. Here, we summarize the identity, signaling, and synergy of proposed and established plant DAMPs, with a focus on those with published roles in systemic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Kumari A, Kumar V, Ovadia R, Oren-Shamir M. Phenylalanine in motion: A tale of an essential molecule with many faces. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108246. [PMID: 37652145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine has a unique role in plants as a source of a wide range of specialized metabolites, named phenylpropanoids that contribute to the adjustment of plants to changing developmental and environmental conditions. The profile of these metabolites differs between plants and plant organs. Some of the prominent phenylpropanoids include anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, stilbenes, lignins, glucosinolates and benzenoid phenylpropanoid volatiles. Phenylalanine biosynthesis, leading to increased phenylpropanoid levels, is induced under stress. However, high availability of phenylalanine in plants under non-stressed conditions can be achieved either by genetically engineering plants to overproduce phenylalanine, or by external treatment of whole plants or detached plant organs with phenylalanine solutions. The objective of this review is to portray the many effects that increased phenylalanine availability has in plants under non-stressed conditions, focusing mainly on external applications. These applications include spraying and drenching whole plants with phenylalanine solutions, postharvest treatments by dipping fruit and cut flower stems, and addition of phenylalanine to cell suspensions. The results of these treatments include increased fragrance in flowers, increased aroma and pigmentation in fruit, increased production of health promoting metabolites in plant cell cultures, and increased resistance of plants, pre- and post-harvest, to a wide variety of pathogens. These effects suggest that plants can very efficiently uptake phenylalanine from their roots, leaves, flowers and fruits, translocate it from one organ to the other and between cell compartments, and metabolize it into phenylpropanoids. The mechanisms by which Phe treatment increases plant resistance to pathogens reveal new roles of phenylpropanoids in induction of genes related to the plant immune system. The simplicity of treatments with phenylalanine open many possibilities for industrial use. Many of the phenylalanine-treatment effects on increased resistance to plant pathogens have also been successful in commercial field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kumari
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Varun Kumar
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Rinat Ovadia
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Michal Oren-Shamir
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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Lv Y, Xie M, Zhou S, Wen B, Sui S, Li M, Ma J. CpCAF1 from Chimonanthus praecox Promotes Flowering and Low-Temperature Tolerance When Expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12945. [PMID: 37629126 PMCID: PMC10455127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR4-associated factor I (CAF1) is a deadenylase that plays a critical role in the initial step of mRNA degradation in most eukaryotic cells, and in plant growth and development. Knowledge of CAF1 proteins in woody plants remains limited. Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) is a highly ornamental woody plant. In this study, CpCAF1 was isolated from wintersweet. CpCAF1 belongs to the DEDDh (Asp-Glu-Asp-Asp-His) subfamily of the DEDD (Asp-Glu-Asp-Asp) nuclease family. The amino acid sequence showed highest similarity to the homologous gene of Arabidopsis thaliana. In transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing CpCAF1, the timing of bolting, formation of the first rosette, and other growth stages were earlier than those of the wild-type plants. Root, lateral branch, rosette leaf, and silique growth were positively correlated with CpCAF1 expression. FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and SUPPRESSOROF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1) gene expression was higher while EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene expression of transgenic Arabidopsis was lower than the wild type grown for 4 weeks. Plant growth and flowering occurrences were earlier in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing CpCAF1 than in the wild-type plants. The abundance of the CpCAF1 transcript grew steadily, and significantly exceeded the initial level under 4 °C in wintersweet after initially decreasing. After low-temperature exposure, transgenic Arabidopsis had higher proline content and stronger superoxide dismutase activity than the wild type, and the malondialdehyde level in transgenic Arabidopsis was decreased significantly by 12 h and then increased in low temperature, whereas it was directly increased in the wild type. A higher potassium ion flux in the root was detected in transgenic plants than in the wild type with potassium deficiency. The CpCAF1 promoter was a constitutive promoter that contained multiple cis-acting regulatory elements. The DRE, LTR, and MYB elements, which play important roles in response to low temperature, were identified in the CpCAF1 promoter. These findings indicate that CpCAF1 is involved in flowering and low-temperature tolerance in wintersweet, and provide a basis for future genetic and breeding research on wintersweet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Ma
- Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.L.); (M.X.); (S.Z.); (B.W.); (S.S.); (M.L.)
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Martins SJ, Pasche J, Silva HAO, Selten G, Savastano N, Abreu LM, Bais HP, Garrett KA, Kraisitudomsook N, Pieterse CMJ, Cernava T. The Use of Synthetic Microbial Communities to Improve Plant Health. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1369-1379. [PMID: 36858028 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-23-0016-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the numerous benefits plants receive from probiotics, maintaining consistent results across applications is still a challenge. Cultivation-independent methods associated with reduced sequencing costs have considerably improved the overall understanding of microbial ecology in the plant environment. As a result, now, it is possible to engineer a consortium of microbes aiming for improved plant health. Such synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) contain carefully chosen microbial species to produce the desired microbiome function. Microbial biofilm formation, production of secondary metabolites, and ability to induce plant resistance are some of the microbial traits to consider when designing SynComs. Plant-associated microbial communities are not assembled randomly. Ecological theories suggest that these communities have a defined phylogenetic organization structured by general community assembly rules. Using machine learning, we can study these rules and target microbial functions that generate desired plant phenotypes. Well-structured assemblages are more likely to lead to a stable SynCom that thrives under environmental stressors as compared with the classical selection of single microbial activities or taxonomy. However, ensuring microbial colonization and long-term plant phenotype stability is still one of the challenges to overcome with SynComs, as the synthetic community may change over time with microbial horizontal gene transfer and retained mutations. Here, we explored the advances made in SynCom research regarding plant health, focusing on bacteria, as they are the most dominant microbial form compared with other members of the microbiome and the most commonly found in SynCom studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Martins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A
| | - Josephine Pasche
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A
| | - Hiago Antonio O Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gijs Selten
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noah Savastano
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, 311 AP Biopharma, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, U.S.A
| | - Lucas Magalhães Abreu
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Harsh P Bais
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, 311 AP Biopharma, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, U.S.A
| | - Karen A Garrett
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A
| | | | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8020, Austria
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
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Miao W, Yang Y, Wu M, Huang G, Ge L, Liu Y, Guan Z, Chen S, Fang W, Chen F, Zhao S. Potential pathways and genes expressed in Chrysanthemum in response to early fusarium oxysporum infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:312. [PMID: 37308810 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chrysanthemum Fusarium wilt is a common fungal disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum, which causes continuous cropping obstacles and huge losses to the chrysanthemum industry. The defense mechanism of chrysanthemum against F. oxysporum remains unclear, especially during the early stages of the disease. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed chrysanthemum 'Jinba' samples inoculated with F. oxysporum at 0, 3, and 72 h using RNA-seq. RESULTS The results revealed that 7985 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were co-expressed at 3 and 72 h after F. oxysporum infection. We analyzed the identified DEGs using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology. The DEGs were primarily enriched in "Plant pathogen interaction", "MAPK signaling pathway", "Starch and sucrose metabolism", and "Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites". Genes related to the synthesis of secondary metabolites were upregulated in chrysanthemum early during the inoculation period. Furthermore, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymes were consistently produced to accumulate large amounts of phenolic compounds to resist F. oxysporum infection. Additionally, genes related to the proline metabolic pathway were upregulated, and proline levels accumulated within 72 h, regulating osmotic balance in chrysanthemum. Notably, the soluble sugar content in chrysanthemum decreased early during the inoculation period; we speculate that this is a self-protective mechanism of chrysanthemums for inhibiting fungal reproduction by reducing the sugar content in vivo. In the meantime, we screened for transcription factors that respond to F. oxysporum at an early stage and analyzed the relationship between WRKY and DEGs in the "Plant-pathogen interaction" pathway. We screened a key WRKY as a research target for subsequent experiments. CONCLUSION This study revealed the relevant physiological responses and gene expression changes in chrysanthemum in response to F. oxysporum infection, and provided a relevant candidate gene pool for subsequent studies on chrysanthemum Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Miao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key laboratory of landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yanrong Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key laboratory of landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mengtong Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key laboratory of landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Gan Huang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key laboratory of landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lijiao Ge
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key laboratory of landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key laboratory of landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key laboratory of landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sumei Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key laboratory of landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weimin Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key laboratory of landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fadi Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key laboratory of landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key laboratory of landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, PR China.
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10
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Luo G, Shen Y, Wu K, Yang H, Wu C, Chang X, Tian W. Evaluation of inducing activity of CIP elicitors from diverse sources based on monosaccharide composition and physiological indicators. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 285:154002. [PMID: 37149979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Application of elicitors can greatly enhance plant immune resistance against pathogens. However, it is still obscure whether elicitor activity is influenced by diverse sources. This study investigated the effect of foliar spraying of 19 batches of Chrysanthemum indicum polysaccharides (CIPs) on the disease resistance of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (A. macrocephala) and explored the main reasons for the differences of inducing activity of CIP elicitors. PCA, OPLS-DA, grey relational analysis and entropy weight method had good predictability for the activity evaluation of CIP elicitors and other plant-derived elicitors. The results showed that 19 batches of CIPs had definite regional differences in inducing activity and monosaccharide content. CIP elicitors with high inducing activity could significantly increase the accumulation of Atractylenolide Ⅱ and Atractylenolide Ⅲ, the mRNA relative transcription level of CAT, POD, PAL genes, the amount of pH change in the medium and effectively reduce the disease index of A. macrocephala. Furthermore, CIP with high inducing activity exhibited the high contents of Rha, Ara and GalA, which might be the main contributor to their high activity. The evaluation procedure developed in this work can be applied for screening CIP elicitors with high inducing activity, and it lays a foundation for identifying more functional elicitors related to plant immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofu Luo
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Yirui Shen
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Kun Wu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Huining Yang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Chuntao Wu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Xiangbing Chang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Wei Tian
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China.
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11
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Filyushin MA, Anisimova OK, Shchennikova AV, Kochieva EZ. Genome-Wide Identification, Expression, and Response to Fusarium Infection of the SWEET Gene Family in Garlic ( Allium sativum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087533. [PMID: 37108694 PMCID: PMC10138969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the SWEET (Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporters) family play an important role in plant development, adaptation, and stress response by functioning as transmembrane uniporters of soluble sugars. However, the information on the SWEET family in the plants of the Allium genus, which includes many crop species, is lacking. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and identified 27 genes putatively encoding clade I-IV SWEET proteins. The promoters of the A. sativum (As) SWEET genes contained hormone- and stress-sensitive elements associated with plant response to phytopathogens. AsSWEET genes had distinct expression patterns in garlic organs. The expression levels and dynamics of clade III AsSWEET3, AsSWEET9, and AsSWEET11 genes significantly differed between Fusarium-resistant and -susceptible garlic cultivars subjected to F. proliferatum infection, suggesting the role of these genes in the garlic defense against the pathogen. Our results provide insights into the role of SWEET sugar uniporters in A. sativum and may be useful for breeding Fusarium-resistant Allium cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Filyushin
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga K Anisimova
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V Shchennikova
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Z Kochieva
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Li Q, Liu N, Wu C. Novel insights into maize (Zea mays) development and organogenesis for agricultural optimization. PLANTA 2023; 257:94. [PMID: 37031436 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In maize, intrinsic hormone activities and sap fluxes facilitate organogenesis patterning and plant holistic development; these hormone movements should be a primary focus of developmental biology and agricultural optimization strategies. Maize (Zea mays) is an important crop plant with distinctive life history characteristics and structural features. Genetic studies have extended our knowledge of maize developmental processes, genetics, and molecular ecophysiology. In this review, the classical life cycle and life history strategies of maize are analyzed to identify spatiotemporal organogenesis properties and develop a definitive understanding of maize development. The actions of genes and hormones involved in maize organogenesis and sex determination, along with potential molecular mechanisms, are investigated, with findings suggesting central roles of auxin and cytokinins in regulating maize holistic development. Furthermore, investigation of morphological and structural characteristics of maize, particularly node ubiquity and the alternate attachment pattern of lateral organs, yields a novel regulatory model suggesting that maize organ initiation and subsequent development are derived from the stimulation and interaction of auxin and cytokinin fluxes. Propositions that hormone activities and sap flow pathways control organogenesis are thoroughly explored, and initiation and development processes of distinctive maize organs are discussed. Analysis of physiological factors driving hormone and sap movement implicates cues of whole-plant activity for hormone and sap fluxes to stimulate maize inflorescence initiation and organ identity determination. The physiological origins and biogenetic mechanisms underlying maize floral sex determination occurring at the tassel and ear spikelet are thoroughly investigated. The comprehensive outline of maize development and morphogenetic physiology developed in this review will enable farmers to optimize field management and will provide a reference for de novo crop domestication and germplasm improvement using genome editing biotechnologies, promoting agricultural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Li
- Crop Genesis and Novel Agronomy Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Shandong ZhongnongTiantai Seed Co., Ltd, Pingyi, 273300, Shandong, China
| | - Chenglai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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13
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Frezzini M, Scortica A, Capone M, Narzi D, Benedetti M, Angelucci F, Mattei B, Guidoni L. Molecular dynamics simulations and kinetic measurements provide insights into the structural requirements of substrate size-dependent specificity of oligogalacturonide oxidase 1 (OGOX1). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:315-325. [PMID: 36455304 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are pectin fragments released from the breakdown of the homogalacturonan during pathogenesis that act as Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns. OG-oxidase 1 (OGOX1) is an Arabidopsis berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-l) oligosaccharide oxidase that oxidizes OGs, impairing their elicitor activity and concomitantly releasing H2O2. The OG-oxidizing activity of OGOX1 is markedly pH-dependent, with optimum pH around 10, and is higher towards OGs with a degree of polymerization higher than two. Here, the molecular determinants of OGOX1 responsible for the binding of OGs with different lengths have been investigated through molecular dynamics simulations and enzyme kinetics studies. OGOX1 was simulated in complex with OGs with different degree of polymerization such as di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-galacturonide, in water solution at alkaline pH. Our simulations revealed that, among the four OGOX1/OG combinations, the penta-galacturonide (OG5) showed the best conformation in the active site to be efficiently oxidized by OGOX1. The optimal conformation can be stabilized by salt-bridges formed between the carboxyl groups of OG5 and five positively charged amino acids of OGOX1, highly conserved in all OGOX paralogs. Our results suggest that these interactions limit the mobility of OG5 as well as longer OGs, contributing to maintain the terminal monomer of OGs in the optimal orientation in order to be oxidized by the enzyme. In accordance with these results, the enzyme efficiency (Kcat/KM) of OGOX1 on OG5 (40.04) was found to be significantly higher than that on OG4 (13.05) and OG3 (0.6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Frezzini
- Department of Information Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy.
| | - Anna Scortica
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy.
| | - Matteo Capone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy.
| | - Daniele Narzi
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy.
| | - Manuel Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy.
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Guidoni
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy.
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14
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Swaminathan S, Lionetti V, Zabotina OA. Plant Cell Wall Integrity Perturbations and Priming for Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11243539. [PMID: 36559656 PMCID: PMC9781063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A plant cell wall is a highly complex structure consisting of networks of polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols that dynamically change during growth and development in various tissues. The cell wall not only acts as a physical barrier but also dynamically responds to disturbances caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants have well-established surveillance mechanisms to detect any cell wall perturbations. Specific immune signaling pathways are triggered to contrast biotic or abiotic forces, including cascades dedicated to reinforcing the cell wall structure. This review summarizes the recent developments in molecular mechanisms underlying maintenance of cell wall integrity in plant-pathogen and parasitic interactions. Subjects such as the effect of altered expression of endogenous plant cell-wall-related genes or apoplastic expression of microbial cell-wall-modifying enzymes on cell wall integrity are covered. Targeted genetic modifications as a tool to study the potential of cell wall elicitors, priming of signaling pathways, and the outcome of disease resistance phenotypes are also discussed. The prime importance of understanding the intricate details and complete picture of plant immunity emerges, ultimately to engineer new strategies to improve crop productivity and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Swaminathan
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga A. Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Kim CY, Song H, Lee YH. Ambivalent response in pathogen defense: A double-edged sword? PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100415. [PMID: 35918895 PMCID: PMC9700132 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess effective immune systems that defend against most microbial attackers. Recent plant immunity research has focused on the classic binary defense model involving the pivotal role of small-molecule hormones in regulating the plant defense signaling network. Although most of our current understanding comes from studies that relied on information derived from a limited number of pathosystems, newer studies concerning the incredibly diverse interactions between plants and microbes are providing additional insights into other novel mechanisms. Here, we review the roles of both classical and more recently identified components of defense signaling pathways and stress hormones in regulating the ambivalence effect during responses to diverse pathogens. Because of their different lifestyles, effective defense against biotrophic pathogens normally leads to increased susceptibility to necrotrophs, and vice versa. Given these opposing forces, the plant potentially faces a trade-off when it mounts resistance to a specific pathogen, a phenomenon referred to here as the ambivalence effect. We also highlight a novel mechanism by which translational control of the proteins involved in the ambivalence effect can be used to engineer durable and broad-spectrum disease resistance, regardless of the lifestyle of the invading pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yeol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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16
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Liao CJ, Hailemariam S, Sharon A, Mengiste T. Pathogenic strategies and immune mechanisms to necrotrophs: Differences and similarities to biotrophs and hemibiotrophs. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102291. [PMID: 36063637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis in plant diseases is complex comprising diverse pathogen virulence and plant immune mechanisms. These pathogens cause damaging plant diseases by deploying specialized and generic virulence strategies that are countered by intricate resistance mechanisms. The significant challenges that necrotrophs pose to crop production are predicted to increase with climate change. Immunity to biotrophs and hemibiotrophs is dominated by intracellular receptors that recognize specific effectors and activate resistance. These mechanisms play only minor roles in resistance to necrotrophs. Pathogen- or host-derived conserved pattern molecules trigger immune responses that broadly contribute to plant immunity. However, certain pathogen or host-derived immune elicitors are enriched by the virulence activities of necrotrophs. Different plant hormones modulate systemic resistance and cell death that have differential impacts on resistance to pathogens of different lifestyles. Knowledge of mechanisms that contribute to resistance to necrotrophs has expanded. Besides toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes that dominate the pathogenesis of necrotrophs, other effectors with subtle contributions are being identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jan Liao
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sara Hailemariam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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17
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Chowdhury J, Kemppainen M, Delhomme N, Shutava I, Zhou J, Takahashi J, Pardo AG, Lundberg‐Felten J. Laccaria bicolor pectin methylesterases are involved in ectomycorrhiza development with Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:639-655. [PMID: 35794841 PMCID: PMC9796311 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbioses between soil fungi and tree roots requires modification of root cell walls. The pectin-mediated adhesion between adjacent root cells loosens to accommodate fungal hyphae in the Hartig net, facilitating nutrient exchange between partners. We investigated the role of fungal pectin modifying enzymes in Laccaria bicolor for ECM formation with Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides. We combine transcriptomics of cell-wall-related enzymes in both partners during ECM formation, immunolocalisation of pectin (Homogalacturonan, HG) epitopes in different methylesterification states, pectin methylesterase (PME) activity assays and functional analyses of transgenic L. bicolor to uncover pectin modification mechanisms and the requirement of fungal pectin methylesterases (LbPMEs) for ECM formation. Immunolocalisation identified remodelling of pectin towards de-esterified HG during ECM formation, which was accompanied by increased LbPME1 expression and PME activity. Overexpression or RNAi of the ECM-induced LbPME1 in transgenic L. bicolor lines led to reduced ECM formation. Hartig Nets formed with LbPME1 RNAi lines were shallower, whereas those formed with LbPME1 overexpressors were deeper. This suggests that LbPME1 plays a role in ECM formation potentially through HG de-esterification, which initiates loosening of adjacent root cells to facilitate Hartig net formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Chowdhury
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterUmeå University90187UmeåSweden
| | - Minna Kemppainen
- Laboratory of Molecular Mycology, Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Basic and Applied MicrobiologyNational University of Quilmes (UNQ), and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)B1876BXDBernalArgentina
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
| | - Iryna Shutava
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterUmeå University90187UmeåSweden
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterUmeå University90187UmeåSweden
| | - Junko Takahashi
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
| | - Alejandro G. Pardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Mycology, Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Basic and Applied MicrobiologyNational University of Quilmes (UNQ), and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)B1876BXDBernalArgentina
| | - Judith Lundberg‐Felten
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
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18
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Yi SY, Lee M, Park SK, Lu L, Lee G, Kim SG, Kang SY, Lim YP. Jasmonate regulates plant resistance to Pectobacterium brasiliense by inducing indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964092. [PMID: 36247644 PMCID: PMC9559233 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pectobacterium brasiliense (P. brasiliense) is a necrotrophic bacterium that causes the soft rot disease in Brassica rapa. However, the mechanisms underlying plant immune responses against necrotrophic bacterial pathogens with a broad host range are still not well understood. Using a flg22-triggered seedling growth inhibition (SGI) assay with 455 Brassica rapa inbred lines, we selected six B. rapa flagellin-insensitive lines (Brfin2-7) and three B. rapa flagellin-sensitive lines (Brfs1-3). Brfin lines showed compromised flg22-induced immune responses (oxidative burst, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and seedling growth inhibition) compared to the control line R-o-18; nevertheless, they were resistant to P. brasiliense. To explain this, we analyzed the phytohormone content and found that most Brfin lines had higher P. brasiliense-induced jasmonic acid (JA) than Brfs lines. Moreover, MeJA pretreatment enhanced the resistance of B. rapa to P. brasiliense. To explain the correlation between the resistance of Brfin lines to P. brasiliense and activated JA signaling, we analyzed pathogen-induced glucosinolate (GS) content in B. rapa. Notably, in Brfin7, the neoglucobrassicin (NGBS) content among indole glucosinolates (IGS) was significantly higher than that in Brfs2 following P. brasiliense inoculation, and genes involved in IGSs biosynthesis were also highly expressed. Furthermore, almost all Brfin lines with high JA levels and resistance to P. brasiliense had higher P. brasiliense-induced NGBS levels than Brfs lines. Thus, our results show that activated JA-mediated signaling attenuates flg22-triggered immunity but enhances resistance to P. brasiliense by inducing indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in Brassica rapa. This study provides novel insights into the role of JA-mediated defense against necrotrophic bacterial pathogens within a broad host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Yi
- Institute of Agricultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Research Center of Crop Breeding for Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
| | - Myungjin Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sun Kyu Park
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Lu Lu
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Gisuk Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Si-Yong Kang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
- Research Center of Crop Breeding for Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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19
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Silva-Sanzana C, Zavala D, Moraga F, Herrera-Vásquez A, Blanco-Herrera F. Oligogalacturonides Enhance Resistance against Aphids through Pattern-Triggered Immunity and Activation of Salicylic Acid Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179753. [PMID: 36077150 PMCID: PMC9456349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable capacity of the generalist aphid Myzus persicae to resist most classes of pesticides, along with the environmental and human health risks associated with these agrochemicals, has necessitated the development of safer and greener solutions to control this agricultural pest. Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are pectin-derived molecules that can be isolated from fruit industry waste. OGs have been shown to efficiently stimulate plant defenses against pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea. However, whether OGs confer resistance against phytophagous insects such as aphids remains unknown. Here, we treated Arabidopsis plants with OGs and recorded their effects on the feeding performance and population of M. persicae aphids. We also identified the defense mechanism triggered by OGs in plants through the analysis of gene expression and histological approaches. We found that OG treatments increased their resistance to M. persicae infestation by reducing the offspring number and feeding performance. Furthermore, this enhanced resistance was related to a substantial accumulation of callose and reactive oxygen species and activation of the salicylic acid signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Silva-Sanzana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Diego Zavala
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Felipe Moraga
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ariel Herrera-Vásquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-26618319
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20
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Effect of Oligogalacturonides on Seed Germination and Disease Resistance of Sugar Beet Seedling and Root. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070716. [PMID: 35887471 PMCID: PMC9323887 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are a bioactive carbohydrate derived from homogalacturonan. The OGs synthesized in this study significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4HGI in vitro, even at a low concentration (10 mg/L). The seed vigor test demonstrated that the application of 50 mg/L OGs to sugar beet seeds significantly increased average germination percentage, germination energy, germination index, and seedling vigor index. The same concentration of OGs also improved the seedling emergence percentage of sugar beet when seeds were sown in soil inoculated with D2 and D31 isolates, respectively. The lesion diameter on mature sugar beet roots caused by R. solani AG-4HGI isolates D2 and D31 also decreased by 40.60% and 39.86%, respectively, in sugar beets roots first treated with 50 mg/mL OGs in the wound site, relative to lesion size in untreated/pathogen inoculated wounds. Sugar beet roots treated with 50 mg/mL OGs prior to inoculation with the D2 isolate exhibited up-regulation of the defense-related genes glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 2.4- and 1.6-fold, respectively, relative to control roots. Sugar beet roots treated with 50 mg/mL OGs prior to inoculation with D31 exhibited a 2.0- and 1.6-fold up-regulation of GPX and SOD, respectively, relative to the control. Our results indicate that OGs have the potential to be used for the protection of sugar beet against R. solani AG-4HGI.
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21
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Baez LA, Tichá T, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity regulation across plant species. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:483-504. [PMID: 35674976 PMCID: PMC9213367 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly dynamic and chemically complex structures surrounding all plant cells. They provide structural support, protection from both abiotic and biotic stress as well as ensure containment of turgor. Recently evidence has accumulated that a dedicated mechanism exists in plants, which is monitoring the functional integrity of cell walls and initiates adaptive responses to maintain integrity in case it is impaired during growth, development or exposure to biotic and abiotic stress. The available evidence indicates that detection of impairment involves mechano-perception, while reactive oxygen species and phytohormone-based signaling processes play key roles in translating signals generated and regulating adaptive responses. More recently it has also become obvious that the mechanisms mediating cell wall integrity maintenance and pattern triggered immunity are interacting with each other to modulate the adaptive responses to biotic stress and cell wall integrity impairment. Here we will review initially our current knowledge regarding the mode of action of the maintenance mechanism, discuss mechanisms mediating responses to biotic stresses and highlight how both mechanisms may modulate adaptive responses. This first part will be focused on Arabidopsis thaliana since most of the relevant knowledge derives from this model organism. We will then proceed to provide perspective to what extent the relevant molecular mechanisms are conserved in other plant species and close by discussing current knowledge of the transcriptional machinery responsible for controlling the adaptive responses using selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alonso Baez
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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22
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Guzha A, McGee R, Scholz P, Hartken D, Lüdke D, Bauer K, Wenig M, Zienkiewicz K, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Vlot AC, Wiermer M, Haughn G, Ischebeck T. Cell wall-localized BETA-XYLOSIDASE4 contributes to immunity of Arabidopsis against Botrytis cinerea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1794-1813. [PMID: 35485198 PMCID: PMC9237713 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls constitute physical barriers that restrict access of microbial pathogens to the contents of plant cells. The primary cell wall of multicellular plants predominantly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, and its composition can change upon stress. BETA-XYLOSIDASE4 (BXL4) belongs to a seven-member gene family in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), one of which encodes a protein (BXL1) involved in cell wall remodeling. We assayed the influence of BXL4 on plant immunity and investigated the subcellular localization and enzymatic activity of BXL4, making use of mutant and overexpression lines. BXL4 localized to the apoplast and was induced upon infection with the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea in a jasmonoyl isoleucine-dependent manner. The bxl4 mutants showed a reduced resistance to B. cinerea, while resistance was increased in conditional overexpression lines. Ectopic expression of BXL4 in Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells rescued a bxl1 mutant phenotype, suggesting that, like BXL1, BXL4 has both xylosidase and arabinosidase activity. We conclude that BXL4 is a xylosidase/arabinosidase that is secreted to the apoplast and its expression is upregulated under pathogen attack, contributing to immunity against B. cinerea, possibly by removal of arabinose and xylose side-chains of polysaccharides in the primary cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert McGee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Denise Hartken
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen Germany
| | | | - Kornelia Bauer
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Wenig
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- UMK Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Königin-Luise-Str. 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - George Haughn
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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23
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Pastor V, Cervero R, Gamir J. The simultaneous perception of self- and non-self-danger signals potentiates plant innate immunity responses. PLANTA 2022; 256:10. [PMID: 35697869 PMCID: PMC9192368 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous perception of endogenous and exogenous danger signals potentiates PAMP-triggered immunity in tomato and other downstream defence responses depending on the origin of the signal. Abstract Plant cells perceive a pathogen invasion by recognising endogenous or exogenous extracellular signals such as Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) or Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). In particular, DAMPs are intracellular molecules or cell wall fragments passive or actively released to the apoplast, whose extracellular recognition by intact cells triggers specific immune signalling, the so-called DAMP-triggered immunity. The extracellular recognition of DAMPs and PAMPs leads to a very similar intracellular signalling, and this similarity has generated a biological need to know why plants perceive molecules with such different origins and with overlapped innate immunity responses. Here, we report that the simultaneous perception of DAMPs and a PAMP strengthens early and late plant defence responses. To this aim, we studied classical PTI responses such as the generation of ROS and MAPK phosphorylation, but we also monitored the biosynthesis of phytocytokines and performed a non-targeted metabolomic analysis. We demonstrate that co-application of the bacterial peptide flagellin with the DAMPs cyclic AMP or cellobiose amplifies PAMP-triggered immunity responses. Both co-applications enhanced the synthesis of phytocytokines, but only simultaneous treatments with cAMP strengthened the flagellin-dependent metabolomic responses. In addition, cAMP and cellobiose treatments induced resistance against the hemibiotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Overall, these results indicate that the complex mixture of DAMPs and PAMPs carries specific information that potentiates plant defence responses. However, downstream responses seem more specific depending on the composition of the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pastor
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, University Jaume I of Castellón, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Raquel Cervero
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, University Jaume I of Castellón, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Jordi Gamir
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, University Jaume I of Castellón, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
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24
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Nguyen NH, Trotel-Aziz P, Villaume S, Rabenoelina F, Clément C, Baillieul F, Aziz A. Priming of camalexin accumulation in induced systemic resistance by beneficial bacteria against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3743-3757. [PMID: 35191984 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants harbor various beneficial microbes that modulate their innate immunity, resulting in induced systemic resistance (ISR) against a broad range of pathogens. Camalexin is an integral part of Arabidopsis innate immunity, but the contribution of its biosynthesis in ISR is poorly investigated. We focused on camalexin accumulation primed by two beneficial bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis, and its role in ISR against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae Pst DC3000. Our data show that colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana roots by beneficial bacteria triggers ISR against both pathogens and primes plants for enhanced accumulation of camalexin and CYP71A12 transcript in leaf tissues. Pseudomonas fluorescens induced the most efficient ISR response against B. cinerea, while B. subtilis was more efficient against Pst DC3000. Analysis of cyp71a12 and pad3 mutants revealed that loss of camalexin synthesis affected ISR mediated by both bacteria against B. cinerea. CYP71A12 and PAD3 contributed significantly to the pathogen-triggered accumulation of camalexin, but PAD3 does not seem to contribute to ISR against Pst DC3000. This indicated a significant contribution of camalexin in ISR against B. cinerea, but not always against Pst DC3000. Experiments with Arabidopsis mutants compromised in different hormonal signaling pathways highlighted that B. subtilis stimulates similar signaling pathways upon infection with both pathogens, since salicylic acid (SA), but not jasmonic acid (JA) or ethylene, is required for ISR camalexin accumulation. However, P. fluorescens-induced ISR differs depending on the pathogen; both SA and JA are required for camalexin accumulation upon B. cinerea infection, while camalexin is not necessary for priming against Pst DC3000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Huu Nguyen
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Tay Nguyen University, 567 Le Duan, Daklak, Vietnam
| | - Patricia Trotel-Aziz
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Sandra Villaume
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Fanja Rabenoelina
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Aziz Aziz
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
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25
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Liu M, Liu T, Lu J, Zhou Y, Liu S, Jiao P, Liu S, Qu J, Guan S, Ma Y. Characterization and Functional Analysis of ZmSWEET15a in Maize. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:564-574. [PMID: 35593918 PMCID: PMC9245729 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) gene family is a new type of sugar transporters, which plays an important role in plant growth and development, physiological metabolism, and abiotic stress. In this study, we used quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the expression of ZmSWEET15a gene in different organs of maize and under different abiotic stresses. The results showed that ZmSWEET15a was expressed in roots, stems, leaves, and grains, with the highest expression level in leaves, which was highly correlated with leaf development. Under the treatment of polyethylene glycol (PEG), NaCl, H2O2, and abscisic acid stress, the expression of ZmSWEET15a was upregulated, while under the treatment of cold stress, the expression of ZmSWEET15a was inhibited. In sugar-specific experiments, we found that sucrose was the most effective carbon source for maize seed germination. The expression analysis of ZmSWEET15a in different carbon sources suggested that the expression of ZmSWEET15a was more likely to be induced by sucrose. Overexpression of ZmSWEET15a in maize plants could reduce the sucrose content in leaves and increase the sucrose content in grains. The heterologous expression of ZmSWEET15a in the yeast mutant strain SUSY7/ura indicated that ZmSWEET15a is a sucrose transporter and pH independent. This study provides new insight into sugar transport and carbohydrate partitioning in maize and other crops, and provide more genetic information for improving crop quality at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtong Liu
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Lines, College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Lines, College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianyu Lu
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Lines, College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yangyang Zhou
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Lines, College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shubo Liu
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Lines, College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Jiao
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Lines, College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Siyan Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuyan Guan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiyong Ma
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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26
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Plant immunity by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Essays Biochem 2022; 66:459-469. [PMID: 35612381 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recognition by plant receptors of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and pathogenicity effectors activates immunity. However, before evolving the capacity of perceiving and responding to MAMPs and pathogenicity factors, plants, like animals, must have faced the necessity to protect and repair the mechanical wounds used by pathogens as an easy passage into their tissue. Consequently, plants evolved the capacity to react to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) with responses capable of functioning also in the absence of pathogens. DAMPs include not only primarily cell wall (CW) fragments but also extracellular peptides, nucleotides and amino acids that activate both local and long-distance systemic responses and, in some cases, prime the subsequent responses to MAMPs. It is conceivable that DAMPs and MAMPs act in synergy to activate a stronger plant immunity and that MAMPs exploit the mechanisms and transduction pathways traced by DAMPs. The interest for the biology and mechanism of action of DAMPs, either in the plant or animal kingdom, is expected to substantially increase in the next future. This review focuses on the most recent advances in DAMPs biology, particularly in the field of CW-derived DAMPs.
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27
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Nguyen NH, Trotel-Aziz P, Clément C, Jeandet P, Baillieul F, Aziz A. Camalexin accumulation as a component of plant immunity during interactions with pathogens and beneficial microbes. PLANTA 2022; 255:116. [PMID: 35511374 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview on the role of camalexin in plant immunity taking into account various plant-pathogen and beneficial microbe interactions, regulation mechanisms and the contribution in basal and induced plant resistance. In a hostile environment, plants evolve complex and sophisticated defense mechanisms to counteract invading pathogens and herbivores. Several lines of evidence support the assumption that secondary metabolites like phytoalexins which are synthesized de novo, play an important role in plant defenses and contribute to pathogens' resistance in a wide variety of plant species. Phytoalexins are synthesized and accumulated in plants upon pathogen challenge, root colonization by beneficial microbes, following treatment with chemical elicitors or in response to abiotic stresses. Their protective properties against pathogens have been reported in various plant species as well as their contribution to human health. Phytoalexins are synthesized through activation of particular sets of genes encoding specific pathways. Camalexin (3'-thiazol-2'-yl-indole) is the primary phytoalexin produced by Arabidopsis thaliana after microbial infection or abiotic elicitation and an iconic representative of the indole phytoalexin family. The synthesis of camalexin is an integral part of cruciferous plant defense mechanisms. Although the pathway leading to camalexin has been largely elucidated, the regulatory networks that control the induction of its biosynthetic steps by pathogens with different lifestyles or by beneficial microbes remain mostly unknown. This review thus presents current knowledge regarding camalexin biosynthesis induction during plant-pathogen and beneficial microbe interactions as well as in response to microbial compounds and provides an overview on its regulation and interplay with signaling pathways. The contribution of camalexin to basal and induced plant resistance and its detoxification by some pathogens to overcome host resistance are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Huu Nguyen
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC INRAE 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Cedex 02, Reims, France
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Tay Nguyen University, 567 Le Duan, Buon Ma Thuot, Daklak, Vietnam
| | - Patricia Trotel-Aziz
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC INRAE 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Cedex 02, Reims, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC INRAE 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Cedex 02, Reims, France
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC INRAE 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Cedex 02, Reims, France
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC INRAE 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Cedex 02, Reims, France
| | - Aziz Aziz
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC INRAE 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Cedex 02, Reims, France.
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28
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Yao T, Gai XT, Pu ZJ, Gao Y, Xuan YH. From Functional Characterization to the Application of SWEET Sugar Transporters in Plant Resistance Breeding. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5273-5283. [PMID: 35446562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of plant diseases severely affects the quality and quantity of plant production. Plants adapt to the constant invasion of pathogens and gradually form a series of defense mechanisms, such as pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and microbial effector-triggered immunity. Moreover, many pathogens have evolved to inhibit the immune defense system and acquire plant nutrients as a result of their coevolution with plants. The sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) are a novel family of sugar transporters that function as uniporters. They provide a channel for pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, to hijack sugar from the host. In this review, we summarize the functions of SWEETs in nectar secretion, grain loading, senescence, and long-distance transport. We also focus on the interaction between the SWEET genes and pathogens. In addition, we provide insight into the potential application of SWEET genes to enhance disease resistance through the use of genome editing tools. The summary and perspective of this review will deepen our understanding of the role of SWEETs during the process of pathogen infection and provide insights into resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingshan Yao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, People's Republic of China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Tong Gai
- Agronomy Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Ji Pu
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
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29
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Li Z, Xu X, Xue S, Gong D, Wang B, Zheng X, Xie P, Bi Y, Prusky D. Preharvest multiple sprays with chitosan promotes the synthesis and deposition of lignin at wounds of harvested muskmelons. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:167-174. [PMID: 35227704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As an important elicitor, chitosan could activate the synthesis of lignin in many plants. However, no report is available on whether preharvest chitosan sprays affects the synthesis and deposition of lignin at wounds of harvested muskmelons. In the present study, the plants and fruit of muskmelons were multiple sprayed with 0.1% chitosan during fruit development. Here, we found that chitosan sprays increased the activities of 4-coumaric acid-coenzyme A ligase, cinnamyl-CoA reductase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and elevated the levels of p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol and lignin at wounds. Chitosan sprays enhanced H2O2 level and peroxidase activity, and accelerated the deposition of lignin at wounds. Moreover, chitosan sprays resulted in a higher hardness and lower resilience, springiness and cohesiveness of the healing tissues. Taken together, preharvest chitosan sprays accelerated the deposition of lignin at wounds of muskmelons by activating lignin metabolism, and increasing H2O2 content and peroxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Sulin Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Di Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Pengdong Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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Yang L, Wang Z, Zhang A, Bhawal R, Li C, Zhang S, Cheng L, Hua J. Reduction of the canonical function of a glycolytic enzyme enolase triggers immune responses that further affect metabolism and growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1745-1767. [PMID: 34791448 PMCID: PMC9048932 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary metabolism provides energy for growth and development as well as secondary metabolites for diverse environmental responses. Here we describe an unexpected consequence of disruption of a glycolytic enzyme enolase named LOW EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENE 2 (LOS2) in causing constitutive defense responses or autoimmunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. The autoimmunity in the los2 mutant is accompanied by a higher expression of about one-quarter of intracellular immune receptor nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes in the genome and is partially dependent on one of these NLR genes. The LOS2 gene was hypothesized to produce an alternatively translated protein c-Myc Binding Protein (MBP-1) that functions as a transcriptional repressor. Complementation tests show that LOS2 executes its function in growth and immunity regulation through the canonical enolase activity but not the production of MBP-1. In addition, the autoimmunity in the los2 mutants leads to a higher accumulation of sugars and organic acids and a depletion of glycolytic metabolites. These findings indicate that LOS2 does not exert its function in immune responses through an alternatively translated protein MBP-1. Rather, they show that a perturbation of glycolysis from the reduction of the enolase activity results in activation of NLR-involved immune responses which further influences primary metabolism and plant growth, highlighting the complex interaction between primary metabolism and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiyun Yang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Zhixue Wang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Ruchika Bhawal
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Cornell University, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Cornell University, New York 14853, USA
| | - Lailiang Cheng
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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31
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Wieloch T, Sharkey TD, Werner RA, Schleucher J. Intramolecular carbon isotope signals reflect metabolite allocation in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2558-2575. [PMID: 35084456 PMCID: PMC9015809 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotopes at natural abundance are key tools to study physiological processes occurring outside the temporal scope of manipulation and monitoring experiments. Whole-molecule carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C) enable assessments of plant carbon uptake yet conceal information about carbon allocation. Here, we identify an intramolecular 13C/12C signal at tree-ring glucose C-5 and C-6 and develop experimentally testable theories on its origin. More specifically, we assess the potential of processes within C3 metabolism for signal introduction based (inter alia) on constraints on signal propagation posed by metabolic networks. We propose that the intramolecular signal reports carbon allocation into major metabolic pathways in actively photosynthesizing leaf cells including the anaplerotic, shikimate, and non-mevalonate pathway. We support our theoretical framework by linking it to previously reported whole-molecule 13C/12C increases in cellulose of ozone-treated Betula pendula and a highly significant relationship between the intramolecular signal and tropospheric ozone concentration. Our theory postulates a pronounced preference for leaf cytosolic triose-phosphate isomerase to catalyse the forward reaction in vivo (dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate). In conclusion, intramolecular 13C/12C analysis resolves information about carbon uptake and allocation enabling more comprehensive assessments of carbon metabolism than whole-molecule 13C/12C analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wieloch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas David Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Plant Resilience Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Roland Anton Werner
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Schleucher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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32
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Resistance Management through Brassica Crop–TuMV–Aphid Interactions: Retrospect and Prospects. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is an important threat to the yield and quality of brassica crops in China, and has brought serious losses to brassica crops in the Far East, including China and the north. Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) are the main mediators of TuMV transmission in field production, and not only have strong virus transmission ability (small individuals, strong concealment, and strong fecundity), but are also influenced by the environment, making them difficult to control. Till now, there have been few studies on the resistance to aphids in brassica crops, which depended mainly on pesticide control in agriculture production. However, the control effect was temporarily effective, which also brought environmental pollution, pesticide residues in food products, and destroyed the ecological balance. This study reviews the relationship among brassica crop–TuMV, TuMV–aphid, and brassica crop–aphid interactions, and reveals the influence factors (light, temperature, and CO2 concentration) on brassica crop–TuMV–aphid interactions, summarizing the current research status and main scientific problems about brassica crop–TuMV–aphid interactions. It may provide theoretical guidance for opening up new ways of aphid and TuMV management in brassica crops.
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Dorostkar S, Dadkhodaie A, Ebrahimie E, Heidari B, Ahmadi-Kordshooli M. Comparative transcriptome analysis of two contrasting resistant and susceptible Aegilops tauschii accessions to wheat leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) using RNA-sequencing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:821. [PMID: 35039525 PMCID: PMC8764039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks., is the most common rust disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Owing to the rapid evolution of virulent pathotypes, new and effective leaf rust resistance sources must be found. Aegilops tauschii, an excellent source of resistance genes to a wide range of diseases and pests, may provide novel routes for resistance to this disease. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the transcriptome of leaf rust resistance in two contrasting resistant and susceptible Ae. tauschii accessions using RNA-sequencing. Gene ontology, analysis of pathway enrichment and transcription factors provided an apprehensible review of differentially expressed genes and highlighted biological mechanisms behind the Aegilops–P. triticina interaction. The results showed the resistant accession could uniquely recognize pathogen invasion and respond precisely via reducing galactosyltransferase and overexpressing chromatin remodeling, signaling pathways, cellular homeostasis regulation, alkaloid biosynthesis pathway and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism. However, the suppression of photosynthetic pathway and external stimulus responses were observed upon rust infection in the susceptible genotype. In particular, this first report of comparative transcriptome analysis offers an insight into the strength and weakness of Aegilops against leaf rust and exhibits a pipeline for future wheat breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Dorostkar
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Dadkhodaie
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- La Trobe Genomics Research Platform, School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5371, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Bahram Heidari
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Molisso D, Coppola M, Buonanno M, Di Lelio I, Monti SM, Melchiorre C, Amoresano A, Corrado G, Delano-Frier JP, Becchimanzi A, Pennacchio F, Rao R. Tomato Prosystemin Is Much More than a Simple Systemin Precursor. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010124. [PMID: 35053122 PMCID: PMC8772835 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Prosystemin is a 200 amino acid precursor that releases, upon wounding and biotic attacks, an 18 amino acid peptide called Systemin. This peptide was traditionally considered as the principal actor of the resistance of tomato plants induced by triggering multiple defense pathways in response to a wide range of biotic/abiotic stress agents. Recent findings from our group discovered the disordered structure of Prosystemin that promotes the binding of different molecular partners and the possible activation of multiple stress-related pathways. All of our recent findings suggest that Prosystemin could be more than a simple precursor of Systemin peptide. Indeed, we hypothesized that it contains other sequences able to activate multiple stress-related responses. To verify this hypothesis, we produced a truncated Prosystemin protein deprived of the Systemin peptide and the relative deleted gene. Experiments with transgenic tomato plants overexpressing the truncated Prosystemin and with plants exogenously treated with the recombinant truncated protein demonstrated that both transgenic and treated plants modulated the expression of defense-related genes and were protected against a noctuid moth and a fungal pathogen. Taken together, our results demonstrated that Prosystemin is not a mere scaffold of Systemin, but itself contains other biologically active regions. Abstract Systemin (Sys) is an octadecapeptide, which upon wounding, is released from the carboxy terminus of its precursor, Prosystemin (ProSys), to promote plant defenses. Recent findings on the disordered structure of ProSys prompted us to investigate a putative biological role of the whole precursor deprived of the Sys peptide. We produced transgenic tomato plants expressing a truncated ProSys gene in which the exon coding for Sys was removed and compared their defense response with that induced by the exogenous application of the recombinant truncated ProSys (ProSys(1-178), the Prosystemin sequence devoid of Sys region). By combining protein structure analyses, transcriptomic analysis, gene expression profiling and bioassays with different pests, we demonstrate that truncated ProSys promotes defense barriers in tomato plants through a hormone-independent defense pathway, likely associated with the production of oligogalacturonides (OGs). Both transgenic and plants treated with the recombinant protein showed the modulation of the expression of genes linked with defense responses and resulted in protection against the lepidopteran pest Spodoptera littoralis and the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Our results suggest that the overall function of the wild-type ProSys is more complex than previously shown, as it might activate at least two tomato defense pathways: the well-known Sys-dependent pathway connected with the induction of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and the successive activation of a set of defense-related genes, and the ProSys(1-178)-dependent pathway associated with OGs production leading to the OGs mediate plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Molisso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.C.); (I.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (F.P.)
- Materias s.r.l., Corso N. Protopisani 50, 80146 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.C.); (I.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Martina Buonanno
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.C.); (I.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Simona Maria Monti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.M.M.); (R.R.)
| | - Chiara Melchiorre
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Giandomenico Corrado
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.C.); (I.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (F.P.)
| | - John Paul Delano-Frier
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36500, Mexico;
| | - Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.C.); (I.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.C.); (I.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (F.P.)
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.C.); (I.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (F.P.)
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.M.M.); (R.R.)
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Zhu T, Sun Y, Chen X. Arabidopsis Tetraspanins Facilitate Virus Infection via Membrane-Recognition GCCK/RP Motif and Cysteine Residues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:805633. [PMID: 35310653 PMCID: PMC8927881 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.805633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins (TETs) function as key molecular scaffolds for surface signal recognition and transduction via the assembly of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. TETs' function in mammalian has been intensively investigated for the organization of multimolecular membrane complexes, regulation of cell migration and cellular adhesion, whereas plant TET studies lag far behind. Animal and plant TETs share similar topologies, despite the hallmark of "CCG" in the large extracellular loop of animal TETs, plant TETs contain a plant specific GCCK/RP motif and more conserved cysteine residues. Here, we showed that the GCCK/RP motif is responsible for TET protein association with the plasma membrane. Moreover, the conserved cysteine residues located within or neighboring the GCCK/RP motif are both crucial for TET anchoring to membrane. During virus infection, the intact TET3 protein enhanced but GCCK/RP motif or cysteine residues-deficient TET3 variants abolished the cell-to-cell movement capability of virus. This study provides cellular evidence that the GCCK/RP motif and the conserved cysteine residues are the primary determinants for the distribution and function of TET proteins in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanbiao Sun
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xu Chen,
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36
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McGee R, Dean GH, Wu D, Zhang Y, Mansfield SD, Haughn GW. Pectin Modification in Seed Coat Mucilage by In Vivo Expression of Rhamnogalacturonan-I- and Homogalacturonan-Degrading Enzymes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1912-1926. [PMID: 34059917 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is essential for plant survival. Determining the relationship between cell wall structure and function using mutant analysis or overexpressing cell wall-modifying enzymes has been challenging due to the complexity of the cell wall and the appearance of secondary, compensatory effects when individual polymers are modified. In addition, viability of the plants can be severely impacted by wall modification. A useful model system for studying structure-function relationships among extracellular matrix components is the seed coat epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. These cells synthesize relatively simple, easily accessible, pectin-rich mucilage that is not essential for plant viability. In this study, we expressed enzymes predicted to modify polysaccharide components of mucilage in the apoplast of seed coat epidermal cells and explored their impacts on mucilage. The seed coat epidermal-specific promoter TESTA ABUNDANT2 (TBA2) was used to drive expression of these enzymes to avoid adverse effects in other parts of the plant. Mature transgenic seeds expressing Rhamnogalacturonate lyase A (RglA) or Rhamnogalacturonate lyase B (RglB) that degrade the pectin rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), a major component of mucilage, had greatly reduced mucilage capsules surrounding the seeds and concomitant decreases in the monosaccharides that comprise the RG-I backbone. Degradation of the minor mucilage component homogalacturonan (HG) using the HG-degrading enzymes Pectin lyase A (PLA) or ARABIDOPSIS DEHISCENCE ZONE POLYGALACTURONASE2 (ADPG2) resulted in developing seed coat epidermal cells with disrupted cell-cell adhesion and signs of early cell death. These results demonstrate the feasibility of manipulating the seed coat epidermal cell extracellular matrix using a targeted genetic engineering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert McGee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- L'Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (INRS-CAFSB), 531 des Prairies Blvd. Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Gillian H Dean
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 248-2357 Main Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - George W Haughn
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Roca-Couso R, Flores-Félix JD, Rivas R. Mechanisms of Action of Microbial Biocontrol Agents against Botrytis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1045. [PMID: 34947027 PMCID: PMC8707566 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for economic losses from USD 10 to 100 billion worldwide. It affects more than 1400 plant species, thus becoming one of the main threats to the agriculture systems. The application of fungicides has for years been an efficient way to control this disease. However, fungicides have negative environmental consequences that have changed popular opinion and clarified the need for more sustainable solutions. Biopesticides are products formulated based on microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with antifungal activity through various mechanisms. This review gathers the most important mechanisms of antifungal activities and the microorganisms that possess them. Among the different modes of action, there are included the production of diffusible molecules, both antimicrobial molecules and siderophores; production of volatile organic compounds; production of hydrolytic enzymes; and other mechanisms, such as the competition and induction of systemic resistance, triggering an interaction at different levels and inhibition based on complex systems for the production of molecules and regulation of crop biology. Such a variety of mechanisms results in a powerful weapon against B. cinerea; some of them have been tested and are already used in the agricultural production with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Roca-Couso
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Edificio Departamental de Biología, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José David Flores-Félix
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raúl Rivas
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Edificio Departamental de Biología, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), 37185 Salamanca, Spain
- Associated Unit, University of Salamanca-CSIC (IRNASA), 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Endophytic Bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa PM389 Subsists Host’s (Triticum aestivum) Immune Response for Gaining Entry Inside the Host. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.4.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to compare the defense response of the host plant towards endophytic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa PM389 and pathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora and to correlate the level of defense enzymes vis-a-vis bacterial colonization in the host. Wheat seedlings were treated with 107-108 cells ml-1 endophytic and pathogenic bacteria in the separate experimental set-up, and the level of plant defense enzyme was measured at various time intervals. Comparatively reduced level of most defense enzymes was produced in endophytic bacteria treated plants. While the endophytic bacterial population was almost constant after 24 HAI (hour after inoculation), the population of pathogenic bacteria kept fluctuating during the study period from 24 HAI. Unlike pathogenic bacteria, we observed attenuated defense response in challenged host plants towards endophytic bacteria, which helps endophytes establish inside plant. This study would be useful for understanding the mechanism of colonization and strategies of endophytes to fight against the host defense response.
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39
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Giovannoni M, Lironi D, Marti L, Paparella C, Vecchi V, Gust AA, De Lorenzo G, Nürnberger T, Ferrari S. The Arabidopsis thaliana LysM-containing Receptor-Like Kinase 2 is required for elicitor-induced resistance to pathogens. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3545-3562. [PMID: 34558681 PMCID: PMC9293440 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, perception of chitin from fungal cell walls is mediated by three LysM-containing Receptor-Like Kinases (LYKs): CERK1, which is absolutely required for chitin perception, and LYK4 and LYK5, which act redundantly. The role in plant innate immunity of a fourth LYK protein, LYK2, is currently not known. Here we show that CERK1, LYK2 and LYK5 are dispensable for basal susceptibility to B. cinerea but are necessary for chitin-induced resistance to this pathogen. LYK2 is dispensable for chitin perception and early signalling events, though it contributes to callose deposition induced by this elicitor. Notably, LYK2 is also necessary for enhanced resistance to B. cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae induced by flagellin and for elicitor-induced priming of defence gene expression during fungal infection. Consistently, overexpression of LYK2 enhances resistance to B. cinerea and P. syringae and results in increased expression of defence-related genes during fungal infection. LYK2 appears to be required to establish a primed state in plants exposed to biotic elicitors, ensuring a robust resistance to subsequent pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Giovannoni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”Sapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Damiano Lironi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”Sapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Lucia Marti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”Sapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Chiara Paparella
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”Sapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Valeria Vecchi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”Sapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of Plant BiochemistryUniversity of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”Sapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant BiochemistryUniversity of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”Sapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
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Alfonso E, Stahl E, Glauser G, Bellani E, Raaymakers TM, Van den Ackerveken G, Zeier J, Reymond P. Insect eggs trigger systemic acquired resistance against a fungal and an oomycete pathogen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2491-2505. [PMID: 34510462 PMCID: PMC9292583 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants are able to detect insect eggs deposited on leaves. In Arabidopsis, eggs of the butterfly species Pieris brassicae (common name large white) induce plant defenses and activate the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. We previously discovered that oviposition triggers a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against the bacterial hemibiotroph pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Here, we show that insect eggs or treatment with egg extract (EE) induce SAR against the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea BMM and the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. This response is abolished in ics1, ald1 and fmo1, indicating that the SA pathway and the N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) pathway are involved. Establishment of EE-induced SAR in distal leaves potentially involves tryptophan-derived metabolites, including camalexin. Indeed, SAR is abolished in the biosynthesis mutants cyp79B2 cyp79B3, cyp71a12 cyp71a13 and pad3-1, and camalexin is toxic to B. cinerea in vitro. This study reveals an interesting mechanism by which lepidopteran eggs interfere with plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Alfonso
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of LausanneLausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of LausanneLausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel2000Switzerland
| | - Etienne Bellani
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of LausanneLausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Tom M. Raaymakers
- Plant–Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
| | | | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of BiologyHeinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 1DüsseldorfD‐40225Germany
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of LausanneLausanne1015Switzerland
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Muñoz A, Santamaria ME, Fernández-Bautista N, Mangano S, Toribio R, Martínez M, Berrocal-Lobo M, Diaz I, Castellano MM. The co-chaperone HOP3 participates in jasmonic acid signaling by regulating CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE 1 activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1679-1689. [PMID: 34618051 PMCID: PMC8566277 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
HOPs (HSP70-HSP90 organizing proteins) are a highly conserved family of HSP70 and HSP90 co-chaperones whose role in assisting the folding of various hormonal receptors has been extensively studied in mammals. In plants, HOPs are mainly associated with stress response, but their potential involvement in hormonal networks remains completely unexplored. In this article we describe that a member of the HOP family, HOP3, is involved in the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway and is linked to plant defense responses not only to pathogens, but also to a generalist herbivore. The JA pathway regulates responses to Botrytis cinerea infection and to Tetranychus urticae feeding; our data demonstrate that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) hop3-1 mutant shows an increased susceptibility to both. The hop3-1 mutant exhibits reduced sensitivity to JA derivatives in root growth assays and downregulation of different JA-responsive genes in response to methyl jasmonate, further revealing the relevance of HOP3 in the JA pathway. Interestingly, yeast two-hybrid assays and in planta co-immunoprecipitation assays found that HOP3 interacts with COI1, suggesting that COI1 is a target of HOP3. Consistent with this observation, COI1 activity is reduced in the hop3-1 mutant. All these data strongly suggest that, specifically among HOPs, HOP3 plays a relevant role in the JA pathway by regulating COI1 activity in response to JA and, consequently, participating in defense signaling to biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - M Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández-Bautista
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Silvina Mangano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBA, CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - René Toribio
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Berrocal-Lobo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, E.T.S.I. Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
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Over-Expression of Chorismate Mutase Enhances the Accumulation of Salicylic Acid, Lignin, and Antioxidants in Response to the White-Backed Planthopper in Rice Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111680. [PMID: 34829551 PMCID: PMC8614942 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The white-backed planthopper (WBPH) is a serious pest of rice crop and causes sever yield loss each year, especially in Asian countries. In this study, we used chorismate mutase (CM) transgenic line to examine the defense mechanism of rice plants against WBPH. The survival rate of WBPHs, infestation rate of plants, lignin biosynthesis, transcriptional regulation of related genes, salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and signaling and antioxidants regulation were investigated. The WBPH population decreased by 67% in OxCM-t, and the plant infestation rate was 3.5-fold higher in wild-type plants compared with transgenic plants. A substantial increase in lignin was found in the transgenic line (742%) and wild-type (417%) plants. Additionally, CM, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), and chalcone isomerase (CHI) showed significant increases in their relative expression level in the transgenic line. Salicylic acid was significantly enhanced in the transgenic line compared with WBPH infestation. SA can activate pathogenesis related proteins-1 (PR1), PR2, antioxidants, and the expression of their related genes: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). WBPH infestation reduced the chlorophyll contents of both transgenic and wild-type plants, but the reduction was great in wild-type than transgenic plants. The sugar content was only significantly increased in the transgenic line, indicating that sugars are not heavily involved in WBPH stress. Phenylalanine, proline, aspartic acid, and total amino acids were increased in the transgenic line and reduced in the wild-type plants. Taken together, all the results suggest that overexpression of CM gene regulates the defense mechanisms and enhances the rice toward WBPH stress.
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Coexpression of Fungal Cell Wall-Modifying Enzymes Reveals Their Additive Impact on Arabidopsis Resistance to the Fungal Pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101070. [PMID: 34681168 PMCID: PMC8533531 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary In the present study, we created transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing two fungal acetylesterases and a fungal feruloylesterase that acts on cell wall polysaccharides and studied their possible complementary additive effects on host defense reactions against the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. Our results showed that the Arabidopsis plants overexpressing two acetylesterases together contributed significantly higher resistance to B. cinerea in comparison with single protein expression. Conversely, coexpression of either of the acetyl esterases together with feruloylesterase compensates the latter’s negative impact on plant resistance. The results also provided evidence that combinatorial coexpression of some cell wall polysaccharide-modifying enzymes might exert an additive effect on plant immune response by constitutively priming plant defense pathways even before pathogen invasion. These findings have potential uses in protecting valuable crops against pathogens. Abstract The plant cell wall (CW) is an outer cell skeleton that plays an important role in plant growth and protection against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Signals and molecules produced during host–pathogen interactions have been proven to be involved in plant stress responses initiating signal pathways. Based on our previous research findings, the present study explored the possibility of additively or synergistically increasing plant stress resistance by stacking beneficial genes. In order to prove our hypothesis, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively overexpressing three different Aspergillus nidulans CW-modifying enzymes: a xylan acetylesterase, a rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase and a feruloylesterase. The two acetylesterases were expressed either together or in combination with the feruloylesterase to study the effect of CW polysaccharide deacetylation and deferuloylation on Arabidopsis defense reactions against a fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing two acetylesterases together showed higher CW deacetylation and increased resistance to B. cinerea in comparison to wild-type (WT) Col-0 and plants expressing single acetylesterases. While the expression of feruloylesterase alone compromised plant resistance, coexpression of feruloylesterase together with either one of the two acetylesterases restored plant resistance to the pathogen. These CW modifications induced several defense-related genes in uninfected healthy plants, confirming their impact on plant resistance. These results demonstrated that coexpression of complementary CW-modifying enzymes in different combinations have an additive effect on plant stress response by constitutively priming the plant defense pathways. These findings might be useful for generating valuable crops with higher protections against biotic stresses.
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Widemann E, Bruinsma K, Walshe-Roussel B, Rioja C, Arbona V, Saha RK, Letwin D, Zhurov V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Bernards MA, Grbić M, Grbić V. Multiple indole glucosinolates and myrosinases defend Arabidopsis against Tetranychus urticae herbivory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:116-132. [PMID: 34618148 PMCID: PMC8418412 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) defenses against herbivores are regulated by the jasmonate (JA) hormonal signaling pathway, which leads to the production of a plethora of defense compounds. Arabidopsis defense compounds include tryptophan-derived metabolites, which limit Arabidopsis infestation by the generalist herbivore two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. However, the phytochemicals responsible for Arabidopsis protection against T. urticae are unknown. Here, we used Arabidopsis mutants disrupted in the synthesis of tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites to identify phytochemicals involved in the defense against T. urticae. We show that of the three tryptophan-dependent pathways found in Arabidopsis, the indole glucosinolate (IG) pathway is necessary and sufficient to assure tryptophan-mediated defense against T. urticae. We demonstrate that all three IGs can limit T. urticae herbivory, but that they must be processed by myrosinases to hinder T. urticae oviposition. Putative IG breakdown products were detected in mite-infested leaves, suggesting in planta processing by myrosinases. Finally, we demonstrate that besides IGs, there are additional JA-regulated defenses that control T. urticae herbivory. Together, our results reveal the complexity of Arabidopsis defenses against T. urticae that rely on multiple IGs, specific myrosinases, and additional JA-dependent defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Widemann
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kristie Bruinsma
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Brendan Walshe-Roussel
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Natural and Non-Prescription Health Products Directorate Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Cristina Rioja
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Repon Kumer Saha
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - David Letwin
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Mark A. Bernards
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vojislava Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Author for communication:
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Giovannoni M, Marti L, Ferrari S, Tanaka‐Takada N, Maeshima M, Ott T, De Lorenzo G, Mattei B. The plasma membrane-associated Ca 2+ -binding protein, PCaP1, is required for oligogalacturonide and flagellin-induced priming and immunity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3078-3093. [PMID: 34050546 PMCID: PMC8457133 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Early signalling events in response to elicitation include reversible protein phosphorylation and re-localization of plasma membrane (PM) proteins. Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are a class of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that act as endogenous signals to activate the plant immune response. Previous data on early phosphoproteome changes in Arabidopsis thaliana upon OG perception uncovered the immune-related phospho-regulation of several membrane proteins, among which PCaP1, a PM-anchored protein with actin filament-severing activity, was chosen for its potential involvement in OG- and flagellin-triggered responses. Here, we demonstrate that PCaP1 is required for late, but not early, responses induced by OGs and flagellin. Moreover, pcap1 mutants, unlike the wild type, are impaired in the recovery of full responsiveness to a second treatment with OGs performed 24 h after the first one. Localization studies on PCaP1 upon OG treatment in plants expressing a functional PCaP1-GFP fusion under the control of PCaP1 promoter revealed fluorescence on the PM, organized in densely packed punctate structures, previously reported as microdomains. Fluorescence was found to be associated also with endocytic vesicles, the number of which rapidly increased after OG treatment, suggesting both an endocytic turnover of PCaP1 for maintaining its homeostasis at the PM and an OG-induced endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Giovannoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Lucia Marti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Natsuki Tanaka‐Takada
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Masayoshi Maeshima
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Thomas Ott
- Faculty of Biology, Cell BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS ‐ Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
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Wan J, He M, Hou Q, Zou L, Yang Y, Wei Y, Chen X. Cell wall associated immunity in plants. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:3. [PMID: 37676546 PMCID: PMC10429498 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is the first physical and defensive barrier against pathogens. The plant cell wall usually undergoes dynamic remodeling as an immune response to prevent infection by pathogens. In this review, we summarize advances on relationship between cell wall and immunity in plants. In particular, we outline current progresses regarding the regulation of the cell wall components, including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, on plant disease resistance. We also discuss the impacts of cell wall-derived cellodextrin, oligogalacturonic acid and xyloglucan/xylan oligosaccharides as potent elicitors or signal molecules to trigger plant immune response. We further propose future studies on dissecting the molecular regulation of cell wall on plant immunity, which have potentials in practical application of crop breeding aiming at improvement of plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxue Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Xuan C, Lan G, Si F, Zeng Z, Wang C, Yadav V, Wei C, Zhang X. Systematic Genome-Wide Study and Expression Analysis of SWEET Gene Family: Sugar Transporter Family Contributes to Biotic and Abiotic Stimuli in Watermelon. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8407. [PMID: 34445115 PMCID: PMC8395094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The SWEET (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter) proteins are a novel family of sugar transporters that play key roles in sugar efflux, signal transduction, plant growth and development, plant-pathogen interactions, and stress tolerance. In this study, 22 ClaSWEET genes were identified in Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) through homology searches and classified into four groups by phylogenetic analysis. The genes with similar structures, conserved domains, and motifs were clustered into the same groups. Further analysis of the gene promoter regions uncovered various growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responsive cis-regulatory elements. Tissue-specific analysis showed most of the genes were highly expressed in male flowers and the roots of cultivated varieties and wild cultivars. In addition, qRT-PCR results further imply that ClaSWEET proteins might be involved in resistance to Fusarium oxysporum infection. Moreover, a significantly higher expression level of these genes under various abiotic stresses suggests its multifaceted role in mediating plant responses to drought, salt, and low-temperature stress. The genome-wide characterization and phylogenetic analysis of ClaSWEET genes, together with the expression patterns in different tissues and stimuli, lays a solid foundation for future research into their molecular function in watermelon developmental processes and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.X.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (V.Y.)
| | - Guangpu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.X.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (V.Y.)
| | - Fengfei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.X.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (V.Y.)
| | - Zhilong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.X.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (V.Y.)
| | - Chunxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.X.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (V.Y.)
| | - Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.X.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (V.Y.)
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.X.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (V.Y.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.X.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (V.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin 300384, China
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Cai Q, He B, Wang S, Fletcher S, Niu D, Mitter N, Birch PRJ, Jin H. Message in a Bubble: Shuttling Small RNAs and Proteins Between Cells and Interacting Organisms Using Extracellular Vesicles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:497-524. [PMID: 34143650 PMCID: PMC8369896 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081720-010616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Communication between plant cells and interacting microorganisms requires the secretion and uptake of functional molecules to and from the extracellular environment and is essential for the survival of both plants and their pathogens. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed spheres that deliver RNA, protein, and metabolite cargos from donor to recipient cells and participate in many cellular processes. Emerging evidencehas shown that both plant and microbial EVs play important roles in cross-kingdom molecular exchange between hosts and interacting microbes to modulate host immunity and pathogen virulence. Recent studies revealed that plant EVs function as a defense system by encasing and delivering small RNAs (sRNAs) into pathogens, thereby mediating cross-species and cross-kingdom RNA interference to silence virulence-related genes. This review focuses on the latest advances in our understanding of plant and microbial EVs and their roles in transporting regulatory molecules, especially sRNAs, between hosts and pathogens. EV biogenesis and secretion are also discussed, as EV function relies on these important processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
| | - Shumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
| | - Stephen Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dongdong Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
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Zarattini M, Corso M, Kadowaki MA, Monclaro A, Magri S, Milanese I, Jolivet S, de Godoy MO, Hermans C, Fagard M, Cannella D. LPMO-oxidized cellulose oligosaccharides evoke immunity in Arabidopsis conferring resistance towards necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea. Commun Biol 2021; 4:727. [PMID: 34117349 PMCID: PMC8196058 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMOs) are powerful redox enzymes able to oxidatively cleave recalcitrant polysaccharides. Widely conserved across biological kingdoms, LPMOs of the AA9 family are deployed by phytopathogens to deconstruct cellulose polymers. In response, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense cell wall damage and thus self-triggering Damage Triggered Immunity responses. Here, we show that Arabidopsis plants exposed to LPMO products triggered the innate immunity ultimately leading to increased resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. We demonstrated that plants undergo a deep transcriptional reprogramming upon elicitation with AA9 derived cellulose- or cello-oligosaccharides (AA9_COS). To decipher the specific effects of native and oxidized LPMO-generated AA9_COS, a pairwise comparison with cellobiose, the smallest non-oxidized unit constituting cellulose, is presented. Moreover, we identified two leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, namely STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2 and 4, playing a crucial role in signaling the AA9_COS-dependent responses such as camalexin production. Furthermore, increased levels of ethylene, jasmonic and salicylic acid hormones, along with deposition of callose in the cell wall was observed. Collectively, our data reveal that LPMOs might play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions. Zarattini et al. confirm the capacity of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMO) active on cellulose to trigger immune responses in Arabidopsis. These results bring insight to the field of cell wall modifying enzymes and their roles in plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zarattini
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Corso
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - Marco Antonio Kadowaki
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonielle Monclaro
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Silvia Magri
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Irma Milanese
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Jolivet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - Mariana Ortiz de Godoy
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Hermans
- Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Fagard
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - David Cannella
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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50
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Portieles R, Xu H, Yue Q, Zhao L, Zhang D, Du L, Gao X, Gao J, Portal Gonzalez N, Santos Bermudez R, Borrás-Hidalgo O. Heat-killed endophytic bacterium induces robust plant defense responses against important pathogens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12182. [PMID: 34108579 PMCID: PMC8190079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress caused by pathogens strongly damages plants. Developing products to control plant disease is an important challenge in sustainable agriculture. In this study, a heat-killed endophytic bacterium (HKEB), Bacillus aryabhattai, is used to induce plant defense against fungal and bacterial pathogens, and the main defense pathways used by the HKEB to activate plant defense are revealed. The HKEB induced high protection against different pathogens through the salicylic and jasmonic acid pathways. We report the presence of gentisic acid in the HKEB for the first time. These results show that HKEBs may be a useful tool for the management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Portieles
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Xu
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academic of Science), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academic of Science), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dening Zhang
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Du
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyou Gao
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyao Gao
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nayanci Portal Gonzalez
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, No. 336, West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ramon Santos Bermudez
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, No. 336, West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Orlando Borrás-Hidalgo
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academic of Science), Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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