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Dopamine Inhibits Arabidopsis Growth through Increased Oxidative Stress and Auxin Activity. STRESSES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses3010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Like some bacterial species and all animals, plants synthesize dopamine and react to its exogenous applications. Despite dopamine’s widespread presence and activity in plants, its role in plant physiology is still poorly understood. Using targeted experimentation informed by the transcriptomic response to dopamine exposure, we identify three major effects of dopamine. First, we show that dopamine causes hypersensitivity to auxin indole-3-acetic acid by enhancing auxin activity. Second, we show that dopamine increases oxidative stress, which can be mitigated with glutathione. Third, we find that dopamine downregulates iron uptake mechanisms, leading to a decreased iron content—a response possibly aimed at reducing DA-induced oxidative stress. Finally, we show that dopamine-induced auxin sensitivity is downstream of glutathione biosynthesis, indicating that the auxin response is likely a consequence of DA-induced oxidative stress. Collectively, our results show that exogenous dopamine increases oxidative stress, which inhibits growth both directly and indirectly by promoting glutathione-biosynthesis-dependent auxin hypersensitivity.
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Huang X, Maisch J, Hayashi KI, Nick P. Fluorescent Auxin Analogs Report Two Auxin Binding Sites with Different Subcellular Distribution and Affinities: A Cue for Non-Transcriptional Auxin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158593. [PMID: 35955725 PMCID: PMC9369420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of auxin signaling is partially due to multiple auxin receptors that trigger differential signaling. To obtain insight into the subcellular localization of auxin-binding sites, we used fluorescent auxin analogs that can undergo transport but do not deploy auxin signaling. Using fluorescent probes for different subcellular compartments, we can show that the fluorescent analog of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) associates with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and tonoplast, while the fluorescent analog of indole acetic acid (IAA) binds to the ER. The binding of the fluorescent NAA analog to the ER can be outcompeted by unlabeled NAA, which allows us to estimate the affinity of NAA for this binding site to be around 1 μM. The non-transportable auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) interferes with the binding site for the fluorescent NAA analog at the tonoplast but not with the binding site for the fluorescent IAA analog at the ER. We integrate these data into a working model, where the tonoplast hosts a binding site with a high affinity for 2,4-D, while the ER hosts a binding site with high affinity for NAA. Thus, the differential subcellular localization of binding sites reflects the differential signaling in response to these artificial auxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; (X.H.); (J.M.)
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jan Maisch
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; (X.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan;
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; (X.H.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-721-608-42144
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3
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Abstract
Auxin regulates the transcription of auxin-responsive genes by the TIR1/AFBs-Aux/IAA-ARF signaling pathway, and in this way facilitates plant growth and development. However, rapid, nontranscriptional responses to auxin that cannot be explained by this pathway have been reported. In this review, we focus on several examples of rapid auxin responses: (1) the triggering of changes in plasma membrane potential in various plant species and tissues, (2) inhibition of root growth, which also correlates with membrane potential changes, cytosolic Ca2+ spikes, and a rise of apoplastic pH, (3) the influence on endomembrane trafficking of PIN proteins and other membrane cargoes, and (4) activation of ROPs (Rho of plants) and their downstream effectors such as the cytoskeleton or vesicle trafficking. In most cases, the signaling pathway triggering the response is poorly understood. A role for the TIR1/AFBs in rapid root growth regulation is emerging, as well as the involvement of transmembrane kinases (TMKs) in the activation of ROPs. We discuss similarities and differences among these rapid responses and focus on their physiological significance, which remains an enigma in most cases.
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Zhao H, Maokai Y, Cheng H, Guo M, Liu Y, Wang L, Chao S, Zhang M, Lai L, Qin Y. Characterization of auxin transporter AUX, PIN and PILS gene families in pineapple and evaluation of expression profiles during reproductive development and under abiotic stresses. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11410. [PMID: 34221708 PMCID: PMC8231336 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar auxin transport in plant is mediated by influx and efflux transporters, which are encoded by AUX/LAX, PIN and PILS genes, respectively. The auxin transporter gene families have been characterized in several species from monocots and eudicots. However, a genome-wide overview of auxin transporter gene families in pineapple is not yet available. In this study, we identified a total of threeAcAUX genes, 12 AcPIN genes, and seven AcPILS genes in the pineapple genome, which were variably located on 15 chromosomes. The exon-intron structure of these genes and properties of deduced proteins were relatively conserved within the same family. Most protein motifs were widespread in the AUX, PIN or PILS proteins, whereas a few motifs were absent in only one or two proteins. Analysis of the expression profiles of these genes elucidated that several genes exhibited either preferential or tissue-specific expression patterns in vegetative and/or reproductive tissues. AcAUX2 was specifically expressed in the early developmental ovules, while AcPIN1b and AcPILS2 were strongly expressed in stamens and ovules. AcPIN9b, AcPILS1, AcPILS6a, 6b and 6c were abundantly expressed in stamens. Furthermore, qRT-PCR results showed that several genes in these families were responsive to various abiotic stresses. Comparative analysis indicated that the genes with close evolutionary relationships among pineapple, rice and Arabidopsis exhibited similar expression patterns. Overexpression of the AcAUX1 in Arabidopsis rescued the phenotype in aux1-T, and resulted in increased lateral roots in WT. These results will provide new insights into auxin transporter genes of pineapple and facilitate our understanding of their roles in pineapple growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yan Maokai
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Han Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mingliang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shi Chao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Minqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Linyi Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Rutten JP, Ten Tusscher KH. Bootstrapping and Pinning down the Root Meristem; the Auxin-PLT-ARR Network Unites Robustness and Sensitivity in Meristem Growth Control. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094731. [PMID: 33946960 PMCID: PMC8125115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After germination, the meristem of the embryonic plant root becomes activated, expands in size and subsequently stabilizes to support post-embryonic root growth. The plant hormones auxin and cytokinin, together with master transcription factors of the PLETHORA (PLT) family have been shown to form a regulatory network that governs the patterning of this root meristem. Still, which functional constraints contributed to shaping the dynamics and architecture of this network, has largely remained unanswered. Using a combination of modeling approaches we reveal how the interplay between auxin and PLTs enables meristem activation in response to above-threshold stimulation, while its embedding in a PIN-mediated auxin reflux loop ensures localized PLT transcription and thereby, a finite meristem size. We furthermore demonstrate how this constrained PLT transcriptional domain enables independent control of meristem size and division rates, further supporting a division of labor between auxin and PLT. We subsequently reveal how the weaker auxin antagonism of the earlier active Arabidopsis response regulator 12 (ARR12) may arise from the absence of a DELLA protein interaction domain. Our model indicates that this reduced strength is essential to prevent collapse in the early stages of meristem expansion while at later stages the enhanced strength of Arabidopsis response regulator 1 (ARR1) is required for sufficient meristem size control. Summarizing, our work indicates that functional constraints significantly contribute to shaping the auxin-cytokinin-PLT regulatory network.
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Omari Alzahrani F. Genome Wide Analysis of Amino Acid Transporter Superfamily in Solanum lycopersicum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10020289. [PMID: 33546314 PMCID: PMC7913553 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) are integral membrane proteins and have several functions, including transporting amino acids across cellular membranes. They are critical for plant growth and development. This study comprehensively identified AAT-encoding genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), which is an important vegetable crop and serves as a model for fleshy fruit development. In this study, 88 genes were identified in the S. lycopersicum genome and grouped into 12 subfamilies, based on previously identified AATs in Arabidopsis, rice (Oryza sativa), and potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants. Chromosomal localization revealed that S. lycopersicum AAT (SlAAT) genes are distributed on the 12 S. lycopersicum chromosomes. Segmental duplication events contribute mainly to the expansion of SlAAT genes and about 32% (29 genes) of SlAAT genes were found to originate from this type of event. Expression profiles of SlAAT genes in various tissues of S. lycopersicum using RNA sequencing data from the Tomato Functional Genomics Database (http://ted.bti.cornell.edu/) showed that SlAAT genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns. Comprehensive data generated in this study will provide a platform for further studies on the SlAAT gene family and will facilitate the functional characterization of SlAAT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Omari Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Albaha University, Albaha 65527, Albaha Province, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Todd OE, Figueiredo MRA, Morran S, Soni N, Preston C, Kubeš MF, Napier R, Gaines TA. Synthetic auxin herbicides: finding the lock and key to weed resistance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110631. [PMID: 33180710 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic auxin herbicides are designed to mimic indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), an integral plant hormone affecting cell growth, development, and tropism. In this review, we explore target site genes in the auxin signaling pathway including SCFTIR1/AFB, Aux/IAA, and ARFs that are confirmed or proposed mechanisms for weed resistance to synthetic auxin herbicides. Resistance to auxin herbicides by metabolism, either by enhanced cytochrome P450 detoxification or by loss of pro-herbicide activation, is a major non-target-site resistance pathway. We speculate about potential fitness costs of resistance due to effects of resistance-conferring mutations, provide insight into the role of polyploidy in synthetic auxin resistance evolution, and address the genetic resources available for weeds. This knowledge will be the key to unlock the long-standing questions as to which components of the auxin signaling pathway are most likely to have a role in resistance evolution. We propose that an ambitious research effort into synthetic auxin herbicide/target site interactions is needed to 1) explain why some synthetic auxin chemical families have activity on certain dicot plant families but not others and 2) fully elucidate target-site cross-resistance patterns among synthetic auxin chemical families to guide best practices for resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia E Todd
- Department of Agricultural Biology, 1177 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA.
| | - Marcelo R A Figueiredo
- Department of Agricultural Biology, 1177 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA.
| | - Sarah Morran
- Department of Agricultural Biology, 1177 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA.
| | - Neeta Soni
- Department of Agricultural Biology, 1177 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA.
| | - Christopher Preston
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Martin F Kubeš
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Agricultural Biology, 1177 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA.
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8
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Wakatake T, Ogawa S, Yoshida S, Shirasu K. An auxin transport network underlies xylem bridge formation between the hemi-parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum and host Arabidopsis. Development 2020; 147:dev187781. [PMID: 32586973 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic plants form vascular connections with host plants for efficient material transport. The haustorium is the responsible organ for host invasion and subsequent vascular connection. After invasion of host tissues, vascular meristem-like cells emerge in the central region of the haustorium, differentiate into tracheary elements and establish a connection, known as a xylem bridge, between parasite and host xylem systems. Despite the importance of this parasitic connection, the regulatory mechanisms of xylem bridge formation are unknown. Here, we show the role of auxin and auxin transporters during the process of xylem bridge formation using an Orobanchaceae hemiparasitic plant, Phtheirospermum japonicum The auxin response marker DR5 has a similar expression pattern to tracheary element differentiation genes in haustoria. Auxin transport inhibitors alter tracheary element differentiation in haustoria, but biosynthesis inhibitors do not, demonstrating the importance of auxin transport during xylem bridge formation. The expression patterns and subcellular localization of PIN family auxin efflux carriers and AUX1/LAX influx carriers correlate with DR5 expression patterns. The cooperative action of auxin transporters is therefore responsible for controlling xylem vessel connections between parasite and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Wakatake
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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9
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Abebie B, Philosoph-Hadas S, Riov J, Huberman M, Goren R, Meir S. Raising the pH of the Pulsing Solution Improved the Acropetal Transport of NAA and 2,4-D and Their Efficacy in Reducing Floret Bud Abscission of Red Cestrum Cut Flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:825. [PMID: 32670317 PMCID: PMC7327294 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of auxins to improve the vase life of cut flowers is very limited. Previous studies demonstrated that a pulse treatment of Red Cestrum (Cestrum elegans Schlecht.) cut flowers with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) significantly reduced floret bud abscission, whereas 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was ineffective. This difference resulted, at least in part, from the higher acropetal transport capability of 2,4-D compared to that of NAA. The present research focused on examining the factors affecting the acropetal transport, and hence the efficacy of the two auxins in reducing floret bud abscission of Red Cestrum cut flowers. We assumed that the differential acropetal transport capability of the two auxins results from the difference in their dissociation constants (pKa), with values of 2.75 and 4.23 for 2,4-D and NAA, respectively, which affects their pH-dependent physicochemical properties. Thus, increasing the pH of the pulsing solution above the pKa of both auxins might improve their acropetal movement. Indeed, the results of the present research show that raising the pH of the pulsing solution to pH 7.0 and above improved the efficacy of the two auxins in reducing floret bud abscission, with a higher effect on 2,4-D than that on NAA. Raising the pH of the pulsing solution decreased the adsorption and/or uptake of the two auxins by the cells adjacent to the xylem vessels, leading to an increase in their acropetal transport. The high pH of the pulsing solution increased the dissociation and hence decreased the lipophilicity of the auxin molecules, leading to improved acropetal movement. This effect was corroborated by the significant reduction in their 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (K OW ) values with the increase in the pH. A significant increase in the CeIAA1 transcript level was obtained in response to 2,4-D pulsing at pH 7.0 and 8.25 and to NAA pulsing at pH 8.25, indicating that the acropetally transported auxins were taken up by the cells under these conditions. Our data suggest that raising the pH of the pulsing solution would significantly contribute to the increased efficacy of auxins in improving the vase life of cut flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekele Abebie
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sonia Philosoph-Hadas
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Joseph Riov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moshe Huberman
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Raphael Goren
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shimon Meir
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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10
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Semeradova H, Montesinos JC, Benkova E. All Roads Lead to Auxin: Post-translational Regulation of Auxin Transport by Multiple Hormonal Pathways. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100048. [PMID: 33367243 PMCID: PMC7747973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key hormonal regulator, that governs plant growth and development in concert with other hormonal pathways. The unique feature of auxin is its polar, cell-to-cell transport that leads to the formation of local auxin maxima and gradients, which coordinate initiation and patterning of plant organs. The molecular machinery mediating polar auxin transport is one of the important points of interaction with other hormones. Multiple hormonal pathways converge at the regulation of auxin transport and form a regulatory network that integrates various developmental and environmental inputs to steer plant development. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that underlie regulation of polar auxin transport by multiple hormonal pathways. Specifically, we focus on the post-translational mechanisms that contribute to fine-tuning of the abundance and polarity of auxin transporters at the plasma membrane and thereby enable rapid modification of the auxin flow to coordinate plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Semeradova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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11
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Arieti RS, Staiger CJ. Auxin-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements require AUX1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:441-459. [PMID: 31859367 PMCID: PMC7154765 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is required for cell expansion and implicated in cellular responses to the phytohormone auxin. However, the mechanisms that coordinate auxin signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and cell expansion are poorly understood. Previous studies examined long-term actin cytoskeleton responses to auxin, but plants respond to auxin within minutes. Before this work, an extracellular auxin receptor - rather than the auxin transporter AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (AUX1) - was considered to precede auxin-induced cytoskeleton reorganization. In order to correlate actin array organization and dynamics with degree of cell expansion, quantitative imaging tools established baseline actin organization and illuminated individual filament behaviors in root epidermal cells under control conditions and after indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) application. We evaluated aux1 mutant actin organization responses to IAA and the membrane-permeable auxin 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA). Cell length predicted actin organization and dynamics in control roots; short-term IAA treatments stimulated denser and more parallel, longitudinal arrays by inducing filament unbundling within minutes. Although AUX1 is necessary for full actin rearrangements in response to auxin, cytoplasmic auxin (i.e. NAA) stimulated a lesser response. Actin filaments became more 'organized' after IAA stopped elongation, refuting the hypothesis that 'more organized' actin arrays universally correlate with rapid growth. Short-term actin cytoskeleton response to auxin requires AUX1 and/or cytoplasmic auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthie S. Arieti
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907‐2064USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program (PULSe)Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907‐2064USA
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
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12
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Ornelas-Ayala D, Vega-León R, Petrone-Mendoza E, Garay-Arroyo A, García-Ponce B, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Sanchez MDLP. ULTRAPETALA1 maintains Arabidopsis root stem cell niche independently of ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1261-1272. [PMID: 31545512 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During plant development, morphogenetic processes rely on the activity of meristems. Meristem homeostasis depends on a complex regulatory network constituted by different factors and hormone signaling that regulate gene expression to coordinate the correct balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. ULTRAPETALA1, a transcriptional regulatory protein described as an Arabidopsis Trithorax group factor, has been characterized as a regulator of the shoot and floral meristems activity. Here, we highlight the role of ULTRAPETALA1 in root stem cell niche maintenance. We found that ULTRAPETALA1 is required to regulate both the quiescent center cell division rate and auxin signaling at the root tip. Furthermore, ULTRAPETALA1 regulates columella stem cell differentiation. These roles are independent of the ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX1, suggesting a different mechanism by which ULTRAPETALA1 can act in the root apical meristem of Arabidopsis. This work introduces a new component of the regulatory network needed for the root stem cell niche maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ornelas-Ayala
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Rosario Vega-León
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Emilio Petrone-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Elena R Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
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Liu H, Li L, Li C, Huang C, ShangGuan Y, Chen R, Xiao S, Wen W, Xu D. Identification and bioinformatic analysis of Aux/IAA family based on transcriptome data of Bletilla striata. Bioengineered 2019; 10:668-678. [PMID: 31722607 PMCID: PMC8530271 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1692610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (Aux/IAA) genes are involved in auxin signaling pathway and play an important role in plant growth and development. However, many studies focus on Aux/IAA gene families and much less known in Bletilla striata. In this study, a total of 27 Aux/IAA genes (BsIAA1-27) were cloned from the transcriptome of Bletilla striata. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of the Aux/IAA protein sequences from B. striata, Arabidopsis thaliana and Dendrobium officinale, the Aux/IAA genes of B. striata (BsIAAs) were categorized into 2 subfamilies and 9 groups. While BsIAAs were more closer to those of D. officinale compared to A. thaliana. EST-SSR marker mining test showed that 4 markers could be stably amplified with obvious polymorphisms among 4 landraces. Our results suggested that BsIAAs were involved in the process of tuber development and provided insights into functional roles of Aux/IAA genes in B. striata and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houbo Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chun Li
- Sesame Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zheng Zhou, China
| | - Ceyin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yanni ShangGuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ronghui Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shiji Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Weie Wen
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Delin Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Kirungu JN, Magwanga RO, Lu P, Cai X, Zhou Z, Wang X, Peng R, Wang K, Liu F. Functional characterization of Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) gene reveal their significant role in enhancing drought and salt stress tolerance in cotton. BMC Genet 2019; 20:62. [PMID: 31337336 PMCID: PMC6651995 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxins play an important role in plant growth and development; the auxins responsive gene; auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA), small auxin-up RNAs (SAUR) and Gretchen Hagen3 (GH3) control their mechanisms. The GH3 genes function in homeostasis by the catalytic activities in auxin conjugation and bounding free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to amino acids. RESULTS In our study, we identified the GH3 genes in three cotton species; Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii, analyzed their chromosomal distribution, phylogenetic relationships, cis-regulatory element function and performed virus induced gene silencing of the novel Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) gene. The phylogenetic tree showed four clusters of genes with clade 1, 3 and 4 having mainly members of the GH3 of the cotton species while clade 2 was mainly members belonging to Arabidopsis. There were no paralogous genes, and few orthologous genes were observed between Gossypium and other species. All the GO terms were detected, but only 14 genes were found to have described GO terms in upland cotton, more biological functions were detected, as compared to the other functions. The GH3.17 subfamily harbored the highest number of the cis-regulatory elements, most having promoters towards dehydration-responsiveness. The RNA expression analysis revealed that 10 and 8 genes in drought and salinity stress conditions respectively were upregulated in G. hirsutum. All the genes that were upregulated in plants under salt stress conditions were also upregulated in drought stress; moreover, Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) exhibited a significant upregulation across the two stress factors. Functional characterization of Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) revealed that the VIGS plants ability to tolerate drought and salt stresses was significantly reduced compared to the wild types. The chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content (RLWC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration level were reduced significantly while malondialdehyde concentration and ion leakage as a measure of cell membrane stability (CMS) increased in VIGS plants under drought and salt stress conditions. CONCLUSION This study revealed the significance of the GH3 genes in enabling the plant's adaptation to drought and salt stress conditions as evidenced by the VIGS results and RT-qPCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Nyangasi Kirungu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Richard Odongo Magwanga
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.,School of Biological and Physical Sciences (SBPS), Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST), Main Campus, 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya
| | - Pu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Zhongli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Renhai Peng
- Research Base in Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/ Anyang Institute of technology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Kunbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
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Damodaran S, Strader LC. Indole 3-Butyric Acid Metabolism and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:851. [PMID: 31333697 PMCID: PMC6616111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a crucial phytohormone involved in multiple plant developmental processes. Spatiotemporal regulation of auxin levels is necessary to achieve development of organs in the proper place and at the proper time. These levels can be regulated by conversion of auxin [indole 3-acetic acid (IAA)] from its conjugated forms and its precursors. Indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) is an auxin precursor that is converted to IAA in a peroxisomal β-oxidation process. In Arabidopsis, altered IBA-to-IAA conversion leads to multiple plant defects, indicating that IBA contributes to auxin homeostasis in critical ways. Like IAA, IBA and its conjugates can be transported in plants, yet many IBA carriers still need to be identified. In this review, we discuss IBA transporters identified in Arabidopsis thus far, including the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) members of the G subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCG) family, the TRANSPORTER OF IBA1 (TOB1) member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) family and hypothesize other potential IBA carriers involved in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Damodaran
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Lucia C. Strader
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Wang M, Qiao J, Yu C, Chen H, Sun C, Huang L, Li C, Geisler M, Qian Q, Jiang DA, Qi Y. The auxin influx carrier, OsAUX3, regulates rice root development and responses to aluminium stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1125-1138. [PMID: 30399648 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In rice, there are five members of the auxin carrier AUXIN1/LIKE AUX1 family; however, the biological functions of the other four members besides OsAUX1 remain unknown. Here, by using CRISPR/Cas9, we constructed two independent OsAUX3 knock-down lines, osaux3-1 and osaux3-2, in wild-type rice, Hwayoung (WT/HY) and Dongjin (WT/DJ). osaux3-1 and osaux3-2 have shorter primary roots (PRs), decreased lateral root (LR) density, and longer root hairs (RHs) compared with their WT. OsAUX3 expression in PRs, LRs, and RHs further supports that OsAUX3 plays a critical role in the regulation of root development. OsAUX3 locates at the plasma membrane and functions as an auxin influx carrier affecting acropetal auxin transport. OsAUX3 is up-regulated in the root apex under aluminium (Al) stress, and osaux3-2 is insensitive to Al treatments. Furthermore, 1-naphthylacetic acid accented the sensitivity of WT/DJ and osaux3-2 to respond to Al stress. Auxin concentrations, Al contents, and Al-induced reactive oxygen species-mediated damage in osaux3-2 under Al stress are lower than in WT, indicating that OsAUX3 is involved in Al-induced inhibition of root growth. This study uncovers a novel pathway alleviating Al-induced oxidative damage by inhibition of acropetal auxin transport and provides a new option for engineering Al-tolerant rice species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - JiYue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - ChenLiang Yu
- Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - ChenDong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - LinZhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - ChuanYou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - De An Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - YanHua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Advances in Understanding the Mechanism of Action of the Auxin Permease AUX1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113391. [PMID: 30380696 PMCID: PMC6275028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In over 40 years of research on the cellular uptake of auxin it is somewhat chastening that we have elaborated so little on the original kinetic descriptions of auxin uptake by plant cells made by Rubery and Sheldrake in 1974. Every aspect of that seminal work has been investigated in detail, and the uptake activity they measured is now known to be attributed to the AUX1/LAX family of permeases. Recent pharmacological studies have defined the substrate specificity of AUX1, biochemical studies have evaluated its permeability to auxin in plant cell membranes, and rigourous kinetic studies have confirmed the affinity of AUX1 for IAA and synthetic auxins. Advances in genome sequencing have provided a rich resource for informatic analysis of the ancestry of AUX1 and the LAX proteins and, along with models of topology, suggest mechanistic links to families of eukaryotic proton co-transporters for which crystal structures have been presented. The insights gained from all the accumulated research reflect the brilliance of Rubery and Sheldrake’s early work, but recent biochemical analyses are starting to advance further our understanding of this vitally important family of auxin transport proteins.
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18
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Goggin DE, Kaur P, Owen MJ, Powles SB. 2,4-D and dicamba resistance mechanisms in wild radish: subtle, complex and population specific? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:627-640. [PMID: 29893784 PMCID: PMC6153477 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Resistance to synthetic auxin herbicides such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is increasing in weed populations worldwide, which is of concern given the recent introduction of synthetic auxin-resistant transgenic crops. Due to the complex mode of action of the auxinic herbicides, the mechanisms of evolved resistance remain largely uncharacterized. The aims of this study were to assess the level of diversity in resistance mechanisms in 11 populations of the problem weed Raphanus raphanistrum, and to use a high-throughput, whole-genome transcriptomic analysis on one resistant and one susceptible population to identify important changes in gene expression in response to 2,4-D. METHODS Levels of 2,4-D and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) resistance were quantified in a dose-response study and the populations were further screened for auxin selectivity, 2,4-D translocation and metabolism, expression of key 2,4-D-responsive genes and activation of the mitogen-activated proein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Potential links between resistance levels and mechanisms were assessed using correlation analysis. KEY RESULTS The transcriptomic study revealed early deployment of the plant defence response in the 2,4-D-treated resistant population, and there was a corresponding positive relationship between auxinic herbicide resistance and constitutive MAPK phosphorylation across all populations. Populations with shoot-wide translocation of 2,4-D had similar resistance levels to those with restricted translocation, suggesting that reduced translocation may not be as strong a resistance mechanism as originally thought. Differences in auxin selectivity between populations point to the likelihood of different resistance-conferring alterations in auxin signalling and/or perception in the different populations. CONCLUSIONS 2,4-D resistance in wild radish appears to result from subtly different auxin signalling alterations in different populations, supplemented by an enhanced defence response and, in some cases, reduced 2,4-D translocation. This study highlights the dangers of applying knowledge generated from a few populations of a weed species to the species as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica E Goggin
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Parwinder Kaur
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Mechelle J Owen
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Stephen B Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Zhang C, Dong W, Huang ZA, Cho M, Yu Q, Wu C, Yu C. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the CaLAX and CaPIN gene families in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under various abiotic stresses and hormone treatments. Genome 2018; 61:121-130. [PMID: 29304291 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2017-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Auxin plays key roles in regulating plant growth and development as well as in response to environmental stresses. The intercellular transport of auxin is mediated by the following four gene families: ATP-binding cassette family B (ABCB), auxin resistant1/like aux1 (AUX/LAX), PIN-formed (PIN), and PIN-like (PILS). Here, the latest assembled pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genome was used to characterise and analyse the CaLAX and CaPIN gene families. Genome-wide investigations into these families, including chromosomal distributions, phytogenic relationships, and intron/exon structures, were performed. In total, 4 CaLAX and 10 CaPIN genes were mapped to 10 chromosomes. Most of these genes exhibited varied tissue-specific expression patterns assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression profiles of the CaLAX and CaPIN genes under various abiotic stresses (salt, drought, and cold), exogenous phytohormones (IAA, 6-BA, ABA, SA, and MeJA), and polar auxin transport inhibitor treatments were evaluated. Most CaLAX and CaPIN genes were altered by abiotic stress at the transcriptional level in both shoots and roots, and many CaLAX and CaPIN genes were regulated by exogenous phytohormones. Our study helps to identify candidate auxin transporter genes and to further analyse their biological functions in pepper development and in its adaptation to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Zhang
- a Vegetable Research Institute, Key Labortatory of Creative Agricultrue, Ministry of Agricultrue, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wenqi Dong
- a Vegetable Research Institute, Key Labortatory of Creative Agricultrue, Ministry of Agricultrue, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zong-An Huang
- b Institute of Vegetable Sciences, Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Crop breeding in South Zhejiang Wenzhou 325014, China
| | - MyeongCheoul Cho
- c Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 440-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Qingcang Yu
- d College of Faculty of Informatics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chuanyu Wu
- d College of Faculty of Informatics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chenliang Yu
- a Vegetable Research Institute, Key Labortatory of Creative Agricultrue, Ministry of Agricultrue, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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20
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Guo J, Wang S, Yu X, Dong R, Li Y, Mei X, Shen Y. Polyamines Regulate Strawberry Fruit Ripening by Abscisic Acid, Auxin, and Ethylene. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:339-351. [PMID: 29523717 PMCID: PMC5933135 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) participate in many plant growth and developmental processes, including fruit ripening. However, it is not clear whether PAs play a role in the ripening of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa), a model nonclimacteric plant. Here, we found that the content of the PA spermine (Spm) increased more sharply after the onset of fruit coloration than did that of the PAs putrescine (Put) or spermidine (Spd). Spm dominance in ripe fruit resulted from abundant transcripts of a strawberry S-adenosyl-l-Met decarboxylase gene (FaSAMDC), which encodes an enzyme that generates a residue needed for PA biosynthesis. Exogenous Spm and Spd promoted fruit coloration, while exogenous Put and a SAMDC inhibitor inhibited coloration. Based on transcriptome data, up- and down-regulation of FaSAMDC expression promoted and inhibited ripening, respectively, which coincided with changes in several physiological parameters and their corresponding gene transcripts, including firmness, anthocyanin content, sugar content, polyamine content, auxin (indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]) content, abscisic acid (ABA) content, and ethylene emission. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, we found that FaSAMDC also had a high enzymatic activity with a Kd of 1.7 × 10-3 m In conclusion, PAs, especially Spm, regulate strawberry fruit ripening in an ABA-dominated, IAA-participating, and ethylene-coordinated manner, and FaSAMDC plays an important role in ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- Address correspondence to or
| | - Shufang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuzhong Li
- Water Resources and Dryland Farming Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Xurong Mei
- Water Resources and Dryland Farming Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
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AUX1-mediated root hair auxin influx governs SCF TIR1/AFB-type Ca 2+ signaling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1174. [PMID: 29563504 PMCID: PMC5862985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development, but the causal relationship between hormone transport and root responses remains unresolved. Here we describe auxin uptake, together with early steps in signaling, in Arabidopsis root hairs. Using intracellular microelectrodes we show membrane depolarization, in response to IAA in a concentration- and pH-dependent manner. This depolarization is strongly impaired in aux1 mutants, indicating that AUX1 is the major transporter for auxin uptake in root hairs. Local intracellular auxin application triggers Ca2+ signals that propagate as long-distance waves between root cells and modulate their auxin responses. AUX1-mediated IAA transport, as well as IAA- triggered calcium signals, are blocked by treatment with the SCFTIR1/AFB - inhibitor auxinole. Further, they are strongly reduced in the tir1afb2afb3 and the cngc14 mutant. Our study reveals that the AUX1 transporter, the SCFTIR1/AFB receptor and the CNGC14 Ca2+ channel, mediate fast auxin signaling in roots. Auxin regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development. Here Dindas et al. show that in root-hair cells, the AUX1 auxin influx carrier mediates proton-driven auxin import that is perceived by auxin receptors and coupled to Ca2+ waves that may modulate adaptive responses in the root.
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22
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Hoyerova K, Hosek P, Quareshy M, Li J, Klima P, Kubes M, Yemm AA, Neve P, Tripathi A, Bennett MJ, Napier RM. Auxin molecular field maps define AUX1 selectivity: many auxin herbicides are not substrates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1625-1639. [PMID: 29265374 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Developmental responses to auxin are regulated by facilitated uptake and efflux, but detailed molecular understanding of the carrier proteins is incomplete. We have used pharmacological tools to explore the chemical space that defines substrate preferences for the auxin uptake carrier AUX1. Total and partial loss-of-function aux1 mutants were assessed against wild-type for dose-dependent resistance to a range of auxins and analogues. We then developed an auxin accumulation assay with associated mathematical modelling to enumerate accurate IC50 values for a small library of auxin analogues. The structure activity relationship data were analysed using molecular field analyses to create a pharmacophoric atlas of AUX1 substrates. The uptake carrier exhibits a very high level of selectivity towards small substrates including the natural indole-3-acetic acid, and the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. No AUX1 activity was observed for herbicides based on benzoic acid (dicamba), pyridinyloxyacetic acid (triclopyr) or the 6-arylpicolinates (halauxifen), and very low affinity was found for picolinic acid-based auxins (picloram) and quinolinecarboxylic acids (quinclorac). The atlas demonstrates why some widely used auxin herbicides are not, or are very poor substrates. We list molecular descriptors for AUX1 substrates and discuss our findings in terms of herbicide resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Hoyerova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hosek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mussa Quareshy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Crop Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Petr Klima
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kubes
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 241/27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Antony A Yemm
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Paul Neve
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Plant Sciences Division and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Richard M Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Liu Y, Dong Q, Kita D, Huang JB, Liu G, Wu X, Zhu X, Cheung AY, Wu HM, Tao LZ. RopGEF1 Plays a Critical Role in Polar Auxin Transport in Early Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:157-171. [PMID: 28698357 PMCID: PMC5580763 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport, facilitated by the combined activities of auxin influx and efflux carriers to maintain asymmetric auxin distribution, is essential for plant growth and development. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) RopGEF1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor and activator of Rho GTPases of plants (ROPs), is critically involved in polar distribution of auxin influx carrier AUX1 and differential accumulation of efflux carriers PIN7 and PIN2 and is important for embryo and early seedling development when RopGEF1 is prevalently expressed. Knockdown or knockout of RopGEF1 induces embryo defects, cotyledon vein breaks, and delayed root gravity responses. Altered expression from the auxin response reporter DR5rev:GFP in the root pole of RopGEF1-deficient embryos and loss of asymmetric distribution of DR5rev:GFP in their gravistimulated root tips suggest that auxin distribution is affected in ropgef1 mutants. This is reflected by the polarity of AUX1 being altered in ropgef1 embryos and roots, shifting from the normal apical membrane location to a basal location in embryo central vascular and root protophloem cells and also reduced PIN7 accumulation at embryos and altered PIN2 distribution in gravistimulated roots of mutant seedlings. In establishing that RopGEF1 is critical for AUX1 localization and PIN differential accumulation, our results reveal a role for RopGEF1 in cell polarity and polar auxin transport whereby it imapcts auxin-mediated plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingkun Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Daniel Kita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Jia-Bao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guolan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Hen-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Li-Zhen Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Yu C, Dong W, Zhan Y, Huang ZA, Li Z, Kim IS, Zhang C. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of ClLAX, ClPIN and ClABCB genes families in Citrullus lanatus under various abiotic stresses and grafting. BMC Genet 2017; 18:33. [PMID: 28388893 PMCID: PMC5384148 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Auxin plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development as well as in the response of plants to abiotic stresses. Auxin is transported by three kinds of major protein families, including the AUXIN RESISTANT 1/LIKE AUX1 (AUX⁄LAX) influx carriers, the PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers and the ATP binding cassette B/P-glycoprotein/Multidrug-resistance (ABCB/MDR/PGP) efflux/condition carriers. The biological function of several auxin transporter genes has been well characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, their function in response to exogenous auxin and abiotic stresses in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus. L) remained unknown. Results Here, the latest updated watermelon genome was used to characterise the ClLAX, ClPIN and ClABCB family genes from watermelon. The genome-wide analysis of the ClLAX, ClPIN and ClABCB family genes, including chromosome localisation, gene structure, and phylogenic relationships, was carried out. Seven ClLAXs, 11 ClPINs and 15 ClABCBs were mapped on 10 watermelon chromosomes. The expression profiles of the ClLAX, ClPIN and ClABCB genes under exogenous indole-3-acetic acid and various abiotic stresses (salt, drought, and cold stresses) treatments were performed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The transcriptional level of majority ClLAX, ClPIN and ClABCB genes were changed by abiotic stresses in both shoots and roots. We also analysed the expression levels of ClLAX, ClPIN and ClABCB genes in graft response. Conclusion Analysis of the expression patterns of ClLAX, ClPIN and ClABCB genes under salt, drought, cold treatment and grafting response helps us to understand the possible roles of auxin transporter genes in watermelon adaptation to environmental stresses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0500-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenliang Yu
- Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Wenqi Dong
- Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yihua Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zong-An Huang
- Institute of Vegetable Sciences, Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Crop breeding in South Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325014, China
| | - Zhimiao Li
- Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Il Seop Kim
- Dempartment of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-2071, Korea
| | - Chenghao Zhang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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25
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Takahashi M, Umetsu K, Oono Y, Higaki T, Blancaflor EB, Rahman A. Small acidic protein 1 and SCF TIR1 ubiquitin proteasome pathway act in concert to induce 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-mediated alteration of actin in Arabidopsis roots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:940-956. [PMID: 27885735 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a functional analogue of auxin, is used as an exogenous source of auxin as it evokes physiological responses like the endogenous auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Previous molecular analyses of the auxin response pathway revealed that IAA and 2,4-D share a common mode of action to elicit downstream physiological responses. However, recent findings with 2,4-D-specific mutants suggested that 2,4-D and IAA might also use distinct pathways to modulate root growth in Arabidopsis. Using genetic and cellular approaches, we demonstrate that the distinct effects of 2,4-D and IAA on actin filament organization partly dictate the differential responses of roots to these two auxin analogues. 2,4-D but not IAA altered the actin structure in long-term and short-term assays. Analysis of the 2,4-D-specific mutant aar1-1 revealed that small acidic protein 1 (SMAP1) functions positively to facilitate the 2,4-D-induced depolymerization of actin. The ubiquitin proteasome mutants tir1-1 and axr1-12, which show enhanced resistance to 2,4-D compared with IAA for inhibition of root growth, were also found to have less disrupted actin filament networks after 2,4-D exposure. Consistently, a chemical inhibitor of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway mitigated the disrupting effects of 2,4-D on the organization of actin filaments. Roots of the double mutant aar1-1 tir1-1 also showed enhanced resistance to 2,4-D-induced inhibition of root growth and actin degradation compared with their respective parental lines. Collectively, these results suggest that the effects of 2,4-D on actin filament organization and root growth are mediated through synergistic interactions between SMAP1 and SCFTIR1 ubiquitin proteasome components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Takahashi
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kana Umetsu
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oono
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Elison B Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Abidur Rahman
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
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26
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Genome-wide analysis of auxin transport genes identifies the hormone responsive patterns associated with leafy head formation in Chinese cabbage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42229. [PMID: 28169368 PMCID: PMC5294403 DOI: 10.1038/srep42229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin resistant 1/like aux1 (AUX/LAX), pin-formed (PIN) and ATP binding cassette subfamily B (ABCB/MDR/PGP) are three families of auxin transport genes. The development-related functions of the influx and efflux carriers have been well studied and characterized in model plants. However, there is scant information regarding the functions of auxin genes in Chinese cabbage and the responses of exogenous polar auxin transport inhibitors (PATIs). We conducted a whole-genome annotation and a bioinformatics analysis of BrAUX/LAX, BrPIN, and BrPGP genes in Chinese cabbage. By analyzing the expression patterns at several developmental stages in the formation of heading leaves, we found that most auxin-associate genes were expressed throughout the entire process of leafy head formation, suggesting that these genes played important roles in the development of heads. UPLC was used to detect the distinct and uneven distribution of auxin in various segments of the leafy head and in response to PATI treatment, indicated that the formation of the leafy head depends on polar auxin transport and the uneven distribution of auxin in leaves. This study provides new insight into auxin polar transporters and the possible roles of the BrLAX, BrPIN and BrPGP genes in leafy head formation in Chinese cabbage.
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27
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Goggin DE, Cawthray GR, Powles SB. 2,4-D resistance in wild radish: reduced herbicide translocation via inhibition of cellular transport. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3223-35. [PMID: 26994475 PMCID: PMC4892717 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to auxinic herbicides is increasing in a range of dicotyledonous weed species, but in most cases the biochemical mechanism of resistance is unknown. Using (14)C-labelled herbicide, the mechanism of resistance to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in two wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) populations was identified as an inability to translocate 2,4-D out of the treated leaf. Although 2,4-D was metabolized in wild radish, and in a different manner to the well-characterized crop species wheat and bean, there was no difference in metabolism between the susceptible and resistant populations. Reduced translocation of 2,4-D in the latter was also not due to sequestration of the herbicide, or to reduced uptake by the leaf epidermis or mesophyll cells. Application of auxin efflux or ABCB transporter inhibitors to 2,4-D-susceptible plants caused a mimicking of the reduced-translocation resistance phenotype, suggesting that 2,4-D resistance in the populations under investigation could be due to an alteration in the activity of a plasma membrane ABCB-type auxin transporter responsible for facilitating long-distance transport of 2,4-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica E Goggin
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Gregory R Cawthray
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Stephen B Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia
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28
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Zhao H, Ma T, Wang X, Deng Y, Ma H, Zhang R, Zhao J. OsAUX1 controls lateral root initiation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2208-22. [PMID: 25311360 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport, mediated by influx and efflux transporters, controls many aspects of plant growth and development. The auxin influx carriers in Arabidopsis have been shown to control lateral root development and gravitropism, but little is known about these proteins in rice. This paper reports on the functional characterization of OsAUX1. Three OsAUX1 T-DNA insertion mutants and RNAi knockdown transgenic plants reduced lateral root initiation compared with wild-type (WT) plants. OsAUX1 overexpression plants exhibited increased lateral root initiation and OsAUX1 was highly expressed in lateral roots and lateral root primordia. Similarly, the auxin reporter, DR5-GUS, was expressed at lower levels in osaux1 than in the WT plants, which indicated that the auxin levels in the mutant roots had decreased. Exogenous 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) treatment rescued the defective phenotype in osaux1-1 plants, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-D could not, which suggested that OsAUX1 was a putative auxin influx carrier. The transcript levels of several auxin signalling genes and cell cycle genes significantly declined in osaux1, hinting that the regulatory role of OsAUX1 may be mediated by auxin signalling and cell cycle genes. Overall, our results indicated that OsAUX1 was involved in polar auxin transport and functioned to control auxin-mediated lateral root initiation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yingtian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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29
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Yu C, Sun C, Shen C, Wang S, Liu F, Liu Y, Chen Y, Li C, Qian Q, Aryal B, Geisler M, Jiang DA, Qi Y. The auxin transporter, OsAUX1, is involved in primary root and root hair elongation and in Cd stress responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:818-30. [PMID: 26140668 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Auxin and cadmium (Cd) stress play critical roles during root development. There are only a few reports on the mechanisms by which Cd stress influences auxin homeostasis and affects primary root (PR) and lateral root (LR) development, and almost nothing is known about how auxin and Cd interfere with root hair (RH) development. Here, we characterize rice osaux1 mutants that have a longer PR and shorter RHs in hydroponic culture, and that are more sensitive to Cd stress compared to wild-type (Dongjin). OsAUX1 expression in root hair cells is different from that of its paralogous gene, AtAUX1, which is expressed in non-hair cells. However, OsAUX1, like AtAUX1, localizes at the plasma membrane and appears to function as an auxin tranporter. Decreased auxin distribution and contents in the osaux1 mutant result in reduction of OsCyCB1;1 expression and shortened PRs, LRs and RHs under Cd stress, but may be rescued by treatment with the membrane-permeable auxin 1-naphthalene acetic acid. Treatment with the auxin transport inhibitors 1-naphthoxyacetic acid and N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid increased the Cd sensitivity of WT rice. Cd contents in the osaux1 mutant were not altered, but reactive oxygen species-mediated damage was enhanced, further increasing the sensitivity of the osaux1 mutant to Cd stress. Taken together, our results indicate that OsAUX1 plays an important role in root development and in responses to Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChenLiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - ChenDong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Suikang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - YunLong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bibek Aryal
- Department of Biology - Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, Rue Albert Gockel 3, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology - Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, Rue Albert Gockel 3, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - De An Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - YanHua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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30
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Rutschow HL, Baskin TI, Kramer EM. The carrier AUXIN RESISTANT (AUX1) dominates auxin flux into Arabidopsis protoplasts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:536-544. [PMID: 25039492 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the plant hormone auxin to enter a cell is critical to auxin transport and signaling. Auxin can cross the cell membrane by diffusion or via auxin-specific influx carriers. There is little knowledge of the magnitudes of these fluxes in plants. Radiolabeled auxin uptake was measured in protoplasts isolated from roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. This was done for the wild-type, under treatments with additional unlabeled auxin to saturate the influx carriers, and for the influx carrier mutant auxin resistant 1 (aux1). We also used flow cytometry to quantify the relative abundance of cells expressing AUX1-YFP in the assayed population. At pH 5.7, the majority of auxin influx into protoplasts - 75% - was mediated by the influx carrier AUX1. An additional 20% was mediated by other saturable carriers. The diffusive influx of auxin was essentially negligible at pH 5.7. The influx of auxin mediated by AUX1, expressed as a membrane permeability, was 1.5 ± 0.3 μm s(-1) . This value is comparable in magnitude to estimates of efflux permeability. Thus, auxin-transporting tissues can sustain relatively high auxin efflux and yet not become depleted of auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Rutschow
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Physics Department, Bard College at Simons Rock, Great Barrington, MA, 01230, USA
| | - Tobias I Baskin
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Eric M Kramer
- Physics Department, Bard College at Simons Rock, Great Barrington, MA, 01230, USA
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31
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Hohm T, Demarsy E, Quan C, Allenbach Petrolati L, Preuten T, Vernoux T, Bergmann S, Fankhauser C. Plasma membrane H⁺ -ATPase regulation is required for auxin gradient formation preceding phototropic growth. Mol Syst Biol 2014; 10:751. [PMID: 25261457 PMCID: PMC4299663 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20145247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototropism is a growth response allowing plants to align their photosynthetic organs toward
incoming light and thereby to optimize photosynthetic activity. Formation of a lateral gradient of
the phytohormone auxin is a key step to trigger asymmetric growth of the shoot leading to
phototropic reorientation. To identify important regulators of auxin gradient formation, we
developed an auxin flux model that enabled us to test in silico the impact of
different morphological and biophysical parameters on gradient formation, including the contribution
of the extracellular space (cell wall) or apoplast. Our model indicates that cell size, cell
distributions, and apoplast thickness are all important factors affecting gradient formation. Among
all tested variables, regulation of apoplastic pH was the most important to enable the formation of
a lateral auxin gradient. To test this prediction, we interfered with the activity of plasma
membrane H+-ATPases that are required to control apoplastic pH. Our results show
that H+-ATPases are indeed important for the establishment of a lateral auxin
gradient and phototropism. Moreover, we show that during phototropism, H+-ATPase
activity is regulated by the phototropin photoreceptors, providing a mechanism by which light
influences apoplastic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hohm
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Demarsy
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clément Quan
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Allenbach Petrolati
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Preuten
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS INRA ENS Lyon UCBL Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Balzan S, Johal GS, Carraro N. The role of auxin transporters in monocots development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:393. [PMID: 25177324 PMCID: PMC4133927 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development, orchestrating cell division, elongation and differentiation, embryonic development, root and stem tropisms, apical dominance, and transition to flowering. Auxin levels are higher in undifferentiated cell populations and decrease following organ initiation and tissue differentiation. This differential auxin distribution is achieved by polar auxin transport (PAT) mediated by auxin transport proteins. There are four major families of auxin transporters in plants: PIN-FORMED (PIN), ATP-binding cassette family B (ABCB), AUXIN1/LIKE-AUX1s, and PIN-LIKES. These families include proteins located at the plasma membrane or at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which participate in auxin influx, efflux or both, from the apoplast into the cell or from the cytosol into the ER compartment. Auxin transporters have been largely studied in the dicotyledon model species Arabidopsis, but there is increasing evidence of their role in auxin regulated development in monocotyledon species. In monocots, families of auxin transporters are enlarged and often include duplicated genes and proteins with high sequence similarity. Some of these proteins underwent sub- and neo-functionalization with substantial modification to their structure and expression in organs such as adventitious roots, panicles, tassels, and ears. Most of the present information on monocot auxin transporters function derives from studies conducted in rice, maize, sorghum, and Brachypodium, using pharmacological applications (PAT inhibitors) or down-/up-regulation (over-expression and RNA interference) of candidate genes. Gene expression studies and comparison of predicted protein structures have also increased our knowledge of the role of PAT in monocots. However, knockout mutants and functional characterization of single genes are still scarce and the future availability of such resources will prove crucial to elucidate the role of auxin transporters in monocots development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Balzan
- Department of Agronomy, Animals, Food, Natural Resources and Environment, Agripolis, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Gurmukh S. Johal
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nicola Carraro
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
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33
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Merelo P, Xie Y, Brand L, Ott F, Weigel D, Bowman JL, Heisler MG, Wenkel S. Genome-wide identification of KANADI1 target genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77341. [PMID: 24155946 PMCID: PMC3796457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant organ development and polarity establishment is mediated by the action of several transcription factors. Among these, the KANADI (KAN) subclade of the GARP protein family plays important roles in polarity-associated processes during embryo, shoot and root patterning. In this study, we have identified a set of potential direct target genes of KAN1 through a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation/DNA sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and genome-wide transcriptional profiling using tiling arrays. Target genes are over-represented for genes involved in the regulation of organ development as well as in the response to auxin. KAN1 affects directly the expression of several genes previously shown to be important in the establishment of polarity during lateral organ and vascular tissue development. We also show that KAN1 controls through its target genes auxin effects on organ development at different levels: transport and its regulation, and signaling. In addition, KAN1 regulates genes involved in the response to abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, brassinosteroids, ethylene, cytokinins and gibberellins. The role of KAN1 in organ polarity is antagonized by HD-ZIPIII transcription factors, including REVOLUTA (REV). A comparison of their target genes reveals that the REV/KAN1 module acts in organ patterning through opposite regulation of shared targets. Evidence of mutual repression between closely related family members is also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Merelo
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yakun Xie
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lucas Brand
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Felix Ott
- Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John L. Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail: (JLB); (MGH); (SW)
| | - Marcus G. Heisler
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- School of Biologlical Sciences, Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail: (JLB); (MGH); (SW)
| | - Stephan Wenkel
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (JLB); (MGH); (SW)
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Yu J, Wen CK. Arabidopsis aux1rcr1 mutation alters AUXIN RESISTANT1 targeting and prevents expression of the auxin reporter DR5:GUS in the root apex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:921-33. [PMID: 23293348 PMCID: PMC3580809 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Multilevel interactions of the plant hormones ethylene and auxin coordinately and synergistically regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. This study isolated the AUXIN RESISTANT1 (AUX1) allele aux1(rcr1) (RCR1 for REVERSING CTR1-10 ROOT1) that suppressed the root growth inhibition conferred by the constitutive ethylene-response constitutive triple response1-10 (ctr1-10) allele. The aux1(rcr1) mutation resulted from an L126F substitution at loop 2 of the plasma membrane-associated auxin influx carrier protein AUX1. aux1(rcr1) and the T-DNA insertion mutant aux1-T were both defective in auxin transport and many aspects of the auxin response. Unexpectedly, expression of the auxin-response reporter DR5:GUS in the root apex was substantially prevented by the aux1(rcr1) but not the aux1-T mutation, even in the presence of the wild-type AUX1 allele. Following treatment with the synthetic auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), DR5:GUS expression in aux1(rcr1) and aux1-T occurred mainly in the root apex and mature zone. NAA-induced DR5:GUS expression in the root apex was markedly prevented by ethylene in genotypes with aux1(rcr1) but not in aux1-T genotypes and the wild type. The effect of aux1(rcr1) on DR5:GUS expression seemed to be associated with AUX1-expressing domains. Green fluorescence protein-fused aux1(rcr1) was localized in the cytoplasm and probably not to the plasma membrane, indicating important roles of the Lys(126) residue at loop 2 in AUX1 targeting. The possible effects of aux1(rcr1) on DR5:GUS expression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chi-Kuang Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Haferkamp I, Linka N. Functional expression and characterisation of membrane transport proteins. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:675-90. [PMID: 22639981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transporters set the framework organising the complexity of plant metabolism in cells, tissues and organisms. Their substrate specificity and controlled activity in different cells is a crucial part for plant metabolism to run pathways in concert. Transport proteins catalyse the uptake and exchange of ions, substrates, intermediates, products and cofactors across membranes. Given the large number of metabolites, a wide spectrum of transporters is required. The vast majority of in silico annotated membrane transporters in plant genomes, however, has not yet been functionally characterised. Hence, to understand the metabolic network as a whole, it is important to understand how transporters connect and control the metabolic pathways of plant cells. Heterologous expression and in vitro activity studies of recombinant transport proteins have highly improved their functional analysis in the last two decades. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in membrane protein expression and functional characterisation using various host systems and transport assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Haferkamp
- Plant Physiology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N Linka
- Plant Physiology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Péret B, Swarup K, Ferguson A, Seth M, Yang Y, Dhondt S, James N, Casimiro I, Perry P, Syed A, Yang H, Reemmer J, Venison E, Howells C, Perez-Amador MA, Yun J, Alonso J, Beemster GT, Laplaze L, Murphy A, Bennett MJ, Nielsen E, Swarup R. AUX/LAX genes encode a family of auxin influx transporters that perform distinct functions during Arabidopsis development. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:2874-85. [PMID: 22773749 PMCID: PMC3426120 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.097766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Auxin transport, which is mediated by specialized influx and efflux carriers, plays a major role in many aspects of plant growth and development. AUXIN1 (AUX1) has been demonstrated to encode a high-affinity auxin influx carrier. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AUX1 belongs to a small multigene family comprising four highly conserved genes (i.e., AUX1 and LIKE AUX1 [LAX] genes LAX1, LAX2, and LAX3). We report that all four members of this AUX/LAX family display auxin uptake functions. Despite the conservation of their biochemical function, AUX1, LAX1, and LAX3 have been described to regulate distinct auxin-dependent developmental processes. Here, we report that LAX2 regulates vascular patterning in cotyledons. We also describe how regulatory and coding sequences of AUX/LAX genes have undergone subfunctionalization based on their distinct patterns of spatial expression and the inability of LAX sequences to rescue aux1 mutant phenotypes, respectively. Despite their high sequence similarity at the protein level, transgenic studies reveal that LAX proteins are not correctly targeted in the AUX1 expression domain. Domain swapping studies suggest that the N-terminal half of AUX1 is essential for correct LAX localization. We conclude that Arabidopsis AUX/LAX genes encode a family of auxin influx transporters that perform distinct developmental functions and have evolved distinct regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Péret
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kamal Swarup
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Ferguson
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Malvika Seth
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yaodong Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Stijn Dhondt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicholas James
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ilda Casimiro
- Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Ciencias, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Paula Perry
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Syed
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Haibing Yang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Jesica Reemmer
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Edward Venison
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Howells
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jeonga Yun
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Jose Alonso
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Gerrit T.S. Beemster
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Antwerpen, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Université Montpellier 2), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Angus Murphy
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Nielsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
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Swarup R, Péret B. AUX/LAX family of auxin influx carriers-an overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:225. [PMID: 23087694 PMCID: PMC3475149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Auxin regulates several aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin is unique among plant hormones for exhibiting polar transport. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the major form of auxin in higher plants, is a weak acid and its intercellular movement is facilitated by auxin influx and efflux carriers. Polarity of auxin movement is provided by asymmetric localization of auxin carriers (mainly PIN efflux carriers). PIN-FORMED (PIN) and P-GLYCOPROTEIN (PGP) family of proteins are major auxin efflux carriers whereas AUXIN1/LIKE-AUX1 (AUX/LAX) are major auxin influx carriers. Genetic and biochemical evidence show that each member of the AUX/LAX family is a functional auxin influx carrier and mediate auxin related developmental programmes in different organs and tissues. Of the four AUX/LAX genes, AUX1 regulates root gravitropism, root hair development and leaf phyllotaxy whereas LAX2 regulates vascular development in cotyledons. Both AUX1 and LAX3 have been implicated in lateral root (LR) development as well as apical hook formation whereas both AUX1 and LAX1 and possibly LAX2 are required for leaf phyllotactic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Swarup
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of NottinghamLoughborough, UK
- *Correspondence: Ranjan Swarup, School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK. e-mail:
| | - Benjamin Péret
- Laboratory of Plant Development Biology, SBVME/Institute for Biotechnology and Environmental Biology, CEA CadaracheSt. Paul lez Durance, France
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38
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Steinacher A, Leyser O, Clayton RH. A computational model of auxin and pH dynamics in a single plant cell. J Theor Biol 2011; 296:84-94. [PMID: 22142622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Directed cell-to-cell movement of the plant growth hormone auxin is often referred to as polar auxin transport, and has gained much interest since its discovery at the beginning of the 20th century, both by biologists and theoreticians. Computational modelling of auxin transport at tissue and whole plant scales has given valuable insights into the feedback dynamics between auxin and its transport, which often leads to cell polarisation. However, one cellular feedback mechanism that has been overlooked so far in previous models is the interplay between auxin and pH during auxin transport, even though this is well known from biology. We propose a kinetic model of such a feedback mechanism, linking knowledge about auxin-induced acidification of cell wall compartments to the chemiosmotic hypothesis of auxin transport. Our results suggest that proton fluxes may play a significant role in auxin transport. Since active auxin transport relies on the proton motive force over the cellular membrane, allocation of auxin is linked to its effects on compartmental pH. Our auxin/pH feedback model predicts enhanced accumulation of auxin in cells and increases in both auxin influx and efflux when this feedback is in effect. These results were robust in all simulations and consistent with biological evidence, thus providing a framework for generating and testing hypotheses of auxin-related polarisation events at a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Steinacher
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK.
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39
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Ferro N, Bredow T, Jacobsen HJ, Reinard T. Route to Novel Auxin: Auxin Chemical Space toward Biological Correlation Carriers. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4690-708. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800229s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noel Ferro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegeler Strasse 12, Bonn, Germany 53115 and Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Bredow
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegeler Strasse 12, Bonn, Germany 53115 and Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Jorg Jacobsen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegeler Strasse 12, Bonn, Germany 53115 and Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinard
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegeler Strasse 12, Bonn, Germany 53115 and Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
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40
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Truman WM, Bennett MH, Turnbull CG, Grant MR. Arabidopsis auxin mutants are compromised in systemic acquired resistance and exhibit aberrant accumulation of various indolic compounds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1562-73. [PMID: 20081042 PMCID: PMC2832264 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.152173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance is a widespread phenomenon in the plant kingdom that confers heightened and often enduring immunity to a range of diverse pathogens. Systemic immunity develops through activation of plant disease resistance protein signaling networks following local infection with an incompatible pathogen. The accumulation of the phytohormone salicylic acid in systemically responding tissues occurs within days after a local immunizing infection and is essential for systemic resistance. However, our knowledge of the signaling components underpinning signal perception and the establishment of systemic immunity are rudimentary. Previously, we showed that an early and transient increase in jasmonic acid in distal responding tissues was central to effective establishment of systemic immunity. Based upon predicted transcriptional networks induced in naive Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves following avirulent Pseudomonas syringae challenge, we show that a variety of auxin mutants compromise the establishment of systemic immunity. Linking together transcriptional and targeted metabolite studies, our data provide compelling evidence for a role of indole-derived compounds, but not auxin itself, in the establishment and maintenance of systemic immunity.
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41
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Dal Cin V, Barbaro E, Danesin M, Murayama H, Velasco R, Ramina A. Fruitlet abscission: A cDNA-AFLP approach to study genes differentially expressed during shedding of immature fruits reveals the involvement of a putative auxin hydrogen symporter in apple (Malus domestica L. Borkh). Gene 2009; 442:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yang H, Murphy AS. Functional expression and characterization of Arabidopsis ABCB, AUX 1 and PIN auxin transporters in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:179-91. [PMID: 19309458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression systems based on tobacco BY-2 cells, Arabidopsis cell cultures, Xenopus oocytes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and human HeLa cells have been used to express and characterize PIN, ABCB (PGP), and AUX/LAX auxin transporters from Arabidopsis. However, no single system has been identified that can be used for effective comparative analyses of these proteins. We have developed an accessible Schizosaccharomyces pombe system for comparative studies of plant transport proteins. The system includes knockout mutants in all ABC and putative auxin transport genes and Gateway((R))-compatible expression vectors for functional analysis and subcellular localization of recombinant proteins. We expressed Arabidopsis ABCB1 and ABCB19 in mam1pdr1 host lines under the inducible nmt41 promoter. ABCB19 showed a higher (3)H-IAA export activity than ABCB1. Arabidopsis PIN proteins were expressed in a mutant lacking the auxin effluxer like 1 (AEL1) gene. PIN1 showed higher activity than PIN2 with similar protein expression levels. Expression of AUX1 in a permease-deficient vat3 mutant resulted in increased net auxin uptake activity. Finally, ABCB4 expressed in mam1pdr1 displayed a concentration-dependent reversal of (3)H-IAA transport that is consistent with its observed activity in planta. Structural modelling suggests that ABCB4 has three substrate interaction sites rather than the two found in ABCB19, thus providing a rationale for the observed substrate activation. Taken together, these results suggest that the S. pombe system described here can be employed for comparative analyses and subsequent structural characterizations of plant transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA
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43
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Bleckmann A, Simon R. Interdomain signaling in stem cell maintenance of plant shoot meristems. Mol Cells 2009; 27:615-20. [PMID: 19533029 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant shoot meristem maintains a group of stem cells that remain active throughout the plant life. They continuously generate new cells that are then recruited for organ initiation in the peripheral zone. Stem cell proliferation and daughter cell differentiation has to be integrated with overall growth and development of the diverse functional domains within the shoot apex. Several studies have revealed extensive communication between these domains. The signaling mechanisms employed comprise diffusible peptides, directional transport of plant hormones, but also complex interactions between transcription factors, that together establish a panoply of regulatory inputs that fine-tune stem cell behavior in the shoot meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bleckmann
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Carrier DJ, Abu Bakar NT, Lawler K, Dorrian JM, Haider A, Bennett MJ, Kerr ID. Heterologous expression of a membrane-spanning auxin importer: implications for functional analyses of auxin transporters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT GENOMICS 2009; 2009:848145. [PMID: 19551158 PMCID: PMC2699565 DOI: 10.1155/2009/848145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical studies of plant auxin transporters in vivo are made difficult by the presence of multiple auxin transporters and auxin-interacting proteins. Furthermore, the expression level of most such transporters in plants is likely to be too low for purification and downstream functional analysis. Heterologous expression systems should address both of these issues. We have examined a number of such systems for their efficiency in expressing AUX1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. We find that a eukaryotic system based upon infection of insect cells with recombinant baculovirus provides a high level, easily scalable expression system capable of delivering a functional assay for AUX1. Furthermore, a transient transfection system in mammalian cells enables localization of AUX1 and AUX1-mediated transport of auxin to be investigated. In contrast, we were unable to utilise P. pastoris or L. lactis expression systems to reliably express AUX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David John Carrier
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Karen Lawler
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - James Matthew Dorrian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ameena Haider
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Malcolm John Bennett
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leics LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ian Derek Kerr
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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45
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Kakani A, Li G, Peng Z. Role of AUX1 in the control of organ identity during in vitro organogenesis and in mediating tissue specific auxin and cytokinin interaction in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2009; 229:645-57. [PMID: 19052775 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Classic plant tissue culture experiments have shown that exposure of cell culture to a high auxin to cytokinin ratio promotes root formation and a low auxin to cytokinin ratio leads to shoot regeneration. It has been widely accepted that auxin and cytokinin play an antagonistic role in the control of organ identities during organogenesis in vitro. Since the auxin level is highly elevated in the shoot meristem tissues, it is unclear how a low auxin to cytokinin ratio promotes the regeneration of shoots. To identify genes mediating the cytokinin and auxin interaction during organogenesis in vitro, three allelic mutants that display root instead of shoot regeneration in response to a low auxin to cytokinin ratio are identified using a forward genetic approach in Arabidopsis. Molecular characterization shows that the mutations disrupt the AUX1 gene, which has been reported to regulate auxin influx in plants. Meanwhile, we find that cytokinin substantially stimulates auxin accumulation and redistribution in calli and some specific tissues of Arabidopsis seedlings. In the aux1 mutants, the cytokinin regulated auxin accumulation and redistribution is substantially reduced in both calli and specific tissues of young seedlings. Our results suggest that auxin elevation and other changes stimulated by cytokinin, instead of low auxin or exogenous auxin directly applied, is essential for shoot regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Kakani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
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