1
|
Ma X, Ouyang X, Liu D, Zhang A. The 218th amino acid change of Ser to Ala in TaAGPS-7A increases enzyme activity and grain weight in bread wheat. THE CROP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
2
|
Beyene G, Chauhan RD, Gehan J, Siritunga D, Taylor N. Cassava shrunken-2 homolog MeAPL3 determines storage root starch and dry matter content and modulates storage root postharvest physiological deterioration. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:283-299. [PMID: 32270429 PMCID: PMC9163024 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the five cassava isoforms (MeAPL1-MeAPL5), MeAPL3 is responsible for determining storage root starch content. Degree of storage root postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) is directly correlated with starch content. AGPase is heterotetramer composed of two small and two large subunits each coded by small gene families in higher plants. Studies in cassava (Manihot esculenta) identified and characterized five isoforms of Manihot esculenta ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit (MeAPL1-MeAPL5) and employed virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) to show that MeAPL3 is the key isoform responsible for starch and dry matter accumulation in cassava storage roots. Silencing of MeAPL3 in cassava through stable transgenic lines resulted in plants displaying significant reduction in storage root starch and dry matter content (DMC) and induced a distinct phenotype associated with increased petiole/stem angle, resulting in a droopy leaf phenotype. Plants with reduced starch and DMC also displayed significantly reduced or no postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) compared to controls and lines with high DMC and starch content. This provides strong evidence for direct relationships between starch/dry matter content and its role in PPD and canopy architecture traits in cassava.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Getu Beyene
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - Jackson Gehan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dimuth Siritunga
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
| | - Nigel Taylor
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Figueroa CM, Asencion Diez MD, Ballicora MA, Iglesias AA. Structure, function, and evolution of plant ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:307-323. [PMID: 35006475 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines research performed in the last two decades on the structural, kinetic, regulatory and evolutionary aspects of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, the regulatory enzyme for starch biosynthesis. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADP-Glc PPase) catalyzes the first committed step in the pathway of glycogen and starch synthesis in bacteria and plants, respectively. Plant ADP-Glc PPase is a heterotetramer allosterically regulated by metabolites and post-translational modifications. In this review, we focus on the three-dimensional structure of the plant enzyme, the amino acids that bind the regulatory molecules, and the regions involved in transmitting the allosteric signal to the catalytic site. We provide a model for the evolution of the small and large subunits, which produce heterotetramers with distinct catalytic and regulatory properties. Additionally, we review the various post-translational modifications observed in ADP-Glc PPases from different species and tissues. Finally, we discuss the subcellular localization of the enzyme found in grain endosperm from grasses, such as maize and rice. Overall, this work brings together research performed in the last two decades to better understand the multiple mechanisms involved in the regulation of ADP-Glc PPase. The rational modification of this enzyme could improve the yield and resilience of economically important crops, which is particularly important in the current scenario of climate change and food shortage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Figueroa
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías D Asencion Diez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh V, Zemach H, Shabtai S, Aloni R, Yang J, Zhang P, Sergeeva L, Ligterink W, Firon N. Proximal and Distal Parts of Sweetpotato Adventitious Roots Display Differences in Root Architecture, Lignin, and Starch Metabolism and Their Developmental Fates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:609923. [PMID: 33552103 PMCID: PMC7855870 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato is an important food crop globally, serving as a rich source of carbohydrates, vitamins, fiber, and micronutrients. Sweetpotato yield depends on the modification of adventitious roots into storage roots. The underlying mechanism of this developmental switch is not fully understood. Interestingly, storage-root formation is manifested by formation of starch-accumulating parenchyma cells and bulking of the distal part of the root, while the proximal part does not show bulking. This system, where two parts of the same adventitious root display different developmental fates, was used by us in order to better characterize the anatomical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms involved in sweetpotato storage-root formation. We show that, as early as 1 and 2 weeks after planting, the proximal part of the root exhibited enhanced xylem development together with increased/massive lignin deposition, while, at the same time, the distal root part exhibited significantly elevated starch accumulation. In accordance with these developmental differences, the proximal root part exhibited up-regulated transcript levels of sweetpotato orthologs of Arabidopsis vascular-development regulators and key genes of lignin biosynthesis, while the distal part showed up-regulation of genes encoding enzymes of starch biosynthesis. All these recorded differences between proximal and distal root parts were further enhanced at 5 weeks after planting, when storage roots were formed at the distal part. Our results point to down-regulation of fiber formation and lignification, together with up-regulation of starch biosynthesis, as the main events underlying storage-root formation, marking/highlighting several genes as potential regulators, providing a valuable database of genes for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Singh
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Le-Zion, Israel
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Le-Zion, Israel
| | - Sara Shabtai
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Le-Zion, Israel
| | - Roni Aloni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lidiya Sergeeva
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wilco Ligterink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nurit Firon
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Le-Zion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ogden AJ, Abdali S, Engbrecht KM, Zhou M, Handakumbura PP. Distinct Preflowering Drought Tolerance Strategies of Sorghum bicolor Genotype RTx430 Revealed by Subcellular Protein Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249706. [PMID: 33352693 PMCID: PMC7767018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is the largest stress affecting agricultural crops, resulting in substantial reductions in yield. Plant adaptation to water stress is a complex trait involving changes in hormone signaling, physiology, and morphology. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a C4 cereal grass; it is an agricultural staple, and it is particularly drought-tolerant. To better understand drought adaptation strategies, we compared the cytosolic- and organelle-enriched protein profiles of leaves from two Sorghum bicolor genotypes, RTx430 and BTx642, with differing preflowering drought tolerances after 8 weeks of growth under water limitation in the field. In agreement with previous findings, we observed significant drought-induced changes in the abundance of multiple heat shock proteins and dehydrins in both genotypes. Interestingly, our data suggest a larger genotype-specific drought response in protein profiles of organelles, while cytosolic responses are largely similar between genotypes. Organelle-enriched proteins whose abundance significantly changed exclusively in the preflowering drought-tolerant genotype RTx430 upon drought stress suggest multiple mechanisms of drought tolerance. These include an RTx430-specific change in proteins associated with ABA metabolism and signal transduction, Rubisco activation, reactive oxygen species scavenging, flowering time regulation, and epicuticular wax production. We discuss the current understanding of these processes in relation to drought tolerance and their potential implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Ogden
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (A.J.O.); (S.A.); (K.M.E.)
| | - Shadan Abdali
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (A.J.O.); (S.A.); (K.M.E.)
| | - Kristin M. Engbrecht
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (A.J.O.); (S.A.); (K.M.E.)
| | - Mowei Zhou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA;
| | - Pubudu P. Handakumbura
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun H, Li J, Song H, Yang D, Deng X, Liu J, Wang Y, Ma J, Xiong Y, Liu Y, Yang M. Comprehensive analysis of AGPase genes uncovers their potential roles in starch biosynthesis in lotus seed. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:457. [PMID: 33023477 PMCID: PMC7541243 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch in the lotus seed contains a high proportion of amylose, which endows lotus seed a promising property in the development of hypoglycemic and low-glycemic index functional food. Currently, improving starch content is one of the major goals for seed-lotus breeding. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) plays an essential role in regulating starch biosynthesis in plants, but little is known about its characterization in lotus. RESULTS We describe the nutritional compositions of lotus seed among 30 varieties with starch as a major component. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that AGPase genes were differentially expressed in two varieties (CA and JX) with significant different starch content. Seven putative AGPase genes were identified in the lotus genome (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.), which could be grouped into two subfamilies. Selective pressure analysis indicated that purifying selection acted as a vital force in the evolution of AGPase genes. Expression analysis revealed that lotus AGPase genes have varying expression patterns, with NnAGPL2a and NnAGPS1a as the most predominantly expressed, especially in seed and rhizome. NnAGPL2a and NnAGPS1a were co-expressed with a number of starch and sucrose metabolism pathway related genes, and their expressions were accompanied by increased AGPase activity and starch content in lotus seed. CONCLUSIONS Seven AGPase genes were characterized in lotus, with NnAGPL2a and NnAGPS1a, as the key genes involved in starch biosynthesis in lotus seed. These results considerably extend our understanding on lotus AGPase genes and provide theoretical basis for breeding new lotus varieties with high-starch content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Hubei Province Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000 Hubei China
| | - Heyun Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Xianbao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yunmeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Junyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yaqian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Cui W, Hu W, Feng C. Abscisic acid-enhanced starch accumulation of bioenergy crop duckweed ( Spirodela polyrrhiza). RSC Adv 2020; 10:10394-10401. [PMID: 35492951 PMCID: PMC9050358 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00269k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet the increasing energy consumption around the world and fight global climate change, there is an urgent need to explore renewable energy crops to replace the traditional energy sources. Duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza) is widely distributed in the world and has high starch and low lignin contents, which is perhaps an ideal feedstock for bioenergy production. To investigate the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on duckweed biomass and starch accumulation, Spirodela polyrrhiza was cultivated at different ABA concentrations. The results showed that the highest starch content in duckweed (21.8% dry weight) was achieved in 1.0 × 10-2 mg L-1 ABA medium, 70.3% higher than that of the control medium without ABA. The number of starch granules in 1.0 × 10-2 mg L-1 ABA medium was far more than that in the control medium. The highest adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity was observed in the 1.0 × 10-2 mg L-1 ABA medium, which was caused by the up-regulation expression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 (APL2). Further investigations on cell ultra-structures and stomatal property of the duckweed indicated that ABA increased the number and size of starch granules and stomatal size in duckweed cells. These enhancements lead to a greatly improved energy flow in the aquatic plant from photosynthesis to carbon storage, making duckweed a potential renewable bioenergy crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Beijing 100083 China +86 10 82321081 +86 10 82322281
| | - Weihua Cui
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Beijing 100083 China +86 10 82321081 +86 10 82322281
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Beijing 100083 China
| | - Weiwu Hu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Beijing 100083 China +86 10 82321081 +86 10 82322281
- The Journal Center, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Beijing 100083 China
| | - Chuanping Feng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Beijing 100083 China +86 10 82321081 +86 10 82322281
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ferrero DML, Piattoni CV, Asencion Diez MD, Rojas BE, Hartman MD, Ballicora MA, Iglesias AA. Phosphorylation of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase During Wheat Seeds Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1058. [PMID: 32754189 PMCID: PMC7366821 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the dominant reserve polysaccharide accumulated in the seed of grasses (like wheat). It is the most common carbohydrate in the human diet and a material applied to the bioplastics and biofuels industry. Hence, the complete understanding of starch metabolism is critical to design rational strategies to improve its allocation in plant reserve tissues. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADP-Glc PPase) catalyzes the key (regulated) step in the synthetic starch pathway. The enzyme comprises a small (S) and a large (L) subunit forming an S2L2 heterotetramer, which is allosterically regulated by orthophosphate, fructose-6P, and 3P-glycerate. ADP-Glc PPase was found in a phosphorylated state in extracts from wheat seeds. The amount of the phosphorylated protein increased along with the development of the seed and correlated with relative increases of the enzyme activity and starch content. Conversely, this post-translational modification was absent in seeds from Ricinus communis. In vitro, the recombinant ADP-Glc PPase from wheat endosperm was phosphorylated by wheat seed extracts as well as by recombinant Ca2+-dependent plant protein kinases. Further analysis showed that the preferential phosphorylation takes place on the L subunit. Results suggest that the ADP-Glc PPase is a phosphorylation target in seeds from grasses but not from oleaginous plants. Accompanying seed maturation and starch accumulation, a combined regulation of ADP-Glc PPase by metabolites and phosphorylation may provide an enzyme with stable levels of activity. Such concerted modulation would drive carbon skeletons to the synthesis of starch for its long-term storage, which later support seed germination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danisa M. L. Ferrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudia V. Piattoni
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías D. Asencion Diez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Bruno E. Rojas
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías D. Hartman
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Miguel A. Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alberto A. Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tayade R, Kulkarni KP, Jo H, Song JT, Lee JD. Insight Into the Prospects for the Improvement of Seed Starch in Legume-A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1213. [PMID: 31736985 PMCID: PMC6836628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to proteins and/or oils, mature seeds of most legume crops contain important carbohydrate components, including starches and sugars. Starch is also an essential nutritional component of human and animal diets and has various food and non-food industrial applications. Starch is a primary insoluble polymeric carbohydrate produced by higher plants and consists of amylose and amylopectin as a major fraction. Legume seeds are an affordable source of not only protein but also the starch, which has an advantage of being resistant starch compared with cereal, root, and tuber starch. For these reasons, legume seeds form a good source of resistant starch-rich healthy food with a high protein content and can be utilized in various food applications. The genetics and molecular details of starch and other carbohydrate components are well studied in cereal crops but have received little attention in legumes. In order to improve legume starch content, quality, and quantity, it is necessary to understand the genetic and molecular factors regulating carbohydrate metabolism in legume crops. In this review, we assessed the current literature reporting the genetic and molecular basis of legume carbohydrate components, primarily focused on seed starch content. We provided an overview of starch biosynthesis in the heterotrophic organs, the chemical composition of major consumable legumes, the factors influencing starch digestibility, and advances in the genetic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic studies in important legume crops. Further, we discussed breeding and biotechnological approaches for the improvement of the starch composition in major legume crops. The information reviewed in this study will be helpful in facilitating the food and non-food applications of legume starch and provide economic benefits to farmers and industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeong-Dong Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Differential effects of synthetic media on long-term growth, starch accumulation and transcription of ADP-glucosepyrophosphorylase subunit genes in Landoltia punctata. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15310. [PMID: 31653895 PMCID: PMC6814796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Murashige & Skoog (MS) and Hoagland's media were previously used for in vitro culture of Landoltia punctata. During subsequent ex vitro culture, the use of MS medium resulted in a higher growth rate, compared to Hoagland's medium. Thus, a higher starch content of L. punctata in MS medium was previously hypothesized. Here, L. punctata strain 5632 was isolated and characterized using morphological characteristics and the atpF-atpH intergenic region. During early cultivation stage, fresh weight and relative growth rate in MS medium were lower than Hoagland's medium. Conversely, starch content in MS medium was considerably higher than in Hoagland's medium. Medium effects on expression of genes coding for starch-biosynthesis ADP-glucosepyrophosphorylase (AGPase) were determined. Genomic fragments of small (LeAPS) and large (LeAPL1) AGPase subunits were characterized. Differential expression between each AGPase subunit genes was observed in both media. Additionally, in MS medium, the highest correlation coefficients between starch content and gene expression was found with LeAPS (0.81) and followed by LeAPL3 (0.67), LeAPL2 (0.65) and LeAPL1 (0.28). In Hoagland's medium, the coefficients of LeAPL3 (0.83) and LeAPL2 (0.62) were higher than LeAPS (0.18) and LeAPL1 (-0.62). This suggested different levels of contributions of these genes in starch biosynthesis in both media.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ameztoy K, Baslam M, Sánchez-López ÁM, Muñoz FJ, Bahaji A, Almagro G, García-Gómez P, Baroja-Fernández E, De Diego N, Humplík JF, Ugena L, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Kaneko K, Mitsui T, Cejudo FJ, Pozueta-Romero J. Plant responses to fungal volatiles involve global posttranslational thiol redox proteome changes that affect photosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2627-2644. [PMID: 31222760 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms produce volatile compounds (VCs) that promote plant growth and photosynthesis through complex mechanisms involving cytokinin (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA). We hypothesized that plants' responses to microbial VCs involve posttranslational modifications of the thiol redox proteome through action of plastidial NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC), which regulates chloroplast redox status via its functional relationship with 2-Cys peroxiredoxins. To test this hypothesis, we analysed developmental, metabolic, hormonal, genetic, and redox proteomic responses of wild-type (WT) plants and a NTRC knockout mutant (ntrc) to VCs emitted by the phytopathogen Alternaria alternata. Fungal VC-promoted growth, changes in root architecture, shifts in expression of VC-responsive CK- and ABA-regulated genes, and increases in photosynthetic capacity were substantially weaker in ntrc plants than in WT plants. As in WT plants, fungal VCs strongly promoted growth, chlorophyll accumulation, and photosynthesis in ntrc-Δ2cp plants with reduced 2-Cys peroxiredoxin expression. OxiTRAQ-based quantitative and site-specific redox proteomic analyses revealed that VCs promote global reduction of the thiol redox proteome (especially of photosynthesis-related proteins) of WT leaves but its oxidation in ntrc leaves. Our findings show that NTRC is an important mediator of plant responses to microbial VCs through mechanisms involving global thiol redox proteome changes that affect photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinia Ameztoy
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Gómez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Jan F Humplík
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Lydia Ugena
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of the Response to Cold Stress in Jojoba, a Tropical Woody Crop. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020243. [PMID: 30634475 PMCID: PMC6359463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a semi-arid, oil-producing industrial crop that have been widely cultivated in tropical arid region. Low temperature is one of the major environmental stress that impair jojoba's growth, development and yield and limit introduction of jojoba in the vast temperate arid areas. To get insight into the molecular mechanisms of the cold stress response of jojoba, a combined physiological and quantitative proteomic analysis was conducted. Under cold stress, the photosynthesis was repressed, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), relative electrolyte leakage (REL), soluble sugars, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were increased in jojoba leaves. Of the 2821 proteins whose abundance were determined, a total of 109 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were found and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of the coding genes for 7 randomly selected DAPs were performed for validation. The identified DAPs were involved in various physiological processes. Functional classification analysis revealed that photosynthesis, adjustment of cytoskeleton and cell wall, lipid metabolism and transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and carbohydrate metabolism were closely associated with the cold stress response. Some cold-induced proteins, such as cold-regulated 47 (COR47), staurosporin and temperature sensitive 3-like a (STT3a), phytyl ester synthase 1 (PES1) and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1, might play important roles in cold acclimation in jojoba seedlings. Our work provided important data to understand the plant response to the cold stress in tropical woody crops.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bahaji A, Almagro G, Ezquer I, Gámez-Arcas S, Sánchez-López ÁM, Muñoz FJ, Barrio RJ, Sampedro MC, De Diego N, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Tarkowská D, Caporali E, Mendes MA, Baroja-Fernández E, Pozueta-Romero J. Plastidial Phosphoglucose Isomerase Is an Important Determinant of Seed Yield through Its Involvement in Gibberellin-Mediated Reproductive Development and Storage Reserve Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2082-2098. [PMID: 30099384 PMCID: PMC6181017 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The plastid-localized phosphoglucose isomerase isoform PGI1 is an important determinant of growth in Arabidopsis thaliana, likely due to its involvement in the biosynthesis of plastidial isoprenoid-derived hormones. Here, we investigated whether PGI1 also influences seed yields. PGI1 is strongly expressed in maturing seed embryos and vascular tissues. PGI1-null pgi1-2 plants had ∼60% lower seed yields than wild-type plants, with reduced numbers of inflorescences and thus fewer siliques and seeds per plant. These traits were associated with low bioactive gibberellin (GA) contents. Accordingly, wild-type phenotypes were restored by exogenous GA application. pgi1-2 seeds were lighter and accumulated ∼50% less fatty acids (FAs) and ∼35% less protein than wild-type seeds. Seeds of cytokinin-deficient plants overexpressing CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE1 (35S:AtCKX1) and GA-deficient ga20ox1 ga20ox2 mutants did not accumulate low levels of FAs, and exogenous application of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine and GAs did not rescue the reduced weight and FA content of pgi1-2 seeds. Seeds from reciprocal crosses between pgi1-2 and wild-type plants accumulated wild-type levels of FAs and proteins. Therefore, PGI1 is an important determinant of Arabidopsis seed yield due to its involvement in two processes: GA-mediated reproductive development and the metabolic conversion of plastidial glucose-6-phosphate to storage reserves in the embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Samuel Gámez-Arcas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | | | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ramón José Barrio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - M Carmen Sampedro
- Central Service of Analysis of Alava, SGIker, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Elisabetta Caporali
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Adelina Mendes
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Azoulay‐Shemer T, Schwankl N, Rog I, Moshelion M, Schroeder JI. Starch biosynthesis by
AGP
ase, but not starch degradation by
BAM
1/3 and
SEX
1, is rate‐limiting for
CO
2
‐regulated stomatal movements under short‐day conditions. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2739-2759. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Azoulay‐Shemer
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Nikki Schwankl
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Ido Rog
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Takahashi K, Ide Y, Hayakawa J, Yoshimitsu Y, Fukuhara I, Abe J, Kasai Y, Harayama S. Lipid productivity in TALEN-induced starchless mutants of the unicellular green alga Coccomyxa sp. strain Obi. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
16
|
Figueroa CM, Kuhn ML, Hill BL, Iglesias AA, Ballicora MA. Resurrecting the Regulatory Properties of the Ostreococcus tauri ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Large Subunit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1564. [PMID: 30425723 PMCID: PMC6218581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADP-Glc PPase) catalyzes the first committed step for the synthesis of glycogen in cyanobacteria and starch in green algae and plants. The enzyme from cyanobacteria is homotetrameric (α4), while that from green algae and plants is heterotetrameric (α2β2). These ADP-Glc PPases are allosterically regulated by 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA, activator) and inorganic orthophosphate (Pi, inhibitor). Previous studies on the cyanobacterial and plant enzymes showed that 3PGA binds to two highly conserved Lys residues located in the C-terminal domain. We observed that both Lys residues are present in the small (α) subunit of the Ostreococcus tauri enzyme; however, one of these Lys residues is replaced by Arg in the large (β) subunit. In this work, we obtained the K443R and R466K mutants of the O. tauri small and large subunits, respectively, and co-expressed them together or with their corresponding wild type counterparts. Our results show that restoring the Lys residue in the large subunit enhanced 3PGA affinity, whereas introduction of an Arg residue in the small subunit reduced 3PGA affinity of the heterotetramers. Inhibition kinetics also showed that heterotetramers containing the K443R small subunit mutant were less sensitive to Pi inhibition, but only minor changes were observed for those containing the R466K large subunit mutant, suggesting a leading role of the small subunit for Pi inhibition of the heterotetramer. We conclude that, during evolution, the ADP-Glc PPase large subunit from green algae and plants acquired mutations in its regulatory site. The rationale for this could have been to accommodate sensitivity to particular metabolic needs of the cell or tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Misty L. Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alberto A. Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Alberto A. Iglesias, Miguel A. Ballicora,
| | - Miguel A. Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Alberto A. Iglesias, Miguel A. Ballicora,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Otori K, Tanabe N, Maruyama T, Sato S, Yanagisawa S, Tamoi M, Shigeoka S. Enhanced photosynthetic capacity increases nitrogen metabolism through the coordinated regulation of carbon and nitrogen assimilation in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:909-927. [PMID: 28470336 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and productivity depend on interactions between the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen. The sensing ability of internal carbon and nitrogen metabolites (the C/N balance) enables plants to regulate metabolism and development. In order to investigate the effects of an enhanced photosynthetic capacity on the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen in photosynthetically active tissus (source leaves), we herein generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants (ApFS) that expressed cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase in their chloroplasts. The phenotype of ApFS plants was indistinguishable from that of wild-type plants at the immature stage. However, as plants matured, the growth of ApFS plants was superior to that of wild-type plants. Starch levels were higher in ApFS plants than in wild-type plants at 2 and 5 weeks. Sucrose levels were also higher in ApFS plants than in wild-type plants, but only at 5 weeks. On the other hand, the contents of various free amino acids were lower in ApFS plants than in wild-type plants at 2 weeks, but were similar at 5 weeks. The total C/N ratio was the same in ApFS plants and wild-type plants, whereas nitrite levels increased in parallel with elevations in nitrate reductase activity at 5 weeks in ApFS plants. These results suggest that increases in the contents of photosynthetic intermediates at the early growth stage caused a temporary imbalance in the free-C/free-N ratio and, thus, the feedback inhibition of the expression of genes involved in the Calvin cycle and induction of the expression of those involved in nitrogen metabolism due to supply deficient free amino acids for maintenance of the C/N balance in source leaves of ApFS plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Otori
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Noriaki Tanabe
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Toshiki Maruyama
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tamoi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhan X, Shen Q, Wang X, Hong Y. The Sulfoquinovosyltransferase-like Enzyme SQD2.2 is Involved in Flavonoid Glycosylation, Regulating Sugar Metabolism and Seed Setting in Rice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4685. [PMID: 28680100 PMCID: PMC5498572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed setting is an important trait that contributes to seed yield and relies greatly on starch accumulation. In this study, a sulfoquinovosyl transferase-like protein, designated as SQD2.2 involved in seed setting and flavonoid accumulation, was identified and characterized in rice. Rice SQD2.2 is localized to the cytoplasm, and the SQD2.2 transcript was highest in leaves. Rice SQD2.2-overexpressing (OE) plants exhibited a decreased seed setting rate and diminished tiller number simultaneously with an increased glycosidic flavonoid level compared with wild-type (WT) plants. SQD2.2 catalyzes the glycosylation of apigenin to produce apigenin 7-O-glucoside using uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDPG) as a sugar donor, but it failed to compensate for sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) synthesis in the Arabidopsis sqd2 mutant. Furthermore, apigenin 7-O-glucoside inhibited starch synthase (SS) activity in a concentration-dependent manner, and SQD2.2-OE plants exhibited reduced SS activity accompanied by a significant reduction in starch levels and an elevation in soluble sugar levels relative to WT plants. Both adenosine diphosphate-glucose (ADPG) and UDPG levels in SQD2.2-OE plants were notably lower than those in WT plants. Taken together, rice SQD2.2 exhibits a novel role in flavonoid synthesis and plays an important role in mediating sugar allocation between primary and secondary metabolism in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiao Zhan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qingwen Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yueyun Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee MB, Kim DY, Seo YW. Identification of candidate genes for the seed coat colour change in a Brachypodium distachyon mutant induced by gamma radiation using whole-genome re-sequencing. Genome 2017; 60:581-587. [PMID: 28319670 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon has been proposed as a model plant for agriculturally important cereal crops such as wheat and barley. Seed coat colour change from brown-red to yellow was observed in a mutant line (142-3) of B. distachyon, which was induced by chronic gamma radiation. In addition, dwarf phenotypes were observed in each of the lines 142-3, 421-2, and 1376-1. To identify causal mutations for the seed coat colour change, the three mutant lines and the wild type were subjected to whole-genome re-sequencing. After removing natural variations, 906, 1057, and 978 DNA polymorphisms were detected in 142-3, 421-2, and 1376-1, respectively. A total of 13 high-risk DNA polymorphisms were identified in mutant 142-3. Based on a comparison with DNA polymorphisms in 421-2 and 1376-1, candidate causal mutations for the seed coat colour change in 142-3 were selected. In the two independent Arabidopsis thaliana lines carrying T-DNA insertions in the AtCHI, seed colour change was observed. We propose a frameshift mutation in BdCHI1 as a causal mutation responsible for seed colour change in 142-3. The DNA polymorphism information for these mutant lines can be utilized for functional genomics in B. distachyon and cereal crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Bo Lee
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Dae Yeon Kim
- b Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yong Weon Seo
- b Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ma L, Xue N, Fu X, Zhang H, Li G. Arabidopsis thaliana FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYLS3 (FHY3) and FAR-RED-IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1) modulate starch synthesis in response to light and sugar. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1682-1696. [PMID: 27859295 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In living organisms, daily light/dark cycles profoundly affect cellular processes. In plants, optimal growth and development, and adaptation to daily light-dark cycles, require starch synthesis and turnover. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms coordinating daily starch metabolism remain poorly understood. To explore the roles of Arabidopsis thaliana light signal transduction proteins FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYLS3 (FHY3) and FAR-RED-IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1) in starch metabolism, the contents of starch and water-soluble polysaccharides, and the structure of starch granules were investigated in fhy3, far1 and fhy3 far1 mutant plants. Disruption of FHY3 or FAR1 reduced starch accumulation and altered starch granule structure in the fhy3-4, far1-2, and fhy3-4 far1-2 mutant plants. Furthermore, molecular and genetic evidence revealed that the gene encoding the starch-debranching enzyme ISOAMYLASE2 (ISA2) is a direct target of FHY3 and FAR1, and functions in light-induced starch synthesis. Our data establish the first molecular link between light signal transduction and starch synthesis, suggesting that the light-signaling proteins FHY3 and FAR1 influence starch synthesis and starch granule formation through transcriptional activation of ISA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Na Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Haisen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Baslam M, Baroja-Fernández E, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Sánchez-López ÁM, Aranjuelo I, Bahaji A, Muñoz FJ, Almagro G, Pujol P, Galarza R, Teixidor P, Pozueta-Romero J. Genetic and isotope ratio mass spectrometric evidence for the occurrence of starch degradation and cycling in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171245. [PMID: 28152100 PMCID: PMC5289593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a great wealth of data supporting the occurrence of simultaneous synthesis and breakdown of storage carbohydrate in many organisms, previous 13CO2 pulse-chase based studies indicated that starch degradation does not operate in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves. Here we show that leaves of gwd, sex4, bam4, bam1/bam3 and amy3/isa3/lda starch breakdown mutants accumulate higher levels of starch than wild type (WT) leaves when cultured under continuous light (CL) conditions. We also show that leaves of CL grown dpe1 plants impaired in the plastidic disproportionating enzyme accumulate higher levels of maltotriose than WT leaves, the overall data providing evidence for the occurrence of extensive starch degradation in illuminated leaves. Moreover, we show that leaves of CL grown mex1/pglct plants impaired in the chloroplastic maltose and glucose transporters display a severe dwarf phenotype and accumulate high levels of maltose, strongly indicating that the MEX1 and pGlcT transporters are involved in the export of starch breakdown products to the cytosol to support growth during illumination. To investigate whether starch breakdown products can be recycled back to starch during illumination through a mechanism involving ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) we conducted kinetic analyses of the stable isotope carbon composition (δ13C) in starch of leaves of 13CO2 pulsed-chased WT and AGP lacking aps1 plants. Notably, the rate of increase of δ13C in starch of aps1 leaves during the pulse was exceedingly higher than that of WT leaves. Furthermore, δ13C decline in starch of aps1 leaves during the chase was much faster than that of WT leaves, which provides strong evidence for the occurrence of AGP-mediated cycling of starch breakdown products in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Pablo Pujol
- Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, Iruña, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Regina Galarza
- Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, Iruña, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Pilar Teixidor
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Lluís Solé I Sabarís 1–3, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Soto-Suárez M, Serrato AJ, Rojas-González JA, Bautista R, Sahrawy M. Transcriptomic and proteomic approach to identify differentially expressed genes and proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking chloroplastic 1 and cytosolic FBPases reveals several levels of metabolic regulation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:258. [PMID: 27905870 PMCID: PMC5134223 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the photosynthesis, two isoforms of the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), the chloroplastidial (cFBP1) and the cytosolic (cyFBP), catalyse the first irreversible step during the conversion of triose phosphates (TP) to starch or sucrose, respectively. Deficiency in cyFBP and cFBP1 isoforms provokes an imbalance of the starch/sucrose ratio, causing a dramatic effect on plant development when the plastidial enzyme is lacking. RESULTS We study the correlation between the transcriptome and proteome profile in rosettes and roots when cFBP1 or cyFBP genes are disrupted in Arabidopsis thaliana knock-out mutants. By using a 70-mer oligonucleotide microarray representing the genome of Arabidopsis we were able to identify 1067 and 1243 genes whose expressions are altered in the rosettes and roots of the cfbp1 mutant respectively; whilst in rosettes and roots of cyfbp mutant 1068 and 1079 genes are being up- or down-regulated respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR validated 100% of a set of 14 selected genes differentially expressed according to our microarray analysis. Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis-based proteomic analysis revealed quantitative differences in 36 and 26 proteins regulated in rosettes and roots of cfbp1, respectively, whereas the 18 and 48 others were regulated in rosettes and roots of cyfbp mutant, respectively. The genes differentially expressed and the proteins more or less abundant revealed changes in protein metabolism, RNA regulation, cell signalling and organization, carbon metabolism, redox regulation, and transport together with biotic and abiotic stress. Notably, a significant set (25%) of the proteins identified were also found to be regulated at a transcriptional level. CONCLUSION This transcriptomic and proteomic analysis is the first comprehensive and comparative study of the gene/protein re-adjustment that occurs in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs of Arabidopsis mutants lacking FBPase isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Soto-Suárez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Present address: Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, CORPOICA, Km 14 vía Mosquera, Mosquera, Cundinamarca Colombia
| | - Antonio J. Serrato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - José A. Rojas-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática/SCBI, Edificio de Bioinnovación, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga, C/ Severo Ochoa 34, 29590 Campanillas, Spain
| | - Mariam Sahrawy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Albi T, Ruiz MT, de los Reyes P, Valverde F, Romero JM. Characterization of the Sucrose Phosphate Phosphatase (SPP) Isoforms from Arabidopsis thaliana and Role of the S6PPc Domain in Dimerization. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166308. [PMID: 27855180 PMCID: PMC5113954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose-phosphate phosphatase (SPP) catalyses the final step in the sucrose biosynthesis pathway. Arabidopsis thaliana genome codifies four SPP isoforms. In this study, the four Arabidopsis thaliana genes coding for SPP isoforms have been cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and the kinetic and regulatory properties of the purified enzymes analysed. SPP2 is the isoform showing the highest activity, with SPP3b and SPP3a showing lower activity levels. No activity was detected for SPP1. We propose that this lack of activity is probably due to the absence of an essential amino acid participating in catalysis and/or in the binding of the substrate, sucrose-6-phosphate (Suc6P). The expression patterns of Arabidopsis SPP genes indicate that SPP2 and SPP3b are the main isoforms expressed in different tissues and organs, although the non-catalytic SPP1 is the main isoform expressed in roots. Thus, SPP1 could have acquired new unknown functions. We also show that the three catalytically active SPPs from Arabidopsis are dimers. By generating a chimeric SPP composed of the monomeric cyanobacterial SPP fused to the higher plant non-catalytic S6PPc domain (from SPP2), we show that the S6PPc domain is responsible for SPP dimerization. This is the first experimental study on the functionality and gene expression pattern of all the SPPs from a single plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Albi
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Pedro de los Reyes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Federico Valverde
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - José M. Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Azoulay-Shemer T, Bagheri A, Wang C, Palomares A, Stephan AB, Kunz HH, Schroeder JI. Starch Biosynthesis in Guard Cells But Not in Mesophyll Cells Is Involved in CO2-Induced Stomatal Closing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:788-98. [PMID: 27208296 PMCID: PMC4902578 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Starch metabolism is involved in stomatal movement regulation. However, it remains unknown whether starch-deficient mutants affect CO2-induced stomatal closing and whether starch biosynthesis in guard cells and/or mesophyll cells is rate limiting for high CO2-induced stomatal closing. Stomatal responses to [CO2] shifts and CO2 assimilation rates were compared in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants that were either starch deficient in all plant tissues (ADP-Glc-pyrophosphorylase [ADGase]) or retain starch accumulation in guard cells but are starch deficient in mesophyll cells (plastidial phosphoglucose isomerase [pPGI]). ADGase mutants exhibited impaired CO2-induced stomatal closure, but pPGI mutants did not, showing that starch biosynthesis in guard cells but not mesophyll functions in CO2-induced stomatal closing. Nevertheless, starch-deficient ADGase mutant alleles exhibited partial CO2 responses, pointing toward a starch biosynthesis-independent component of the response that is likely mediated by anion channels. Furthermore, whole-leaf CO2 assimilation rates of both ADGase and pPGI mutants were lower upon shifts to high [CO2], but only ADGase mutants caused impairments in CO2-induced stomatal closing. These genetic analyses determine the roles of starch biosynthesis for high CO2-induced stomatal closing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Andisheh Bagheri
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Cun Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Axxell Palomares
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Aaron B Stephan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang XW, Li SY, Zhang LL, Yang Q, Jiang QT, Ma J, Qi PF, Li W, Chen GY, Lan XJ, Deng M, Lu ZX, Liu C, Wei YM, Zheng YL. Structure and expression analysis of genes encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit in wheat and its relatives. Genome 2016; 59:501-7. [PMID: 27299732 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP), which consists of two large subunits (AGP-L) and two small subunits (AGP-S), controls the rate-limiting step in the starch biosynthetic pathway. In this study, a full-length open reading frame (ORF) of AGP-L gene (named as Agp2) in wheat and a series of Agp2 gene sequences in wheat relatives were isolated. The coding region of Agp2 contained 15 exons and 14 introns including a full-length ORF of 1566 nucleotides, and the deduced protein contained 522 amino acids (57.8 kDa). Generally, the phylogenetic tree of Agp2 indicated that sequences from A- and D-genome donor species were most similar to each other and sequences from B-genome donor species contained more variation. Starch accumulation and Agp2 expression in wheat grains reached their peak at 21 and 15 days post anthesis (DPA), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Zhang
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Si-Yu Li
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qian-Tao Jiang
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jian Ma
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Peng-Fei Qi
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Wei Li
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Guo-Yue Chen
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiu-Jin Lan
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mei Deng
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zhen-Xiang Lu
- b Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Chunji Liu
- c CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Yu-Ming Wei
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - You-Liang Zheng
- d Key Laboratory of Southwestern Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Naranjo B, Mignée C, Krieger-Liszkay A, Hornero-Méndez D, Gallardo-Guerrero L, Cejudo FJ, Lindahl M. The chloroplast NADPH thioredoxin reductase C, NTRC, controls non-photochemical quenching of light energy and photosynthetic electron transport in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:804-22. [PMID: 26476233 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High irradiances may lead to photooxidative stress in plants, and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) contributes to protection against excess excitation. One of the NPQ mechanisms, qE, involves thermal dissipation of the light energy captured. Importantly, plants need to tune down qE under light-limiting conditions for efficient utilization of the available quanta. Considering the possible redox control of responses to excess light implying enzymes, such as thioredoxins, we have studied the role of the NADPH thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC). Whereas Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking NTRC tolerate high light intensities, these plants display drastically elevated qE, have larger trans-thylakoid ΔpH and have 10-fold higher zeaxanthin levels under low and medium light intensities, leading to extremely low linear electron transport rates. To test the impact of the high qE on plant growth, we generated an ntrc-psbs double-knockout mutant, which is devoid of qE. This double mutant grows faster than the ntrc mutant and has a higher chlorophyll content. The photosystem II activity is partially restored in the ntrc-psbs mutant, and linear electron transport rates under low and medium light intensities are twice as high as compared with plants lacking ntrc alone. These data uncover a new role for NTRC in the control of photosynthetic yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Naranjo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla, 410 92, Seville, Spain
| | - Clara Mignée
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Departamento de Fitoquímica de los Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla, 410 92, Seville, Spain
| | - Marika Lindahl
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla, 410 92, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zheng X, Li Q, Liu D, Zang L, Zhang K, Deng K, Yang S, Xie Z, Tang X, Qi Y, Zhang Y. Promoter analysis of the sweet potato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene IbAGP1 in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1873-84. [PMID: 26183951 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The IbAGP1 gene of sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ) encodes the sucrose-inducible small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Through expression analysis of 5'-truncations and synthetic forms of the IbAGP1 promoter in transgenic tobacco, we show that SURE-Like elements and W-box elements of the promoter contribute to the sucrose inducibility of this gene. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) contains two genes (IbAGP1 and IbAGP2) encoding the catalytically active small subunits of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, an enzyme with an important role in regulating starch synthesis in higher plants. Previous studies have shown that IbAGP1 is expressed in the storage roots, leaves, and stem tissues of sweet potato, and its transcript is strongly induced by applying sucrose exogenously to detached leaves. To investigate the tissue-specific expression of the IbAGP1 promoter, a series of 5'-truncated promoters extending from bases -1913, -1598, -1298, -1053, -716, and -286 to base +75 were used to drive the expression of the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum). Histochemical and fluorometric GUS assays showed that (1) GUS expression driven by the longest fragment (1989 bp) of the IbAGP1 promoter was detected in vegetative tissues (roots, stems, leaves), (2) fragments extending to -1053 or beyond retained strong GUS expression in roots, stems, and leaves, whereas further 5'-deletions resulted in considerable reduction in GUS activity, and (3) the series of 5'-truncated promoters responded differently to exogenously applied sucrose. The 1989-bp IbAGP1 promoter contains five sequences (two AATAAAA, one AATAAAAAA, and two AATAAATAAA) that are similar to sucrose-responsive elements (SURE). These SURE-Like sequences are found at nucleotide positions -1273, -1239, -681, -610, and -189. Moreover, putative W-box elements are found at positions -1985, -1434, -750, and -578. Synthetic promoters containing tandem repeats of the 4X SURE-Like or 4X W-box upstream from a minimal CaMV35S promoter-GUS fusion showed significant expression in transgenic tobacco in response to exogenous sucrose. These results show that SURE-Like elements and W-box elements of the IbAGP1 promoter contribute to the sucrose inducibility of this gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Dongqing Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Lili Zang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Kaiyue Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Kejun Deng
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Shixin Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zhengyang Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xu Tang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yiping Qi
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhou YX, Chen YX, Tao X, Cheng XJ, Wang HY. Isolation and characterization of cDNAs and genomic DNAs encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large and small subunits from sweet potato. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 291:609-20. [PMID: 26499957 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], the world's seventh most important food crop, is also a major industrial raw material for starch and ethanol production. In the plant starch biosynthesis pathway, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) catalyzes the first, rate-limiting step and plays a pivotal role in regulating this process. In spite of the importance of sweet potato as a starch source, only a few studies have focused on the molecular aspects of starch biosynthesis in sweet potato and almost no intensive research has been carried out on the AGPase gene family in this species. In this study, cDNAs encoding two small subunits (SSs) and four large subunits (LSs) of AGPase isoforms were cloned from sweet potato and the genomic organizations of the corresponding AGPase genes were elucidated. Expression pattern analysis revealed that the two SSs were constitutively expressed, whereas the four LSs displayed differential expression patterns in various tissues and at different developmental stages. Co-expression of SSs with different LSs in Escherichia coli yielded eight heterotetramers showing different catalytic activities. Interactions between different SSs and LSs were confirmed by a yeast two-hybrid experiment. Our findings provide comprehensive information about AGPase gene sequences, structures, expression profiles, and subunit interactions in sweet potato. The results can serve as a foundation for elucidation of molecular mechanisms of starch synthesis in tuberous roots, and should contribute to future regulation of starch biosynthesis to improve sweet potato starch yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Tao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Puerto-Galán L, Pérez-Ruiz JM, Guinea M, Cejudo FJ. The contribution of NADPH thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) and sulfiredoxin to 2-Cys peroxiredoxin overoxidation in Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2957-66. [PMID: 25560178 PMCID: PMC4423512 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is a harmful by-product of photosynthesis, which also has important signalling activity. Therefore, the level of hydrogen peroxide needs to be tightly controlled. Chloroplasts harbour different antioxidant systems including enzymes such as the 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prxs). Under oxidizing conditions, 2-Cys Prxs are susceptible to inactivation by overoxidation of their peroxidatic cysteine, which is enzymatically reverted by sulfiredoxin (Srx). In chloroplasts, the redox status of 2-Cys Prxs is highly dependent on NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) and Srx; however, the relationship of these activities in determining the level of 2-Cys Prx overoxidation is unknown. Here we have addressed this question by a combination of genetic and biochemical approaches. An Arabidopsis thaliana double knockout mutant lacking NTRC and Srx shows a phenotype similar to the ntrc mutant, while the srx mutant resembles wild-type plants. The deficiency of NTRC causes reduced overoxidation of 2-Cys Prxs, whereas the deficiency of Srx has the opposite effect. Moreover, in vitro analyses show that the disulfide bond linking the resolving and peroxidatic cysteines protects the latter from overoxidation, thus explaining the dominant role of NTRC on the level of 2-Cys Prx overoxidation in vivo. The overoxidation of chloroplast 2-Cys Prxs shows no circadian oscillation, in agreement with the fact that neither the NTRC nor the SRX genes show circadian regulation of expression. Additionally, the low level of 2-Cys Prx overoxidation in the ntrc mutant is light dependent, suggesting that the redox status of 2-Cys Prxs in chloroplasts depends on light rather than the circadian clock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Puerto-Galán
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Guinea
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bahaji A, Sánchez-López ÁM, De Diego N, Muñoz FJ, Baroja-Fernández E, Li J, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Baslam M, Aranjuelo I, Almagro G, Humplík JF, Novák O, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Pozueta-Romero J. Plastidic phosphoglucose isomerase is an important determinant of starch accumulation in mesophyll cells, growth, photosynthetic capacity, and biosynthesis of plastidic cytokinins in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119641. [PMID: 25811607 PMCID: PMC4374969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. It is involved in glycolysis and in the regeneration of glucose-6-P molecules in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). In chloroplasts of illuminated mesophyll cells PGI also connects the Calvin-Benson cycle with the starch biosynthetic pathway. In this work we isolated pgi1-3, a mutant totally lacking pPGI activity as a consequence of aberrant intron splicing of the pPGI encoding gene, PGI1. Starch content in pgi1-3 source leaves was ca. 10-15% of that of wild type (WT) leaves, which was similar to that of leaves of pgi1-2, a T-DNA insertion pPGI null mutant. Starch deficiency of pgi1 leaves could be reverted by the introduction of a sex1 null mutation impeding β-amylolytic starch breakdown. Although previous studies showed that starch granules of pgi1-2 leaves are restricted to both bundle sheath cells adjacent to the mesophyll and stomata guard cells, microscopy analyses carried out in this work revealed the presence of starch granules in the chloroplasts of pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mesophyll cells. RT-PCR analyses showed high expression levels of plastidic and extra-plastidic β-amylase encoding genes in pgi1 leaves, which was accompanied by increased β-amylase activity. Both pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mutants displayed slow growth and reduced photosynthetic capacity phenotypes even under continuous light conditions. Metabolic analyses revealed that the adenylate energy charge and the NAD(P)H/NAD(P) ratios in pgi1 leaves were lower than those of WT leaves. These analyses also revealed that the content of plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP)-pathway derived cytokinins (CKs) in pgi1 leaves were exceedingly lower than in WT leaves. Noteworthy, exogenous application of CKs largely reverted the low starch content phenotype of pgi1 leaves. The overall data show that pPGI is an important determinant of photosynthesis, energy status, growth and starch accumulation in mesophyll cells likely as a consequence of its involvement in the production of OPPP/glycolysis intermediates necessary for the synthesis of plastidic MEP-pathway derived hormones such as CKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Ángela M. Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco J. Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Jan F. Humplík
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Karel Doležal
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schwarte S, Wegner F, Havenstein K, Groth D, Steup M, Tiedemann R. Sequence variation, differential expression, and divergent evolution in starch-related genes among accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:489-519. [PMID: 25663508 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Transitory starch metabolism is a nonlinear and highly regulated process. It originated very early in the evolution of chloroplast-containing cells and is largely based on a mosaic of genes derived from either the eukaryotic host cell or the prokaryotic endosymbiont. Initially located in the cytoplasm, starch metabolism was rewired into plastids in Chloroplastida. Relocation was accompanied by gene duplications that occurred in most starch-related gene families and resulted in subfunctionalization of the respective gene products. Starch-related isozymes were then evolutionary conserved by constraints such as internal starch structure, posttranslational protein import into plastids and interactions with other starch-related proteins. 25 starch-related genes in 26 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced to assess intraspecific diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and modes of selection. Furthermore, sequences derived from additional 80 accessions that are publicly available were analyzed. Diversity varies significantly among the starch-related genes. Starch synthases and phosphorylases exhibit highest nucleotide diversities, while pyrophosphatases and debranching enzymes are most conserved. The gene trees are most compatible with a scenario of extensive recombination, perhaps in a Pleistocene refugium. Most genes are under purifying selection, but disruptive selection was inferred for a few genes/substitutiones. To study transcript levels, leaves were harvested throughout the light period. By quantifying the transcript levels and by analyzing the sequence of the respective accessions, we were able to estimate whether transcript levels are mainly determined by genetic (i.e., accession dependent) or physiological (i.e., time dependent) parameters. We also identified polymorphic sites that putatively affect pattern or the level of transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schwarte
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Building 26, 14476, Potsdam, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ortiz-Marchena MI, Romero JM, Valverde F. Photoperiodic control of sugar release during the floral transition: What is the role of sugars in the florigenic signal? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1017168. [PMID: 26039474 PMCID: PMC4623508 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1017168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Florigen is a mobile signal released by the leaves that reaching the shoot apical meristem (SAM), changes its developmental program from vegetative to reproductive. The protein FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) constitutes an important element of the florigen, but other components such as sugars, have been also proposed to be part of this signal. (1-5) We have studied the accumulation and composition of starch during the floral transition in Arabidopsis thaliana in order to understand the role of carbon mobilization in this process. In A. thaliana and Antirrhinum majus the gene coding for the Granule-Bound Starch Synthase (GBSS) is regulated by the circadian clock (6,7) while in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii the homolog gene CrGBSS is controlled by photoperiod and circadian signals. (8,9) In a recent paper(10) we described the role of the central photoperiodic factor CONSTANS (CO) in the regulation of GBSS expression in Arabidopsis. This regulation is in the basis of the change in the balance between starch and free sugars observed during the floral transition. We propose that this regulation may contribute to the florigenic signal and to the increase in sugar transport required during the flowering process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Ortiz-Marchena
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla; Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla; Sevilla, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Bahaji A, Baroja-Fernández E, Sánchez-López ÁM, Muñoz FJ, Li J, Almagro G, Montero M, Pujol P, Galarza R, Kaneko K, Oikawa K, Wada K, Mitsui T, Pozueta-Romero J. HPLC-MS/MS analyses show that the near-Starchless aps1 and pgm leaves accumulate wild type levels of ADPglucose: further evidence for the occurrence of important ADPglucose biosynthetic pathway(s) alternative to the pPGI-pPGM-AGP pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104997. [PMID: 25133777 PMCID: PMC4136846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In leaves, it is widely assumed that starch is the end-product of a metabolic pathway exclusively taking place in the chloroplast that (a) involves plastidic phosphoglucomutase (pPGM), ADPglucose (ADPG) pyrophosphorylase (AGP) and starch synthase (SS), and (b) is linked to the Calvin-Benson cycle by means of the plastidic phosphoglucose isomerase (pPGI). This view also implies that AGP is the sole enzyme producing the starch precursor molecule, ADPG. However, mounting evidence has been compiled pointing to the occurrence of important sources, other than the pPGI-pPGM-AGP pathway, of ADPG. To further explore this possibility, in this work two independent laboratories have carried out HPLC-MS/MS analyses of ADPG content in leaves of the near-starchless pgm and aps1 mutants impaired in pPGM and AGP, respectively, and in leaves of double aps1/pgm mutants grown under two different culture conditions. We also measured the ADPG content in wild type (WT) and aps1 leaves expressing in the plastid two different ADPG cleaving enzymes, and in aps1 leaves expressing in the plastid GlgC, a bacterial AGP. Furthermore, we measured the ADPG content in ss3/ss4/aps1 mutants impaired in starch granule initiation and chloroplastic ADPG synthesis. We found that, irrespective of their starch contents, pgm and aps1 leaves, WT and aps1 leaves expressing in the plastid ADPG cleaving enzymes, and aps1 leaves expressing in the plastid GlgC accumulate WT ADPG content. In clear contrast, ss3/ss4/aps1 leaves accumulated ca. 300 fold-more ADPG than WT leaves. The overall data showed that, in Arabidopsis leaves, (a) there are important ADPG biosynthetic pathways, other than the pPGI-pPGM-AGP pathway, (b) pPGM and AGP are not major determinants of intracellular ADPG content, and (c) the contribution of the chloroplastic ADPG pool to the total ADPG pool is low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Manuel Montero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Pablo Pujol
- Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, Iruña, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Regina Galarza
- Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, Iruña, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaede Wada
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Seferoglu AB, Koper K, Can FB, Cevahir G, Kavakli IH. Enhanced heterotetrameric assembly of potato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase using reverse genetics. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1473-1483. [PMID: 24891561 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key allosteric enzyme in plant starch biosynthesis. Plant AGPase is a heterotetrameric enzyme that consists of large (LS) and small subunits (SS), which are encoded by two different genes. Computational and experimental studies have revealed that the heterotetrameric assembly of AGPase is thermodynamically weak. Modeling studies followed by the mutagenesis of the LS of the potato AGPase identified a heterotetramer-deficient mutant, LS(R88A). To enhance heterotetrameric assembly, LS(R88A) cDNA was subjected to error-prone PCR, and second-site revertants were identified according to their ability to restore glycogen accumulation, as assessed with iodine staining. Selected mutations were introduced into the wild-type (WT) LS and co-expressed with the WT SS in Escherichia coli glgC(-). The biochemical characterization of revertants revealed that LS(I90V)SS(WT), LS(Y378C)SS(WT) and LS(D410G)SS(WT) mutants displayed enhanced heterotetrameric assembly with the WT SS. Among these mutants, LS(Y378C)SS(WT) AGPase displayed increased heat stability compared with the WT enzyme. Kinetic characterization of the mutants indicated that the LS(I90V)SS(WT) and LS(Y378C)SS(WT) AGPases have comparable allosteric and kinetic properties. However, the LS(D410G)SS(WT) mutant exhibited altered allosteric properties of being less responsive and more sensitive to 3-phosphoglyceric acid activation and inorganic phosphate inhibition. This study not only enhances our understanding of the interaction between the SS and the LS of AGPase but also enables protein engineering to obtain enhanced assembled heat-stable variants of AGPase, which can be used for the improvement of plant yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bengisu Seferoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Turkey
| | - Kaan Koper
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Turkey
| | - F Betul Can
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Turkey
| | - Gul Cevahir
- Istanbul University, Department of Biology, 34134 Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - I Halil Kavakli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, TurkeyDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tuncel A, Kawaguchi J, Ihara Y, Matsusaka H, Nishi A, Nakamura T, Kuhara S, Hirakawa H, Nakamura Y, Cakir B, Nagamine A, Okita TW, Hwang SK, Satoh H. The rice endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit is essential for optimal catalysis and allosteric regulation of the heterotetrameric enzyme. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1169-83. [PMID: 24747952 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although an alternative pathway has been suggested, the prevailing view is that starch synthesis in cereal endosperm is controlled by the activity of the cytosolic isoform of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). In rice, the cytosolic AGPase isoform is encoded by the OsAGPS2b and OsAGPL2 genes, which code for the small (S2b) and large (L2) subunits of the heterotetrameric enzyme, respectively. In this study, we isolated several allelic missense and nonsense OsAGPL2 mutants by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treatment of fertilized egg cells and by TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes). Interestingly, seeds from three of the missense mutants (two containing T139I and A171V) were severely shriveled and had seed weight and starch content comparable with the shriveled seeds from OsAGPL2 null mutants. Results from kinetic analysis of the purified recombinant enzymes revealed that the catalytic and allosteric regulatory properties of these mutant enzymes were significantly impaired. The missense heterotetramer enzymes and the S2b homotetramer had lower specific (catalytic) activities and affinities for the activator 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). The missense heterotetramer enzymes showed more sensitivity to inhibition by the inhibitor inorganic phosphate (Pi) than the wild-type AGPase, while the S2b homotetramer was profoundly tolerant to Pi inhibition. Thus, our results provide definitive evidence that starch biosynthesis during rice endosperm development is controlled predominantly by the catalytic activity of the cytoplasmic AGPase and its allosteric regulation by the effectors. Moreover, our results show that the L2 subunit is essential for both catalysis and allosteric regulatory properties of the heterotetramer enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aytug Tuncel
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USAThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Joe Kawaguchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 JapanThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yasuharu Ihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | | | - Aiko Nishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | | | - Satoru Kuhara
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Department of Plant Genome Research, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Bilal Cakir
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ai Nagamine
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USAFaculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Seon-Kap Hwang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hikaru Satoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ortiz-Marchena MI, Albi T, Lucas-Reina E, Said FE, Romero-Campero FJ, Cano B, Ruiz MT, Romero JM, Valverde F. Photoperiodic control of carbon distribution during the floral transition in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:565-84. [PMID: 24563199 PMCID: PMC3967026 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.122721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flowering is a crucial process that demands substantial resources. Carbon metabolism must be coordinated with development through a control mechanism that optimizes fitness for any physiological need and growth stage of the plant. However, how sugar allocation is controlled during the floral transition is unknown. Recently, the role of a CONSTANS (CO) ortholog (Cr-CO) in the control of the photoperiod response in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and its influence on starch metabolism was demonstrated. In this work, we show that transitory starch accumulation and glycan composition during the floral transition in Arabidopsis thaliana are regulated by photoperiod. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, we demonstrate a role for CO in regulating the level and timing of expression of the GRANULE BOUND STARCH SYNTHASE (GBSS) gene. Furthermore, we provide a detailed characterization of a GBSS mutant involved in transitory starch synthesis and analyze its flowering time phenotype in relation to its altered capacity to synthesize amylose and to modify the plant free sugar content. Photoperiod modification of starch homeostasis by CO may be crucial for increasing the sugar mobilization demanded by the floral transition. This finding contributes to our understanding of the flowering process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Isabel Ortiz-Marchena
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Tomás Albi
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Eva Lucas-Reina
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Fatima E. Said
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Romero-Campero
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial, Grupo de Investigación en Computación Natural, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cano
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - José M. Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Federico Valverde
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Busi MV, Gomez-Casati DF, Martín M, Barchiesi J, Grisolía MJ, Hedín N, Carrillo JB. Starch Metabolism in Green Plants. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_78-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
39
|
Ragel P, Streb S, Feil R, Sahrawy M, Annunziata MG, Lunn JE, Zeeman S, Mérida Á. Loss of starch granule initiation has a deleterious effect on the growth of arabidopsis plants due to an accumulation of ADP-glucose. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:75-85. [PMID: 23872660 PMCID: PMC3762666 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.223420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
STARCH SYNTHASE4 (SS4) is required for proper starch granule initiation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), although SS3 can partially replace its function. Unlike other starch-deficient mutants, ss4 and ss3/ss4 mutants grow poorly even under long-day conditions. They have less chlorophyll and carotenoids than the wild type and lower maximal rates of photosynthesis. There is evidence of photooxidative damage of the photosynthetic apparatus in the mutants from chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and their high levels of malondialdehyde. Metabolite profiling revealed that ss3/ss4 accumulates over 170 times more ADP-glucose (Glc) than wild-type plants. Restricting ADP-Glc synthesis, by introducing mutations in the plastidial phosphoglucomutase (pgm1) or the small subunit of ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (aps1), largely restored photosynthetic capacity and growth in pgm1/ss3/ss4 and aps1/ss3/ss4 triple mutants. It is proposed that the accumulation of ADP-Glc in the ss3/ss4 mutant sequesters a large part of the plastidial pools of adenine nucleotides, which limits photophosphorylation, leading to photooxidative stress, causing the chlorotic and stunted growth phenotypes of the plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ragel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | - Sebastian Streb
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | - Regina Feil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | - Mariam Sahrawy
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | - Maria Grazia Annunziata
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | - John E. Lunn
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | - Samuel Zeeman
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bahaji A, Li J, Sánchez-López ÁM, Baroja-Fernández E, Muñoz FJ, Ovecka M, Almagro G, Montero M, Ezquer I, Etxeberria E, Pozueta-Romero J. Starch biosynthesis, its regulation and biotechnological approaches to improve crop yields. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:87-106. [PMID: 23827783 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Structurally composed of the glucose homopolymers amylose and amylopectin, starch is the main storage carbohydrate in vascular plants, and is synthesized in the plastids of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic cells. Its abundance as a naturally occurring organic compound is surpassed only by cellulose, and represents both a cornerstone for human and animal nutrition and a feedstock for many non-food industrial applications including production of adhesives, biodegradable materials, and first-generation bioethanol. This review provides an update on the different proposed pathways of starch biosynthesis occurring in both autotrophic and heterotrophic organs, and provides emerging information about the networks regulating them and their interactions with the environment. Special emphasis is given to recent findings showing that volatile compounds emitted by microorganisms promote both growth and the accumulation of exceptionally high levels of starch in mono- and dicotyledonous plants. We also review how plant biotechnologists have attempted to use basic knowledge on starch metabolism for the rational design of genetic engineering traits aimed at increasing starch in annual crop species. Finally we present some potential biotechnological strategies for enhancing starch content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Miroslav Ovecka
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Manuel Montero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ed Etxeberria
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850-2299, USA
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kuhn ML, Figueroa CM, Iglesias AA, Ballicora MA. The ancestral activation promiscuity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases from oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:51. [PMID: 23433303 PMCID: PMC3585822 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADP-Glc PPase) catalyzes the first committed step in the synthesis of glycogen in bacteria and starch in algae and plants. In oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, ADP-Glc PPase is mainly activated by 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) and to a lesser extent by other metabolites. In this work, we analyzed the activation promiscuity of ADP-Glc PPase subunits from the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120, the green alga Ostreococcus tauri, and potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber by comparing a specificity constant for 3-PGA, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), fructose-6-phosphate, and glucose-6-phosphate. Results The 3-PGA specificity constant for the enzymes from Anabaena (homotetramer), O. tauri, and potato tuber was considerably higher than for other activators. O. tauri and potato tuber enzymes were heterotetramers comprising homologous small and large subunits. Conversely, the O. tauri small subunit (OtaS) homotetramer was more promiscuous because its FBP specificity constant was similar to that for 3-PGA. To explore the role of both OtaS and OtaL (O. tauri large subunit) in determining the specificity of the heterotetramer, we knocked out the catalytic activity of each subunit individually by site-directed mutagenesis. Interestingly, the mutants OtaSD148A/OtaL and OtaS/OtaLD171A had higher specificity constants for 3-PGA than for FBP. Conclusions After gene duplication, OtaS seemed to have lost specificity for 3-PGA compared to FBP. This was physiologically and evolutionarily feasible because co-expression of both subunits restored the specificity for 3-PGA of the resulting heterotetrameric wild type enzyme. This widespread promiscuity seems to be ancestral and intrinsic to the enzyme family. Its presence could constitute an efficient evolutionary mechanism to accommodate the ADP-Glc PPase regulation to different metabolic needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misty L Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W, Sheridan Rd, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Starch is the major non-structural carbohydrate in plants. It serves as an important store of carbon that fuels plant metabolism and growth when they are unable to photosynthesise. This storage can be in leaves and other green tissues, where it is degraded during the night, or in heterotrophic tissues such as roots, seeds and tubers, where it is stored over longer time periods. Arabidopsis accumulates starch in many of its tissues, but mostly in its leaves during the day. It has proven to be a powerful genetic system for discovering how starch is synthesised and degraded, and new proteins and processes have been discovered. Such work has major significance for our starch crops, whose yield and quality could be improved by the application of this knowledge. Research into Arabidopsis starch metabolism has begun to reveal how its daily turnover is integrated into the rest of metabolism and adapted to the environmental conditions. Furthermore, Arabidopsis mutant lines deficient in starch metabolism have been employed as tools to study other biological processes ranging from sugar sensing to gravitropism and flowering time control. This review gives a detailed account of the use of Arabidopsis to study starch metabolism. It describes the major discoveries made and presents an overview of our understanding today, together with some as-yet unresolved questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Streb
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH
Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH
Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Streb S, Zeeman SC. Starch metabolism in Arabidopsis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2012; 10:e0160. [PMID: 23393426 DOI: 10.199/tab.e0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the major non-structural carbohydrate in plants. It serves as an important store of carbon that fuels plant metabolism and growth when they are unable to photosynthesise. This storage can be in leaves and other green tissues, where it is degraded during the night, or in heterotrophic tissues such as roots, seeds and tubers, where it is stored over longer time periods. Arabidopsis accumulates starch in many of its tissues, but mostly in its leaves during the day. It has proven to be a powerful genetic system for discovering how starch is synthesised and degraded, and new proteins and processes have been discovered. Such work has major significance for our starch crops, whose yield and quality could be improved by the application of this knowledge. Research into Arabidopsis starch metabolism has begun to reveal how its daily turnover is integrated into the rest of metabolism and adapted to the environmental conditions. Furthermore, Arabidopsis mutant lines deficient in starch metabolism have been employed as tools to study other biological processes ranging from sugar sensing to gravitropism and flowering time control. This review gives a detailed account of the use of Arabidopsis to study starch metabolism. It describes the major discoveries made and presents an overview of our understanding today, together with some as-yet unresolved questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Streb
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ovecka M, Bahaji A, Muñoz FJ, Almagro G, Ezquer I, Baroja-Fernández E, Li J, Pozueta-Romero J. A sensitive method for confocal fluorescence microscopic visualization of starch granules in iodine stained samples. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1146-50. [PMID: 22899048 PMCID: PMC3489648 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Synthesized by glycogen synthase and starch synthases (SS) using ADP-glucose as the sugar donor molecule, glycogen and starch accumulate as predominant storage carbohydrates in most bacteria and plants, respectively. We have recently shown that the so-called "starch-less" Arabidopsis thaliana adg1-1 and aps1 mutants impaired in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase do indeed accumulate low starch content in normal growth conditions, and relatively high starch content when plants were cultured in the presence of microbial volatiles. Our results were strongly supported by data obtained using a highly sensitive method for confocal fluorescence microscopic visualization of iodine stained starch granules. Using Arabidopsis leaves from WT plants, aps1 plants, ss3/ss4 plants lacking both class III and class IV SS, gbss plants lacking the granule-bound SS, and sus1/sus2/sus3/sus4 plants lacking four genes that code for proteins with sucrose synthase activity, in this work we precisely describe the method for preparation of plant samples for starch microscopic examination. Furthermore, we show that this method can be used to visualize glycogen in bacteria, and pure starch granules, amylose and amylopectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Ovecka
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Nafarroa, Spain
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Faculty of Science; Palacky University; Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Nafarroa, Spain
- Correspondence to: Javier Pozueta-Romero,
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Stitt M, Zeeman SC. Starch turnover: pathways, regulation and role in growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:282-92. [PMID: 22541711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many plants store part of their photosynthate as starch during the day and remobilise it to support metabolism and growth at night. Mutants unable to synthesize or degrade starch show strongly impaired growth except in long day conditions. In rapidly growing plants, starch turnover is regulated such that it is almost, but not completely, exhausted at dawn. There is increasing evidence that premature or incomplete exhaustion of starch turnover results in lower rates of plant growth. This review provides an update on the pathways for starch synthesis and degradation. We discuss recent advances in understanding how starch turnover and the use of carbon for growth is regulated during diurnal cycles, with special emphasis on the role of the biological clock. Much of the molecular and genetic research on starch turnover has been performed in the reference system Arabidopsis. This review considers to what extent information gained in this weed species maybe applicable to annual crops and perennial species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hädrich N, Hendriks JHM, Kötting O, Arrivault S, Feil R, Zeeman SC, Gibon Y, Schulze WX, Stitt M, Lunn JE. Mutagenesis of cysteine 81 prevents dimerization of the APS1 subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and alters diurnal starch turnover in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:231-42. [PMID: 22098298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana, retain a substantial portion of their photosynthate in leaves in the form of starch, which is remobilized to support metabolism and growth at night. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) catalyses the first committed step in the pathway of starch synthesis, the production of ADP-glucose. The enzyme is redox-activated in the light and in response to sucrose accumulation, via reversible breakage of an intermolecular cysteine bridge between the two small (APS1) subunits. The biological function of this regulatory mechanism was investigated by complementing an aps1 null mutant (adg1) with a series of constructs containing a full-length APS1 gene encoding either the wild-type APS1 protein or mutated forms in which one of the five cysteine residues was replaced by serine. Substitution of Cys81 by serine prevented APS1 dimerization, whereas mutation of the other cysteines had no effect. Thus, Cys81 is both necessary and sufficient for dimerization of APS1. Compared to control plants, the adg1/APS1(C81S) lines had higher levels of ADP-glucose and maltose, and either increased rates of starch synthesis or a starch-excess phenotype, depending on the daylength. APS1 protein levels were five- to tenfold lower in adg1/APS1(C81S) lines than in control plants. These results show that redox modulation of AGPase contributes to the diurnal regulation of starch turnover, with inappropriate regulation of the enzyme having an unexpected impact on starch breakdown, and that Cys81 may play an important role in the regulation of AGPase turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Hädrich
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Corbi J, Dutheil JY, Damerval C, Tenaillon MI, Manicacci D. Accelerated evolution and coevolution drove the evolutionary history of AGPase sub-units during angiosperm radiation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:693-708. [PMID: 22307567 PMCID: PMC3286274 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key enzyme of starch biosynthesis. In the green plant lineage, it is composed of two large (LSU) and two small (SSU) sub-units encoded by paralogous genes, as a consequence of several rounds of duplication. First, our aim was to detect specific patterns of molecular evolution following duplication events and the divergence between monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Secondly, we investigated coevolution between amino acids both within and between sub-units. METHODS A phylogeny of each AGPase sub-unit was built using all gymnosperm and angiosperm sequences available in databases. Accelerated evolution along specific branches was tested using the ratio of the non-synonymous to the synonymous substitution rate. Coevolution between amino acids was investigated taking into account compensatory changes between co-substitutions. KEY RESULTS We showed that SSU paralogues evolved under high functional constraints during angiosperm radiation, with a significant level of coevolution between amino acids that participate in SSU major functions. In contrast, in the LSU paralogues, we identified residues under positive selection (1) following the first LSU duplication that gave rise to two paralogues mainly expressed in angiosperm source and sink tissues, respectively; and (2) following the emergence of grass-specific paralogues expressed in the endosperm. Finally, we found coevolution between residues that belong to the interaction domains of both sub-units. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the view that coevolution among amino acid residues, especially those lying in the interaction domain of each sub-unit, played an important role in AGPase evolution. First, within SSU, coevolution allowed compensating mutations in a highly constrained context. Secondly, the LSU paralogues probably acquired tissue-specific expression and regulatory properties via the coevolution between sub-unit interacting domains. Finally, the pattern we observed during LSU evolution is consistent with repeated sub-functionalization under 'Escape from Adaptive Conflict', a model rarely illustrated in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Corbi
- CNRS, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Julien Y. Dutheil
- BiRC-Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 8, Building 1110, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Catherine Damerval
- CNRS, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Maud I. Tenaillon
- CNRS, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Domenica Manicacci
- Université Paris-Sud, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li J, Almagro G, Muñoz FJ, Baroja-Fernández E, Bahaji A, Montero M, Hidalgo M, Sánchez-López AM, Ezquer I, Sesma MT, Pozueta-Romero J. Post-translational redox modification of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in response to light is not a major determinant of fine regulation of transitory starch accumulation in Arabidopsis leaves. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:433-44. [PMID: 22210900 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) is a heterotetrameric enzyme comprising two small and two large subunits that catalyze the production of ADP-glucose linked to starch biosynthesis. The current paradigm on leaf starch metabolism assumes that post-translational redox modification of AGP in response to light is a major determinant of fine regulation of transitory starch accumulation. According to this view, under oxidizing conditions occurring during the night the two AGP small subunits (APS1) are covalently linked via an intermolecular disulfide bridge that inactivates the protein, whereas under reducing conditions occurring during the day NADP-thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC)-dependent reductive monomerization of APS1 activates the enzyme. In this work we have analyzed changes in the redox status of APS1 during dark-light transition in leaves of plants cultured under different light intensities. Furthermore, we have carried out time-course analyses of starch content in ntrc mutants, and in aps1 mutants expressing the Escherichia coli redox-insensitive AGP (GlgC) in the chloroplast. We also characterized aps1 plants expressing a redox-insensitive, mutated APS1 (APS1mut) form in which the highly conserved Cys81 residue involved in the formation of the intermolecular disulfide bridge has been replaced by serine. We found that a very moderate, NTRC-dependent APS1 monomerization process in response to light occurred only when plants were cultured under photo-oxidative conditions. We also found that starch accumulation rates during the light in leaves of both ntrc mutants and GlgC-expressing aps1 mutants were similar to those of wild-type leaves. Furthermore, the pattern of starch accumulation during illumination in leaves of APS1mut-expressing aps1 mutants was similar to that of APS1-expressing aps1 mutants at any light intensity. The overall data demonstrate that post-translational redox modification of AGP in response to light is not a major determinant of fine regulation of transitory starch accumulation in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloa, Nafarroa, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Irigoyen S, Karlsson PM, Kuruvilla J, Spetea C, Versaw WK. The sink-specific plastidic phosphate transporter PHT4;2 influences starch accumulation and leaf size in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1765-77. [PMID: 21960139 PMCID: PMC3327177 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.181925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonphotosynthetic plastids are important sites for the biosynthesis of starch, fatty acids, and amino acids. The uptake and subsequent use of cytosolic ATP to fuel these and other anabolic processes would lead to the accumulation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) if not balanced by a Pi export activity. However, the identity of the transporter(s) responsible for Pi export is unclear. The plastid-localized Pi transporter PHT4;2 of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is expressed in multiple sink organs but is nearly restricted to roots during vegetative growth. We identified and used pht4;2 null mutants to confirm that PHT4;2 contributes to Pi transport in isolated root plastids. Starch accumulation was limited in pht4;2 roots, which is consistent with the inhibition of starch synthesis by excess Pi as a result of a defect in Pi export. Reduced starch accumulation in leaves and altered expression patterns for starch synthesis genes and other plastid transporter genes suggest metabolic adaptation to the defect in roots. Moreover, pht4;2 rosettes, but not roots, were significantly larger than those of the wild type, with 40% greater leaf area and twice the biomass when plants were grown with a short (8-h) photoperiod. Increased cell proliferation accounted for the larger leaf size and biomass, as no changes were detected in mature cell size, specific leaf area, or relative photosynthetic electron transport activity. These data suggest novel signaling between roots and leaves that contributes to the regulation of leaf size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wayne K. Versaw
- Department of Biology and Interdepartmental Program in Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (S.I., W.K.V.); Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linkoeping, Sweden (P.M.K., J.K., C.S.); Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (P.M.K., C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sulmon C, Gouesbet G, Ramel F, Cabello-Hurtado F, Penno C, Bechtold N, Couée I, El Amrani A. Carbon dynamics, development and stress responses in Arabidopsis: involvement of the APL4 subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (starch synthesis). PLoS One 2011; 6:e26855. [PMID: 22073207 PMCID: PMC3207819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertional mutant was identified and characterized for enhanced tolerance to the singlet-oxygen-generating herbicide atrazine in comparison to wild-type. This enhanced atrazine tolerance mutant was shown to be affected in the promoter structure and in the regulation of expression of the APL4 isoform of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, a key enzyme of the starch biosynthesis pathway, thus resulting in decrease of APL4 mRNA levels. The impact of this regulatory mutation was confirmed by the analysis of an independent T-DNA insertional mutant also affected in the promoter of the APL4 gene. The resulting tissue-specific modifications of carbon partitioning in plantlets and the effects on plantlet growth and stress tolerance point out to specific and non-redundant roles of APL4 in root carbon dynamics, shoot-root relationships and sink regulations of photosynthesis. Given the effects of exogenous sugar treatments and of endogenous sugar levels on atrazine tolerance in wild-type Arabidopsis plantlets, atrazine tolerance of this apl4 mutant is discussed in terms of perception of carbon status and of investment of sugar allocation in xenobiotic and oxidative stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Sulmon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Rennes, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|