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Wang L, Li C, Luo K. Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of isoflavonoids in model plants and crops: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1384091. [PMID: 38984160 PMCID: PMC11231381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1384091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids, the major secondary metabolites within the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, play important roles in plant defense and exhibit free radical scavenging properties in mammals. Recent advancements in understanding the synthesis, transport, and regulation of isoflavonoids have identified their biosynthetic pathways as promising targets for metabolic engineering, offering potential benefits such as enhanced plant resistance, improved biomass, and restoration of soil fertility. This review provides an overview of recent breakthroughs in isoflavonoid biosynthesis, encompassing key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway, transporters influencing their subcellular localization, molecular mechanisms regulating the metabolic pathway (including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, as well as epigenetic modifications). Metabolic engineering strategies aimed at boosting isoflavonoid content in both leguminous and non-leguminous plants. Additionally, we discuss emerging technologies and resources for precise isoflavonoid regulation. This comprehensive review primarily focuses on model plants and crops, offering insights for more effective and sustainable metabolic engineering approaches to enhance nutritional quality and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Chaofeng Li
- Maize Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Xue B, Duan W, Gong L, Zhu D, Li X, Li X, Liang YK. The OsDIR55 gene increases salt tolerance by altering the root diffusion barrier. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1550-1568. [PMID: 38412303 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The increased soil salinity is becoming a major challenge to produce more crops and feed the growing population of the world. In this study, we demonstrated that overexpression of OsDIR55 gene enhances rice salt tolerance by altering the root diffusion barrier. OsDIR55 is broadly expressed in all examined tissues and organs with the maximum expression levels at lignified regions in rice roots. Salt stress upregulates the expression of OsDIR55 gene in an abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent manner. Loss-function and overexpression of OsDIR55 compromised and improved the development of CS and root diffusion barrier, manifested with the decreased and increased width of CS, respectively, and ultimately affected the permeability of the apoplastic diffusion barrier in roots. OsDIR55 deficiency resulted in Na+ accumulation, ionic imbalance, and growth arrest, whereas overexpression of OsDIR55 enhances salinity tolerance and provides an overall benefit to plant growth and yield potential. Collectively, we propose that OsDIR55 is crucial for ions balance control and salt stress tolerance through regulating lignification-mediated root barrier modifications in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Luping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xueying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Li Z, Meng S, Qin F, Wang S, Liang J, He X, Lu J. Host root exudates initiate a foraging preference by the root parasite Santalum album. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:301-314. [PMID: 36209450 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Haustoria of root-parasitic plants draw nutrients from the roots of host species. While recent studies have assessed host preferences of parasitic plants, how root-exuded chemicals can mediate host tropism and selection by root-parasitic plants is poorly understood. Under greenhouse conditions, we performed two pot experiments to determine whether the root parasite Santalum album selectively forages for superior hosts (N2-fixing Acacia confusa Merr. or Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen) rather than for inferior hosts (non-N2-fixing Bischofia polycarpa (levl.) Airy Shaw or Dracontomelon duperreranum Pierre), and whether S. album uses host root exudates and/or specific chemicals in these root exudates to locate and trigger haustorium formation. Lateral roots and haustoria of S. album seedlings exhibited greater growth in the direction of D. odorifera roots than toward roots from the other three hosts. Comparative metabolic analysis revealed that D. odorifera root exudates were enriched in isoflavonoid, flavonoid and flavone/flavonol biosynthesis pathways, and that the relative contents of flavonoids were significantly greater in the root exudates of D. odorifera than in those of the other three hosts. Root exudates from D. odorifera significantly promoted S. album root growth, haustorium formation and reactive oxygen species accumulation in haustoria. Our results demonstrate that the key step in plant parasitism by S. album is based on root exudation by a host plant; the exudates function as a metabolite signal that activate lateral root growth and haustorium formation. Our results also indicate that flavonoids in the root exudates could play an important role in S. album foraging activity. Information on the responses of root parasites to host root exudates and/or haustorium-inducing chemicals may be useful for selecting superior host species to plant with valuable species of root parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangdong 510520, China
| | - Sen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangdong 510520, China
| | - Fangcuo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangdong 510520, China
| | - Shengkun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangdong 510520, China
| | - Junfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangdong 510520, China
| | - Xinhua He
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California at Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Junkun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangdong 510520, China
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Liu BR, Zheng HR, Jiang XJ, Zhang PZ, Wei GZ. Serratene triterpenoids from Lycopodium cernuum L. as α-glucosidase inhibitors: Identification, structure-activity relationship and molecular docking studies. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 185:112702. [PMID: 34953266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Lycopodium cernuum L. afforded seven undescribed serratene triterpenoids named 3β, 21β-dihydroxyserra-14-en-24-oic acid-3β-(5'-hydroxybenzoate) (1), 3β, 21β, 24-trihydroxyserrat-14-en-3β-(5'-hydroxyl benzoate) (2), 3β, 14α, 15α, 21β-tetrahydroxyserratane-24-methyl ester (3), 3β, 14α, 21β-trihydroxyserratane-15α-(4'-methoxy-5'-hydroxybenzoate)-24-methyl ester (4), 3β, 14α, 21β-trihydroxyserratane-15α-(4'-methoxy-5'-hydroxybenzoate) (5), 3β-hydroxy-21β-acetate-16-oxoserrat-14-en-24-oic acid (6), 3β, 21β-dihydroxy-16α, 29-epoxyserrat-14-en-24-methyl ester (7), together with eleven known compounds (8-18), whose chemical structures were elucidated through spectroscopic analysis of HRESIMS, 1D NMR, 2D NMR and comparison between the literature. All compounds were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity for the first time. The results showed that compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, and 16 were among the most potent α-glucosidase inhibitors, with IC50 values ranging from 23.22 ± 0.64 to 50.65 ± 0.82 μM. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies indicated that the combined properties of the 5-hydroxybenzoate moiety at C-3, β-OH at C-21, COOH- at C-24, and Δ14,15 groups enabled an increase in the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect. In addition, molecular docking studies showed that the potential inhibitors mainly interact with key amino acid residues in the active site of α-glucosidase through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Rui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua, 061100, PR China; College of Public Heath, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063503, PR China
| | - Hai-Rong Zheng
- Reference Substance Branch, National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650201, PR China; BioBioPha Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Xian-Jun Jiang
- Reference Substance Branch, National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650201, PR China; BioBioPha Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Pu-Zhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM. Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, PR China.
| | - Guo-Zhu Wei
- Reference Substance Branch, National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650201, PR China; BioBioPha Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650201, PR China.
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Wang R, Reng M, Tian S, Liu C, Cheng H, Liu Y, Zhang H, Saqib M, Wei H, Wei Z. Transcriptome-wide identification and characterization of microRNAs in diverse phases of wood formation in Populus trichocarpa. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab195. [PMID: 34849817 PMCID: PMC8633455 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We applied miRNA expression profiling method to Populus trichocarpa stems of the three developmental stages, primary stem (PS), transitional stem (TS), and secondary stem (SS), to investigate miRNA species and their regulation on lignocellulosic synthesis and related processes. We obtained 892, 872, and 882 known miRNAs and 1727, 1723, and 1597 novel miRNAs, from PS, TS, and SS, respectively. Comparisons of these miRNA species among different developmental stages led to the identification of 114, 306, and 152 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs), which had 921, 2639, and 2042 candidate target genes (CTGs) in the three respective stages of the same order. Correlation analysis revealed 47, 439, and 71 DE-miRNA-CTG pairs of high negative correlation in PS, TS, and SS, respectively. Through biological process analysis, we finally identified 34, 6, and 76 miRNA-CTG pairs from PS, TS, and SS, respectively, and the miRNA target genes in these pairs regulate or participate lignocellulosic biosynthesis-related biological processes: cell division and differentiation, cell wall modification, secondary cell wall biosynthesis, lignification, and programmed cell death processes. This is the first report on an integrated analysis of genome-wide mRNA and miRNA profilings during multiple phases of poplar stem development. Our analysis results imply that individual miRNAs modulate secondary growth and lignocellulosic biosynthesis through regulating transcription factors and lignocellulosic biosynthetic pathway genes, resulting in more dynamic promotion, suppression, or regulatory circuits. This study advanced our understanding of many individual miRNAs and their essential, diversified roles in the dynamic regulation of secondary growth in woody tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040, China
| | - Mengxuan Reng
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shuanghui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040, China
| | - He Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040, China
| | - Huaxin Zhang
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resource and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton MI49931, USA
| | - Zhigang Wei
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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Zhuo X, Zheng T, Li S, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Ahmad S, Sun L, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q. Identification of the PmWEEP locus controlling weeping traits in Prunus mume through an integrated genome-wide association study and quantitative trait locus mapping. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:131. [PMID: 34059642 PMCID: PMC8167129 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Weeping Prunus mume (mei) has long been cultivated in East Asia for its specific ornamental value. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of the weeping trait in mei, which limits molecular breeding for the improvement of weeping-type cultivars. Here, we quantified the weeping trait in mei using nested phenotyping of 214 accessions and 342 F1 hybrids. Two major associated loci were identified from the genome-wide association study (GWAS), which was conducted using 3,014,409 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from resequencing, and 8 QTLs and 55 epistatic loci were identified from QTL mapping using 7,545 specific lengths amplified fragment (SLAF) markers. Notably, an overlapping PmWEEP major QTL was fine mapped within a 0.29 Mb region on chromosome 7 (Pa7), and a core SNP locus closely associated with the weeping trait was screened and validated. Furthermore, a total of 22 genes in the PmWEEP QTL region were expressed in weeping or upright mei based on RNA-seq analysis. Among them, only a novel gene (Pm024213) containing a thioredoxin (Trx) domain was found to be close to the core SNP and specifically expressed in buds and branches of weeping mei. Co-expression analysis of Pm024213 showed that most of the related genes were involved in auxin and lignin biosynthesis. These findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanism of the weeping trait and effective molecular markers for molecular-assisted breeding in Prunus mume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Zhuo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Tangchun Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China.
| | - Suzhen Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Sagheer Ahmad
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China.
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Kumar J, Sen Gupta D, Djalovic I, Kumar S, Siddique KHM. Root-omics for drought tolerance in cool-season grain legumes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:629-644. [PMID: 33314181 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Root traits can be exploited to increase the physiological efficiency of crop water use under drought. Root length, root hairs, root branching, root diameter, and root proliferation rate are genetically defined traits that can help to improve the water productivity potential of crops. Recently, high-throughput phenotyping techniques/platforms have been used to screen the germplasm of major cool-season grain legumes for root traits and their impact on different physiological processes, including nutrient uptake and yield potential. Advances in omics approaches have led to the dissection of genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic structures of these traits. This knowledge facilitates breeders to improve the water productivity and nutrient uptake of cultivars under limited soil moisture conditions in major cool-season grain legumes that usually face terminal drought. This review discusses the advances in root traits and their potential for developing drought-tolerant cultivars in cool-season grain legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | - Debjyoti Sen Gupta
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | - Ivica Djalovic
- Maize Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Biodiversity and Crop Improvement Program, International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Huang X, Li W, Zhang X. Flavonoid scutellarin positively regulates root length through NUTCRACKER. PLANT DIVERSITY 2021; 43:248-254. [PMID: 34195510 PMCID: PMC8233521 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exploring approaches to regulate meristem is of special importance and broad interest. In this study, we found that the flavonoid scutellarin, which has a 6-hydroxyl and a 7-glucoside, increased root length through the transcription factor NUTCRACKER (NUC). This root lengthening disappeared in NUC-knockout and reappeared in NUC-rescue plants. Scutellarin induced NUC expression and promoted the division of cortex/endodermal initials. In contrast, naringenin, which has same chemical backbone but without 6-hydroxyl and with 7-hydroxyl group, showed the opposite or no effects. Our results demonstrate that scutellarin promotes root length through NUC-mediated regulatory pathways and reveal that flavonoids with and without the 6-hydroxyl and 7-glucoside have positive and negative effects on meristem size, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiqi Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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Zhu F, Deng J, Chen H, Liu P, Zheng L, Ye Q, Li R, Brault M, Wen J, Frugier F, Dong J, Wang T. A CEP Peptide Receptor-Like Kinase Regulates Auxin Biosynthesis and Ethylene Signaling to Coordinate Root Growth and Symbiotic Nodulation in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2855-2877. [PMID: 32887805 PMCID: PMC7474297 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Because of the large amount of energy consumed during symbiotic nitrogen fixation, legumes must balance growth and symbiotic nodulation. Both lateral roots and nodules form on the root system, and the developmental coordination of these organs under conditions of reduced nitrogen (N) availability remains elusive. We show that the Medicago truncatula COMPACT ROOT ARCHITECTURE2 (MtCRA2) receptor-like kinase is essential to promote the initiation of early symbiotic nodulation and to inhibit root growth in response to low N. C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (MtCEP1) peptides can activate MtCRA2 under N-starvation conditions, leading to a repression of YUCCA2 (MtYUC2) auxin biosynthesis gene expression, and therefore of auxin root responses. Accordingly, the compact root architecture phenotype of cra2 can be mimicked by an auxin treatment or by overexpressing MtYUC2, and conversely, a treatment with YUC inhibitors or an MtYUC2 knockout rescues the cra2 root phenotype. The MtCEP1-activated CRA2 can additionally interact with and phosphorylate the MtEIN2 ethylene signaling component at Ser643 and Ser924, preventing its cleavage and thereby repressing ethylene responses, thus locally promoting the root susceptibility to rhizobia. In agreement with this interaction, the cra2 low nodulation phenotype is rescued by an ein2 mutation. Overall, by reducing auxin biosynthesis and inhibiting ethylene signaling, the MtCEP1/MtCRA2 pathway balances root and nodule development under low-N conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fugui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Grassland Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Grassland Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qinyi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mathias Brault
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Jiangli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Proust H, Hartmann C, Crespi M, Lelandais-Brière C. Root Development in Medicago truncatula: Lessons from Genetics to Functional Genomics. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1822:205-239. [PMID: 30043307 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8633-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This decade introduced "omics" approaches, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in association with reverse and forward genetic approaches, developed earlier, to try to identify molecular pathways involved in the development or in the response to environmental conditions as well as in animals and plants. This review summarizes studies that utilized "omics" strategies to unravel the root development in the model legume Medicago truncatula and how external factors such as soil mineral status or the presence of bacteria and fungi affect root system architecture in this species. We also compare these "omics" data to the knowledges concerning the Arabidopsis thaliana root development, nowadays considered as the model of allorhiz root systems. However, unlike legumes, this species is unable to interact with soil nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to develop novel root-derived symbiotic structures. Differences in root organization, development, and regulatory pathways between these two model species have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Proust
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, IPS2, Univ. Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry Val d'Essonne, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Caroline Hartmann
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, IPS2, Univ. Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry Val d'Essonne, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Martin Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, IPS2, Univ. Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry Val d'Essonne, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Christine Lelandais-Brière
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, IPS2, Univ. Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry Val d'Essonne, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
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11
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Abstract
Many researchers have sought along the last two decades a legume species that could serve as a model system for genetic studies to resolve specific developmental or metabolic processes that cannot be studied in other model plants. Nitrogen fixation, nodulation, compound leaf, inflorescence and plant architecture, floral development, pod formation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and other developmental and metabolic aspects are legume-specific or show important differences with those described in Arabidopsis thaliana, the most studied model plant. Mainly Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus were proposed in the 1990s as model systems due to their key attributes, diploid genome, autogamous nature, short generation times, small genome sizes, and both species can be readily transformed. After more than decade-long, the genome sequences of both species are essentially complete, and a series of functional genomics tools have been successfully developed and applied. Mutagens that cause insertions or deletions are being used in these model systems because these kinds of DNA rearrangements are expected to assist in the isolation of the corresponding genes by Target-Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) approaches. Different M. truncatula mutants have been obtained following γ-irradiation or fast neutron bombardment (FNB), ethyl-nitrosourea (ENU) or ethyl-methanesulfonate (EMS) treatments, T-DNA and activation tagging, use of the tobacco retrotransposon Tnt1 to produce insertional mutants, gene silencing by RNAi, and transient post-transcriptional gene silencing by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Emerging technologies of targeted mutagenesis and gene editing, such as the CRISPR-Cas9 system, could open a new era in this field. Functional genomics tools and phenotypic analyses of several mutants generated in M. truncatula have been essential to better understand differential aspects of legumes development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Cañas
- CSIC-UPV, Institute for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology (IBMCP), Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Pío Beltrán
- CSIC-UPV, Institute for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology (IBMCP), Valencia, Spain
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12
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Boba A, Kostyn K, Kostyn A, Wojtasik W, Dziadas M, Preisner M, Szopa J, Kulma A. Methyl Salicylate Level Increase in Flax after Fusarium oxysporum Infection Is Associated with Phenylpropanoid Pathway Activation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1951. [PMID: 28163709 PMCID: PMC5247452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a crop plant valued for its oil and fiber. Unfortunately, large losses in cultivation of this plant are caused by fungal infections, with Fusarium oxysporum being one of its most dangerous pathogens. Among the plant's defense strategies, changes in the expression of genes of the shikimate/phenylpropanoid/benzoate pathway and thus in phenolic contents occur. Among the benzoates, salicylic acid, and its methylated form methyl salicylate play an important role in regulating plants' response to stress conditions. Upon treatment of flax plants with the fungus we found that methyl salicylate content increased (4.8-fold of the control) and the expression profiles of the analyzed genes suggest that it is produced most likely from cinnamic acid, through the β-oxidative route. At the same time activation of some genes involved in lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis was observed. We suggest that increased methyl salicylate biosynthesis during flax response to F. oxysporum infection may be associated with phenylpropanoid pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Boba
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Kostyn
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
- *Correspondence: Kamil Kostyn
| | - Anna Kostyn
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of WroclawWroclaw, Poland
| | - Wioleta Wojtasik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant SciencesWroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dziadas
- Department of Food Science and Dietetics, Medical University of WroclawWroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Preisner
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant SciencesWroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
- Anna Kulma
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13
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Soto-Zarazúa MG, Rodrigues F, Pimentel FB, Bah MM, Oliveira MBPP. The isoflavone content of two new alfalfa-derived products for instant beverage preparation. Food Funct 2015; 7:364-71. [PMID: 26499901 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The frequent use of plant-based products to promote health leads to the search for scientific information related to efficacy and safety of those products for human consumption. Two alfalfa-derived products (ADP), freeze-dried juice (FDJ) and dehydrated powder (DP), from alfalfa harvested in Mexico, are being developed as new possible nutraceuticals. To the best of our knowledge, any study reports the real composition of such products used to prepare instant beverages in what concerns isoflavone contents. Seven isoflavones (glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein, genistein, daidzin and genistin) were assessed by HPLC-DAD analysis as well as its variation in five different batches of these products. Different solvents were tested in order to choose the best one to extract isoflavones. The results showed the presence of daidzein, genistein, genistin and daidzin in most samples while glycitein, formononetin and biochanin A were not detected. Significant differences between isoflavone contents were found with different solvent systems. Water was the best option to extract daidzein (0.40-1.08 mg per unit and 1.30-4.90 mg per unit for DP and FDJ, respectively) whereas the water-methanol-formic acid mixture was efficient to extract genistein (0.19-0.43 mg per unit and 0.15-0.72 mg per unit for DP and FDJ, respectively). In all cases, the total isoflavone content was higher in freeze-dried juices than in dehydrated powders. Genistein and daidzein were the more abundant isoflavones quantified. Further physiological and nutritional studies are needed to complete the validation of effectiveness and safety of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guadalupe Soto-Zarazúa
- REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal. and Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, Cerro de las Campanas, C.P. 76010, Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Francisca Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Filipa B Pimentel
- REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - M M Bah
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, Cerro de las Campanas, C.P. 76010, Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - M Beatriz P P Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Coevolution Pattern and Functional Conservation or Divergence of miR167s and their targets across Diverse Plant Species. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14611. [PMID: 26459056 PMCID: PMC4602222 DOI: 10.1038/srep14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of endogenously produced small non-coding RNAs of 20–21 nt length, processed from precursor miRNAs, regulate many developmental processes by negatively regulating the target genes in both animals and plants. The coevolutionary pattern of a miRNA family and their targets underscores its functional conservation or diversification. The miR167 regulates various aspects of plant development in Arabidopsis by targeting ARF6 and ARF8. The evolutionary conservation or divergence of miR167s and their target genes are poorly understood till now. Here we show the evolutionary relationship among 153 MIR167 genes obtained from 33 diverse plant species. We found that out of the 153 of miR167 sequences retrieved from the “miRBase”, 27 have been annotated to be processed from the 3′ end, and have diverged distinctively from the other miR167s produced from 5′ end. Our analysis reveals that gma-miR167h/i and mdm-miR167a are processed from 3′ end and have evolved separately, diverged most resulting in novel targets other than their known ones, and thus led to functional diversification, especially in apple and soybean. We also show that mostly conserved miR167 sequences and their target AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs) have gone through parallel evolution leading to functional diversification among diverse plant species.
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15
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Tanaka K, Cho SH, Lee H, Pham AQ, Batek JM, Cui S, Qiu J, Khan SM, Joshi T, Zhang ZJ, Xu D, Stacey G. Effect of lipo-chitooligosaccharide on early growth of C4 grass seedlings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5727-38. [PMID: 26049159 PMCID: PMC4566972 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) are important signal molecules for plant-symbiont interactions, a number of reports suggest that LCOs can directly impact plant growth and development, separate from any role in plant symbioses. In order to investigate this more closely, maize and Setaria seedlings were treated with LCO and their growth was evaluated. The data indicate that LCO treatment significantly enhanced root growth. RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis of LCO-treated maize roots identified a number of genes whose expression was significantly affected by the treatment. Among these genes, some LCO-up-regulated genes are likely involved in root growth promotion. Interestingly, some stress-related genes were down-regulated after LCO treatment, which might indicate reallocation of resources from defense responses to plant growth. The promoter activity of several LCO-up-regulated genes using a β-glucuronidase reporter system was further analysed. The results showed that the promoters were activated by LCO treatment. The data indicate that LCO can directly impact maize root growth and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sung-Hwan Cho
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Hyeyoung Lee
- Plant Transformation Core Facility,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - An Q Pham
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Josef M Batek
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Shiqi Cui
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jing Qiu
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Saad M Khan
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Informatics Institute, Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Informatics Institute, Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Zhanyuan J Zhang
- Plant Transformation Core Facility,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Informatics Institute, Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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16
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Ng JLP, Perrine-Walker F, Wasson AP, Mathesius U. The Control of Auxin Transport in Parasitic and Symbiotic Root-Microbe Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:606-43. [PMID: 27135343 PMCID: PMC4844411 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most field-grown plants are surrounded by microbes, especially from the soil. Some of these, including bacteria, fungi and nematodes, specifically manipulate the growth and development of their plant hosts, primarily for the formation of structures housing the microbes in roots. These developmental processes require the correct localization of the phytohormone auxin, which is involved in the control of cell division, cell enlargement, organ development and defense, and is thus a likely target for microbes that infect and invade plants. Some microbes have the ability to directly synthesize auxin. Others produce specific signals that indirectly alter the accumulation of auxin in the plant by altering auxin transport. This review highlights root-microbe interactions in which auxin transport is known to be targeted by symbionts and parasites to manipulate the development of their host root system. We include case studies for parasitic root-nematode interactions, mycorrhizal symbioses as well as nitrogen fixing symbioses in actinorhizal and legume hosts. The mechanisms to achieve auxin transport control that have been studied in model organisms include the induction of plant flavonoids that indirectly alter auxin transport and the direct targeting of auxin transporters by nematode effectors. In most cases, detailed mechanisms of auxin transport control remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | | | | | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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17
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Ng JLP, Hassan S, Truong TT, Hocart CH, Laffont C, Frugier F, Mathesius U. Flavonoids and Auxin Transport Inhibitors Rescue Symbiotic Nodulation in the Medicago truncatula Cytokinin Perception Mutant cre1. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2210-26. [PMID: 26253705 PMCID: PMC4568502 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of symbiotic nodules in legumes requires cytokinin signaling, but its mechanism of action is largely unknown. Here, we tested whether the failure to initiate nodules in the Medicago truncatula cytokinin perception mutant cre1 (cytokinin response1) is due to its altered ability to regulate auxin transport, auxin accumulation, and induction of flavonoids. We found that in the cre1 mutant, symbiotic rhizobia cannot locally alter acro- and basipetal auxin transport during nodule initiation and that these mutants show reduced auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) accumulation and auxin responses compared with the wild type. Quantification of flavonoids, which can act as endogenous auxin transport inhibitors, showed a deficiency in the induction of free naringenin, isoliquiritigenin, quercetin, and hesperetin in cre1 roots compared with wild-type roots 24 h after inoculation with rhizobia. Coinoculation of roots with rhizobia and the flavonoids naringenin, isoliquiritigenin, and kaempferol, or with the synthetic auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5,-triiodobenzoic acid, rescued nodulation efficiency in cre1 mutants and allowed auxin transport control in response to rhizobia. Our results suggest that CRE1-dependent cytokinin signaling leads to nodule initiation through the regulation of flavonoid accumulation required for local alteration of polar auxin transport and subsequent auxin accumulation in cortical cells during the early stages of nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Samira Hassan
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thy T Truong
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Charles H Hocart
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR 1403, CNRS/INRA/Université Paris-Sud/Université Paris-Diderot/Université d'Evry, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR 1403, CNRS/INRA/Université Paris-Sud/Université Paris-Diderot/Université d'Evry, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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18
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Chochois V, Vogel JP, Rebetzke GJ, Watt M. Variation in Adult Plant Phenotypes and Partitioning among Seed and Stem-Borne Roots across Brachypodium distachyon Accessions to Exploit in Breeding Cereals for Well-Watered and Drought Environments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:953-67. [PMID: 25975834 PMCID: PMC4741322 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Seedling roots enable plant establishment. Their small phenotypes are measured routinely. Adult root systems are relevant to yield and efficiency, but phenotyping is challenging. Root length exceeds the volume of most pots. Field studies measure partial adult root systems through coring or use seedling roots as adult surrogates. Here, we phenotyped 79 diverse lines of the small grass model Brachypodium distachyon to adults in 50-cm-long tubes of soil with irrigation; a subset of 16 lines was droughted. Variation was large (total biomass, ×8; total root length [TRL], ×10; and root mass ratio, ×6), repeatable, and attributable to genetic factors (heritabilities ranged from approximately 50% for root growth to 82% for partitioning phenotypes). Lines were dissected into seed-borne tissues (stem and primary seminal axile roots) and stem-borne tissues (tillers and coleoptile and leaf node axile roots) plus branch roots. All lines developed one seminal root that varied, with branch roots, from 31% to 90% of TRL in the well-watered condition. With drought, 100% of TRL was seminal, regardless of line because nodal roots were almost always inhibited in drying topsoil. Irrigation stimulated nodal roots depending on genotype. Shoot size and tillers correlated positively with roots with irrigation, but partitioning depended on genotype and was plastic with drought. Adult root systems of B. distachyon have genetic variation to exploit to increase cereal yields through genes associated with partitioning among roots and their responsiveness to irrigation. Whole-plant phenotypes could enhance gain for droughted environments because root and shoot traits are coselected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chochois
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.C., G.J.R., M.W.); andUnited States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598 (J.P.V.)
| | - John P Vogel
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.C., G.J.R., M.W.); andUnited States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598 (J.P.V.)
| | - Gregory J Rebetzke
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.C., G.J.R., M.W.); andUnited States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598 (J.P.V.)
| | - Michelle Watt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.C., G.J.R., M.W.); andUnited States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598 (J.P.V.)
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Resmi MS, Vivek PJ, Soniya EV. Over-expression of bael quinolone synthase in tobacco improves plant vigor under favorable conditions, drought, or salt stress. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:332-41. [PMID: 25555382 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) catalyze the biosynthesis of various medicinally important secondary metabolites in plants, but their role in growth and stress response is unclear. Here, we overexpressed quinolone synthase (QNS) from bael in tobacco. QNS-overexpressing plants showed an overall increase in growth, photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content compared to wild type plants. Second-generation (T2) transgenic plants grew to maturity, flowered early and set viable seeds under favorable conditions without yield penalty. An increased accumulation of flavonoids, phenols and alkaloids was associated with higher tolerance to drought and salinity stress in transgenic plants. Thus, bael QNS seems to function as a positive regulator of plant growth and stress response, and could be potentially used for engineering plants tolerant to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohankumar Saraladevi Resmi
- Plant Molecular Biology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud (P.O.), Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India.
| | - Padmanabhan Jayanthi Vivek
- Plant Molecular Biology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud (P.O.), Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India.
| | - Eppurathu Vasudevan Soniya
- Plant Molecular Biology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud (P.O.), Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India.
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20
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Truong HN, Thalineau E, Bonneau L, Fournier C, Potin S, Balzergue S, VAN Tuinen D, Jeandroz S, Morandi D. The Medicago truncatula hypermycorrhizal B9 mutant displays an altered response to phosphate and is more susceptible to Aphanomyces euteiches. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:73-88. [PMID: 24815324 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) plays a key role in the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, which is favoured when Pi is limiting in the environment. We have characterized the Medicago truncatula hypermycorrhizal B9 mutant for its response to limiting (P/10) and replete (P2) Pi. On P2, mycorrhization was significantly higher in B9 plants than in wild-type (WT). The B9 mutant displayed hallmarks of Pi-limited plants, including higher levels of anthocyanins and lower concentrations of Pi in shoots than WT plants. Transcriptome analyses of roots of WT and B9 plants cultivated on P2 or on P/10 confirmed the Pi-limited profile of the mutant on P2 and highlighted its altered response to Pi on P/10. Furthermore, the B9 mutant displayed a higher expression of defence/stress-related genes and was more susceptible to infection by the root oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches than WT plants. We propose that the hypermycorrhizal phenotype of the B9 mutant is linked to its Pi-limited status favouring AM symbiosis in contrast to WT plants in Pi-replete conditions, and discuss the possible links between the altered response of the B9 mutant to Pi, mycorrhization and infection by A. euteiches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai-Nam Truong
- INRA/AgroSup/Université de Bourgogne UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, Dijon, F-21065, France
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Local and systemic regulation of plant root system architecture and symbiotic nodulation by a receptor-like kinase. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004891. [PMID: 25521478 PMCID: PMC4270686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, root system architecture is determined by the activity of root apical meristems, which control the root growth rate, and by the formation of lateral roots. In legumes, an additional root lateral organ can develop: the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodule. We identified in Medicago truncatula ten allelic mutants showing a compact root architecture phenotype (cra2) independent of any major shoot phenotype, and that consisted of shorter roots, an increased number of lateral roots, and a reduced number of nodules. The CRA2 gene encodes a Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Kinase (LRR-RLK) that primarily negatively regulates lateral root formation and positively regulates symbiotic nodulation. Grafting experiments revealed that CRA2 acts through different pathways to regulate these lateral organs originating from the roots, locally controlling the lateral root development and nodule formation systemically from the shoots. The CRA2 LRR-RLK therefore integrates short- and long-distance regulations to control root system architecture under non-symbiotic and symbiotic conditions. Despite the essential functions of roots in plant access to water and nutrients, root system architecture has not been directly considered for crop breeding improvement, but it is now considered key for a “second green revolution.” In this study, we aimed to decipher integrated molecular mechanisms coordinating lateral organ development in legume roots: lateral roots and nitrogen-fixing symbiotic nodules. The compact root architecture 2 (cra2) mutant form an increased number of lateral roots and a reduced number of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules. This mutant is affected in a CLAVATA1-like Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Kinase (LRR-RLK) that has not previously been linked to root development. Grafting experiments showed that CRA2 negatively controls lateral root formation and positively controls nodule development through local and systemic pathways, respectively. Overall, our results can be integrated in the framework of regulatory pathways controlling the symbiotic nodule number, the so-called “Autoregulation of Nodulation” (AON), involving another LRR-RLK that also acts systemically from the shoots, SUNN (Super Numeric Nodules). A coordinated function of the CRA2 and SUNN LRR-RLKs may thereby permit the dynamic fine tuning of the nodule number depending on the environmental conditions.
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22
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Irar S, González EM, Arrese-Igor C, Marino D. A proteomic approach reveals new actors of nodule response to drought in split-root grown pea plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:634-45. [PMID: 24754352 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought is considered the more harmful abiotic stress resulting in crops yield loss. Legumes in symbiosis with rhizobia are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Biological nitrogen fixation (SNF) is a very sensitive process to drought and limits legumes agricultural productivity. Several factors are known to regulate SNF including oxygen availability to bacteroids, carbon and nitrogen metabolisms; but the signaling pathways leading to SNF inhibition are largely unknown. In this work, we have performed a proteomic approach of pea plants grown in split-root system where one half of the root was well-irrigated and the other was subjected to drought. Water stress locally provoked nodule water potential decrease that led to SNF local inhibition. The proteomic approach revealed 11 and 7 nodule proteins regulated by drought encoded by Pisum sativum and Rhizobium leguminosarum genomes respectively. Among these 18 proteins, 3 proteins related to flavonoid metabolism, 2 to sulfur metabolism and 3 RNA-binding proteins were identified. These proteins could be molecular targets for future studies focused on the improvement of legumes tolerance to drought. Moreover, this work also provides new hints for the deciphering of SNF regulation machinery in nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Irar
- Servicio de Proteómica y Metabolómica, CRAG - Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica - CSIC IRTA UAB UB, Campus UAB, Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdenyola del Valles), 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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España L, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Reina-Pinto JJ, Fernández-Muñoz R, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Transient silencing of CHALCONE SYNTHASE during fruit ripening modifies tomato epidermal cells and cuticle properties. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1371-86. [PMID: 25277718 PMCID: PMC4226350 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.246405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening is accompanied by an increase in CHALCONE SYNTHASE (CHS) activity and flavonoid biosynthesis. Flavonoids accumulate in the cuticle, giving its characteristic orange color that contributes to the eventual red color of the ripe fruit. Using virus-induced gene silencing in fruits, we have down-regulated the expression of SlCHS during ripening and compared the cuticles derived from silenced and nonsilenced regions. Silenced regions showed a pink color due to the lack of flavonoids incorporated to the cuticle. This change in color was accompanied by several other changes in the cuticle and epidermis. The epidermal cells displayed a decreased tangential cell width; a decrease in the amount of cuticle and its main components, cutin and polysaccharides, was also observed. Flavonoids dramatically altered the cuticle biomechanical properties by stiffening the elastic and viscoelastic phase and by reducing the ability of the cuticle to deform. There seemed to be a negative relation between SlCHS expression and wax accumulation during ripening that could be related to the decreased cuticle permeability to water observed in the regions silencing SlCHS. A reduction in the overall number of ester linkages present in the cutin matrix was also dependent on the presence of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura España
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (L.E., J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., A.H., E.D.), and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica (L.E., A.H.), Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain;Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Malaga, Spain (J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., E.D.); andNanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.)
| | - José A Heredia-Guerrero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (L.E., J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., A.H., E.D.), and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica (L.E., A.H.), Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain;Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Malaga, Spain (J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., E.D.); andNanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.)
| | - José J Reina-Pinto
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (L.E., J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., A.H., E.D.), and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica (L.E., A.H.), Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain;Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Malaga, Spain (J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., E.D.); andNanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.)
| | - Rafael Fernández-Muñoz
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (L.E., J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., A.H., E.D.), and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica (L.E., A.H.), Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain;Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Malaga, Spain (J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., E.D.); andNanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.)
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (L.E., J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., A.H., E.D.), and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica (L.E., A.H.), Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain;Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Malaga, Spain (J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., E.D.); andNanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.)
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (L.E., J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., A.H., E.D.), and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica (L.E., A.H.), Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain;Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Malaga, Spain (J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., E.D.); andNanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.)
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24
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Bourion V, Martin C, de Larambergue H, Jacquin F, Aubert G, Martin-Magniette ML, Balzergue S, Lescure G, Citerne S, Lepetit M, Munier-Jolain N, Salon C, Duc G. Unexpectedly low nitrogen acquisition and absence of root architecture adaptation to nitrate supply in a Medicago truncatula highly branched root mutant. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2365-80. [PMID: 24706718 PMCID: PMC4036509 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To complement N2 fixation through symbiosis, legumes can efficiently acquire soil mineral N through adapted root architecture. However, root architecture adaptation to mineral N availability has been little studied in legumes. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of nitrate availability on root architecture in Medicago truncatula and assessed the N-uptake potential of a new highly branched root mutant, TR185. The effects of varying nitrate supply on both root architecture and N uptake were characterized in the mutant and in the wild type. Surprisingly, the root architecture of the mutant was not modified by variation in nitrate supply. Moreover, despite its highly branched root architecture, TR185 had a permanently N-starved phenotype. A transcriptome analysis was performed to identify genes differentially expressed between the two genotypes. This analysis revealed differential responses related to the nitrate acquisition pathway and confirmed that N starvation occurred in TR185. Changes in amino acid content and expression of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway were associated with differences in root architecture between the mutant and the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantal Martin
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | - Marie-Laure Martin-Magniette
- INRA, UMR518 MIA, F-75231 Paris, France AgroParisTech, UMR MIA, F-75231 Paris, France INRA, UMR1165 URGV, F-91057 Evry, France UEVE, UMR URGV, F-91057 Evry, France CNRS, ERL8196 UMR URGV, F-91057 Evry, France
| | - Sandrine Balzergue
- INRA, UMR1165 URGV, F-91057 Evry, France UEVE, UMR URGV, F-91057 Evry, France CNRS, ERL8196 UMR URGV, F-91057 Evry, France
| | - Geoffroy Lescure
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA/AgroParisTech, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA/AgroParisTech, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Marc Lepetit
- USC1342 INRA, UMR113 IRD-CIRAD-SupAgro-UM2, Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Campus de Baillarguet, TA A-82/J, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | - Gérard Duc
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon, France
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25
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Corti Monzón G, Pinedo M, Di Rienzo J, Novo-Uzal E, Pomar F, Lamattina L, de la Canal L. Nitric oxide is required for determining root architecture and lignin composition in sunflower. Supporting evidence from microarray analyses. Nitric Oxide 2014; 39:20-8. [PMID: 24747108 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signal molecule involved in several physiological processes in plants, including root development. Despite the importance of NO as a root growth regulator, the knowledge about the genes and metabolic pathways modulated by NO in this process is still limited. A constraint to unravel these pathways has been the use of exogenous applications of NO donors that may produce toxic effects. We have analyzed the role of NO in root architecture through the depletion of endogenous NO using the scavenger cPTIO. Sunflower seedlings growing in liquid medium supplemented with cPTIO showed unaltered primary root length while the number of lateral roots was deeply reduced; indicating that endogenous NO participates in determining root branching in sunflower. The transcriptional changes induced by NO depletion have been analyzed using a large-scale approach. A microarray analysis showed 330 genes regulated in the roots (p≤0.001) upon endogenous NO depletion. A general cPTIO-induced up-regulation of genes involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway was observed. Even if no detectable changes in total lignin content could be detected, cell walls analyses revealed that the ratio G/S lignin increased in roots treated with cPTIO. This means that endogenous NO may control lignin composition in planta. Our results suggest that a fine tuning regulation of NO levels could be used by plants to regulate root architecture and lignin composition. The functional implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Corti Monzón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Marcela Pinedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Julio Di Rienzo
- Cátedra de Estadística y Biometría, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Esther Novo-Uzal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Federico Pomar
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Laura de la Canal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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26
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Gholami A, De Geyter N, Pollier J, Goormachtig S, Goossens A. Natural product biosynthesis in Medicago species. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:356-80. [PMID: 24481477 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Medicago, a member of the legume (Fabaceae) family, comprises 87 species of flowering plants, including the forage crop M. sativa (alfalfa) and the model legume M. truncatula (barrel medic). Medicago species synthesize a variety of bioactive natural products that are used to engage into symbiotic interactions but also serve to deter pathogens and herbivores. For humans, these bioactive natural products often possess promising pharmaceutical properties. In this review, we focus on the two most interesting and well characterized secondary metabolite classes found in Medicago species, the triterpene saponins and the flavonoids, with a detailed overview of their biosynthesis, regulation, and profiling methods. Furthermore, their biological role within the plant as well as their potential utility for human health or other applications is discussed. Finally, we give an overview of the advances made in metabolic engineering in Medicago species and how the development of novel molecular and omics toolkits can influence a better understanding of this genus in terms of specialized metabolism and chemistry. Throughout, we critically analyze the current bottlenecks and speculate on future directions and opportunities for research and exploitation of Medicago metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Gholami
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.
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27
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Gallego-Giraldo L, Bhattarai K, Pislariu CI, Nakashima J, Jikumaru Y, Kamiya Y, Udvardi MK, Monteros MJ, Dixon RA. Lignin modification leads to increased nodule numbers in alfalfa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1139-50. [PMID: 24406794 PMCID: PMC3938609 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.232421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of lignin levels in the forage legume alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by down-regulation of the monolignol biosynthetic enzyme hydroxycinnamoyl coenzyme A:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) results in strongly increased digestibility and processing ability of lignocellulose. However, these modifications are often also associated with dwarfing and other changes in plant growth. Given the importance of nitrogen fixation for legume growth, we evaluated the impact of constitutively targeted lignin modification on the belowground organs (roots and nodules) of alfalfa plants. HCT down-regulated alfalfa plants exhibit a striking reduction in root growth accompanied by an unexpected increase in nodule numbers when grown in the greenhouse or in the field. This phenotype is associated with increased levels of gibberellins and certain flavonoid compounds in roots. Although HCT down-regulation reduced biomass yields in both the greenhouse and field experiments, the impact on the allocation of nitrogen to shoots or roots was minimal. It is unlikely, therefore, that the altered growth phenotype of reduced-lignin alfalfa is a direct result of changes in nodulation or nitrogen fixation efficiency. Furthermore, HCT down-regulation has no measurable effect on carbon allocation to roots in either greenhouse or 3-year field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kishor Bhattarai
- Plant Biology Division (L.G.-G., C.I.P., J.N., M.K.U., R.A.D.) and Forage Improvement Division (K.B., M.J.M.), Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401; and
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230–0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K.)
| | - Catalina I. Pislariu
- Plant Biology Division (L.G.-G., C.I.P., J.N., M.K.U., R.A.D.) and Forage Improvement Division (K.B., M.J.M.), Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401; and
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230–0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K.)
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Plant Biology Division (L.G.-G., C.I.P., J.N., M.K.U., R.A.D.) and Forage Improvement Division (K.B., M.J.M.), Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401; and
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230–0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K.)
| | - Yusuke Jikumaru
- Plant Biology Division (L.G.-G., C.I.P., J.N., M.K.U., R.A.D.) and Forage Improvement Division (K.B., M.J.M.), Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401; and
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230–0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K.)
| | - Yuji Kamiya
- Plant Biology Division (L.G.-G., C.I.P., J.N., M.K.U., R.A.D.) and Forage Improvement Division (K.B., M.J.M.), Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401; and
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230–0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K.)
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division (L.G.-G., C.I.P., J.N., M.K.U., R.A.D.) and Forage Improvement Division (K.B., M.J.M.), Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401; and
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230–0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K.)
| | - Maria J. Monteros
- Plant Biology Division (L.G.-G., C.I.P., J.N., M.K.U., R.A.D.) and Forage Improvement Division (K.B., M.J.M.), Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401; and
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230–0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K.)
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28
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Barik S, SarkarDas S, Singh A, Gautam V, Kumar P, Majee M, Sarkar AK. Phylogenetic analysis reveals conservation and diversification of micro RNA166 genes among diverse plant species. Genomics 2013; 103:114-21. [PMID: 24275521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Similar to the majority of the microRNAs, mature miR166s are derived from multiple members of MIR166 genes (precursors) and regulate various aspects of plant development by negatively regulating their target genes (Class III HD-ZIP). The evolutionary conservation or functional diversification of miRNA166 family members remains elusive. Here, we show the phylogenetic relationships among MIR166 precursor and mature sequences from three diverse model plant species. Despite strong conservation, some mature miR166 sequences, such as ppt-miR166m, have undergone sequence variation. Critical sequence variation in ppt-miR166m has led to functional diversification, as it targets non-HD-ZIPIII gene transcript (s). MIR166 precursor sequences have diverged in a lineage specific manner, and both precursors and mature osa-miR166i/j are highly conserved. Interestingly, polycistronic MIR166s were present in Physcomitrella and Oryza but not in Arabidopsis. The nature of cis-regulatory motifs on the upstream promoter sequences of MIR166 genes indicates their possible contribution to the functional variation observed among miR166 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvakanta Barik
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shabari SarkarDas
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Archita Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Manoj Majee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ananda K Sarkar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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29
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Balmer D, Flors V, Glauser G, Mauch-Mani B. Metabolomics of cereals under biotic stress: current knowledge and techniques. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:82. [PMID: 23630531 PMCID: PMC3632780 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Prone to attacks by pathogens and pests, plants employ intricate chemical defense mechanisms consisting of metabolic adaptations. However, many plant attackers are manipulating the host metabolism to counteract defense responses and to induce favorable nutritional conditions. Advances in analytical chemistry have allowed the generation of extensive metabolic profiles during plant-pathogen and pest interactions. Thereby, metabolic processes were found to be highly specific for given tissues, species, and plant-pathogen/pest interactions. The clusters of identified compounds not only serve as base in the quest of novel defense compounds, but also as markers for the characterization of the plants' defensive state. The latter is especially useful in agronomic applications where meaningful markers are essential for crop protection. Cereals such as maize make use of their metabolic arsenal during both local and systemic defense responses, and the chemical response is highly adapted to specific attackers. Here, we summarize highlights and recent findings of metabolic patterns of cereals under pathogen and pest attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Balmer
- Institute of Biology, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Brigitte Mauch-Mani, University of Neuchâtel, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. e-mail:
| | - Victor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Chemical Analytical Service of the Swiss Plant Science Web, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Mauch-Mani
- Institute of Biology, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Brigitte Mauch-Mani, University of Neuchâtel, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. e-mail:
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30
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Atkinson NJ, Urwin PE. The interaction of plant biotic and abiotic stresses: from genes to the field. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5093-104. [PMID: 22791830 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to different stresses are highly complex and involve changes at the transcriptome, cellular, and physiological levels. Recent evidence shows that plants respond to multiple stresses differently from how they do to individual stresses, activating a specific programme of gene expression relating to the exact environmental conditions encountered. Rather than being additive, the presence of an abiotic stress can have the effect of reducing or enhancing susceptibility to a biotic pest or pathogen, and vice versa. This interaction between biotic and abiotic stresses is orchestrated by hormone signalling pathways that may induce or antagonize one another, in particular that of abscisic acid. Specificity in multiple stress responses is further controlled by a range of molecular mechanisms that act together in a complex regulatory network. Transcription factors, kinase cascades, and reactive oxygen species are key components of this cross-talk, as are heat shock factors and small RNAs. This review aims to characterize the interaction between biotic and abiotic stress responses at a molecular level, focusing on regulatory mechanisms important to both pathways. Identifying master regulators that connect both biotic and abiotic stress response pathways is fundamental in providing opportunities for developing broad-spectrum stress-tolerant crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky J Atkinson
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Hassan S, Mathesius U. The role of flavonoids in root-rhizosphere signalling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-microbe interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3429-44. [PMID: 22213816 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid pathway produces a diverse array of plant compounds with functions in UV protection, as antioxidants, pigments, auxin transport regulators, defence compounds against pathogens and during signalling in symbiosis. This review highlights some of the known function of flavonoids in the rhizosphere, in particular for the interaction of roots with microorganisms. Depending on their structure, flavonoids have been shown to stimulate or inhibit rhizobial nod gene expression, cause chemoattraction of rhizobia towards the root, inhibit root pathogens, stimulate mycorrhizal spore germination and hyphal branching, mediate allelopathic interactions between plants, affect quorum sensing, and chelate soil nutrients. Therefore, the manipulation of the flavonoid pathway to synthesize specifically certain products has been suggested as an avenue to improve root-rhizosphere interactions. Possible strategies to alter flavonoid exudation to the rhizosphere are discussed. Possible challenges in that endeavour include limited knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate flavonoid transport and exudation, unforeseen effects of altering parts of the flavonoid synthesis pathway on fluxes elsewhere in the pathway, spatial heterogeneity of flavonoid exudation along the root, as well as alteration of flavonoid products by microorganisms in the soil. In addition, the overlapping functions of many flavonoids as stimulators of functions in one organism and inhibitors of another suggests caution in attempts to manipulate flavonoid rhizosphere signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Hassan
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Auguy F, Abdel-Lateif K, Doumas P, Badin P, Guerin V, Bogusz D, Hocher V. Activation of the isoflavonoid pathway in actinorhizal symbioses. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:690-696. [PMID: 32480924 DOI: 10.1071/fp11014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of flavonoids in the actinorhizal nodulation process resulting from the interaction between the tropical tree Casuarina glauca Sieb. ex Spreng. and the actinomycete Frankia. Eight C. glauca genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis: chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), isoflavone reductase (IFR), flavonoid-3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), flavonoid 3',5' hydroxylase (F3'5'H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and flavonol synthase (FLS), were identified from a unigene database and gene expression patterns were monitored by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) during the nodulation time course. Results showed that FLS and F3'5'H transcripts accumulated in mature nodules whereas CHI and IFR transcripts accumulated preferentially early after inoculation with Frankia. Comparison of IFR and CHI expression in inoculated plants and in control plants cultivated with or without nitrogen confirmed that early expression of IFR is specifically linked to symbiosis. Taken together, these data suggest for the first time that isoflavonoids are implicated in actinorhizal nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Auguy
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Khalid Abdel-Lateif
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Patrick Doumas
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Pablo Badin
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Vanessa Guerin
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Hocher
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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