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Botticella E, Testone G, Buffagni V, Palombieri S, Taddei AR, Lafiandra D, Lucini L, Giannino D, Sestili F. Mutations in starch biosynthesis genes affect chloroplast development in wheat pericarp. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108354. [PMID: 38219425 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Starch bioengineering in cereals has produced a plethora of genotypes with new nutritional and technological functionalities. Modulation of amylose content from 0 to 100% was inversely correlated with starch digestibility and promoted a lower glycemic index in food products. In wheat, starch mutants have been reported to exhibit various side effects, mainly related to the seed phenotype. However, little is known about the impact of altered amylose content and starch structure on plant metabolism. Here, three bread wheat starch mutant lines with extreme phenotypes in starch branching and amylose content were used to study plant responses to starch structural changes. Omics profiling of gene expression and metabolic patterns supported changes, confirmed by ultrastructural analysis in the chloroplast of the immature seeds. In detail, the identification of differentially expressed genes belonging to functional categories related to photosynthesis, chloroplast and thylakoid (e.g. CURT1), the alteration in the accumulation of photosynthesis-related compounds, and the chloroplast alterations (aberrant shape, grana stacking alteration, and increased number of plastoglobules) suggested that the modification of starch structure greatly affects starch turnover in the chloroplast, triggering oxidative stress (ROS accumulation) and premature tissue senescence. In conclusion, this study highlighted a correlation between starch structure and chloroplast functionality in the wheat kernel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda Botticella
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giulio Testone
- Institute for Biological Systems, National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria, km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Buffagni
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Samuela Palombieri
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Taddei
- Center of Large Equipments, Section of Electron Microscopy, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Donato Giannino
- Institute for Biological Systems, National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria, km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Courseaux A, George O, Deschamps P, Bompard C, Duchêne T, Dauvillée D. BE3 is the major branching enzyme isoform required for amylopectin synthesis in C hlamydomonas reinhardtii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1201386. [PMID: 37324674 PMCID: PMC10264815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1201386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Starch-branching enzymes (BEs) are essential for starch synthesis in both plants and algae where they influence the architecture and physical properties of starch granules. Within Embryophytes, BEs are classified as type 1 and type 2 depending on their substrate preference. In this article, we report the characterization of the three BE isoforms encoded in the genome of the starch producing green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: two type 2 BEs (BE2 and BE3) and a single type 1 BE (BE1). Using single mutant strains, we analyzed the consequences of the lack of each isoform on both transitory and storage starches. The transferred glucan substrate and the chain length specificities of each isoform were also determined. We show that only BE2 and BE3 isoforms are involved in starch synthesis and that, although both isoforms possess similar enzymatic properties, BE3 is critical for both transitory and storage starch metabolism. Finally, we propose putative explanations for the strong phenotype differences evidenced between the C. reinhardtii be2 and be3 mutants, including functional redundancy, enzymatic regulation or alterations in the composition of multimeric enzyme complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Courseaux
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Uniteí de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Océane George
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Uniteí de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Deschamps
- University Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8079, AgroParisTech, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Coralie Bompard
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Uniteí de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Thierry Duchêne
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Uniteí de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - David Dauvillée
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Uniteí de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
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3
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Qin Y, Xiao Z, Zhao H, Wang J, Wang Y, Qiu F. Starch phosphorylase 2 is essential for cellular carbohydrate partitioning in maize. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1755-1769. [PMID: 35796344 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate partitioning is essential for plant growth and development, and its hindrance will result in excess accumulation of carbohydrates in source tissues. Most of the related mutants in maize (Zea mays L.) display impaired whole-plant sucrose transport, but other mechanisms affecting carbohydrate partitioning have seldom been reported. Here, we characterized chlorotic leaf3 (chl3), a recessive mutation causing leaf chlorosis with starch accumulation excessively in bundle sheath chloroplasts, suggesting that chl3 is defective in carbohydrate partitioning. Positional cloning revealed that the chl3 phenotype results from a frameshift mutation in ZmPHOH, which encodes starch phosphorylase 2. Two mutants in ZmPHOH exhibited the same phenotype as chl3, and both alleles failed to complement the chl3 mutant phenotype in an allelism test. Inactivation of ZmPHOH in chl3 leaves reduced the efficiency of transitory starch conversion, resulting in increased leaf starch contents and altered carbohydrate metabolism patterns. RNA-seq revealed the transcriptional downregulation of genes related to photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in chl3 leaves compared to the wild type. Our results demonstrate that transitory starch remobilization is very important for cellular carbohydrate partitioning in maize, in which ZmPHOH plays an indispensable role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziyi Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hailiang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fazhan Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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4
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Lu X, Chen Z, Liao B, Han G, Shi D, Li Q, Ma Q, Zhu L, Zhu Z, Luo X, Fu S, Ren J. The chromosome-scale genome provides insights into pigmentation in Acer rubrum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 186:322-333. [PMID: 35932656 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acer rubrum L. is one of the most prevalent ornamental species of the genus Acer, due to its straight and tall stems and beautiful leaf colors. For this study, the Oxford Nanopore platform and Hi-C technology were employed to obtain a chromosome-scale genome for A. rubrum. The genome size of A. rubrum was 1.69 Gb with an N50 of 549.44 Kb, and a total of 39 pseudochromosomes were generated with a 99.61% genome. The A. rubrum genome was predicted to have 64644 genes, of which 97.34% were functionally annotated. Genome annotation identified 67.14% as the transposable element (TE) repeat sequence, with long terminal repeats (LTR) being the richest (55.68%). Genome evolution analysis indicated that A. rubrum diverged from A. yangbiense ∼6.34 million years ago. We identified 13 genes related to pigment synthesis in A. rubrum leaves, where the expressions of four ArF3'H genes were consistent with the synthesis of cyanidin (a key pigment) in red leaves. Correlation analysis verified that the pigmentation of A. rubrum leaves was under the coordinated regulation of non-structural carbohydrates and hormones. The genomic sequence of A. rubrum will facilitate genomic breeding research for this species, while providing the valuable utilization of Aceraceae resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lu
- Cultural & Creative College, Anhui Finance & Trade Vocational College, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Buyan Liao
- Cultural & Creative College, Anhui Finance & Trade Vocational College, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Guomin Han
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Dan Shi
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Qianzhong Li
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Qiuyue Ma
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhu
- Ningbo City College of Vocational Technology, Ningbo, 315502, China
| | - Xumei Luo
- Anhui Academy of Forestry, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Songling Fu
- School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
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5
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Wang L, Wang Y, Makhmoudova A, Nitschke F, Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated editing of starch branching enzymes results in altered starch structure in Brassica napus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1866-1886. [PMID: 34850950 PMCID: PMC8968267 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Starch branching enzymes (SBEs) are one of the major classes of enzymes that catalyze starch biosynthesis in plants. Here, we utilized the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9)-mediated gene editing system to investigate the effects of SBE mutation on starch structure and turnover in the oilseed crop Brassica napus. Multiple single-guide RNA (sgRNA) expression cassettes were assembled into a binary vector and two rounds of transformation were employed to edit all six BnaSBE genes. All mutations were heterozygous monoallelic or biallelic, and no chimeric mutations were detected from a total of 216 editing events. Previously unannotated gene duplication events associated with two BnaSBE genes were characterized through analysis of DNA sequencing chromatograms, reflecting the complexity of genetic information in B. napus. Five Cas9-free homozygous mutant lines carrying two to six mutations of BnaSBE were obtained, allowing us to compare the effect of editing different BnaSBE isoforms. We also found that in the sextuple sbe mutant, although indels were introduced at the genomic DNA level, an alternate transcript of one BnaSBE2.1 gene bypassed the indel-induced frame shift and was translated to a modified full-length protein. Subsequent analyses showed that the sextuple mutant possesses much lower SBE enzyme activity and starch branching frequency, higher starch-bound phosphate content, and altered pattern of amylopectin chain length distribution relative to wild-type (WT) plants. In the sextuple mutant, irregular starch granules and a slower rate of starch degradation during darkness were observed in rosette leaves. At the pod-filling stage, the sextuple mutant was distinguishable from WT plants by its thick main stem. This work demonstrates the applicability of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for the study of multi-gene families and for investigation of gene-dosage effects in the oil crop B. napus. It also highlights the need for rigorous analysis of CRISPR-Cas9-mutated plants, particularly with higher levels of ploidy, to ensure detection of gene duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - You Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amina Makhmoudova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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6
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Yang H, Nukunya K, Ding Q, Thompson BE. Tissue-specific transcriptomics reveal functional differences in floral development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1158-1173. [PMID: 34865134 PMCID: PMC8825454 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are produced by floral meristems, groups of stem cells that give rise to floral organs. In grasses, including the major cereal crops, flowers (florets) are contained in spikelets, which contain one to many florets, depending on the species. Importantly, not all grass florets are developmentally equivalent, and one or more florets are often sterile or abort in each spikelet. Members of the Andropogoneae tribe, including maize (Zea mays), produce spikelets with two florets; the upper and lower florets are usually dimorphic, and the lower floret is greatly reduced compared to the upper floret. In maize ears, early development appears identical in both florets but the lower floret ultimately aborts. To gain insight into the functional differences between florets with different fates, we used laser capture microdissection coupled with RNA-sequencing to globally examine gene expression in upper and lower floral meristems in maize. Differentially expressed genes were involved in hormone regulation, cell wall, sugar, and energy homeostasis. Furthermore, cell wall modifications and sugar accumulation differed between the upper and lower florets. Finally, we identified a boundary domain between upper and lower florets, which we hypothesize is important for floral meristem activity. We propose a model in which growth is suppressed in the lower floret by limiting sugar availability and upregulating genes involved in growth repression. This growth repression module may also regulate floret fertility in other grasses and potentially be modulated to engineer more productive cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA
| | - Kate Nukunya
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA
| | - Queying Ding
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA
| | - Beth E Thompson
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA
- Author for communication:
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7
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Miao H, Sun P, Liu Q, Liu J, Jia C, Zhao D, Xu B, Jin Z. Molecular identification of the key starch branching enzyme-encoding gene SBE2.3 and its interacting transcription factors in banana fruits. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:101. [PMID: 32637129 PMCID: PMC7326998 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Starch branching enzyme (SBE) has rarely been studied in common starchy banana fruits. For the first time, we report here the molecular characterization of seven SBE (MaSBE) and six SBE (MbSBE) genes in the banana A- and B-genomes, respectively, which could be classified into three distinct subfamilies according to genome-wide identification. Systematic transcriptomic analysis revealed that six MaSBEs and six MbSBEs were expressed in the developing banana fruits of two different genotypes, BaXi Jiao (BX, AAA) and Fen Jiao (FJ, AAB), among which MaSBE2.3 and MbSBE2.3 were highly expressed. Transient silencing of MaSBE2.3 expression in banana fruit discs led to a significant decrease in its transcription, which coincides with significant reductions in total starch and amylopectin contents compared to those of empty vector controls. The suggested functional role of MaSBE2.3 in banana fruit development was corroborated by its transient overexpression in banana fruit discs, which led to significant enhancements in total starch and amylopectin contents. A number of transcription factors, including three auxin response factors (ARF2/12/24) and two MYBs (MYB3/308), that interact with the MaSBE2.3 promoter were identified by yeast one-hybrid library assays. Among these ARFs and MYBs, MaARF2/MaMYB308 and MaARF12/MaARF24/MaMYB3 were demonstrated via a luciferase reporter system to upregulate and downregulate the expression of MaSBE2.3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiguang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, Hainan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Juhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caihong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongfang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Smith AM, Zeeman SC. Starch: A Flexible, Adaptable Carbon Store Coupled to Plant Growth. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:217-245. [PMID: 32075407 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Research in the past decade has uncovered new and surprising information about the pathways of starch synthesis and degradation. This includes the discovery of previously unsuspected protein families required both for processes and for the long-sought mechanism of initiation of starch granules. There is also growing recognition of the central role of leaf starch turnover in making carbon available for growth across the day-night cycle. Sophisticated systems-level control mechanisms involving the circadian clock set rates of nighttime starch mobilization that maintain a steady supply of carbon until dawn and modulate partitioning of photosynthate into starch in the light, optimizing the fraction of assimilated carbon that can be used for growth. These discoveries also uncover complexities: Results from experiments with Arabidopsis leaves in conventional controlled environments are not necessarily applicable to other organs or species or to growth in natural, fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Morita R, Crofts N, Shibatani N, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Ikeda KI, Fujita N, Fukayama H. CO2-Responsive CCT Protein Stimulates the Ectopic Expression of Particular Starch Biosynthesis-Related Enzymes, Which Markedly Change the Structure of Starch in the Leaf Sheaths of Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:961-972. [PMID: 30690625 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
CO2-responsive CCT protein (CRCT) is suggested to be a positive regulator of starch biosynthesis in the leaf sheaths of rice, regulating the expression levels of starch biosynthesis-related genes. In this study, the effects of CRCT expression levels on the expression of starch biosynthesis-related enzymes and the quality of starch were studied. Using native-PAGE/activity staining and immunoblotting, we found that the protein levels of starch synthase I, branching enzyme I, branching enzyme IIa, isoamylase 1 and phosphorylase 1 were largely correlated with the CRCT expression levels in the leaf sheaths of CRCT transgenic lines. In contrast, the CRCT expression levels largely did not affect the expression levels and/or activities of starch biosynthesis-related enzymes in the leaf blades and endosperm tissues. The analysis of the chain-length distribution of starch in the leaf sheaths showed that short chains with a degree of polymerization from 5 to 14 were increased in the overexpression lines but decreased in the knockdown lines. The amylose content of starch in the leaf sheath was greatly increased in the overexpression lines. In contrast, the molecular weight of the amylopectin of starch in the leaf sheath of overexpression lines did not change compared with those of the non-transgenic rice. These results suggest that CRCT can control the quality and the quantity of starch in the leaf sheath by regulating the expression of particular starch biosynthesis-related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Morita
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoki Shibatani
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Stress Cytology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukayama
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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10
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Kim J. Sugar metabolism as input signals and fuel for leaf senescence. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:737-746. [PMID: 30879182 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Senescence in plants is an active and acquired developmental process that occurs at the last developmental stage during the life cycle of a plant. Leaf senescence is a relatively slow process, which is characterized by loss of photosynthetic activity and breakdown of macromolecules, to compensate for reduced energy production. Sugars, major photosynthetic assimilates, are key substrates required for cellular respiration to produce intermediate sources of energy and reducing power, which are known to be essential for the maintenance of cellular processes during senescence. In addition, sugars play roles as signaling molecules to facilitate a wide range of developmental processes as metabolic sensors. However, the roles of sugar during the entire period of senescence remain fragmentary. The purpose of the present review was to examine and explore changes in production, sources, and functions of sugars during leaf senescence. Further, the review explores the current state of knowledge on how sugars mediate the onset or progression of leaf senescence. Progress in the area would facilitate the determination of more sophisticated ways of manipulating the senescence process in plants and offer insights that guide efforts to maintain nutrients in leafy plants during postharvest storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Kim
- Faculty of Science Education, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Chen L, Lu D, Wang T, Li Z, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Cao Q, Fang K, Xing Y, Qin L. Identification and expression analysis of starch branching enzymes involved in starch synthesis during the development of chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) cotyledons. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177792. [PMID: 28542293 PMCID: PMC5441625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) is native to China and distributes widely in arid and semi-arid mountain area with barren soil. As a perennial crop, chestnut is an alternative food source and acts as an important commercial nut tree in China. Starch is the major metabolite in nuts, accounting for 46 ~ 64% of the chestnut dry weight. The accumulation of total starch and amylopectin showed a similar increasing trend during the development of nut. Amylopectin contributed up to 76% of the total starch content at 80 days after pollination (DAP). The increase of total starch mainly results from amylopectin synthesis. Among genes associated with starch biosynthesis, CmSBEs (starch branching enzyme) showed significant increase during nut development. Two starch branching enzyme isoforms, CmSBE I and CmSBE II, were identified from chestnut cotyledon using zymogram analysis. CmSBE I and CmSBE II showed similar patterns of expression during nut development. The accumulations of CmSBE transcripts and proteins in developing cotyledons were characterized. The expressions of two CmSBE genes increased from 64 DAP and reached the highest levels at 77 DAP, and SBE activity reached its peak at 74 DAP. These results suggested that the CmSBE enzymes mainly contributed to amylopectin synthesis and influenced the amylopectin content in the developing cotyledon, which would be beneficial to chestnut germplasm selection and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangke Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Lu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Jiang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kefeng Fang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xing
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YX); (LQ)
| | - Ling Qin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YX); (LQ)
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Combined mutations in five wheat STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II genes improve resistant starch but affect grain yield and bread-making quality. J Cereal Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Yu S, Zhang F, Li C, Gilbert RG. Molecular structural differences between maize leaf and endosperm starches. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 161:10-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Ban X, Li C, Gu Z, Bao C, Qiu Y, Hong Y, Cheng L, Li Z. Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Thermostable Branching Enzyme from Geobacillus thermoglucosidans. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 26:303-11. [DOI: 10.1159/000446582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.18) catalyzes the formation of α-1,6 branch points in starch. In this study, the <i>Geobacillus thermoglucosidans</i> gene-encoding branching enzyme was expressed in <i>Escherichia coli </i>BL21 (DE3) and the protein was isolated and characterized. <i>G. thermoglucosidans </i>branching enzyme is a thermostable enzyme with an optimal reaction temperature of nearly 60°C and a half-life at 65°C of approximately 1.1 h. The activity of the recombinant enzyme is optimal at pH 7.5, with broad stability between pH 5.5 and 9.0. Its thermostability, relatively broad pH stability and optimal temperature near the temperature at which starch begins to gelatinize may make it easy to use in industrial production. Furthermore, the enzyme is activated by Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup> in a concentration-dependent manner and dramatically inhibited by Ni<sup>2+</sup> and Co<sup>2+</sup>. Its substrate dependence, using amylopectin as the substrate, could be adequately fitted using the Michaelis-Menten equation, yielding a<i> K</i><sub>m</sub> of 0.99 mg/ml. High-performance anion exchange chromatography results showed that the chain length distribution of branching enzyme-treated waxy corn starch is indistinguishable from that of the branching enzyme-treated common corn starch. This enzyme may therefore be a promising tool for the enzymatic modification of starch.
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15
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Abstract
Starch-rich crops form the basis of our nutrition, but plants have still to yield all their secrets as to how they make this vital substance. Great progress has been made by studying both crop and model systems, and we approach the point of knowing the enzymatic machinery responsible for creating the massive, insoluble starch granules found in plant tissues. Here, we summarize our current understanding of these biosynthetic enzymes, highlighting recent progress in elucidating their specific functions. Yet, in many ways we have only scratched the surface: much uncertainty remains about how these components function together and are controlled. We flag-up recent observations suggesting a significant degree of flexibility during the synthesis of starch and that previously unsuspected non-enzymatic proteins may have a role. We conclude that starch research is not yet a mature subject and that novel experimental and theoretical approaches will be important to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pfister
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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16
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Hua Y, Wang S, Liu Z, Liu X, Zou L, Gu W, Hou Y, Ma Y, Luo Y, Liu J. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of cultivated Pseudostellaria heterophylla and its wild-type. J Proteomics 2016; 139:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Han YL, Song HX, Liao Q, Yu Y, Jian SF, Lepo JE, Liu Q, Rong XM, Tian C, Zeng J, Guan CY, Ismail AM, Zhang ZH. Nitrogen Use Efficiency Is Mediated by Vacuolar Nitrate Sequestration Capacity in Roots of Brassica napus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1684-98. [PMID: 26757990 PMCID: PMC4775117 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in crop plants is an important breeding target to reduce excessive use of chemical fertilizers, with substantial benefits to farmers and the environment. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), allocation of more NO3 (-) to shoots was associated with higher NUE; however, the commonality of this process across plant species have not been sufficiently studied. Two Brassica napus genotypes were identified with high and low NUE. We found that activities of V-ATPase and V-PPase, the two tonoplast proton-pumps, were significantly lower in roots of the high-NUE genotype (Xiangyou15) than in the low-NUE genotype (814); and consequently, less vacuolar NO3 (-) was retained in roots of Xiangyou15. Moreover, NO3 (-) concentration in xylem sap, [(15)N] shoot:root (S:R) and [NO3 (-)] S:R ratios were significantly higher in Xiangyou15. BnNRT1.5 expression was higher in roots of Xiangyou15 compared with 814, while BnNRT1.8 expression was lower. In both B. napus treated with proton pump inhibitors or Arabidopsis mutants impaired in proton pump activity, vacuolar sequestration capacity (VSC) of NO3 (-) in roots substantially decreased. Expression of NRT1.5 was up-regulated, but NRT1.8 was down-regulated, driving greater NO3 (-) long-distance transport from roots to shoots. NUE in Arabidopsis mutants impaired in proton pumps was also significantly higher than in the wild type col-0. Taken together, these data suggest that decrease in VSC of NO3 (-) in roots will enhance transport to shoot and essentially contribute to higher NUE by promoting NO3 (-) allocation to aerial parts, likely through coordinated regulation of NRT1.5 and NRT1.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Liang Han
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Hai-Xing Song
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Qiong Liao
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Yin Yu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Shao-Fen Jian
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Joe Eugene Lepo
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Xiang-Min Rong
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Chang Tian
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Jing Zeng
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Chun-Yun Guan
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Abdelbagi M Ismail
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
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18
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Liu F, Zhao Q, Mano N, Ahmed Z, Nitschke F, Cai Y, Chapman KD, Steup M, Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ. Modification of starch metabolism in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana increases plant biomass and triples oilseed production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:976-985. [PMID: 26285603 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a novel means to achieve substantially increased vegetative biomass and oilseed production in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Endogenous isoforms of starch branching enzyme (SBE) were substituted by either one of the endosperm-expressed maize (Zea mays L.) branching isozymes, ZmSBEI or ZmSBEIIb. Transformants were compared with the starch-free background and with the wild-type plants. Each of the maize-derived SBEs restored starch biosynthesis but both morphology and structure of starch particles were altered. Altered starch metabolism in the transformants is associated with enhanced biomass formation and more-than-trebled oilseed production while maintaining seed oil quality. Enhanced oilseed production is primarily due to an increased number of siliques per plant whereas oil content and seed number per silique are essentially unchanged or even modestly decreased. Introduction of cereal starch branching isozymes into oilseed plants represents a potentially useful strategy to increase biomass and oilseed production in related crops and manipulate the structure and properties of leaf starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Qianru Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Noel Mano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yinqqi Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Martin Steup
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Emes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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19
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Han YL, Song HX, Liao Q, Yu Y, Jian SF, Lepo JE, Liu Q, Rong XM, Tian C, Zeng J, Guan CY, Ismail AM, Zhang ZH. Nitrogen Use Efficiency Is Mediated by Vacuolar Nitrate Sequestration Capacity in Roots of Brassica napus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 26757990 DOI: 10.1014/pp.15.01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in crop plants is an important breeding target to reduce excessive use of chemical fertilizers, with substantial benefits to farmers and the environment. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), allocation of more NO3 (-) to shoots was associated with higher NUE; however, the commonality of this process across plant species have not been sufficiently studied. Two Brassica napus genotypes were identified with high and low NUE. We found that activities of V-ATPase and V-PPase, the two tonoplast proton-pumps, were significantly lower in roots of the high-NUE genotype (Xiangyou15) than in the low-NUE genotype (814); and consequently, less vacuolar NO3 (-) was retained in roots of Xiangyou15. Moreover, NO3 (-) concentration in xylem sap, [(15)N] shoot:root (S:R) and [NO3 (-)] S:R ratios were significantly higher in Xiangyou15. BnNRT1.5 expression was higher in roots of Xiangyou15 compared with 814, while BnNRT1.8 expression was lower. In both B. napus treated with proton pump inhibitors or Arabidopsis mutants impaired in proton pump activity, vacuolar sequestration capacity (VSC) of NO3 (-) in roots substantially decreased. Expression of NRT1.5 was up-regulated, but NRT1.8 was down-regulated, driving greater NO3 (-) long-distance transport from roots to shoots. NUE in Arabidopsis mutants impaired in proton pumps was also significantly higher than in the wild type col-0. Taken together, these data suggest that decrease in VSC of NO3 (-) in roots will enhance transport to shoot and essentially contribute to higher NUE by promoting NO3 (-) allocation to aerial parts, likely through coordinated regulation of NRT1.5 and NRT1.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Liang Han
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Hai-Xing Song
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Qiong Liao
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Yin Yu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Shao-Fen Jian
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Joe Eugene Lepo
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Xiang-Min Rong
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Chang Tian
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Jing Zeng
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Chun-Yun Guan
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Abdelbagi M Ismail
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China (Y.-L.H., H.-X.S., Q.Liao, Y.Y., S.-F.J., Q.Liu, X.-M.R., C.T., J.Z., C.-Y.G., Z.-H.Z.);National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, 410128, China (C.-Y.G.); Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, (J.E.L.); andCrop and Environment Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (A.M.I.)
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20
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Li C, Gilbert RG. Progress in controlling starch structure by modifying starch-branching enzymes. PLANTA 2016; 243:13-22. [PMID: 26486516 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the progress of development of plants with desirable starch structure by modifying starch branching enzymes. Starch-branching enzyme (SBE) is responsible for the creation of branches during starch biosynthesis in plastids, and is a major determinant of the final fine structure and physical properties of the starch. Multiple isoforms of SBE have been found in plants, with each playing a different role in amylopectin synthesis. Different methods have been used to develop desirable starch structures by modifying the SBE activity. These can involve changing its expression level (either up-regulation or down-regulation), genetically modifying the activity of the SBE itself, and varying the length of its transferred chains. Changing the activity and the transferred chain length of SBE has been less studied than changing the expression level of SBE in vivo. This article reviews and summarizes new tools for developing plants producing the next generation of starches.
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Lu KJ, Streb S, Meier F, Pfister B, Zeeman SC. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Glucan Branching Enzymes from Plants and Bacteria in Arabidopsis Reveals Marked Differences in Their Functions and Capacity to Mediate Starch Granule Formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1638-1655. [PMID: 26358415 PMCID: PMC4634060 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The major component of starch is the branched glucan amylopectin, the branching pattern of which is one of the key factors determining its ability to form semicrystalline starch granules. Here, we investigated the functions of different branching enzyme (BE) types by expressing proteins from maize (Zea mays BE2a), potato (Solanum tuberosum BE1), and Escherichia coli (glycogen BE [EcGLGB]) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant plants that are deficient in their endogenous BEs and therefore, cannot make starch. The expression of each of these three BE types restored starch biosynthesis to differing degrees. Full complementation was achieved using the class II BE ZmBE2a, which is most similar to the two endogenous Arabidopsis isoforms. Expression of the class I BE from potato, StBE1, resulted in partial complementation and high amylose starch. Expression of the glycogen BE EcGLGB restored only minimal amounts of starch production, which had unusual chain length distribution, branch point distribution, and granule morphology. Nevertheless, each type of BE together with the starch synthases and debranching enyzmes were able to create crystallization-competent amylopectin polymers. These data add to the knowledge of how the properties of the BE influence the final composition of starch and fine structure of amylopectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Jen Lu
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Meier
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Li C, Godwin ID, Gilbert RG. Diurnal changes in Sorghum leaf starch molecular structure. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:147-154. [PMID: 26398799 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Control of the fine structure of transitory starch synthesized during the day in leaves is required for its normal degradation during the subsequent night. In this study, the molecular structure of transitory starch from Sorghum leaves over the diurnal cycle was characterized using size-exclusion chromatography. This is the first study of diurnal changes in the chain-length distribution (CLD) of amylopectin and amylose over the entire range of chain lengths, and in the size distribution of whole starch molecules. It was found that the outer layers of leaf starch granules, which were synthesized during the daytime and degraded during the night, contained more large molecules, including amylopectin with more short chains and more branching, than those in the inner layers. The outer layers also had lower amylose content. Starch molecular sizes in leaves are much smaller than in grain starch. The starch structures observed are likely to give optimal energy control during plant growth. Lack of this control may contribute to poor plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agricultural and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian D Godwin
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agricultural and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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23
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Zhao Y, Li N, Li B, Li Z, Xie G, Zhang J. Reduced expression of starch branching enzyme IIa and IIb in maize endosperm by RNAi constructs greatly increases the amylose content in kernel with nearly normal morphology. PLANTA 2015; 241:449-61. [PMID: 25366555 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
RNAi technology was applied to suppress the expression of starch branching enzyme IIa and IIb and to increase amylose content in maize endosperm, and stably inherited high-amylose maize lines were obtained. Amylose is an important material for industries and in the human diet. Maize varieties with endosperm amylose content (AC) of greater than 50 % are termed amylomaize, and possess high industrial application value. The high-amylose trait is controlled by multi-enzyme reaction and intricate gene-environment interaction. Starch branching enzymes are key factors for regulating the branching profiles of starches. In this paper, we report the successful application of RNAi technology for improving amylose content in maize endosperm through the suppression of the ZmSBEIIa and ZmSBEIIb genes by hairpin SBEIIRNAi constructs. These SBEIIRNAi transgenes led to the down-regulation of ZmSBEII expression and SBE activity to various degrees and altered the morphology of starch granules. Transgenic maize lines with AC of up to 55.89 % were produced, which avoided the significant decreases in starch content and grain yield that occur in high-amylose ae mutant. Novel maize lines with high AC offer potential benefits for high-amylose maize breeding. A comparison of gene silencing efficiency among transgenic lines containing different hpSBEIIRNA constructs demonstrated that (1) it was more efficient to use both ZmSBEIIa and ZmSBEIIb specific regions than to use the conserved domain as the inverted repeat arms; (2) the endosperm-specific promoter of the 27-kDa γ-zein provided more efficient inhibition than the CaMV 35S promoter; and (3) inclusion of the catalase intron in the hpSBEIIRNA constructs provided a better silencing effect than the chalcone synthase intron in the hpRNA construct design for suppression of the SBEII subfamily in endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhao
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
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24
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Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ. A review of starch-branching enzymes and their role in amylopectin biosynthesis. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:546-58. [PMID: 25196474 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Starch-branching enzymes (SBEs) are one of the four major enzyme classes involved in starch biosynthesis in plants and algae, and their activities play a crucial role in determining the structure and physical properties of starch granules. SBEs generate α-1,6-branch linkages in α-glucans through cleavage of internal α-1,4 bonds and transfer of the released reducing ends to C-6 hydroxyls. Starch biosynthesis in plants and algae requires multiple isoforms of SBEs and is distinct from glycogen biosynthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes which uses a single branching enzyme (BE) isoform. One of the unique characteristics of starch structure is the grouping of α-1,6-branch points in clusters within amylopectin. This is a feature of SBEs and their interplay with other starch biosynthetic enzymes, thus facilitating formation of the compact water-insoluble semicrystalline starch granule. In this respect, the activity of SBE isoforms is pivotal in starch granule assembly. SBEs are structurally related to the α-amylase superfamily of enzymes, sharing three domains of secondary structure with prokaryotic Bes: the central (β/α)8 -barrel catalytic domain, an NH2 -terminal domain involved in determining the size of α-glucan chain transferred, and the C-terminal domain responsible for catalytic capacity and substrate preference. In addition, SBEs have conserved plant-specific domains, including phosphorylation sites which are thought to be involved in regulating starch metabolism. SBEs form heteromeric protein complexes with other SBE isoforms as well as other enzymes involved in starch synthesis, and assembly of these protein complexes is regulated by protein phosphorylation. Phosphorylated SBEIIb is found in multienzyme complexes with isoforms of glucan-elongating starch synthases, and these protein complexes are implicated in amylopectin cluster formation. This review presents a comparative overview of plant SBEs and includes a review of their properties, structural and functional characteristics, and recent developments on their post-translational regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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25
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Brust H, Lehmann T, D'Hulst C, Fettke J. Analysis of the functional interaction of Arabidopsis starch synthase and branching enzyme isoforms reveals that the cooperative action of SSI and BEs results in glucans with polymodal chain length distribution similar to amylopectin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102364. [PMID: 25014622 PMCID: PMC4094495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch synthase (SS) and branching enzyme (BE) establish the two glycosidic linkages existing in starch. Both enzymes exist as several isoforms. Enzymes derived from several species were studied extensively both in vivo and in vitro over the last years, however, analyses of a functional interaction of SS and BE isoforms are missing so far. Here, we present data from in vitro studies including both interaction of leaf derived and heterologously expressed SS and BE isoforms. We found that SSI activity in native PAGE without addition of glucans was dependent on at least one of the two BE isoforms active in Arabidopsis leaves. This interaction is most likely not based on a physical association of the enzymes, as demonstrated by immunodetection and native PAGE mobility analysis of SSI, BE2, and BE3. The glucans formed by the action of SSI/BEs were analysed using leaf protein extracts from wild type and be single mutants (Atbe2 and Atbe3 mutant lines) and by different combinations of recombinant proteins. Chain length distribution (CLD) patterns of the formed glucans were irrespective of SSI and BE isoforms origin and still independent of assay conditions. Furthermore, we show that all SS isoforms (SSI-SSIV) were able to interact with BEs and form branched glucans. However, only SSI/BEs generated a polymodal distribution of glucans which was similar to CLD pattern detected in amylopectin of Arabidopsis leaf starch. We discuss the impact of the SSI/BEs interplay for the CLD pattern of amylopectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Brust
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Tanja Lehmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christophe D'Hulst
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université Lille1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Lin Q, Facon M, Putaux JL, Dinges JR, Wattebled F, D'Hulst C, Hennen-Bierwagen TA, Myers AM. Function of isoamylase-type starch debranching enzymes ISA1 and ISA2 in the Zea mays leaf. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:1009-1021. [PMID: 23952574 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conserved isoamylase-type starch debranching enzymes (ISAs), including the catalytic ISA1 and noncatalytic ISA2, are major starch biosynthesis determinants. Arabidopsis thaliana leaves require ISA1 and ISA2 for physiological function, whereas endosperm starch is near normal with only ISA1. ISA functions were characterized in maize (Zea mays) leaves to determine whether species-specific distinctions in ISA1 primary structure, or metabolic differences in tissues, are responsible for the differing ISA2 requirement. Genetic methods provided lines lacking ISA1 or ISA2. Biochemical analyses characterized ISA activities in mutant tissues. Starch content, granule morphology, and amylopectin fine structure were determined. Three ISA activity forms were observed in leaves, two ISA1/ISA2 heteromultimers and one ISA1 homomultimer. ISA1 homomultimer activity existed in mutants lacking ISA2. Mutants without ISA2 differed in leaf starch content, granule morphology, and amylopectin structure compared with nonmutants or lines lacking both ISA1 and ISA2. The data imply that both the ISA1 homomultimer and ISA1/ISA2 heteromultimer function in the maize leaf. The ISA1 homomultimer is present and functions in the maize leaf. Evolutionary divergence between monocots and dicots probably explains the ability of ISA1 to function as a homomultimer in maize leaves, in contrast to other species where the ISA1/ISA2 heteromultimer is the only active form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohui Lin
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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27
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Brust H, Orzechowski S, Fettke J, Steup M. Starch Synthesizing Reactions and Paths: in vitro and in vivo Studies. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2013. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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28
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Koziol AG, Marquez BK, Huebsch MP, Smith JC, Altosaar I. Commercially Produced Rice and Maize Starches Contain Nonhost Proteins, as Shown by Mass Spectrometry. Cereal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-12-0043-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Koziol
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5
| | - Benazir K. Marquez
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5
| | - Matthew P. Huebsch
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Jeffrey C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Illimar Altosaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5
- Corresponding author. Phone: (613) 562-5800, ext. 6374. Fax: (613) 562-5452. E-mail:
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29
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Wormit A, Butt M, Chairam I, McKenna J, Nunes-Nesi A, Kjaer L, O’Donnelly K, Fernie A, Woscholski R, Barter L, Hamann T. Osmosensitive changes of carbohydrate metabolism in response to cellulose biosynthesis inhibition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:105-17. [PMID: 22422940 PMCID: PMC3375954 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer in the world, the main load-bearing element in plant cell walls, and represents a major sink for carbon fixed during photosynthesis. Previous work has shown that photosynthetic activity is partially regulated by carbohydrate sinks. However, the coordination of cellulose biosynthesis with carbohydrate metabolism and photosynthesis is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that cellulose biosynthesis inhibition (CBI) leads to reductions in transcript levels of genes involved in photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle, and starch degradation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. In parallel, we show that CBI induces changes in carbohydrate distribution and influences Rubisco activase levels. We find that the effects of CBI on gene expression and carbohydrate metabolism can be neutralized by osmotic support in a concentration-dependent manner. However, osmotic support does not suppress CBI-induced metabolic changes in seedlings impaired in mechanoperception (mid1 complementing activity1 [mca1]) and osmoperception (cytokinin receptor1 [cre1]) or reactive oxygen species production (respiratory burst oxidase homolog DF [rbohDF]). These results show that carbohydrate metabolism is responsive to changes in cellulose biosynthesis activity and turgor pressure. The data suggest that MCA1, CRE1, and RBOHDF-derived reactive oxygen species are involved in the regulation of osmosensitive metabolic changes. The evidence presented here supports the notion that cellulose and carbohydrate metabolism may be coordinated via an osmosensitive mechanism.
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31
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Xia H, Yandeau-Nelson M, Thompson DB, Guiltinan MJ. Deficiency of maize starch-branching enzyme I results in altered starch fine structure, decreased digestibility and reduced coleoptile growth during germination. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:95. [PMID: 21599988 PMCID: PMC3245629 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two distinct starch branching enzyme (SBE) isoforms predate the divergence of monocots and dicots and have been conserved in plants since then. This strongly suggests that both SBEI and SBEII provide unique selective advantages to plants. However, no phenotype for the SBEI mutation, sbe1a, had been previously observed. To explore this incongruity the objective of the present work was to characterize functional and molecular phenotypes of both sbe1a and wild-type (Wt) in the W64A maize inbred line. RESULTS Endosperm starch granules from the sbe1a mutant were more resistant to digestion by pancreatic α-amylase, and the sbe1a mutant starch had an altered branching pattern for amylopectin and amylose. When kernels were germinated, the sbe1a mutant was associated with shorter coleoptile length and higher residual starch content, suggesting that less efficient starch utilization may have impaired growth during germination. CONCLUSIONS The present report documents for the first time a molecular phenotype due to the absence of SBEI, and suggests strongly that it is associated with altered physiological function of the starch in vivo. We believe that these results provide a plausible rationale for the conservation of SBEI in plants in both monocots and dicots, as greater seedling vigor would provide an important survival advantage when resources are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xia
- MARS Petcare US, 315 Cool Springs Boulevard, Franklin, Tennessee 37067, USA
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-2504, USA
| | - Marna Yandeau-Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3260, USA
- Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-5807, USA
| | - Donald B Thompson
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-2504, USA
| | - Mark J Guiltinan
- Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-5807, USA
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