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Sinclair R, Wang M, Jawaid MZ, Longkumer T, Aaron J, Rossetti B, Wait E, McDonald K, Cox D, Heddleston J, Wilkop T, Drakakaki G. Four-dimensional quantitative analysis of cell plate development in Arabidopsis using lattice light sheet microscopy identifies robust transition points between growth phases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2829-2847. [PMID: 38436428 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Cell plate formation during cytokinesis entails multiple stages occurring concurrently and requiring orchestrated vesicle delivery, membrane remodelling, and timely deposition of polysaccharides, such as callose. Understanding such a dynamic process requires dissection in time and space; this has been a major hurdle in studying cytokinesis. Using lattice light sheet microscopy (LLSM), we studied cell plate development in four dimensions, through the behavior of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged cytokinesis-specific GTPase RABA2a vesicles. We monitored the entire duration of cell plate development, from its first emergence, with the aid of YFP-RABA2a, in both the presence and absence of cytokinetic callose. By developing a robust cytokinetic vesicle volume analysis pipeline, we identified distinct behavioral patterns, allowing the identification of three easily trackable cell plate developmental phases. Notably, the phase transition between phase I and phase II is striking, indicating a switch from membrane accumulation to the recycling of excess membrane material. We interrogated the role of callose using pharmacological inhibition with LLSM and electron microscopy. Loss of callose inhibited the phase transitions, establishing the critical role and timing of the polysaccharide deposition in cell plate expansion and maturation. This study exemplifies the power of combining LLSM with quantitative analysis to decode and untangle such a complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Sinclair
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Minmin Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Muhammad Zaki Jawaid
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric Wait
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Kent McDonald
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Cox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Wilkop
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Light Microscopy Imaging Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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2
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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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3
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Ušák D, Haluška S, Pleskot R. Callose synthesis at the center point of plant development-An evolutionary insight. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:54-69. [PMID: 37165709 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polar callose deposition into the extracellular matrix is tightly controlled in time and space. Its presence in the cell wall modifies the properties of the surrounding area, which is fundamental for the correct execution of numerous processes such as cell division, male gametophyte development, intercellular transport, or responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Previous studies have been invaluable in characterizing specific callose synthases (CalSs) during individual cellular processes. However, the complex view of the relationships between a particular CalS and a specific process is still lacking. Here we review the recent proceedings on the role of callose and individual CalSs in cell wall remodelling from an evolutionary perspective and with a particular focus on cytokinesis. We provide a robust phylogenetic analysis of CalS across the plant kingdom, which implies a 3-subfamily distribution of CalS. We also discuss the possible linkage between the evolution of CalSs and their function in specific cell types and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ušák
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Haluška
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Allsman LA, Bellinger MA, Huang V, Duong M, Contreras A, Romero AN, Verboonen B, Sidhu S, Zhang X, Steinkraus H, Uyehara AN, Martinez SE, Sinclair RM, Soriano GS, Diep B, Byrd V. D, Noriega A, Drakakaki G, Sylvester AW, Rasmussen CG. Subcellular positioning during cell division and cell plate formation in maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1204889. [PMID: 37484472 PMCID: PMC10360171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1204889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction During proliferative plant cell division, the new cell wall, called the cell plate, is first built in the middle of the cell and then expands outward to complete cytokinesis. This dynamic process requires coordinated movement and arrangement of the cytoskeleton and organelles. Methods Here we use live-cell markers to track the dynamic reorganization of microtubules, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, and endomembrane compartments during division and the formation of the cell plate in maize leaf epidermal cells. Results The microtubule plus-end localized protein END BINDING1 (EB1) highlighted increasing microtubule dynamicity during mitosis to support rapid changes in microtubule structures. The localization of the cell-plate specific syntaxin KNOLLE, several RAB-GTPases, as well as two plasma membrane localized proteins was assessed after treatment with the cytokinesis-specific callose-deposition inhibitor Endosidin7 (ES7) and the microtubule-disrupting herbicide chlorpropham (CIPC). While ES7 caused cell plate defects in Arabidopsis thaliana, it did not alter callose accumulation, or disrupt cell plate formation in maize. In contrast, CIPC treatment of maize epidermal cells occasionally produced irregular cell plates that split or fragmented, but did not otherwise disrupt the accumulation of cell-plate localized proteins. Discussion Together, these markers provide a robust suite of tools to examine subcellular trafficking and organellar organization during mitosis and cell plate formation in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy A. Allsman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Marschal A. Bellinger
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Vivian Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Duong
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Alondra Contreras
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Andrea N. Romero
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin Verboonen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Sukhmani Sidhu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Xiaoguo Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Holly Steinkraus
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Aimee N. Uyehara
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie E. Martinez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rosalie M. Sinclair
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gabriela Salazar Soriano
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Beatrice Diep
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Dawson Byrd V.
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Noriega
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anne W. Sylvester
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Carolyn G. Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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5
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Shi Y, Luo C, Xiang Y, Qian D. Rab GTPases, tethers, and SNAREs work together to regulate Arabidopsis cell plate formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1120841. [PMID: 36844074 PMCID: PMC9950755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell plates are transient structures formed by the fusion of vesicles at the center of the dividing plane; furthermore, these are precursors to new cell walls and are essential for cytokinesis. Cell plate formation requires a highly coordinated process of cytoskeletal rearrangement, vesicle accumulation and fusion, and membrane maturation. Tethering factors have been shown to interact with the Ras superfamily of small GTP binding proteins (Rab GTPases) and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), which are essential for cell plate formation during cytokinesis and are fundamental for maintaining normal plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis thaliana, members of the Rab GTPases, tethers, and SNAREs are localized in cell plates, and mutations in the genes encoding these proteins result in typical cytokinesis-defective phenotypes, such as the formation of abnormal cell plates, multinucleated cells, and incomplete cell walls. This review highlights recent findings on vesicle trafficking during cell plate formation mediated by Rab GTPases, tethers, and SNAREs.
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6
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Ma Q, Chang M, Drakakaki G, Russinova E. Selective chemical probes can untangle the complexity of the plant cell endomembrane system. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102223. [PMID: 35567926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The endomembrane system is critical for plant growth and development and understanding its function and regulation is of great interest for plant biology research. Small-molecule targeting distinctive endomembrane components have proven powerful tools to dissect membrane trafficking in plant cells. However, unambiguous elucidation of the complex and dynamic trafficking processes requires chemical probes with enhanced precision. Determination of the mechanism of action of a compound, which is facilitated by various chemoproteomic approaches, opens new avenues for the improvement of its specificity. Moreover, rational molecule design and reverse chemical genetics with the aid of virtual screening and artificial intelligence will enable us to discover highly precise chemical probes more efficiently. The next decade will witness the emergence of more such accurate tools, which together with advanced live quantitative imaging techniques of subcellular phenotypes, will deepen our insights into the plant endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mingqin Chang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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Sinclair R, Hsu G, Davis D, Chang M, Rosquete M, Iwasa JH, Drakakaki G. Plant cytokinesis and the construction of new cell wall. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2243-2255. [PMID: 35695093 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis in plants is fundamentally different from that in animals and fungi. In plant cells, a cell plate forms through the fusion of cytokinetic vesicles and then develops into the new cell wall, partitioning the cytoplasm of the dividing cell. The formation of the cell plate entails multiple stages that involve highly orchestrated vesicle accumulation, fusion, and membrane maturation, which occur concurrently with the timely deposition of polysaccharides such as callose, cellulose, and cross-linking glycans. This review summarizes the major stages in cytokinesis, endomembrane components involved in cell plate assembly and its transition to a new cell wall. An animation that can be widely used for educational purposes further summarizes the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Sinclair
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Grace Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Destiny Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Current address: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Mingqin Chang
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michel Rosquete
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Current address: Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Janet H Iwasa
- Department of Biochemistry University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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8
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Ito E, Uemura T. RAB GTPases and SNAREs at the trans-Golgi network in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:389-403. [PMID: 35488138 PMCID: PMC9188535 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane traffic is a fundamental cellular system to exchange proteins and membrane lipids among single membrane-bound organelles or between an organelle and the plasma membrane in order to keep integrity of the endomembrane system. RAB GTPases and SNARE proteins, the key regulators of membrane traffic, are conserved broadly among eukaryotic species. However, genome-wide analyses showed that organization of RABs and SNAREs that regulate the post-Golgi transport pathways is greatly diversified in plants compared to other model eukaryotes. Furthermore, some organelles acquired unique properties in plant lineages. Like in other eukaryotic systems, the trans-Golgi network of plants coordinates secretion and vacuolar transport; however, uniquely in plants, it also acts as a platform for endocytic transport and recycling. In this review, we focus on RAB GTPases and SNAREs that function at the TGN, and summarize how these regulators perform to control different transport pathways at the plant TGN. We also highlight the current knowledge of RABs and SNAREs' role in regulation of plant development and plant responses to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ito
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan.
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9
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Jawaid MZ, Sinclair R, Bulone V, Cox DL, Drakakaki G. A biophysical model for plant cell plate maturation based on the contribution of a spreading force. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:795-806. [PMID: 34850202 PMCID: PMC8825336 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant cytokinesis, a fundamental process of plant life, involves de novo formation of a "cell plate" partitioning the cytoplasm of dividing cells. Cell plate formation is directed by orchestrated delivery, fusion of cytokinetic vesicles, and membrane maturation to form a nascent cell wall by timely deposition of polysaccharides. During cell plate maturation, the fragile membrane network transitions to a fenestrated sheet and finally a young cell wall. Here, we approximated cell plate sub-structures with testable shapes and adopted the Helfrich-free energy model for membranes, including a stabilizing and spreading force, to understand the transition from a vesicular network to a fenestrated sheet and mature cell plate. Regular cell plate development in the model was possible, with suitable bending modulus, for a two-dimensional late stage spreading force of 2-6 pN/nm, an osmotic pressure difference of 2-10 kPa, and spontaneous curvature between 0 and 0.04 nm-1. With these conditions, stable membrane conformation sizes and morphologies emerged in concordance with stages of cell plate development. To reach a mature cell plate, our model required the late-stage onset of a spreading/stabilizing force coupled with a concurrent loss of spontaneous curvature. Absence of a spreading/stabilizing force predicts failure of maturation. The proposed model provides a framework to interrogate different players in late cytokinesis and potentially other membrane networks that undergo such transitions. Callose, is a polysaccharide that accumulates transiently during cell plate maturation. Callose-related observations were consistent with the proposed model's concept, suggesting that it is one of the factors involved in establishing the spreading force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zaki Jawaid
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rosalie Sinclair
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Vincent Bulone
- School of Food, Agriculture and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide SA 5064, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel L Cox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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10
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Gu Y, Rasmussen CG. Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:103-128. [PMID: 34613413 PMCID: PMC8774047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars, and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Author for correspondence: (Y.G.), (C.G.R.)
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11
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Distinct mechanisms orchestrate the contra-polarity of IRK and KOIN, two LRR-receptor-kinases controlling root cell division. Nat Commun 2022; 13:235. [PMID: 35017541 PMCID: PMC8752632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, cell polarity plays key roles in coordinating developmental processes. Despite the characterization of several polarly localized plasma membrane proteins, the mechanisms connecting protein dynamics with cellular functions often remain unclear. Here, we introduce a polarized receptor, KOIN, that restricts cell divisions in the Arabidopsis root meristem. In the endodermis, KOIN polarity is opposite to IRK, a receptor that represses endodermal cell divisions. Their contra-polar localization facilitates dissection of polarity mechanisms and the links between polarity and function. We find that IRK and KOIN are recognized, sorted, and secreted through distinct pathways. IRK extracellular domains determine its polarity and partially rescue the mutant phenotype, whereas KOIN’s extracellular domains are insufficient for polar sorting and function. Endodermal expression of an IRK/KOIN chimera generates non-cell-autonomous misregulation of root cell divisions that impacts patterning. Altogether, we reveal two contrasting mechanisms determining these receptors’ polarity and link their polarity to cell divisions in root tissue patterning. Protein polarization coordinates many plant developmental processes. Here the authors show that IRK and KOIN, two LRR-receptor-kinases polarized to opposite sides of cells in the root meristem, rely on distinct mechanisms to achieve polarity.
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12
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Cheng X, Bezanilla M. SABRE populates ER domains essential for cell plate maturation and cell expansion influencing cell and tissue patterning. eLife 2021; 10:65166. [PMID: 33687329 PMCID: PMC7987345 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SABRE, which is found throughout eukaryotes and was originally identified in plants, mediates cell expansion, division plane orientation, and planar polarity in plants. How and where SABRE mediates these processes remain open questions. We deleted SABRE in Physcomitrium patens, an excellent model for cell biology. SABRE null mutants were stunted, similar to phenotypes in seed plants. Additionally, polarized growing cells were delayed in cytokinesis, sometimes resulting in catastrophic failures. A functional SABRE fluorescent fusion protein localized to dynamic puncta on regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during interphase and at the cell plate during cell division. Without SABRE, cells accumulated ER aggregates and the ER abnormally buckled along the developing cell plate. Notably, callose deposition was delayed in ∆sabre, and in cells that failed to divide, abnormal callose accumulations formed at the cell plate. Our findings revealed a surprising and fundamental role for the ER in cell plate maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
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13
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NMR spectroscopy analysis reveals differential metabolic responses in arabidopsis roots and leaves treated with a cytokinesis inhibitor. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241627. [PMID: 33156865 PMCID: PMC7647083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant cytokinesis, de novo formation of a cell plate evolving into the new cell wall partitions the cytoplasm of the dividing cell. In our earlier chemical genomics studies, we identified and characterized the small molecule endosidin-7, that specifically inhibits callose deposition at the cell plate, arresting late-stage cytokinesis in arabidopsis. Endosidin-7 has emerged as a very valuable tool for dissecting this essential plant process. To gain insights regarding its mode of action and the effects of cytokinesis inhibition on the overall plant response, we investigated the effect of endosidin-7 through a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) metabolomics approach. In this case study, metabolomics profiles of arabidopsis leaf and root tissues were analyzed at different growth stages and endosidin-7 exposure levels. The results show leaf and root-specific metabolic profile changes and the effects of endosidin-7 treatment on these metabolomes. Statistical analyses indicated that the effect of endosidin-7 treatment was more significant than the developmental impact. The endosidin-7 induced metabolic profiles suggest compensations for cytokinesis inhibition in central metabolism pathways. This study further shows that long-term treatment of endosidin-7 profoundly changes, likely via alteration of hormonal regulation, the primary metabolism of arabidopsis seedlings. Hormonal pathway-changes are likely reflecting the plant’s responses, compensating for the arrested cell division, which in turn are leading to global metabolite modulation. The presented NMR spectral data are made available through the Metabolomics Workbench, providing a reference resource for the scientific community.
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14
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Davis DJ, Wang M, Sørensen I, Rose JKC, Domozych DS, Drakakaki G. Callose deposition is essential for the completion of cytokinesis in the unicellular alga Penium margaritaceum. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs249599. [PMID: 32895244 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis in land plants involves the formation of a cell plate that develops into the new cell wall. Callose, a β-1,3 glucan, accumulates at later stages of cell plate development, presumably to stabilize this delicate membrane network during expansion. Cytokinetic callose is considered specific to multicellular plant species, because it has not been detected in unicellular algae. Here we present callose at the cytokinesis junction of the unicellular charophyte, Penium margaritaceum Callose deposition at the division plane of P. margaritaceum showed distinct, spatiotemporal patterns likely representing distinct roles of this polymer in cytokinesis. Pharmacological inhibition of callose deposition by endosidin 7 resulted in cytokinesis defects, consistent with the essential role for this polymer in P. margaritaceum cell division. Cell wall deposition at the isthmus zone was also affected by the absence of callose, demonstrating the dynamic nature of new wall assembly in P. margaritaceum The identification of candidate callose synthase genes provides molecular evidence for callose biosynthesis in P. margaritaceum The evolutionary implications of cytokinetic callose in this unicellular zygnematopycean alga is discussed in the context of the conquest of land by plants.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destiny J Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Minmin Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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The Effect of Caffeine and Trifluralin on Chromosome Doubling in Wheat Anther Culture. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010105. [PMID: 31952150 PMCID: PMC7020159 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Challenges for wheat doubled haploid (DH) production using anther culture include genotype variability in green plant regeneration and spontaneous chromosome doubling. The frequency of chromosome doubling in our program can vary from 14% to 80%. Caffeine or trifluralin was applied at the start of the induction phase to improve early genome doubling. Caffeine treatment at 0.5 mM for 24 h significantly improved green plant production in two of the six spring wheat crosses but had no effect on the other crosses. The improvements were observed in Trojan/Havoc and Lancer/LPB14-0392, where green plant numbers increased by 14% and 27% to 161 and 42 green plants per 30 anthers, respectively. Caffeine had no significant effect on chromosome doubling, despite a higher frequency of doubling in several caffeine treatments in the first experiment (67-68%) compared to the control (56%). In contrast, trifluralin significantly improved doubling following a 48 h treatment, from 38% in the control to 51% and 53% in the 1 µM and 3 µM trifluralin treatments, respectively. However, trifluralin had a significant negative effect on green plant regeneration, declining from 31.8 green plants per 20 anthers (control) to 9-25 green plants per 20 anthers in the trifluralin treatments. Further work is required to identify a treatment regime with caffeine and/or anti-mitotic herbicides that consistently increases chromosome doubling in wheat without reducing green plant regeneration.
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16
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Huang L, Li X, Zhang C. Progress in using chemical biology as a tool to uncover novel regulators of plant endomembrane trafficking. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:106-113. [PMID: 31546132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The regulated dynamic transport of materials among organelles through endomembrane trafficking pathways is essential for plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation, and thus is a major topic of plant biology research. Large-scale chemical library screens have identified small molecules that could potentially inhibit different plant endomembrane trafficking steps. Further characterization of these molecules has provided valuable tools for understanding plant endomembrane trafficking and uncovered novel regulators of trafficking processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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17
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Rosquete MR, Worden N, Ren G, Sinclair RM, Pfleger S, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Domozych D, Wilkop T, Drakakaki G. AtTRAPPC11/ROG2: A Role for TRAPPs in Maintenance of the Plant Trans-Golgi Network/Early Endosome Organization and Function. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:1879-1898. [PMID: 31175171 PMCID: PMC6713296 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE) facilitates cargo sorting and trafficking and plays a vital role in plant development and environmental response. Transport protein particles (TRAPPs) are multi-protein complexes acting as guanine nucleotide exchange factors and possibly as tethers, regulating intracellular trafficking. TRAPPs are essential in all eukaryotic cells and are implicated in a number of human diseases. It has been proposed that they also play crucial roles in plants; however, our current knowledge about the structure and function of plant TRAPPs is very limited. Here, we identified and characterized AtTRAPPC11/RESPONSE TO OLIGOGALACTURONIDE2 (AtTRAPPC11/ROG2), a TGN/EE-associated, evolutionarily conserved TRAPP protein in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). AtTRAPPC11/ROG2 regulates TGN integrity, as evidenced by altered TGN/EE association of several residents, including SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS61, and altered vesicle morphology in attrappc11/rog2 mutants. Furthermore, endocytic traffic and brefeldin A body formation are perturbed in attrappc11/rog2, suggesting a role for AtTRAPPC11/ROG2 in regulation of endosomal function. Proteomic analysis showed that AtTRAPPC11/ROG2 defines a hitherto uncharacterized TRAPPIII complex in plants. In addition, attrappc11/rog2 mutants are hypersensitive to salinity, indicating an undescribed role of TRAPPs in stress responses. Overall, our study illustrates the plasticity of the endomembrane system through TRAPP protein functions and opens new avenues to explore this dynamic network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha Worden
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Guangxi Ren
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Rosalie M Sinclair
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sina Pfleger
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866
| | - Thomas Wilkop
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Light Microscopy Core, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis, California 95616
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18
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Wilkop T, Pattathil S, Ren G, Davis DJ, Bao W, Duan D, Peralta AG, Domozych DS, Hahn MG, Drakakaki G. A Hybrid Approach Enabling Large-Scale Glycomic Analysis of Post-Golgi Vesicles Reveals a Transport Route for Polysaccharides. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:627-644. [PMID: 30760563 PMCID: PMC6482635 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane system facilitates the transport of polysaccharides, associated enzymes, and glycoproteins through its dynamic pathways. Although enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis have been identified, little is known about the endomembrane-based transport of glycan components. This is partially attributed to technical challenges in biochemically determining polysaccharide cargo in specific vesicles. Here, we introduce a hybrid approach addressing this limitation. By combining vesicle isolation with a large-scale carbohydrate antibody arraying technique, we charted an initial large-scale map describing the glycome profile of the SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS61 (SYP61) trans-Golgi network compartment in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A library of antibodies recognizing specific noncellulosic carbohydrate epitopes allowed us to identify a range of diverse glycans, including pectins, xyloglucans (XyGs), and arabinogalactan proteins in isolated vesicles. Changes in XyG- and pectin-specific epitopes in the cell wall of an Arabidopsis SYP61 mutant corroborate our findings. Our data provide evidence that SYP61 vesicles are involved in the transport and deposition of structural polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Adaptation of our methodology can enable studies characterizing the glycome profiles of various vesicle populations in plant and animal systems and their respective roles in glycan transport defined by subcellular markers, developmental stages, or environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilkop
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Light Microscopy Core, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
| | - Guangxi Ren
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Destiny J Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Wenlong Bao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Dechao Duan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Angelo G Peralta
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7271
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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19
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Rivas-Sendra A, Corral-Martínez P, Porcel R, Camacho-Fernández C, Calabuig-Serna A, Seguí-Simarro JM. Embryogenic competence of microspores is associated with their ability to form a callosic, osmoprotective subintinal layer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1267-1281. [PMID: 30715473 PMCID: PMC6382338 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microspore embryogenesis is an experimental morphogenic pathway with important applications in basic research and applied plant breeding, but its genetic, cellular, and molecular bases are poorly understood. We applied a multidisciplinary approach using confocal and electron microscopy, detection of Ca2+, callose, and cellulose, treatments with caffeine, digitonin, and endosidin7, morphometry, qPCR, osmometry, and viability assays in order to study the dynamics of cell wall formation during embryogenesis induction in a high-response rapeseed (Brassica napus) line and two recalcitrant rapeseed and eggplant (Solanum melongena) lines. Formation of a callose-rich subintinal layer (SL) was common to microspore embryogenesis in the different genotypes. However, this process was directly related to embryogenic response, being greater in high-response genotypes. A link could be established between Ca2+ influx, abnormal callose/cellulose deposition, and the genotype-specific embryogenic competence. Callose deposition in inner walls and SLs are independent processes, regulated by different callose synthases. Viability and control of internal osmolality are also related to SL formation. In summary, we identified one of the causes of recalcitrance to embryogenesis induction: a reduced or absent protective SL. In responding genotypes, SLs are markers for changes in cell fate and serve as osmoprotective barriers to increase viability in imbalanced in vitro environments. Genotype-specific differences relate to different responses against abiotic (heat/osmotic) stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Rivas-Sendra
- Cell Biology Group - COMAV Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Valencia, Spain
- Present address: Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Corral-Martínez
- Cell Biology Group - COMAV Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Porcel
- Cell Biology Group - COMAV Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Calabuig-Serna
- Cell Biology Group - COMAV Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Valencia, Spain
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20
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Smertenko A. Phragmoplast expansion: the four-stroke engine that powers plant cytokinesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:130-137. [PMID: 30072118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The phragmoplast is a plant-specific secretory module that partitions daughter cells during cytokinesis by constructing a cell plate from membranes and oligosaccharides. The cell plate is typically a long structure, which requires the phragmoplast to expand to complete cytokinesis. The phragmoplast expands by coordinating microtubule dynamics with membrane trafficking. Each step in phragmoplast expansion involves the establishment of anti-parallel microtubule overlaps that are enriched with the protein MAP65, which recruits cytokinetic vesicles through interaction with the tethering factor, TRAPPII. Cell plate assembly triggers dissolution of the anti-parallel overlaps and stabilization of microtubule plus ends through association with the cell plate assembly machinery. This opinion article discusses processes that drive phragmoplast expansion as well as highlights key questions that remain for better understanding its role in plant cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, College of Human, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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21
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Chen HW, Persson S, Grebe M, McFarlane HE. Cellulose synthesis during cell plate assembly. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:17-26. [PMID: 29418000 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall surrounds and protects the cells. To divide, plant cells must synthesize a new cell wall to separate the two daughter cells. The cell plate is a transient polysaccharide-based compartment that grows between daughter cells and gives rise to the new cell wall. Cellulose constitutes a key component of the cell wall, and mutants with defects in cellulose synthesis commonly share phenotypes with cytokinesis-defective mutants. However, despite the importance of cellulose in the cell plate and the daughter cell wall, many open questions remain regarding the timing and regulation of cellulose synthesis during cell division. These questions represent a critical gap in our knowledge of cell plate assembly, cell division and growth. Here, we review what is known about cellulose synthesis at the cell plate and in the newly formed cross-wall and pose key questions about the molecular mechanisms that govern these processes. We further provide an outlook discussing outstanding questions and possible future directions for this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Wen Chen
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Markus Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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22
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Joglekar S, Suliman M, Bartsch M, Halder V, Maintz J, Bautor J, Zeier J, Parker JE, Kombrink E. Chemical Activation of EDS1/PAD4 Signaling Leading to Pathogen Resistance in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1592-1607. [PMID: 29931201 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In a chemical screen we identified thaxtomin A (TXA), a phytotoxin from plant pathogenic Streptomyces scabies, as a selective and potent activator of FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). TXA induction of FMO1 was unrelated to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plant cell death or its known inhibition of cellulose synthesis. TXA-stimulated FMO1 expression was strictly dependent on ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) but independent of salicylic acid (SA) synthesis via ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 (ICS1). TXA induced the expression of several EDS1/PAD4-regulated genes, including EDS1, PAD4, SENESCENCE ASSOCIATED GENE101 (SAG101), ICS1, AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1 (ALD1) and PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN1 (PR1), and accumulation of SA. Notably, enhanced ALD1 expression did not result in accumulation of the product pipecolic acid (PIP), which promotes FMO1 expression during biologically induced systemic acquired resistance. TXA treatment preferentially stimulated expression of PAD4 compared with EDS1, which was mirrored by PAD4 protein accumulation, suggesting that TXA leads to increased PAD4 availability to form EDS1-PAD4 signaling complexes. Also, TXA treatment of Arabidopsis plants led to enhanced disease resistance to bacterial and oomycete infection, which was dependent on EDS1 and PAD4, as well as on FMO1 and ICS1. Collectively, the data identify TXA as a potentially useful chemical tool to conditionally activate and interrogate EDS1- and PAD4-controlled pathways in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachi Joglekar
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Mohamed Suliman
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Michael Bartsch
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Vivek Halder
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Jens Maintz
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Erich Kombrink
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
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23
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Shin J, Jeong G, Park JY, Kim H, Lee I. MUN (MERISTEM UNSTRUCTURED), encoding a SPC24 homolog of NDC80 kinetochore complex, affects development through cell division in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:977-991. [PMID: 29356153 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochore, a protein super-complex on the centromere of chromosomes, mediates chromosome segregation during cell division by providing attachment sites for spindle microtubules. The NDC80 complex, composed of four proteins, NDC80, NUF2, SPC24 and SPC25, is localized at the outer kinetochore and connects spindle fibers to the kinetochore. Although it is conserved across species, functional studies of this complex are rare in Arabidopsis. Here, we characterize a recessive mutant, meristem unstructured-1 (mun-1), exhibiting an abnormal phenotype with unstructured shoot apical meristem caused by ectopic expression of the WUSCHEL gene in unexpected tissues. mun-1 is a weak allele because of the insertion of T-DNA in the promoter region of the SPC24 homolog. The mutant exhibits stunted growth, embryo arrest, DNA aneuploidy, and defects in chromosome segregation with a low cell division rate. Null mutants of MUN from TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis showed zygotic embryonic lethality similar to nuf2-1; however, the null mutations were fully transmissible via pollen and ovules. Interactions among the components of the NDC80 complex were confirmed in a yeast two-hybrid assay and in planta co-immunoprecipitation. MUN is co-localized at the centromere with HTR12/CENH3, which is a centromere-specific histone variant, but MUN is not required to recruit HTR12/CENH3 to the kinetochore. Our results support that MUN is a functional homolog of SPC24 in Arabidopsis, which is required for proper cell division. In addition, we report the ectopic generations of stem cell niches by the malfunction of kinetochore components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Shin
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Goowon Jeong
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jong-Yoon Park
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hoyeun Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ilha Lee
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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24
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Keppler BD, Song J, Nyman J, Voigt CA, Bent AF. 3-Aminobenzamide Blocks MAMP-Induced Callose Deposition Independently of Its Poly(ADPribosyl)ation Inhibiting Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1907. [PMID: 30619442 PMCID: PMC6305757 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall reinforcement with callose is a frequent plant response to infection. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a protein post-translational modification mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation has well-known roles in DNA damage repair and has more recently been shown to contribute to plant immune responses. 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) is an established PARP inhibitor and it blocks the callose deposition elicited by flg22 or elf18, two microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). However, we report that an Arabidopsis parp1parp2parp3 triple mutant does not exhibit loss of flg22-induced callose deposition. Additionally, the more specific PARP inhibitors PJ-34 and INH2BP inhibit PARP activity in Arabidopsis but do not block MAMP-induced callose deposition. These data demonstrate off-target activity of 3AB and indicate that 3AB inhibits callose deposition through a mechanism other than poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT 4 (PMR4) is the callose synthase responsible for the majority of MAMP- and wound-induced callose deposition in Arabidopsis. 3AB does not block wound-induced callose deposition, and 3AB does not reduce the PMR4 mRNA abundance increase in response to flg22. Levels of PMR4-HA protein increase in response to flg22, and increase even more in flg22 + 3AB despite no callose being produced. The callose synthase inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose does not cause similar impacts on PMR4-HA protein levels. Beyond MAMPs, we find that 3AB also reduces callose deposition induced by powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum) and impairs the penetration resistance of a PMR4 overexpression line. 3AB thus reveals pathogenesis-associated pathways that activate callose synthase enzymatic activity distinct from those that elevate PMR4 mRNA and protein abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Keppler
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Junqi Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jackson Nyman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christian A. Voigt
- Phytopathology and Biochemistry, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew F. Bent
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrew F. Bent,
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25
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High-Throughput Screening of Chemical Compound Libraries for Modulators of Salicylic Acid Signaling by In Situ Monitoring of Glucuronidase-Based Reporter Gene Expression. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1795:49-63. [PMID: 29846918 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7874-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a vital phytohormone that is intimately involved in coordination of the complex plant defense response to pathogen attack. Many aspects of SA signaling have been unraveled by classical genetic and biochemical methods using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, but many details remain unknown, owing to the inherent limitations of these methods. In recent years, chemical genetics has emerged as an alternative scientific strategy to complement classical genetics by virtue of identifying bioactive chemicals or probes that act selectively on their protein targets causing either activation or inhibition. Such selective tools have the potential to create conditional and reversible chemical mutant phenotypes that may be combined with genetic mutants. Here, we describe a facile chemical screening methodology for intact Arabidopsis seedlings harboring the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter by directly quantifying GUS activity in situ with 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (4-MUG) as substrate. The quantitative nature of this screening assay has an obvious advantage over the also convenient histochemical GUS staining method, as it allows application of statistical procedures and unbiased hit selection based on threshold values as well as distinction between compounds with strong or weak bioactivity. We show pilot screens for chemical activators or inhibitors of salicylic acid-mediated defense signaling using the Arabidopsis line expressing the SA-inducible PR1p::GUS reporter gene. Importantly, the screening methodology provided here can be adopted for any inducible GUS reporter line.
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26
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Plant Cytokinesis: Terminology for Structures and Processes. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:885-894. [PMID: 28943203 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant cytokinesis is orchestrated by a specialized structure, the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast first occurred in representatives of Charophyte algae and then became the main division apparatus in land plants. Major cellular activities, including cytoskeletal dynamics, vesicle trafficking, membrane assembly, and cell wall biosynthesis, cooperate in the phragmoplast under the guidance of a complex signaling network. Furthermore, the phragmoplast combines plant-specific features with the conserved cytokinetic processes of animals, fungi, and protists. As such, the phragmoplast represents a useful system for understanding both plant cell dynamics and the evolution of cytokinesis. We recognize that future research and knowledge transfer into other fields would benefit from standardized terminology. Here, we propose such a lexicon of terminology for specific structures and processes associated with plant cytokinesis.
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Ahn G, Kim H, Kim DH, Hanh H, Yoon Y, Singaram I, Wijesinghe KJ, Johnson KA, Zhuang X, Liang Z, Stahelin RV, Jiang L, Cho W, Kang BH, Hwang I. SH3 Domain-Containing Protein 2 Plays a Crucial Role at the Step of Membrane Tubulation during Cell Plate Formation. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1388-1405. [PMID: 28584166 PMCID: PMC5502459 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During cytokinesis in plants, trans-Golgi network-derived vesicles accumulate at the center of dividing cells and undergo various structural changes to give rise to the planar cell plate. However, how this conversion occurs at the molecular level remains elusive. In this study, we report that SH3 Domain-Containing Protein 2 (SH3P2) in Arabidopsis thaliana plays a crucial role in converting vesicles to the planar cell plate. SH3P2 RNAi plants showed cytokinesis-defective phenotypes and produced aggregations of vesicles at the leading edge of the cell plate. SH3P2 localized to the leading edge of the cell plate, particularly the constricted or curved regions of the cell plate. The BAR domain of SH3P2 induced tubulation of vesicles. SH3P2 formed a complex with dynamin-related protein 1A (DRP1A) and affected DRP1A accumulation to the cell plate. Based on these results, we propose that SH3P2 functions together with DRP1A to convert the fused vesicles to tubular structures during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongik Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Dae Heon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hong Hanh
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Youngdae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Indira Singaram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Kaveesha J Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Xiaohong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zizhen Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, Indiana 46617
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Dejonghe W, Russinova E. Plant Chemical Genetics: From Phenotype-Based Screens to Synthetic Biology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:5-20. [PMID: 28275150 PMCID: PMC5411137 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of a biological system with small molecules to specifically perturb cellular functions is commonly referred to as chemical biology. Small molecules are used commercially as drugs, herbicides, and fungicides in different systems, but in recent years they are increasingly exploited as tools for basic research. For instance, chemical genetics involves the discovery of small-molecule effectors of various cellular functions through screens of compound libraries. Whereas the drug discovery field has largely been driven by target-based screening approaches followed by drug optimization, chemical genetics in plant systems tends to be fueled by more general phenotype-based screens, opening the possibility to identify a wide range of small molecules that are not necessarily directly linked to the process of interest. Here, we provide an overview of the current progress in chemical genetics in plants, with a focus on the discoveries regarding small molecules identified in screens designed with a basic biology perspective. We reflect on the possibilities that lie ahead and discuss some of the potential pitfalls that might be encountered upon adopting a given chemical genetics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Dejonghe
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (W.D., E.R); and
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (W.D., E.R.)
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (W.D., E.R); and
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (W.D., E.R.)
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Abstract
The plant endomembrane system is an extensively connected functional unit for exchanging material between compartments. Secretory and endocytic pathways allow dynamic trafficking of proteins, lipids, and other molecules, regulating a myriad of biological processes. Chemical genetics-the use of compounds to perturb biological processes in a fast, tunable, and transient manner-provides elegant tools for investigating this system. Here, we review how chemical genetics has helped to elucidate different aspects of membrane trafficking. We discuss different strategies for uncovering the modes of action of such compounds and their use in unraveling membrane trafficking regulators. We also discuss how the bioactive chemicals that are currently used as probes to interrogate endomembrane trafficking were discovered and analyze the results regarding membrane trafficking and pathway crosstalk. The integration of different expertises and the rational implementation of chemical genetic strategies will improve the identification of molecular mechanisms that drive intracellular trafficking and our understanding of how trafficking interfaces with plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Norambuena
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Ricardo Tejos
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat, 111093 Iquique, Chile
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30
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Iswanto ABB, Kim JY. Lipid Raft, Regulator of Plasmodesmal Callose Homeostasis. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6020015. [PMID: 28368351 PMCID: PMC5489787 DOI: 10.3390/plants6020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: The specialized plasma membrane microdomains known as lipid rafts are enriched by sterols and sphingolipids. Lipid rafts facilitate cellular signal transduction by controlling the assembly of signaling molecules and membrane protein trafficking. Another specialized compartment of plant cells, the plasmodesmata (PD), which regulates the symplasmic intercellular movement of certain molecules between adjacent cells, also contains a phospholipid bilayer membrane. The dynamic permeability of plasmodesmata (PDs) is highly controlled by plasmodesmata callose (PDC), which is synthesized by callose synthases (CalS) and degraded by β-1,3-glucanases (BGs). In recent studies, remarkable observations regarding the correlation between lipid raft formation and symplasmic intracellular trafficking have been reported, and the PDC has been suggested to be the regulator of the size exclusion limit of PDs. It has been suggested that the alteration of lipid raft substances impairs PDC homeostasis, subsequently affecting PD functions. In this review, we discuss the substantial role of membrane lipid rafts in PDC homeostasis and provide avenues for understanding the fundamental behavior of the lipid raft-processed PDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
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31
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Raimundo SC, Pattathil S, Eberhard S, Hahn MG, Popper ZA. β-1,3-Glucans are components of brown seaweed (Phaeophyceae) cell walls. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:997-1016. [PMID: 27562783 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
LAMP is a cell wall-directed monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes a β-(1,3)-glucan epitope. It has primarily been used in the immunolocalization of callose in vascular plant cell wall research. It was generated against a brown seaweed storage polysaccharide, laminarin, although it has not often been applied in algal research. We conducted in vitro (glycome profiling of cell wall extracts) and in situ (immunolabeling of sections) studies on the brown seaweeds Fucus vesiculosus (Fucales) and Laminaria digitata (Laminariales). Although glycome profiling did not give a positive signal with the LAMP mAb, this antibody clearly detected the presence of the β-(1,3)-glucan in situ, showing that this epitope is a constituent of these brown algal cell walls. In F. vesiculosus, the β-(1,3)-glucan epitope was present throughout the cell walls in all thallus parts; in L. digitata, the epitope was restricted to the sieve plates of the conductive elements. The sieve plate walls also stained with aniline blue, a fluorochrome used as a probe for callose. Enzymatic digestion with an endo-β-(1,3)-glucanase removed the ability of the LAMP mAb to label the cell walls. Thus, β-(1,3)-glucans are structural polysaccharides of F. vesiculosus cell walls and are integral components of the sieve plates in these brown seaweeds, reminiscent of plant callose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cristina Raimundo
- Botany and Plant Science and Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Biology Department, and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Stefan Eberhard
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zoë A Popper
- Botany and Plant Science and Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Abstract
Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) describes secretion pathways that bypass one or several of the canonical secretion pit-stops on the way to the plasma membrane, and/or involve the secretion of leaderless proteins. So far, alternatives to conventional secretion were primarily observed and studied in yeast and animal cells. The sessile lifestyle of plants brings with it unique restraints on how they adapt to adverse conditions and environmental challenges. Recently, attention towards unconventional secretion pathways in plant cells has substantially increased, with the large number of leaderless proteins identified through proteomic studies. While UPS pathways in plants are certainly not yet exhaustively researched, an emerging notion is that induction of UPS pathways is correlated with pathogenesis and stress responses. Given the multitude UPS events observed, comprehensively organizing the routes proteins take to the apoplast in defined UPS categories is challenging. With the establishment of a larger collection of studied plant proteins taking these UPS pathways, a clearer picture of endomembrane trafficking as a whole will emerge. There are several novel enabling technologies, such as vesicle proteomics and chemical genomics, with great potential for dissecting secretion pathways, providing information about the cargo that travels along them and the conditions that induce them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destiny J Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Asmundson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Center for Organelle Biogenesis and Function, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Angelo S Heringer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Asmundson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Thomas E Wilkop
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Asmundson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Asmundson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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33
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Davis DJ, McDowell SC, Park E, Hicks G, Wilkop TE, Drakakaki G. The RAB GTPase RABA1e localizes to the cell plate and shows distinct subcellular behavior from RABA2a under Endosidin 7 treatment. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e984520. [PMID: 27408949 PMCID: PMC4883879 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.984520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis in plants requires the activity of RAB GTPases to regulate vesicle-mediated contribution of material to the developing cell plate. While some plant RAB GTPases have been shown to be involved in cell plate formation, many still await functional assignment. Here, we report cell plate localization for YFP-RABA1e in Arabidopsis thaliana and use the cytokinesis inhibitor Endosidin 7 to provide a detailed description of its localization compared to YFP-RABA2a. Differences between YFP-RABA2a and YFP-RABA1e were observed in late-stage cell plates under DMSO control treatment, and became more apparent under Endosidin 7 treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that individual RAB GTPases might make different contributions to cell plate formation and further demonstrates the utility of ES7 probe to dissect them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destiny J. Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California - Davis; Davis, CA USA
| | - Stephen C. McDowell
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California - Davis; Davis, CA USA
| | - Eunsook Park
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California - Davis; Davis, CA USA
| | - Glenn Hicks
- Center of Plant and Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences; University of California - Riverside; Riverside, CA USA
| | - Thomas E. Wilkop
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California - Davis; Davis, CA USA
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California - Davis; Davis, CA USA
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34
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Boruc J, Van Damme D. Endomembrane trafficking overarching cell plate formation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:92-8. [PMID: 26485667 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
By contrast to other eukaryotic kingdoms, plant cytokinesis is an inside-out process. A coordinated action of cytoskeletal transitions and endomembrane trafficking events builds a novel membrane compartment, the cell plate. Deposition of cell wall polymers transforms the lumen of this membrane compartment into a new cross wall, physically separating the daughter cells. The characterization of tethering complexes acting at discrete phases during cell plate formation and upstream of vesicle fusion events, the presence of modulators directing secretion and recycling during cytokinesis, as well as the identification and temporal recruitment of the endocytic machinery, provides a starting point to dissect the transitions in endomembrane trafficking which shape this process. This review aims to integrate recent findings on endomembrane trafficking events which spatio-temporally act to construct the cell plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Boruc
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Van Damme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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35
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Drakakaki G. Polysaccharide deposition during cytokinesis: Challenges and future perspectives. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:177-84. [PMID: 26025531 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
De novo formation of a new cell wall partitions the cytoplasm of the dividing cell during plant cytokinesis. The development of the cell plate, a transient sheet-like structure, requires the accumulation of vesicles directed by the phragmoplast to the cell plate assembly matrix. Fusion and fission of the accumulated vesicles are accompanied by the deposition of polysaccharides and cell wall structural proteins; together, they are leading to the stabilization of the formed structure which after insertion into the parental wall lead to the maturation of the nascent cross wall. Callose is the most abundant polysaccharide during cell plate formation and during maturation is gradually replaced by cellulose. Matrix polysaccharides such as hemicellulose, and pectins presumably are present throughout all developmental stages, being delivered to the cell plate by secretory vesicles. The availability of novel chemical probes such as endosidin 7, which inhibits callose formation at the cell plate, has proved useful for dissecting the temporal accumulation of vesicles at the cell plate and establishing the critical role of callose during cytokinesis. The use of emerging approaches such as chemical genomics combined with live cell imaging; novel techniques of polysaccharide detection including tagged polysaccharide substrates, newly characterized polysaccharide antibodies and vesicle proteomics can be used to develop a comprehensive model of cell plate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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36
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Heard W, Sklenář J, Tomé DFA, Robatzek S, Jones AME. Identification of Regulatory and Cargo Proteins of Endosomal and Secretory Pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana by Proteomic Dissection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1796-813. [PMID: 25900983 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell's endomembranes comprise an intricate, highly dynamic and well-organized system. In plants, the proteins that regulate function of the various endomembrane compartments and their cargo remain largely unknown. Our aim was to dissect subcellular trafficking routes by enriching for partially overlapping subpopulations of endosomal proteomes associated with endomembrane markers. We selected RABD2a/ARA5, RABF2b/ARA7, RABF1/ARA6, and RABG3f as markers for combinations of the Golgi, trans-Golgi network (TGN), early endosomes (EE), secretory vesicles, late endosomes (LE), multivesicular bodies (MVB), and the tonoplast. As comparisons we used Golgi transport 1 (GOT1), which localizes to the Golgi, clathrin light chain 2 (CLC2) labeling clathrin-coated vesicles and pits and the vesicle-associated membrane protein 711 (VAMP711) present at the tonoplast. We developed an easy-to-use method by refining published protocols based on affinity purification of fluorescent fusion constructs to these seven subcellular marker proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. We present a total of 433 proteins, only five of which were shared among all enrichments, while many proteins were common between endomembrane compartments of the same trafficking route. Approximately half, 251 proteins, were assigned to one enrichment only. Our dataset contains known regulators of endosome functions including small GTPases, SNAREs, and tethering complexes. We identify known cargo proteins such as PIN3, PEN3, CESA, and the recently defined TPLATE complex. The subcellular localization of two GTPase regulators predicted from our enrichments was validated using live-cell imaging. This is the first proteomic dataset to discriminate between such highly overlapping endomembrane compartments in plants and can be used as a general proteomic resource to predict the localization of proteins and identify the components of regulatory complexes and provides a useful tool for the identification of new protein markers of the endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Heard
- From the ‡The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jan Sklenář
- From the ‡The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Daniel F A Tomé
- §The School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- From the ‡The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alexandra M E Jones
- From the ‡The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; §The School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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37
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Núñez-López L, Aguirre-Cruz A, Barrera-Figueroa BE, Peña-Castro JM. Improvement of enzymatic saccharification yield in Arabidopsis thaliana by ectopic expression of the rice SUB1A-1 transcription factor. PeerJ 2015; 3:e817. [PMID: 25780769 PMCID: PMC4358655 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharification of polysaccharides releases monosaccharides that can be used by ethanol-producing microorganisms in biofuel production. To improve plant biomass as a raw material for saccharification, factors controlling the accumulation and structure of carbohydrates must be identified. Rice SUB1A-1 is a transcription factor that represses the turnover of starch and postpones energy-consuming growth processes under submergence stress. Arabidopsis was employed to test if heterologous expression of SUB1A-1 or SUB1C-1 (a related gene) can be used to improve saccharification. Cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymatic treatments confirmed that SUB1A-1 transgenics had better saccharification yield than wild-type (Col-0), mainly from accumulated starch. This improved saccharification yield was developmentally controlled; when compared to Col-0, young transgenic vegetative plants yielded 200-300% more glucose, adult vegetative plants yielded 40-90% more glucose and plants in reproductive stage had no difference in yield. We measured photosynthetic parameters, starch granule microstructure, and transcript abundance of genes involved in starch degradation (SEX4, GWD1), juvenile transition (SPL3-5) and meristematic identity (FUL, SOC1) but found no differences to Col-0, indicating that starch accumulation may be controlled by down-regulation of CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T by SUB1A-1 as previously reported. SUB1A-1 transgenics also offered less resistance to deformation than wild-type concomitant to up-regulation of AtEXP2 expansin and BGL2 glucan-1,3,-beta-glucosidase. We conclude that heterologous SUB1A-1 expression can improve saccharification yield and softness, two traits needed in bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Núñez-López
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan , Tuxtepec, Oaxaca , México ; División de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad del Papaloapan , Tuxtepec, Oaxaca , México
| | - Andrés Aguirre-Cruz
- Taller de Alimentos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan , Tuxtepec, Oaxaca , México
| | - Blanca Estela Barrera-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan , Tuxtepec, Oaxaca , México
| | - Julián Mario Peña-Castro
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan , Tuxtepec, Oaxaca , México
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38
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Halder V, Kombrink E. Facile high-throughput forward chemical genetic screening by in situ monitoring of glucuronidase-based reporter gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25688251 PMCID: PMC4310277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of biologically active small molecules to perturb biological functions holds enormous potential for investigating complex signaling networks. However, in contrast to animal systems, the search for and application of chemical tools for basic discovery in the plant sciences, generally referred to as "chemical genetics," has only recently gained momentum. In addition to cultured cells, the well-characterized, small-sized model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is suitable for cultivation in microplates, which allows employing diverse cell- or phenotype-based chemical screens. In such screens, a chemical's bioactivity is typically assessed either through scoring its impact on morphological traits or quantifying molecular attributes such as enzyme or reporter activities. Here, we describe a facile forward chemical screening methodology for intact Arabidopsis seedlings harboring the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter by directly quantifying GUS activity in situ with 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (4-MUG) as substrate. The quantitative nature of this screening assay has an obvious advantage over the also convenient histochemical GUS staining method, as it allows application of statistical procedures and unbiased hit selection based on threshold values as well as distinction between compounds with strong or weak bioactivity. At the same time, the in situ bioassay is very convenient requiring less effort and time for sample handling in comparison to the conventional quantitative in vitro GUS assay using 4-MUG, as validated with several Arabidopsis lines harboring different GUS reporter constructs. To demonstrate that the developed assays is particularly suitable for large-scale screening projects, we performed a pilot screen for chemical activators or inhibitors of salicylic acid-mediated defense signaling using the Arabidopsis PR1p::GUS line. Importantly, the screening methodology provided here can be adopted for any inducible GUS reporter line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erich Kombrink
- *Correspondence: Erich Kombrink, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany e-mail:
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39
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Hicks GR, Raikhel NV. Plant chemical biology: are we meeting the promise? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:455. [PMID: 25250041 PMCID: PMC4157539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As an early adopter of plant chemical genetics to the study of endomembrane trafficking, we have observed the growth of small molecule approaches. Within the field, we often describe the strengths of the approach in a broad, generic manner, such as the ability to address redundancy and lethality. But, we are now in a much better position to evaluate the demonstrated value of the approach based on examples. In this perspective, we offer an assessment of chemical genetics in plants and where its applications may be of particular utility from the perspective of the cell biologist. Beyond this, we suggest areas to be addressed to provide broader access and enhance the effectiveness of small molecule approaches in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R. Hicks
- *Correspondence: Glenn R. Hicks, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, 2150 Batchelor Hall, University of California, Riverside,CA 92521, USA e-mail:
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