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Lee J, Lee SK, Park JS, Lee KR. Plant-made pharmaceuticals: exploring studies for the production of recombinant protein in plants and assessing challenges ahead. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 17:53-65. [PMID: 36820221 PMCID: PMC9931573 DOI: 10.1007/s11816-023-00821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The production of pharmaceutical compounds in plants is attracting increasing attention, as plant-based systems can be less expensive, safer, and more scalable than mammalian, yeast, bacterial, and insect cell expression systems. Here, we review the history and current status of plant-made pharmaceuticals. Producing pharmaceuticals in plants requires pairing the appropriate plant species with suitable transformation technology. Pharmaceuticals have been produced in tobacco, cereals, legumes, fruits, and vegetables via nuclear transformation, chloroplast transformation, transient expression, and transformation of suspension cell cultures. Despite this wide range of species and methods used, most such efforts have involved the nuclear transformation of tobacco. Tobacco readily generates large amounts of biomass, easily accepts foreign genes, and is amenable to stable gene expression via nuclear transformation. Although vaccines, antibodies, and therapeutic proteins have been produced in plants, such pharmaceuticals are not readily utilized by humans due to differences in glycosylation, and few such compounds have been approved due to a lack of clinical data. In addition, achieving an adequate immune response using plant-made pharmaceuticals can be difficult due to low rates of production compared to other expression systems. Various technologies have recently been developed to help overcome these limitations; however, plant systems are expected to increasingly become widely used expression systems for recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874 Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sug Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874 Republic of Korea
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2
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Müller K, Dobrev PI, Pěnčík A, Hošek P, Vondráková Z, Filepová R, Malínská K, Brunoni F, Helusová L, Moravec T, Retzer K, Harant K, Novák O, Hoyerová K, Petrášek J. DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION 1 catalyzes the oxidation of IAA amino acid conjugates. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:103-115. [PMID: 34618129 PMCID: PMC8418401 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Together with auxin transport, auxin metabolism is a key determinant of auxin signaling output by plant cells. Enzymatic machinery involved in auxin metabolism is subject to regulation based on numerous inputs, including the concentration of auxin itself. Therefore, experiments characterizing altered auxin availability and subsequent changes in auxin metabolism could elucidate the function and regulatory role of individual elements in the auxin metabolic machinery. Here, we studied auxin metabolism in auxin-dependent tobacco BY-2 cells. We revealed that the concentration of N-(2-oxindole-3-acetyl)-l-aspartic acid (oxIAA-Asp), the most abundant auxin metabolite produced in the control culture, dramatically decreased in auxin-starved BY-2 cells. Analysis of the transcriptome and proteome in auxin-starved cells uncovered significant downregulation of all tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) homologs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION 1 (DAO1), at both transcript and protein levels. Auxin metabolism profiling in BY-2 mutants carrying either siRNA-silenced or CRISPR-Cas9-mutated NtDAO1, as well as in dao1-1 Arabidopsis plants, showed not only the expected lower levels of oxIAA, but also significantly lower abundance of oxIAA-Asp. Finally, ability of DAO1 to oxidize IAA-Asp was confirmed by an enzyme assay in AtDAO1-producing bacterial culture. Our results thus represent direct evidence of DAO1 activity on IAA amino acid conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Müller
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Ivanov Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hošek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Vondráková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roberta Filepová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Federica Brunoni
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Helusová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Moravec
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Harant
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 42, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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3
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ROBINSON DAVIDG. Plant Golgi ultrastructure. J Microsc 2020; 280:111-121. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DAVID G. ROBINSON
- Centre for Organismal Studies University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
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4
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Oochi A, Hajny J, Fukui K, Nakao Y, Gallei M, Quareshy M, Takahashi K, Kinoshita T, Harborough SR, Kepinski S, Kasahara H, Napier R, Friml J, Hayashi KI. Pinstatic Acid Promotes Auxin Transport by Inhibiting PIN Internalization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1152-1165. [PMID: 30936248 PMCID: PMC6548234 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport plays a pivotal role in plant growth and development. PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers regulate directional auxin movement by establishing local auxin maxima, minima, and gradients that drive multiple developmental processes and responses to environmental signals. Auxin has been proposed to modulate its own transport by regulating subcellular PIN trafficking via processes such as clathrin-mediated PIN endocytosis and constitutive recycling. Here, we further investigated the mechanisms by which auxin affects PIN trafficking by screening auxin analogs and identified pinstatic acid (PISA) as a positive modulator of polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). PISA had an auxin-like effect on hypocotyl elongation and adventitious root formation via positive regulation of auxin transport. PISA did not activate SCFTIR1/AFB signaling and yet induced PIN accumulation at the cell surface by inhibiting PIN internalization from the plasma membrane. This work demonstrates PISA to be a promising chemical tool to dissect the regulatory mechanisms behind subcellular PIN trafficking and auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Oochi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Jakub Hajny
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kosuke Fukui
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakao
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Michelle Gallei
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Mussa Quareshy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sigurd Ramans Harborough
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stefan Kepinski
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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5
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Dubreuil C, Jin X, Grönlund A, Fischer U. A Local Auxin Gradient Regulates Root Cap Self-Renewal and Size Homeostasis. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2581-2587.e3. [PMID: 30078563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organ size homeostasis, compensatory growth to replace lost tissue, requires constant measurement of size and adjustment of growth rates. Morphogen gradients control organ and tissue sizes by regulating stem cell activity, cell differentiation, and removal in animals [1-3]. In plants, control of tissue size is of specific importance in root caps to protect the growing root tip from mechanical damage [4]. New root cap tissue is formed by the columella and lateral root-cap-epidermal stem cells, whose activity is regulated through non-dividing niche-like cells, the quiescent center (QC) [4, 5]. Columella daughter cells in contact with the QC retain the potency to divide, while derivatives oriented toward the mature cap undergo differentiation. The outermost columella layers are sequentially separated from the root body, involving remodeling of cell walls [6]. Factors regulating the balance between cell division, elongation, and separation to keep root cap size constant are currently unknown [4]. Here, we report that stem cell proliferation induced cell separation at the periphery of the root cap, resulting in tissue size homeostasis. An auxin response gradient with a maximum in the QC and a minimum in the detaching layer was established prior to the onset of cell separation. In agreement with a mathematical model, tissue size was positively regulated by the amount of auxin released from the source. Auxin transporters localized non-polarly to plasma membranes of the inner cap, partly isolating separating layers from the auxin source. Together, these results are in support of an auxin gradient measuring and regulating tissue size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Dubreuil
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden
| | - Xu Jin
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden
| | - Andreas Grönlund
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Urs Fischer
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden.
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Middleton AM, Dal Bosco C, Chlap P, Bensch R, Harz H, Ren F, Bergmann S, Wend S, Weber W, Hayashi KI, Zurbriggen MD, Uhl R, Ronneberger O, Palme K, Fleck C, Dovzhenko A. Data-Driven Modeling of Intracellular Auxin Fluxes Indicates a Dominant Role of the ER in Controlling Nuclear Auxin Uptake. Cell Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Olmos E, García De La Garma J, Gomez-Jimenez MC, Fernandez-Garcia N. Arabinogalactan Proteins Are Involved in Salt-Adaptation and Vesicle Trafficking in Tobacco by-2 Cell Cultures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1092. [PMID: 28676820 PMCID: PMC5476920 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a highly diverse family of glycoproteins that are commonly found in most plant species. However, little is known about the physiological and molecular mechanisms of their function. AGPs are involved in different biological processes such as cell differentiation, cell expansion, tissue development and somatic embryogenesis. AGPs are also involved in abiotic stress response such as salinity modulating cell wall expansion. In this study, we describe how salt-adaptation in tobacco BY-2 cell cultures induces important changes in arabinogalactan proteins distribution and contents. Using the immuno-dot blot technique with different anti-AGP antibodies (JIM13, JIM15, and others), we observed that AGPs were highly accumulated in the culture medium of salt-adapted tobacco cells, probably due to the action of phospholipases. We located these AGP epitopes using immunogold labeling in the cytoplasm associated to the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, and vesicles, plasma membrane and tonoplast. Our results show that salt-adaptation induced a significant reduction of the cytoplasm, plasma membrane and tonoplast content of these epitopes. Yariv reagent was added to the control and salt-adapted tobacco cell cultures, leading to cell death induction in control cells but not in salt-adapted cells. Ultrastructural and immunogold labeling revealed that cell death induced by Yariv reagent in control cells was due to the interaction of Yariv reagent with the AGPs linked to the plasma membranes. Finally, we propose a new function of AGPs as a possible sodium carrier through the mechanism of vesicle trafficking from the apoplast to the vacuoles in salt-adapted tobacco BY-2 cells. This mechanism may contribute to sodium homeostasis during salt-adaptation to high saline concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Olmos
- Department of Abiotic Stress and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC)Murcia, Spain
| | - Jesús García De La Garma
- Department of Abiotic Stress and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC)Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria C. Gomez-Jimenez
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain
| | - Nieves Fernandez-Garcia
- Department of Abiotic Stress and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC)Murcia, Spain
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8
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Hao HT, Zhao X, Shang QH, Wang Y, Guo ZH, Zhang YB, Xie ZK, Wang RY. Comparative Digital Gene Expression Analysis of the Arabidopsis Response to Volatiles Emitted by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158621. [PMID: 27513952 PMCID: PMC4981348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Some plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) regulated plant growth and elicited plant basal immunity by volatiles. The response mechanism to the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens volatiles in plant has not been well studied. We conducted global gene expression profiling in Arabidopsis after treatment with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 volatiles by Illumina Digital Gene Expression (DGE) profiling of different growth stages (seedling and mature) and tissues (leaves and roots). Compared with the control, 1,507 and 820 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in leaves and roots at the seedling stage, respectively, while 1,512 and 367 DEGs were identified in leaves and roots at the mature stage. Seventeen genes with different regulatory patterns were validated using quantitative RT-PCR. Numerous DEGs were enriched for plant hormones, cell wall modifications, and protection against stress situations, which suggests that volatiles have effects on plant growth and immunity. Moreover, analyzes of transcriptome difference in tissues and growth stage using DGE profiling showed that the plant response might be tissue-specific and/or growth stage-specific. Thus, genes encoding flavonoid biosynthesis were downregulated in leaves and upregulated in roots, thereby indicating tissue-specific responses to volatiles. Genes related to photosynthesis were downregulated at the seedling stage and upregulated at the mature stage, respectively, thereby suggesting growth period-specific responses. In addition, the emission of bacterial volatiles significantly induced killing of cells of other organism pathway with up-regulated genes in leaves and the other three pathways (defense response to nematode, cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation and trichoblast differentiation) with up-regulated genes were significantly enriched in roots. Interestingly, some important alterations in the expression of growth-related genes, metabolic pathways, defense response to biotic stress and hormone-related genes were firstly founded response to FZB42 volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ting Hao
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Han Shang
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Guo
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Bao Zhang
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Kui Xie
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Wang
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sakai A, Takusagawa M, Nio A, Sawai Y. Cytological Studies on Proliferation, Differentiation, and Death of BY-2 Cultured Tobacco Cells. CYTOLOGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.80.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sakai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University
| | - Mari Takusagawa
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University
| | - Asuka Nio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University
| | - Yu Sawai
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University
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Toyooka K, Sato M, Kutsuna N, Higaki T, Sawaki F, Wakazaki M, Goto Y, Hasezawa S, Nagata N, Matsuoka K. Wide-range high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals morphological and distributional changes of endomembrane compartments during log to stationary transition of growth phase in tobacco BY-2 cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1544-55. [PMID: 24929423 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid growth of plant cells by cell division and expansion requires an endomembrane trafficking system. The endomembrane compartments, such as the Golgi stacks, endosome and vesicles, are important in the synthesis and trafficking of cell wall materials during cell elongation. However, changes in the morphology, distribution and number of these compartments during the different stages of cell proliferation and differentiation have not yet been clarified. In this study, we examined these changes at the ultrastructural level in tobacco Bright yellow 2 (BY-2) cells during the log and stationary phases of growth. We analyzed images of the BY-2 cells prepared by the high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution technique with the aid of an auto-acquisition transmission electron microscope system. We quantified the distribution of secretory and endosomal compartments in longitudinal sections of whole cells by using wide-range gigapixel-class images obtained by merging thousands of transmission electron micrographs. During the log phase, all Golgi stacks were composed of several thick cisternae. Approximately 20 vesicle clusters (VCs), including the trans-Golgi network and secretory vesicle cluster, were observed throughout the cell. In the stationary-phase cells, Golgi stacks were thin with small cisternae, and only a few VCs were observed. Nearly the same number of multivesicular body and small high-density vesicles were observed in both the stationary and log phases. Results from electron microscopy and live fluorescence imaging indicate that the morphology and distribution of secretory-related compartments dramatically change when cells transition from log to stationary phases of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 Japan
| | - Fumie Sawaki
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681 Japan
| | - Mayumi Wakazaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yumi Goto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681 Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
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12
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Hasegawa J, Higaki T, Hamamura Y, Kurihara D, Kutsuna N, Higashiyama T, Hasezawa S, Matsunaga S. Increase in Invaginated Vacuolar Membrane Structure Caused by Plant Cell Expansion by Genotoxic Stress Induced by DNA Double-Strand Breaks. CYTOLOGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.79.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yuki Hamamura
- JST, ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University
| | - Daisuke Kurihara
- JST, ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University
- JST, ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science
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13
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Čovanová M, Sauer M, Rychtář J, Friml J, Petrášek J, Zažímalová E. Overexpression of the auxin binding protein1 modulates PIN-dependent auxin transport in tobacco cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70050. [PMID: 23894588 PMCID: PMC3720949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1) is a putative auxin receptor and its function is indispensable for plant growth and development. ABP1 has been shown to be involved in auxin-dependent regulation of cell division and expansion, in plasma-membrane-related processes such as changes in transmembrane potential, and in the regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. However, the ABP1-regulated downstream pathway remains elusive. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using auxin transport assays and quantitative analysis of cellular morphology we show that ABP1 regulates auxin efflux from tobacco BY-2 cells. The overexpression of ABP1can counterbalance increased auxin efflux and auxin starvation phenotypes caused by the overexpression of PIN auxin efflux carrier. Relevant mechanism involves the ABP1-controlled vesicle trafficking processes, including positive regulation of endocytosis of PIN auxin efflux carriers, as indicated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and pharmacological manipulations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The findings indicate the involvement of ABP1 in control of rate of auxin transport across plasma membrane emphasizing the role of ABP1 in regulation of PIN activity at the plasma membrane, and highlighting the relevance of ABP1 for the formation of developmentally important, PIN-dependent auxin gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milada Čovanová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Sauer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie), Ghent, Belgium
- Departamento Genetica Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Rychtář
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
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Madison SL, Nebenführ A. Live-cell imaging of dual-labeled Golgi stacks in tobacco BY-2 cells reveals similar behaviors for different cisternae during movement and brefeldin A treatment. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:896-908. [PMID: 21873295 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus consists of numerous stacks that, in turn, are composed of several flattened cisternae with a clear cis-to-trans polarity. During normal functioning within living cells, this unusual organelle displays a wide range of dynamic behaviors such as whole stack motility, constant membrane flux through the cisternae, and Golgi enzyme recycling through the ER. In order to further investigate various aspects of Golgi stack dynamics and integrity, we co-expressed pairs of established Golgi markers in tobacco BY-2 cells to distinguish sub-compartments of the Golgi during monensin treatments, movement, and brefeldin A (BFA)-induced disassembly. A combination of cis and trans markers revealed that Golgi stacks remain intact as they move through the cytoplasm. The Golgi stack orientation during these movements showed a slight preference for the cis side moving ahead, but trans cisternae were also found at the leading edge. During BFA treatments, the different sub-compartments of about half of the observed stacks fused with the ER sequentially; however, no consistent order could be detected. In contrast, the ionophore monensin resulted in swelling of trans cisternae while medial and particularly cis cisternae were mostly unaffected. Our results thus demonstrate a remarkable equivalence of the different cisternae with respect to movement and BFA-induced fusion with the ER. In addition, we propose that a combination of dual-label fluorescence microscopy and drug treatments can provide a simple alternative approach to the determination of protein localization to specific Golgi sub-compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Madison
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
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Chevalier L, Bernard S, Ramdani Y, Lamour R, Bardor M, Lerouge P, Follet-Gueye ML, Driouich A. Subcompartment localization of the side chain xyloglucan-synthesizing enzymes within Golgi stacks of tobacco suspension-cultured cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 64:977-89. [PMID: 21143678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is the dominant hemicellulosic polysaccharide of the primary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants that plays a key role in plant development. It is well established that xyloglucan is assembled within Golgi stacks and transported in Golgi-derived vesicles to the cell wall. It is also known that the biosynthesis of xyloglucan requires the action of glycosyltransferases including α-1,6-xylosyltransferase, β-1,2-galactosyltransferase and α-1,2-fucosyltransferase activities responsible for the addition of xylose, galactose and fucose residues to the side chains. There is, however, a lack of knowledge on how these enzymes are distributed within subcompartments of Golgi stacks. We have undertaken a study aiming at mapping these glycosyltransferases within Golgi stacks using immunogold-electron microscopy. To this end, we generated transgenic lines of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY-2 suspension-cultured cells expressing either the α-1,6-xylosyltransferase, AtXT1, the β-1,2-galactosyltransferase, AtMUR3, or the α-1,2-fucosyltransferase AtFUT1 of Arabidopsis thaliana fused to green-fluorescent protein (GFP). Localization of the fusion proteins within the endomembrane system was assessed using confocal microscopy. Additionally, tobacco cells were high pressure-frozen/freeze-substituted and subjected to quantitative immunogold labelling using anti-GFP antibodies to determine the localization patterns of the enzymes within subtypes of Golgi cisternae. The data demonstrate that: (i) all fusion proteins, AtXT1-GFP, AtMUR3-GFP and AtFUT1-GFP are specifically targeted to the Golgi apparatus; and (ii) AtXT1-GFP is mainly located in the cis and medial cisternae, AtMUR3-GFP is predominantly associated with medial cisternae and AtFUT1-GFP mostly detected over trans cisternae suggesting that initiation of xyloglucan side chains occurs in early Golgi compartments in tobacco cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Chevalier
- Laboratoire 'Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale,' UPRES EA 4358, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides 23, Plate-forme de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute Normandie (PRIMACEN), IBiSA, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan Cedex, France
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Sano T, Kutsuna N, Becker D, Hedrich R, Hasezawa S. Outward-rectifying K+ channel activities regulate cell elongation and cell division of tobacco BY-2 cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:55-64. [PMID: 18778403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Potassium ions (K+) are required for plant growth and development, including cell division and cell elongation/expansion, which are mediated by the K+ transport system. In this study, we investigated the role of K+ in cell division using tobacco BY-2 protoplast cultures. Gene expression analysis revealed induction of the Shaker-like outward K+ channel gene, NTORK1, under cell-division conditions, whereas the inward K+ channel genes NKT1 and NtKC1 were induced under both cell-elongation and cell-division conditions. Repression of NTORK1 gene expression by expression of its antisense construct repressed cell division but accelerated cell elongation even under conditions promoting cell division. A decrease in the K+ content of cells and cellular osmotic pressure in dividing cells suggested that an increase in cell osmotic pressure by K+ uptake is not required for cell division. In contrast, K+ depletion, which reduced cell-division activity, decreased cytoplasmic pH as monitored using a fluorescent pH indicator, SNARF-1. Application of K+ or the cytoplasmic alkalizing reagent (NH(4))(2)SO(4) increased cytoplasmic pH and suppressed the reduction in cell-division activity. These results suggest that the K+ taken up into cells is used to regulate cytoplasmic pH during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Sano
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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17
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Harashima H, Kato K, Shinmyo A, Sekine M. Auxin is required for the assembly of A-type cyclin-dependent kinase complexes in tobacco cell suspension culture. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:1103-12. [PMID: 17360070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although activation of A-type cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKA) is required for plant cell division, little is known about how CDKA is activated before commitment to cell division. Here, we show that auxin is required for the formation of active CDKA-associated complexes, promoting assembly of the complex in tobacco suspension culture Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells. Protein gel blot analysis revealed that CDKA levels increased greatly after stationary-phase BY-2 cells were subcultured into fresh medium to re-enter the cell cycle. However, these increasing levels subsided when cells were subcultured into auxin-deprived medium, and a subtle increase was observed after subculturing into sucrose-deprived medium. Additionally, p13(suc1)-associated kinase activity did not increase significantly after subculturing into either auxin- or sucrose-deprived medium, but increased strongly after subculturing into medium containing both auxin and sucrose. Using gel filtration, we found that p13(suc1)-associated kinase activity against tobacco retinoblastoma-related protein was maximal in fractions corresponding to the molecular mass of the cyclin/CDKA complex. Interestingly, this peak distribution of high molecular-mass fractions of CDKA disappeared after cells were subcultured into auxin-deprived medium. These findings suggest an important role for auxin in the assembly of active CDKA-associated complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Harashima
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
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Zhang H, Kim MS, Krishnamachari V, Payton P, Sun Y, Grimson M, Farag MA, Ryu CM, Allen R, Melo IS, Paré PW. Rhizobacterial volatile emissions regulate auxin homeostasis and cell expansion in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2007; 226:839-51. [PMID: 17497164 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Certain plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), in the absence of physical contact with a plant stimulate growth via volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, through largely unknown mechanisms. To probe how PGPR VOCs trigger growth in plants, RNA transcript levels of Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to Bacillus subtilus (strain GB03) were examined using oligonucleotide microarrays. In screening over 26,000 protein-coded transcripts, a group of approximately 600 differentially expressed genes related to cell wall modifications, primary and secondary metabolism, stress responses, hormone regulation and other expressed proteins were identified. Transcriptional and histochemical data indicate that VOCs from the PGPR strain GB03 trigger growth promotion in Arabidopsis by regulating auxin homeostasis. Specifically, gene expression for auxin synthesis was up regulated in aerial regions of GB03-exposed plants; auxin accumulation decreased in leaves and increased in roots with GB03 exposure as revealed in a transgenic DR5::GUS Arabidopsis line, suggesting activation of basipetal auxin transport. Application of the auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) restricted auxin accumulation to sites of synthesis thereby preventing GB03-mediated decreases in shoot auxin levels as well as thwarting GB03-mediated growth promotion. In addition, microarray data revealed coordinated regulation of cell wall loosening enzymes that implicated cell expansion with GB03 exposure, which was confirmed by comparative cytological measurements. The discovery that bacterial VOCs, devoid of auxin or other known plant hormones regulate auxin homeostasis and cell expansion provides a new paradigm as to how rhizobacteria promote plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Sano T, Becker D, Ivashikina N, Wegner LH, Zimmermann U, Roelfsema MRG, Nagata T, Hedrich R. Plant cells must pass a K+ threshold to re-enter the cell cycle. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 50:401-13. [PMID: 17425714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Potassium is an inevitable component of plant life, and potassium channels play a pivotal role in plant growth and development. The role of potassium and of K(+) channels in plant cell division and cell-cycle progression, however, has not been determined so far. K(+) channel blocker studies with synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells revealed that K(+) uptake is required for proper cell-cycle progression during the transition from G(1) to S phase. Electrophysiological studies (patch-clamp and voltage-clamp techniques) showed a cell-cycle dependency of K(+) channel activities and reduced driving force for K(+) uptake in dividing cells. Among the four Shaker-like K(+) channel genes expressed in BY-2 cells, NKT1 represents an inwardly rectifying K(+) channel that mediates K(+) uptake. NKT1 is transcriptionally induced during G(1) phase, while transcripts of the outward-rectifier NTORK1 dominate S phase. Elongating BY-2 cells appeared hyperpolarized (-101 +/- 11 mV), and had elevated osmotic pressure and approximately twice the turgor pressure when compared with depolarized (-64 +/- 8 mV) dividing cells. This indicates that cells have to gain a threshold K(+) level to re-enter the cell cycle. Based on these findings, turgor regulation through modulation of K(+) channel density in plant cell division and cell-cycle progression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Sano
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Hartig K, Beck E. Crosstalk between auxin, cytokinins, and sugars in the plant cell cycle. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2006; 8:389-96. [PMID: 16807832 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-923797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant meristems are utilization sinks, in which cell division activity governs sink strength. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cell division activity and sink strength are adjusted to a plant's developmental program in its environmental setting are not well understood. Mitogenic hormonal as well as metabolic signals drive and modulate the cell cycle, but a coherent idea of how this is accomplished, is still missing. Auxin and cytokinins are known as endogenous mitogens whose concentrations and timing, however, can be externally affected. Although the sites and mechanisms of signal interaction in cell cycle control have not yet been unravelled, crosstalk of sugar and phytohormone signals could be localized to several biochemical levels. At the expression level of cell cycle control genes, like cyclins, Cdks, and others, synergistic but also antagonistic interactions could be demonstrated. Another level of crosstalk is that of signal generation or modulation. Cytokinins affect the activity of extracellular invertases and hexose-uptake carriers and thus impinge on an intracellular sugar signal. With tobacco BY-2 cells, a coordinated control of cell cycle activity at both regulatory levels could be shown. Comparison of the results obtained with the root cell-representing BY-2 cells with literature data from shoot tissues or green cell cultures of Arabidopsis and Chenopodium suggests opposed and tissue-specific regulatory patterns of mitogenic signals and signal crosstalk in root and shoot meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hartig
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Yamazoe A, Hayashi KI, Kepinski S, Leyser O, Nozaki H. Characterization of terfestatin A, a new specific inhibitor for auxin signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 139:779-89. [PMID: 16183831 PMCID: PMC1255995 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.068924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Terfestatin A (TrfA), terphenyl-beta-glucoside, was isolated from Streptomyces sp. F40 in a forward screen for compounds that inhibit the expression of auxin-inducible genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). TrfA specifically and competitively inhibited the expression of primary auxin-inducible genes in Arabidopsis roots, but did not affect the expression of genes regulated by other plant hormones such as abscisic acid and cytokinin. TrfA also blocked the auxin-enhanced degradation of auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) repressor proteins without affecting the auxin-stimulated interaction between Aux/IAAs and the F-box protein TIR1. TrfA treatment antagonized auxin responses in roots, including primary root inhibition, lateral root initiation, root hair promotion, and root gravitropism, but had only limited effects on shoot auxin responses. Taken together, these results indicate that TrfA acts as a modulator of Aux/IAA stability and thus provides a new tool for dissecting auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamazoe
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama City, Japan
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Abstract
Auxin is a multifactorial phytohormone that is required for cell division. Fine gradients determine points of developmental change in time and space. It is associated intimately with the axiality of plant growth, and increasing doses lead to cell expansion or inhibition of cell expansion in different tissues. From embryonic patterning to fruit dehiscence every plant process has some involvement with auxin as a hormonal signal, including responses to wounding. Moreover, synthetic auxins have widespread uses as agrochemicals, particularly as selective herbicides. Despite the importance of auxin as a plant signal the pathways of its biosynthesis are still not clear. Much more is known about auxin perception and the mechanisms through which gene transcription is regulated. One receptor has been identified, and protein crystallography data has explained its auxin-binding capacity, but this is likely to control only a subset of auxin-mediated responses. Little is known of the signal transduction intermediates. A second receptor has been nominated and may be involved in controlling auxin-mediated gene transcription. A complex set of proteins comprising signalosome and proteasome contribute to the regulation of sets of transcription factors to confer regulation by derepression. A set of auxin transport proteins has been described with associated regulatory interactors, and these account for polar auxin flow and the control of auxin movements across cells, tissues, and around the plant. The gradients these transport systems build regulate the responses of growth and differentiation, including the plant's response to gravity. These areas are described and discussed by relating the physiology of the whole plant to the details of genetic and protein activities.
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Renaudin JP. Growth and Physiology of Suspension-Cultured Plant Cells: the Contribution of Tobacco BY-2 Cells to the Study of Auxin Action. TOBACCO BY-2 CELLS 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-10572-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Follet-Gueye ML, Pagny S, Faye L, Gomord V, Driouich A. An improved chemical fixation method suitable for immunogold localization of green fluorescent protein in the Golgi apparatus of tobacco Bright Yellow (BY-2) cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2003; 51:931-40. [PMID: 12810843 DOI: 10.1177/002215540305100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant systems, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is increasingly used as a marker to study dynamics of the secretory apparatus using fluorescence microscopy. The purpose of this study was to immunogold localize the GFP, at the electron microscopic level, in a line of tobacco BY-2-cultured cells, expressing a GFP-tagged Golgi glycosyltransferase. To this end we have developed a simple, one-step chemical fixation method that allow good structural preservation and specific labeling with anti-GFP antibodies. Using this method, we have been able to show that an N-glycan GFP-tagged xylosyltransferase is specifically associated with Golgi stacks of BY-2 transformed cells and is preferentially located in medial cisternae. As an alternative to cryofixation methods, such as high-pressure freezing, which requires specialized and expensive equipment not available in most laboratories, this method offers researchers the opportunity to investigate GFP-tagged proteins of the endomembrane system in tobacco BY-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- CNRS UMR 6037, IFRMP23, Université de Rouen, UFR des Sciences, Centre Commun de Microscopie Electronique, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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Hayashi KI, Jones AM, Ogino K, Yamazoe A, Oono Y, Inoguchi M, Kondo H, Nozaki H. Yokonolide B, a novel inhibitor of auxin action, blocks degradation of AUX/IAA factors. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23797-806. [PMID: 12690101 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300299200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Yokonolide B (YkB; also known as A82548A), a spiroketal-macrolide, was isolated from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes B59 in a screen for inhibitors of beta-glucoronidase expression under the control of an auxin-responsive promoter in Arabidopsis. YkB inhibits the expression of auxin-inducible genes as shown using native and synthetic auxin promoters as well as using expression profiling of 8300 Arabidopsis gene probes but does not affect expression of an abscisic acid- and a gibberellin A3-inducible gene. The mechanism of action of YkB is to block AUX/IAA protein degradation; however, YkB is not a general proteasome inhibitor. YkB blocks auxin-dependent cell division and auxin-regulated epinastic growth mediated by auxin-binding protein 1. Gain of function mutants such as shy2-2, slr1, and axr2-1 encoding AUX/IAA transcriptional repressors and loss of function mutants encoding components of the ubiquitin-proteolytic pathway such as axr1-3 and tir1-1, which display increased AUX/IAAs protein stability, are less sensitive to YkB, although axr1 and tir1 mutants were sensitive to MG132, a general proteasome inhibitor, consistent with a site of action downstream of AXR1 and TIR. YkB-treated seedlings displayed similar phenotypes as dominant AUX/IAA mutants. Taken together, these results indicate that YkB acts to block AUX/IAA protein degradation upstream of AXR and TIR, links a shared element upstream of AUX/IAA protein stability to auxin-induced cell division/elongation and to auxin-binding protein 1, and provides a new tool to dissect auxin signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan.
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Mathieu M, Neutelings G, Hawkins S, Grenier E, David H. Cloning of a pine germin-like protein (GLP) gene promoter and analysis of its activity in transgenic tobacco Bright Yellow 2 cells. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2003; 117:425-434. [PMID: 12654044 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Germins and germin-like proteins (GLPs) constitute a large and highly diverse family of ubiquitous plant cell wall proteins. These proteins seem to be involved in many developmental stages and stress-related processes, but their exact participation in these processes generally remains obscure. In Pinus caribaea Morelet, the PcGER1 gene is expressed uniquely in embryo tissues, and encodes a GLP ionically bound to the walls of pine embryo cells maintained in 2,4-D-containing medium. We have cloned a genomic fragment including the 1520 bp 5'-upstream promoter region of PcGER1. This sequence contains, in its 1200 bp distal part, several cis elements (e.g. SEF4, 60 kDa protein, ABA RE and Dof recognition sites) present in genes responding to hormones and/or expressed in embryo or seed tissues, or during germination. The PcGER1 promoter sequence was cloned upstream of the GUS (beta-glucuronidase) reporter gene and transferred to tobacco Bright Yellow 2 (BY-2) cells via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Promoter activity and growth performances of transgenic asynchronous cell suspensions were analysed in the presence or absence of 2,4-D and/or BA. Optimal growth, maximum cell-wall yield and PcGER1 promoter activity were observed in the presence of 2,4-D and BA at day 4, the end of the exponential growth phase where 70-75% cells have a 2C DNA content. Analysis of promoter activity during the cell cycle in an aphidicoline-synchronized culture suggested that the expression is maximum in G1 cells. We also showed that under optimal growth conditions, 5' promoter deletions decreased the activity of the reporter gene. We discuss the function of this gene with regards to cell growth. Accession number: The PcGER1 promoter sequence was submitted to the genbank database under the accession number AY077704.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Parois Végétales UPRES EA-USC INRA, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bât SN2, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, UPRES EA-1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres, 21, rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France Cellule Statistique et Traitement Informatique des Données, Institut Supérieur Agricole de Beauvais, rue Pierre Waguet, 60026 Beauvais cedex, France
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Gregory ACE, Smith C, Kerry ME, Wheatley ER, Bolwell GP. Comparative subcellular immunolocation of polypeptides associated with xylan and callose synthases in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) during secondary wall formation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2002; 59:249-259. [PMID: 11830132 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus of plant cells is thought to be the main site of synthesis of cell wall matrix polysaccharides and the terminal glycosylation of glycoproteins. Much of this evidence still depends on earlier biochemical studies employing subcellular fractionation. However acquiring pure Golgi membranes is still difficult and the question of spatial organisation of glycosyl transferases can be addressed by immunolocation of the enzymes. An antibody to a xylan synthase-associated polypeptide from French bean, the enzyme which synthesises the core polysaccharide for secondary wall xylan, has been raised and shown to inhibit its activity. Xylan is deposited in secondary thickenings and the xylan synthase was only detected in appreciable amounts in developing xylem cells. The location within the Golgi stack was observed throughout the dictyosomes. Some enzyme subunits were also detected in post-Golgi vesicles. A second antibody to a non-catalytic M(r) 65000 subunit of beta 1,3- glucan (callose) synthase was used for a comparative study. Although the bulk of this enzyme has been detected in previous studies at plasmamembrane-wall interfaces in sieve plates and stressed tissue, a Golgi-location can be observed in root tip meristematic cells during cell plate formation. The enzyme was present throughout the stacks. Callose was also immunolocated in a similar manner to xylan in secondary walls and thickenings and in pits in developing xylem. In these cells, the callose synthase was detected at the surface of the growing thickenings and the plasmamembrane within the pits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C E Gregory
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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Geelen DN, Inzé DG. A bright future for the bright yellow-2 cell culture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 127:1375-1379. [PMID: 11743076 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D N Geelen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Hawes CR, Brandizzi F, Andreeva AV. Endomembranes and vesicle trafficking. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 1999; 2:454-461. [PMID: 10607657 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(99)00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past year extensive analyses of the accumulated data on the structural and functional organisation of the endomembrane system and vesicular trafficking in higher plants have shown it to be far more complex than previously anticipated. The availability of molecular tools combined with new opportunities to visualise endomembrane dynamics in vivo will allow better understanding of the fundamental processes underlying the complexity of endomembrane behaviour and vesicular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Hawes
- Research School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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Miyazawa Y, Sakai A, Miyagishima S, Takano H, Kawano S, Kuroiwa T. Auxin and cytokinin have opposite effects on amyloplast development and the expression of starch synthesis genes in cultured bright yellow-2 tobacco cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:461-69. [PMID: 10517837 PMCID: PMC59408 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.2.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/1999] [Accepted: 06/17/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In cultured Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells, the depletion of auxin (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in the culture medium induces the accumulation of starch. This is accelerated by the addition of cytokinin (benzyladenine). Light and electron microscopic observations revealed that this amyloplast formation involves drastic changes in plastid morphology. The effects of auxin and cytokinin on amyloplast development were investigated by adding auxin or cytokinin to cells grown in a hormone-free culture. Auxin repressed amyloplast development, whereas cytokinin accelerated starch accumulation regardless of the timing of hormone addition. RNA gel-blot analysis revealed that the accumulation of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit gene (AgpS), granule-bound starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme transcripts were also affected by hormonal conditions. High levels of AgpS, granule-bound starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme transcripts accumulated in amyloplast-developing cells grown in auxin-depleted conditions. Furthermore, the addition of auxin to the cells cultured in hormone-free medium reduced the level of AgpS transcripts, whereas the addition of cytokinin increased it, irrespective of the timing of hormone addition. These results suggest that auxin and cytokinin exert opposite effects on amyloplast development by regulating the expression of the genes required for starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miyazawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan.
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