1
|
Ejaz U, Khan SM, Khalid N, Ahmad Z, Jehangir S, Fatima Rizvi Z, Lho LH, Han H, Raposo A. Detoxifying the heavy metals: a multipronged study of tolerance strategies against heavy metals toxicity in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1154571. [PMID: 37251771 PMCID: PMC10215007 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal concentrations exceeding permissible limits threaten human life, plant life, and all other life forms. Different natural and anthropogenic activities emit toxic heavy metals in the soil, air, and water. Plants consume toxic heavy metals from their roots and foliar part inside the plant. Heavy metals may interfere with various aspects of the plants, such as biochemistry, bio-molecules, and physiological processes, which usually translate into morphological and anatomical changes. They use various strategies to deal with the toxic effects of heavy metal contamination. Some of these strategies include restricting heavy metals to the cell wall, vascular sequestration, and synthesis of various biochemical compounds, such as phyto-chelators and organic acids, to bind the free moving heavy metal ions so that the toxic effects are minimized. This review focuses on several aspects of genetics, molecular, and cell signaling levels, which integrate to produce a coordinated response to heavy metal toxicity and interpret the exact strategies behind the tolerance of heavy metals stress. It is suggested that various aspects of some model plant species must be thoroughly studied to comprehend the approaches of heavy metal tolerance to put that knowledge into practical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ujala Ejaz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shujaul Mulk Khan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Member Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Khalid
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Jehangir
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zarrin Fatima Rizvi
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Linda Heejung Lho
- College of Business, Division of Tourism and Hotel Management, Cheongju University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesup Han
- College of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu Y, Fricke W. Changes in root hydraulic conductivity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to salt stress and day/night can best be explained through altered activity of aquaporins. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:747-763. [PMID: 36600451 PMCID: PMC10107167 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress reduces plant water flow during day and night. It is not known to which extent root hydraulic properties change in parallel. To test this idea, hydroponically grown wheat plants were grown at four levels of salt stress (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl) for 5-8d before harvest (d14-18) and subjected to a range of analyses to determine diurnal changes in hydraulic conductivity (Lp) at cell, root and plant level. Cell pressure probe analyses showed that the Lp of cortex cells was differentially affected by salt stress during day and night, and that the response to salt stress differed between the main axis of roots and lateral roots. The Aquaporin (AQP) inhibitor H2 O2 reduced Lp to a common, across treatments, level as observed in salt-stressed plants during the night. Analyses of transpiring plants and exuding root systems provided values of root Lp which were in the same range as values modeled based on cell-Lp. The results can best be explained through a change in root Lp in response to salt stress and day/night, which results from an altered activity of AQPs. qPCR gene expression analyses point to possible candidate AQP isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Lu
- School of Biology and Environmental SciencesUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental SciencesUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Uraguchi S, Ohshiro Y, Otsuka Y, Wada E, Naruse F, Sugaya K, Nagai K, Wongkaew A, Nakamura R, Takanezawa Y, Clemens S, Ohkama-Ohtsu N, Kiyono M. Phytochelatin-mediated metal detoxification pathway is crucial for an organomercurial phenylmercury tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:563-577. [PMID: 34837578 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An organomercurial phenylmercury activates AtPCS1, an enzyme known for detoxification of inorganic metal(loid) ions in Arabidopsis and the induced metal-chelating peptides phytochelatins are essential for detoxification of phenylmercury. Small thiol-rich peptides phytochelatins (PCs) and their synthases (PCSs) are crucial for plants to mitigate the stress derived from various metal(loid) ions in their inorganic form including inorganic mercury [Hg(II)]. However, the possible roles of the PC/PCS system in organic mercury detoxification in plants remain elusive. We found that an organomercury phenylmercury (PheHg) induced PC synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana plants as Hg(II), whereas methylmercury did not. The analyses of AtPCS1 mutant plants and in vitro assays using the AtPCS1-recombinant protein demonstrated that AtPCS1, the major PCS in A. thaliana, was responsible for the PheHg-responsive PC synthesis. AtPCS1 mutants cad1-3 and cad1-6, and the double mutant of PC-metal(loid) complex transporters AtABCC1 and AtABCC2 showed enhanced sensitivity to PheHg as well as to Hg(II). The hypersensitivity of cad1-3 to PheHg stress was complemented by the own-promoter-driven expression of AtPCS1-GFP. The confocal microscopy of the complementation lines showed that the AtPCS1-GFP was preferentially expressed in epidermal cells of the mature and elongation zones, and the outer-most layer of the lateral root cap cells in the meristematic zone. Moreover, in vitro PC-metal binding assay demonstrated that binding affinity between PC and PheHg was comparable to Hg(II). However, plant ionomic profiles, as well as root morphology under PheHg and Hg(II) stress, were divergent. These results suggest that PheHg phytotoxicity is different from Hg(II), but AtPCS1-mediated PC synthesis, complex formation, and vacuolar sequestration by AtABCC1 and AtABCC2 are similarly functional for both PheHg and Hg(II) detoxification in root surficial cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Uraguchi
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Yuka Ohshiro
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yuto Otsuka
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Emiko Wada
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Fumii Naruse
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kakeru Sugaya
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Nagai
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Arunee Wongkaew
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Takanezawa
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masako Kiyono
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim YO, Gwon Y, Kim J. Exogenous Cysteine Improves Mercury Uptake and Tolerance in Arabidopsis by Regulating the Expression of Heavy Metal Chelators and Antioxidative Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:898247. [PMID: 35755654 PMCID: PMC9231614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.898247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine (Cys) is an essential amino acid component of the major heavy metal chelators, such as glutathione (GSH), metallothioneins (MTs), and phytochelatins (PCs), which are involved in the pathways of mercury (Hg) tolerance in plants. However, the mechanism through which Cys facilitates Hg tolerance in plants remains largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous Cys on Hg uptake in the seedlings, roots, and shoots of Arabidopsis throughout 6 and 36 h of Hg exposure and on the regulation of Hg detoxification by heavy metal chelators and antioxidative enzymes. The results showed that exogenous Cys significantly improved Hg tolerance during the germination and seedling growth stages in Arabidopsis. Exogenous Cys significantly promoted Hg uptake in Arabidopsis roots by upregulating the expression of the Cys transporter gene AtLHT1, resulting in increased Hg accumulation in the roots and seedlings. In Arabidopsis seedlings, exogenous Cys further increased the Hg-induced glutathione synthase (GS1 and GS2) transcript levels, and the Hg and Hg + Cys treatments greatly upregulated MT3 expression after 36 h exposure. In the roots, MT3 was also significantly upregulated by treatment of 36 h of Hg or Hg + Cys. Notably, in the shoots, MT2a expression was rapidly induced (10-fold) in Hg presence and further markedly increased (20-fold) by exogenous Cys. Moreover, in the seedlings, exogenous Cys upregulated the transcripts of all superoxide dismutase (CuSOD1, CuSOD2, MnSOD1, FeSOD1, FeSOD2, and FeSOD3) within 6 h and subsequently increased the Hg-induced GR1 and GR2 transcript levels at 36 h, all of which could eliminate the promotion of reactive oxygen species production and cell damage caused by Hg. Additionally, exogenous Cys upregulated all the antioxidative genes rapidly in the roots and subsequently increased the expression of CuSOD1, CuSOD2, and MnSOD1 in the shoots. These results indicate that exogenous Cys regulates the transcript levels of heavy metal chelators and antioxidative enzymes differently in a time- and organ-specific manner under Hg stress. Taken together, our study elucidates the positive functional roles of exogenous Cys in the Hg uptake and tolerance mechanisms of Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ok Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yeon-Ok Kim, ;
| | - Yonghyun Gwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jangho Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Jangho Kim,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mei L, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Zhou X, Zhong Z, Li H, Li Y, Li X, Daud MK, Chen J, Zhu S. Mercury-Induced Phytotoxicity and Responses in Upland Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) Seedlings. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081494. [PMID: 34451539 PMCID: PMC8398479 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cotton is a potential and excellent candidate to balance both agricultural production and remediation of mercury-contained soil, as its main production fiber hardly involves into food chains. However, in cotton, there is known rarely about the tolerance and response to mercury (Hg) environments. In this study, the biochemical and physiological damages, in response to Hg concentrations (0, 1, 10, 50 and 100 µM), were investigated in upland cotton seedlings. The results on germination of cottonseeds indicated the germination rates were suppressed by high Hg levels, as the decrease of percentage was more than 10% at 1000 µM Hg. Shoots and roots' growth were significantly inhibited over 10 µM Hg. The inhibitor rates (IR) in fresh weight were close in values between shoots and roots, whereas those in dry weight the root growth were more obviously influenced by Hg. In comparison of organs, the growth inhibition ranked as root > leaf > stem. The declining of translocation factor (TF) opposed the Hg level as even low to 0.05 at 50 µM Hg. The assimilation in terms of photosynthesis, of cotton plants, was affected negatively by Hg, as evidenced from the performances on pigments (chlorophyll a and b) and gas exchange (Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), CO2 assimilation rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs)). Sick phenotypes on leaf surface included small white zone, shrinking and necrosis. Membrane lipid peroxidation and leakage were Hg dose-dependent as indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative conductivity (RC) values in leaves and roots. More than 10 µM Hg damaged antioxidant enzyme system in both leaves and roots (p < 0.05). Concludingly, 10 µM Hg post negative consequences to upland cotton plants in growth, physiology and biochemistry, whereas high phytotoxicity and damage appeared at more than 50 µM Hg concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mei
- Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
- Enshi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi 445000, China
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yueyi Zhu
- Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- The Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Xiujuan Zhou
- Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhentao Zhong
- Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Huazu Li
- Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Yingjun Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaohu Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Khan Daud
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan;
| | - Jinhong Chen
- Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Shuijin Zhu
- Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (S.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anisimov A. Gradient NMR Method for Studies of Water Translational Diffusion in Plants. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:487. [PMID: 34209873 PMCID: PMC8305253 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review of a retrospective nature shows the stages of development of the spin-echo NMR method with constant and pulsed gradient of the magnetic field (gradient NMR) for the study of water diffusion in plant roots. The history of the initial use of gradient NMR for plants, in which it was not possible to experimentally confirm the bound state of water in cells, is described. The work presents the main ideas on which the technology of measuring diffusion by the spin-echo NMR method is built. Special attention is paid to the manifestations and record of the restricted diffusion phenomenon, permeability of membranes, along with the finite formulae used in real experiments. As examples, it gives the non-trivial results of studies of water transfer in roots through the symplastic system, from cell to cell through intercellular contacts with plasmodesmata, through aquaporins, transfer under the influence of changes in external pressure, and the composition of the gas atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Anisimov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vats S, Sudhakaran S, Bhardwaj A, Mandlik R, Sharma Y, Kumar S, Tripathi DK, Sonah H, Sharma TR, Deshmukh R. Targeting aquaporins to alleviate hazardous metal(loid)s imposed stress in plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124910. [PMID: 33453583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of hazardous metal(loid)s adversely affects plants and imposes a threat to the entire food chain. Here, the role of aquaporins (AQPs) providing tolerance against hazardous metal(loid)s in plants is discussed to provide a perspective on the present understanding, knowledge gaps, and opportunities. Plants adopt complex molecular and physiological mechanisms for better tolerance, adaptability, and survival under metal(loid)s stress. Water conservation in plants is one such primary strategies regulated by AQPs, a family of channel-forming proteins facilitating the transport of water and many other solutes. The strategy is more evident with reports suggesting differential expression of AQPs adopted by plants to cope with the heavy metal stress. In this regard, numerous studies showing enhanced tolerance against hazardous elements in plants due to AQPs activity are discussed. Consequently, present understanding of various aspects of AQPs, such as tertiary-structure, transport activity, solute-specificity, differential expression, gating mechanism, and subcellular localization, are reviewed. Similarly, various tools and techniques are discussed in detail aiming at efficient utilization of resources and knowledge to combat metal(loid)s stress. The scope of AQP transgenesis focusing on heavy metal stresses is also highlighted. The information provided here will be helpful to design efficient strategies for the development of metal(loid)s stress-tolerant crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanskriti Vats
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sreeja Sudhakaran
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anupriya Bhardwaj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Division of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo P, Du H, Wang D, Ma M. Effects of mercury stress on methylmercury production in rice rhizosphere, methylmercury uptake in rice and physiological changes of leaves. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142682. [PMID: 33572042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) in rice is presumed to be derived from MeHg formed in the soil, although it is still controversial. Moderate soil mercury (Hg) concentration can affect the diversity of soil microorganisms and may also impact the physiological changes and MeHg absorption of rice. In this study, the pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of Hg concentration gradients (0, 0.3, 3, and 30 mg kg-1) stress on Hg transformation in the rhizosphere, Hg translocation in rice, and physiological changes in rice leaves during the whole rice growing season. Moderate soil Hg concentration (3 mg kg-1) greatly increased the MeHg/THg (1.69%) of rhizosphere, while 30 mg kg-1 soil Hg concentration sharply reduced the MeHg/THg (0.29%) of rhizosphere. Highest MeHg/THg of the four groups all appeared at the blooming or filling stage. There was a significant positive correlation between Fe2+ in rhizosphere and MeHg/THg, but no significant correlation between SO42- and MeHg/THg was observed. Although the 3 mg kg-1 soil Hg concentration significantly enhanced MeHg concentrations in seeds, it considerably reduced the bioaccumulation factors of MeHg in roots, stalks, old leaves and young leaves. Soil Hg concentration of 30 mg kg-1, to a certain extent, curtailed MeHg concentrations in seeds, while MeHg concentrations in the husk were significantly increased. Consistent with the result that there was no significant difference for THg concentrations in old and young leaves among the four Hg treatment groups, the content of chlorophyll, H2O2, malondialdehyde and antioxidant substances, and the activities of antioxidant enzyme in old and young leaves varied indistinctly among groups. MAIN FINDING: Moderate soil mercury concentration (3 mg kg-1) could extremely enhance MeHg production in the rhizosphere soil and its accumulation in rice; MeHg production in the rhizosphere soil increased greatly at the blooming or filling stage, whereas little effect on antioxidant systems in leaves was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongxia Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dingyong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ming Ma
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rehman AU, Nazir S, Irshad R, Tahir K, ur Rehman K, Islam RU, Wahab Z. Toxicity of heavy metals in plants and animals and their uptake by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
10
|
Azizi I, Esmaielpour B, Fatemi H. Effect of foliar application of selenium on morphological and physiological indices of savory ( Satureja hortensis) under cadmium stress. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:6539-6549. [PMID: 33312538 PMCID: PMC7723215 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a heavy metal that pollutes the environment and affects plants physiologically and morphologically. Selenium is considered as a beneficial element, with effective roles in increasing plant tolerance to environmental stresses. A greenhouse factorial pot experiment was conducted to study the impact of selenium on traits of Savory plants under Cd stress. Experimental factors included soil contamination with cadmium (0, 75, 100, and 150 μM) and foliar spraying of selenium (0, 10, 20, and 40 μM of Sodium Selenate). Biomass, photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline, total soluble solids, cell membrane leakage, relative water content of leaves antioxidant enzymes, and Cd and Zn concentration in shoot and root were recorded. Results revealed that Cd stress decreased vegetative growth criteria, photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid almost, 55%, 57%, 57%, and 68%, respectively, while poline, cell membrane leakage, peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) antioxidant enzymes were increased with increasing Cd concentrations. Foliar spray of selenium reduced the toxic effects of Cd stress on savory plants via enhancing of proline content and stimulation of CAT and POD enzymes and limitation of cell membrane leakage. Also, selenium foliar spray improved chlorophyll content under Cd stress condition and decreased cadmium accumulation 29% in root, respectively. In general, these results suggest that foliar application of selenium could mitigate Cd toxicity and improve growth and antioxidant capacity of savory under different level of cadmium heavy metal stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Azizi
- Department of HorticultureUniversity of Mohaghegh ArdabiliArdabilIran
| | | | - Hamideh Fatemi
- Department of HorticultureUniversity of Mohaghegh ArdabiliArdabilIran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Glutathione Restores Hg-Induced Morpho-Physiological Retardations by Inducing Phytochelatin and Oxidative Defense in Alfalfa. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110364. [PMID: 33126453 PMCID: PMC7693861 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary An ecofriendly approach to mitigate mercury (Hg) toxicity in alfalfa, one of the important forage crops, is highly desirable for environmental sustainability. In this study, the exogenous glutathione (GSH) substantially improved the morphological hindrance and photosynthesis inefficiency in Hg-exposed alfalfa plants. In addition, the Fe and S status of Cd-toxic alfalfa was restored due to GSH supplementation. Interestingly, GSH applied to Hg-exposed plants showed elevated Hg concentration in roots resulted in a substantial deposition of Hg in the root cell wall due to the upregulation of MsPCS1 and MsGSH1 genes in roots. It implies that GSH induces PC accumulation in roots enabling excess Hg bound to the cell wall, thereby limiting the transport of Hg to the aerial part of alfalfa. In silico analysis further suggests a conserved motif linked to the phytochelatin synthase domain (CL0125). In addition, GSH induced the GSH concentration and GR activity in protecting alfalfa plants from Hg-induced oxidative damage. These findings can be useful to formulate GSH-based fertilizer or to develop Hg-tolerant alfalfa plants. Abstract Mercury (Hg) is toxic to plants, but the effect of glutathione in Hg alleviation was never studied in alfalfa, an important forage crop. In this study, Hg toxicity showed morphological retardation, chlorophyll reduction, and PSII inefficiency, which was restored due to GSH supplementation in alfalfa plants treated with Hg. Results showed a significant increase of Hg, but Fe and S concentrations substantially decreased in root and shoot accompanied by the downregulation of Fe (MsIRT1) and S (MsSultr1;2 and MsSultr1;3) transporters in roots of Hg-toxic alfalfa. However, GSH caused a significant decrease of Hg in the shoot, while the root Hg level substantially increased, accompanied by the restoration of Fe and S status, relative to Hg-stressed alfalfa. The subcellular analysis showed a substantial deposition of Hg in the root cell wall accompanied by the increased GSH and PC and the upregulation of MsPCS1 and MsGSH1 genes in roots. It suggests the involvement of GSH in triggering PC accumulation, causing excess Hg bound to the cell wall of the root, thereby reducing Hg translocation in alfalfa. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the MsPCS1 protein demonstrated one common conserved motif linked to the phytochelatin synthase domain (CL0125) with MtPCS1 and AtMCS1 homologs. These in silico analysis further confirmed the detoxification role of MsPCS1 induced by GSH in Hg-toxic alfalfa. Additionally, GSH induces GSH and GR activity to counteract oxidative injuries provoked by Hg-induced H2O2 and lipid peroxidation. These findings may provide valuable knowledge to popularize GSH-derived fertilizer or to develop Hg-free alfalfa or other forage plants.
Collapse
|
12
|
Naharro R, Esbrí JM, Amorós JA, Higueras PL. Experimental assessment of the daily exchange of atmospheric mercury in Epipremnum aureum. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3185-3198. [PMID: 32303945 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) exchange at the plant leaf-atmosphere interface is an important issue when considering vegetation as a sink or source of this global pollutant. The aim of the study described here was to clarify this process by studying Hg exchange under laboratory conditions with a plant model, namely Epipremnum aureum. The desorption and absorption processes were studied under similar conditions in natural daylight. Hg exchange was measured at the foliar surface, and micrometeorological parameters and stomatal conductance were assessed. The results of the Hg exchange study showed different rhythms for the two processes, i.e. desorption (14-196 ng m-2 day-1) was slower than absorption (170-1341 ng m-2 day-1). The daily cycle was more complex in the desorption process, with a maximum when stomatal conductance was high but also with high values during nocturnal hours and a trend to absorption in the mornings. The daily absorption cycles were relatively simple, with values that coincided with positive stomatal conductance values and null values during nocturnal hours. The main factors involved in desorption were stomatal conductance and temperature, but other factors may need to be considered. The absorption process only involved total gaseous Hg, stomatal conductance and relative humidity. A net balance of the two experiments provided data on the amount of Hg transferred per unit leaf area (167 ng m-2 for desorption and 9213 ng m-2 for absorption), which implies total amounts of 23 ng of Hg desorbed and 1280 ng absorbed during the whole experiment. Finally, the reversible/non-reversible nature of the Hg exchange process must be reconsidered bearing in mind that Hg within the leaf can be emitted if changes in ambient conditions are appropriate to favour this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Naharro
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén (EIMIA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza Manuel Meca, 1, 13400, Almadén, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José María Esbrí
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén (EIMIA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza Manuel Meca, 1, 13400, Almadén, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José Angel Amorós
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo L Higueras
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén (EIMIA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza Manuel Meca, 1, 13400, Almadén, Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sivasakthi K, Tharanya M, Zaman-Allah M, Kholová J, Thirunalasundari T, Vadez V. Transpiration difference under high evaporative demand in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) may be explained by differences in the water transport pathway in the root cylinder. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:769-780. [PMID: 32558986 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Terminal drought substantially reduces chickpea yield. Reducing water use at vegetative stage by reducing transpiration under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), i.e. under dry/hot conditions, contributes to drought adaptation. We hypothesized that this trait could relate to differences in a genotype's dependence on root water transport pathways and hydraulics. Transpiration rate responses in conservative and profligate chickpea genotypes were evaluated under increasing VPD in the presence/absence of apoplastic and cell-to-cell transport inhibitors. Conservative genotypes ICC 4958 and ICC 8058 restricted transpiration under high VPD compared to the profligate genotypes ICC 14799 and ICC 867. Profligate genotypes were more affected by aquaporin inhibition of the cell-to-cell pathway than conservative genotypes, as measured by the root hydraulic conductance and transpiration under high VPD. Aquaporin inhibitor treatment also led to a larger reduction in root hydraulic conductivity in profligate than in conservative genotypes. In contrast, blockage of the apoplastic pathway in roots decreased transpiration more in conservative than in profligate genotypes. Interestingly, conservative genotypes had high early vigour, whereas profligate genotypes had low early vigour. In conclusion, profligate genotypes depend more on the cell-to-cell pathway, which might explain their higher root hydraulic conductivity, whereas water-saving by restricting transpiration led to higher dependence on the apoplastic pathway. This opens the possibility to screen for conservative or profligate chickpea phenotypes using inhibitors, itself opening to the search of the genetic basis of these differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sivasakthi
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - M Tharanya
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - M Zaman-Allah
- International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT), Mount Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - J Kholová
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - T Thirunalasundari
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - V Vadez
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
- IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement) - Univ. Montpellier - UMR DIADE, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Singh S, Kumar V. Mercury detoxification by absorption, mercuric ion reductase, and exopolysaccharides: a comprehensive study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27181-27201. [PMID: 31001776 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04974-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg), the environmental toxicant, is present in the soil, water, and air as it is substantially distributed throughout the environment. Being extremely toxic even at low concentration, its remediation is utterly important. Therefore, it is necessary to detoxify the contaminant within the acceptable limits before threatening the environment. Although various conventional methods are being used, irrespective of high cost, it produces intermediate toxic by-product too. Biological methods are eco-friendly, clean, greener, and safer for the remediation of heavy metals corresponding to the conventional remediation due to their economic and high-tech constraints. Bioremediation is now being used for Hg (II) removal, which involves biosorption and bioaccumulation mechanisms or both, also mercuric ion reductase, exopolysaccharide play significant role in detoxification of mercury by acting a potential instrument for the remediation of heavy metals. In this review paper, we shed light on problems caused by mercury pollution, mercury cycle, and its global scenario and detoxification approaches by biological methods and result found in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826 004, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826 004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rahman A, Kawamura Y, Maeshima M, Rahman A, Uemura M. Plasma Membrane Aquaporin Members PIPs Act in Concert to Regulate Cold Acclimation and Freezing Tolerance Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:787-802. [PMID: 31999343 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins play a major role in plant water uptake at both optimal and environmentally stressed conditions. However, the functional specificity of aquaporins under cold remains obscure. To get a better insight to the role of aquaporins in cold acclimation and freezing tolerance, we took an integrated approach of physiology, transcript profiling and cell biology in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cold acclimation resulted in specific upregulation of PIP1;4 and PIP2;5 aquaporin (plasma membrane intrinsic proteins) expression, and immunoblotting analysis confirmed the increase in amount of PIP2;5 protein and total amount of PIPs during cold acclimation, suggesting that PIP2;5 plays a major role in tackling the cold milieu. Although single mutants of pip1;4 and pip2;5 or their double mutant showed no phenotypic changes in freezing tolerance, they were more sensitive in root elongation and cell survival response under freezing stress conditions compared with the wild type. Consistently, a single mutation in either PIP1;4 or PIP2;5 altered the expression of a number of aquaporins both at the transcriptional and translational levels. Collectively, our results suggest that aquaporin members including PIP1;4 and PIP2;5 function in concert to regulate cold acclimation and freezing tolerance responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arifa Rahman
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan
| | - Yukio Kawamura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Maeshima
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501 Japan
| | - Abidur Rahman
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan
- Agri-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Okereafor U, Makhatha M, Mekuto L, Uche-Okereafor N, Sebola T, Mavumengwana V. Toxic Metal Implications on Agricultural Soils, Plants, Animals, Aquatic life and Human Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072204. [PMID: 32218329 PMCID: PMC7178168 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The problem of environmental pollution is a global concern as it affects the entire ecosystem. There is a cyclic revolution of pollutants from industrial waste or anthropogenic sources into the environment, farmlands, plants, livestock and subsequently humans through the food chain. Most of the toxic metal cases in Africa and other developing nations are a result of industrialization coupled with poor effluent disposal and management. Due to widespread mining activities in South Africa, pollution is a common site with devastating consequences on the health of animals and humans likewise. In recent years, talks on toxic metal pollution had taken center stage in most scientific symposiums as a serious health concern. Very high levels of toxic metals have been reported in most parts of South African soils, plants, animals and water bodies due to pollution. Toxic metals such as Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Aluminium (Al), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Arsenic (As) are major mining effluents from tailings which contaminate both the surface and underground water, soil and food, thus affecting biological function, endocrine systems and growth. Environmental toxicity in livestock is traceable to pesticides, agrochemicals and toxic metals. In this review, concerted efforts were made to condense the information contained in literature regarding toxic metal pollution and its implications in soil, water, plants, animals, marine life and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna Okereafor
- Department of Metallurgy, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-7475-16904
| | - Mamookho Makhatha
- Department of Metallurgy, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
| | - Lukhanyo Mekuto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
| | - Nkemdinma Uche-Okereafor
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; (N.U.-O.); (T.S.)
| | - Tendani Sebola
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; (N.U.-O.); (T.S.)
| | - Vuyo Mavumengwana
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hoai PTT, Tyerman SD, Schnell N, Tucker M, McGaughey SA, Qiu J, Groszmann M, Byrt CS. Deciphering aquaporin regulation and roles in seed biology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1763-1773. [PMID: 32109278 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are the typical dispersal and propagation units of angiosperms and gymnosperms. Water movement into and out of seeds plays a crucial role from the point of fertilization through to imbibition and seed germination. A class of membrane intrinsic proteins called aquaporins (AQPs) assist with the movement of water and other solutes within seeds. These highly diverse and abundant proteins are associated with different processes in the development, longevity, imbibition, and germination of seed. However, there are many AQPs encoded in a plant's genome and it is not yet clear how, when, or which AQPs are involved in critical stages of seed biology. Here we review the literature to examine the evidence for AQP involvement in seeds and analyse Arabidopsis seed-related transcriptomic data to assess which AQPs are likely to be important in seed water relations and explore additional roles for AQPs in seed biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phan T T Hoai
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Tay Nguyen University, Dak Lak, Viet Nam
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Nicholas Schnell
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Matthew Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Samantha A McGaughey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Jiaen Qiu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Michael Groszmann
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Caitlin S Byrt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gupta N, Yadav KK, Kumar V, Kumar S, Chadd RP, Kumar A. Trace elements in soil-vegetables interface: Translocation, bioaccumulation, toxicity and amelioration - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2927-2942. [PMID: 30463144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of soil and vegetables with trace elements is one of the most severe ecological problems in developing industrialized countries. Trace elements are released into the environment from natural and anthropogenic activities and accumulated in soil and vegetables through various pathways which ultimately affects the human health. The present review aimed at 1) discussing the anthropogenic sources in detail, 2) describing the bioaccumulation, absorption, and transportation of trace elements, 3) exploring the options to reduce the health risk due to consumption of contaminated vegetables, 4) identifying the research and policy gaps related to soil and vegetables contamination with trace elements. Besides these objectives, the present review also detailed the several factors which affect the rate of accumulation, toxicity mechanism, and effects of trace elements on vegetables and humans. Various toxicity indices for health risk assessment have also been described. It is suggested to evaluate the trace metals concentration in irrigation water and soil prior to plant the vegetable to minimize the possible contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi 284128, India.
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi 284128, India
| | - Vinit Kumar
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi 284128, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Richard P Chadd
- Environment Agency of England, Stepping Stone Walk, Winfrey Avenue, Spalding, Lincolnshire PE11 1DA, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Botany, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gitto A, Fricke W. Zinc treatment of hydroponically grown barley plants causes a reduction in root and cell hydraulic conductivity and isoform-dependent decrease in aquaporin gene expression. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:176-190. [PMID: 29381217 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Gitto
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Republic of Ireland
| | - Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Republic of Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tharanya M, Sivasakthi K, Barzana G, Kholová J, Thirunalasundari T, Vadez V. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) contrasting for the transpiration response to vapour pressure deficit also differ in their dependence on the symplastic and apoplastic water transport pathways. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:719-736. [PMID: 32291047 DOI: 10.1071/fp17161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genotypic differences in transpiration rate responses to high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was earlier reported. Here we tested the hypothesis that this limitation could relate to different degrees of dependence on the apoplastic (spaces between cells), and symplastic water transport pathways (through cells via aquaporin-facilitated transport), which are known to have different hydraulic conductivities. The low transpiration rate (Tr) genotype PRLT 2/89/33 either restricted its transpiration under high VPD, or was more sensitive to VPD than H77/833-2, when grown hydroponically or in soil. The slope of the transpiration response to an ascending series of VPD was lower in whole plants than in de-rooted shoots. In addition, the transpiration response of detached leaves to moderately high VPD (2.67kPa), normalised against leaves exposed to constant VPD (1.27kPa), was similar in low and high Tr genotypes. This suggested that roots hydraulics were a substantial limitation to water flow in pearl millet, especially under high VPD. The dependence on the apoplastic and symplastic water transport pathways was investigated by assessing the transpiration response of plants treated with inhibitors specific to the AQP-mediated symplastic pathway (AgNO3 and H2O2) and to the apoplastic pathway (precipitates of Cu(Fe(CN)6) or Cu(CuFe(CN)6)). When CuSO4 alone was used, Cu ions caused an inhibition of transpiration in both genotypes and more so in H77/833-2. The transpiration of high Tr H77/833-2 was decreased more by AQP inhibitors under low VPD (1.8kPa) than in PRLT 2/89/33, whereas under high VPD (4.2kPa), the transpiration of PRLT 2/89/33 was decreased more by AQP inhibitors than in H77/833-2. The transpiration rate of detached leaves from H77/833-2 when treated with AgNO3 decreased more than in PRLT 2/89/33. Although the root hydraulic conductivity of both genotypes was similar, it decreased more upon the application of a symplastic inhibitor in H77/833-2. The transpiration of low Tr PRLT 2/89/33 was decreased more by apoplastic inhibitors under both low and high VPD. Then the hydraulic conductivity decreased more upon the application of an apoplastic inhibitor in PRLT 2/89/33. In conclusion, both pathways contributed to water transport, and their contribution varied with environmental conditions and genotypes. Roots were a main source of hydraulic limitation in these genotypes of pearl millet, although a leaf limitation was not excluded. The similarity between genotypes in root hydraulic conductivity under normal conditions also suggests changes in this conductivity upon changes in the evaporative demand. The low Tr genotype depended more on the apoplastic pathway for water transport, whereas the high Tr genotype depended on both pathway, may be by 'tuning-up' the symplastic pathway under high transpiration demand, very likely via the involvement of aquaporins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Tharanya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Crop Physiology Laboratory, Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Kaliamoorthy Sivasakthi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Crop Physiology Laboratory, Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Gloria Barzana
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Crop Physiology Laboratory, Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Jana Kholová
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Crop Physiology Laboratory, Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
| | | | - Vincent Vadez
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Crop Physiology Laboratory, Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tiwari S, Lata C. Heavy Metal Stress, Signaling, and Tolerance Due to Plant-Associated Microbes: An Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:452. [PMID: 29681916 PMCID: PMC5897519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Several anthropogenic activities including mining, modern agricultural practices, and industrialization have long-term detrimental effect on our environment. All these factors lead to increase in heavy metal concentration in soil, water, and air. Soil contamination with heavy metals cause several environmental problems and imparts toxic effect on plant as well as animals. In response to these adverse conditions, plants evolve complex molecular and physiological mechanisms for better adaptability, tolerance, and survival. Nowadays conventional breeding and transgenic technology are being used for development of metal stress resistant varieties which, however, are time consuming and labor intensive. Interestingly the use of microbes as an alternate technology for improving metal tolerance of plants is gaining momentum recently. The use of these beneficial microorganisms is considered as one of the most promising methods for safe crop-management practices. Interaction of plants with soil microorganisms can play a vital role in acclimatizing plants to metalliferous environments, and can thus be explored to improve microbe-assisted metal tolerance. Plant-associated microbes decrease metal accumulation in plant tissues and also help to reduce metal bioavailability in soil through various mechanisms. Nowadays, a novel phytobacterial strategy, i.e., genetically transformed bacteria has been used to increase remediation of heavy metals and stress tolerance in plants. This review takes into account our current state of knowledge of the harmful effects of heavy metal stress, the signaling responses to metal stress, and the role of plant-associated microbes in metal stress tolerance. The review also highlights the challenges and opportunities in this continued area of research on plant-microbe-metal interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charu Lata
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sharma V, Pant D. Structural basis for expanding the application of bioligand in metal bioremediation: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 252:188-197. [PMID: 29307506 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioligands (BL) present in plant and microbes are primarily responsible for their use in metal decontamination. Both primary (proteins and amino acid) and secondary (proliferated) response in the form of BL is possible in plants and microbes toward metal bioremediation. Structure of these BL have specific requirement for preferential binding towards a particular metal in biomass. The aim of this review is to explore various templates from BL (as metal host) for the metal detoxification/decontamination and associated bioremediation. Mechanistic explanation for bioremediation may involve the various processes like: (i) electron transfer; (ii) translocation; and (iii) coordination number variation. HSAB (hard and soft acid and base) concept can act as guiding principle for many such processes. It is possible to investigate various structural homolog of BL (similar to secondary response in living stage) for the possible improvement in bioremediation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virbala Sharma
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh 176215, India
| | - Deepak Pant
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh 176215, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Paudel I, Cohen S, Shlizerman L, Jaiswal AK, Shaviv A, Sadka A. Reductions in root hydraulic conductivity in response to clay soil and treated waste water are related to PIPs down-regulation in Citrus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15429. [PMID: 29133958 PMCID: PMC5684345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus hydraulic physiology and PIP transcript levels were characterized in heavy (clay) and light (sandy loam) soils with and without treated waste water (TWW) irrigation after a summer irrigation season and at the end of a winter rainy season recovery period. Consistent reductions in clay soils compared to sandy loam were found for fresh water (FW) and TWW irrigation, respectively, in root water uptake, as well as in hydraulic conductivity of whole plant (Ks plant), stem (Ks stem) and root (Ks root). Transcript levels of most PIPs down-regulated following TWW irrigation in both soils, but relative gene expression of three PIPs was significantly higher in summer for sandy soil and FW than for clay soil and TWW; their mRNA levels was significantly correlated to Ks root. A pot experiment, which compared short term influences of saline and TWW found that both treatments, compared to FW, reduced root water uptake and PIPs mRNA levels by 2-fold after 20 days, and the decreases continued with time until the end of the experiment. These latter data indicated that salinity had an important influence. Our results suggest that plant hydraulic adjustment to soil texture and water quality occurs rapidly, i.e. within days, and is modulated by PIPs expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indira Paudel
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 5025001, Israel
- Department of Soil and Water, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Food Agriculture and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shabtai Cohen
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 5025001, Israel
| | - Lyudmila Shlizerman
- Department of Fruit Trees Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 5025001, Israel
| | - Amit K Jaiswal
- Department of Soil and Water, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Food Agriculture and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Institute of Plant Protection, ARO Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 5025001, Israel
| | - Avi Shaviv
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Avi Sadka
- Department of Fruit Trees Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 5025001, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sivasakthi K, Tharanya M, Kholová J, Wangari Muriuki R, Thirunalasundari T, Vadez V. Chickpea Genotypes Contrasting for Vigor and Canopy Conductance Also Differ in Their Dependence on Different Water Transport Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1663. [PMID: 29085377 PMCID: PMC5649140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lower plant transpiration rate (TR) under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) conditions and early plant vigor are proposed as major traits influencing the rate of crop water use and possibly the fitness of chickpea lines to specific terminal drought conditions-this being the major constraint limiting chickpea productivity. The physiological mechanisms underlying difference in TR under high VPD and vigor are still unresolved, and so is the link between vigor and TR. Lower TR is hypothesized to relate to hydraulic conductance differences. Experiments were conducted in both soil (Vertisol) and hydroponic culture. The assessment of the TR response to increasing VPD showed that high vigor genotypes had TR restriction under high VPD, and this was confirmed in the early vigor parent and progeny genotype (ICC 4958 and RIL 211) having lower TR than the late vigor parent and progeny genotype (ICC 1882 and RIL 022). Inhibition of water transport pathways [apoplast and symplast (aquaporins)] in intact plants led to a lower transpiration inhibition in the early vigor/low TR genotypes than in the late vigor/high TR genotypes. De-rooted shoot treatment with an aquaporin inhibitor led to a lower transpiration inhibition in the early vigor/low TR genotypes than in the late vigor/high TR genotypes. Early vigor genotypes had lower root hydraulic conductivity than late vigor/high TR genotypes. Under inhibited conditions (apoplast, symplast), root hydraulic conductivity was reduced more in the late vigor/high TR genotypes than in the early vigor/low TR genotypes. We interpret that early vigor/low TR genotypes have a lower involvement of aquaporins in water transport pathways and may also have a smaller apoplastic pathway than high TR genotypes, which could explain the transpiration restriction under high VPD and would be helpful to conserve soil water under high evaporative demand. These findings open an opportunity for breeding to tailor genotypes with different "dosage" of these traits toward adaptation to varying drought-prone environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaliamoorthy Sivasakthi
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Pantancheru, India
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Murugesan Tharanya
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Pantancheru, India
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Jana Kholová
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Pantancheru, India
| | | | | | - Vincent Vadez
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Pantancheru, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang C, Wang J, Wang X, Xia Y, Chen C, Shen Z, Chen Y. Proteomic analysis on roots of Oenothera glazioviana under copper-stress conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10589. [PMID: 28878286 PMCID: PMC5587583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomic studies were performed to identify proteins involved in the response of Oenothera glazioviana seedlings under Cu stress. Exposure of 28-d-old seedlings to 50 μM CuSO4 for 3 d led to inhibition of shoot and root growth as well as a considerable increase in the level of lipid peroxidation in the roots. Cu absorbed by O. glazioviana accumulated more easily in the root than in the shoot. Label-free proteomic analysis indicated 58 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) of the total 3,149 proteins in the roots of O. glazioviana seedlings, of which 36 were upregulated and 22 were downregulated under Cu stress conditions. Gene Ontology analysis showed that most of the identified proteins could be annotated to signal transduction, detoxification, stress defence, carbohydrate, energy, and protein metabolism, development, and oxidoreduction. We also retrieved 13 proteins from the enriched Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes and the protein-protein interaction databases related to various pathways, including the citric acid (CA) cycle. Application of exogenous CA to O. glazioviana seedlings exposed to Cu alleviated the stress symptoms. Overall, this study provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of plant response to Cu at the protein level in relation to soil properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Rural Land Resources Use and Consolidation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Rural Land Resources Use and Consolidation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Rural Land Resources Use and Consolidation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Rural Land Resources Use and Consolidation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Rural Land Resources Use and Consolidation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Rural Land Resources Use and Consolidation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Rural Land Resources Use and Consolidation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Taghizadeh SF, Davarynejad G, Asili J, Nemati SH, Rezaee R, Goumenou M, Tsatsakis AM, Karimi G. Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of five pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars collected from different geographical sites of Iran. Food Chem Toxicol 2017. [PMID: 28647516 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pistachio is an important horticultural product and Iran is considered as a main pistachio producing country. Assessment of heavy metals in this export fruit is crucial for protecting public health against toxic heavy metals. The concentration of selected heavy metals in soil, water and five pistachio cultivars from four geographical regions of Iran were measured. Although none of the elements were detected in water irrigation, infield metal content in the soil had good correlation with that of pistachio. The highest amounts of Al, As, Co, Ni and Se were reported in samples collected from Sarakhs, Iran. Considering both cultivar and region effects on selected heavy metals concentration, Kaleghoochi cultivar from Sarakhs site showed the highest amount of Al, As, Ni and Se. The maximum concentration of Hg was found in Akbari cultivar collected from Damghan. In the Akbari and the Ahmad aghaei cultivars collected from Sarakhs and Damghan cultivation zones, respectively, the highest amount of Co were observed. Based on our results, the HI value for the consumers of Iranian pistachio was 0.066. It seems that the levels of heavy metals in these pistachio samples pose no risk to consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Davarynejad
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Asili
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Nemati
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Meng D, Fricke W. Changes in root hydraulic conductivity facilitate the overall hydraulic response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to salt and osmotic stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 113:64-77. [PMID: 28189051 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to assess the significance of changes in root AQP gene expression and hydraulic conductivity (Lp) in the regulation of water balance in two hydroponically-grown rice cultivars (Azucena, Bala) which differ in root morphology, stomatal regulation and aquaporin (AQP) isoform expression. Plants were exposed to NaCl (25 mM, 50 mM) and osmotic stress (5%, 10% PEG6000). Root Lp was determined for exuding root systems (osmotic forces driving water uptake; 'exudation Lp') and transpiring plants (hydrostatic forces dominating; 'transpiration-Lp'). Gene expression was analysed by qPCR. Stress treatments caused a consistent and significant decrease in plant growth, transpirational water loss, stomatal conductance, shoot-to-root surface area ratio and root Lp. Comparison of exudation-with transpiration-Lp supported a significant contribution of AQP-facilitated water flow to root water uptake. Changes in root Lp in response to treatments were correlated much stronger with root morphological characteristics, such as the number of main and lateral roots, surface area ratio of root to shoot and plant transpiration rate than with AQP gene expression. Changes in root Lp, involving AQP function, form an integral part of the plant hydraulic response to stress and facilitate changes in the root-to-shoot surface area ratio, transpiration and stomatal conductance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delong Meng
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
| | - Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci governing mercury accumulation in maize. Sci Rep 2017; 7:247. [PMID: 28325924 PMCID: PMC5427852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the rapid development of urbanisation and industrialisation, heavy metal pollution has become a widespread environmental problem. Maize planted on mercury (Hg)-polluted soil can absorb and accumulate Hg in its edible parts, posing a potential threat to human health. To understand the genetic mechanism of Hg accumulation in maize, we performed a genome-wide association study using a mixed linear model on an association population consisting of 230 maize inbred lines with abundant genetic variation. The order of relative Hg concentrations in different maize tissues was as follows: leaves > bracts > stems > axes > kernels. Combined two locations, a total of 37 significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with kernels, 12 with axes, 13 with stems, 27 with bracts and 23 with leaves were detected with p < 0.0001. Each significant SNP was calculated and the SNPs significant associated with kernels, axes, stems, bracts and leaves explained 6.96%–10.56%, 7.19%–15.87%, 7.11%–10.19%, 7.16%–8.71% and 6.91%–9.17% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. Among the significant SNPs, nine co-localised with previously detected quantitative trait loci. This study will aid in the selection of Hg-accumulation inbred lines that satisfy the needs for pollution-safe cultivars and maintaining maize production.
Collapse
|
29
|
Song J, Ye G, Qian Z, Ye Q. Virus-induced plasma membrane aquaporin PsPIP2;1 silencing inhibits plant water transport of Pisum sativum. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2016; 57:15. [PMID: 28597425 PMCID: PMC5430582 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-016-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporins (AQPs) are known to facilitate water transport across cell membranes, but the role of a single AQP in regulating plant water transport, particularly in plants other than Arabidopsis remains largely unexplored. In the present study, a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique was employed to suppress the expression of a specific plasma membrane aquaporin PsPIP2;1 of Pea plants (Pisum sativum), and subsequent effects of the gene suppression on root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr), leaf hydraulic conductivity (K leaf ), root cell hydraulic conductivity (Lprc), and leaf cell hydraulic conductivity (Lplc) were investigated, using hydroponically grown Pea plants. RESULTS Compared with control plants, VIGS-PsPIP2;1 plants displayed a significant suppression of PsPIP2;1 in both roots and leaves, while the expression of other four PIP isoforms (PsPIP1;1, PsPIP1;2, PsPIP2;2, and PsPIP2;3) that were simultaneously monitored were not altered. As a consequence, significant declines in water transport of VIGS-PsPIP2;1 plants were observed at both organ and cell levels, i.e., as compared to control plants, Lpr and K leaf were reduced by 29 %, and Lprc and Lplc were reduced by 20 and 29 %, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that PsPIP2;1 alone contributes substantially to root and leaf water transport in Pea plants, and highlight VIGS a useful tool for investigating the role of a single AQP in regulating plant water transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650 Guangdong China
| | - Guoliang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zhengjiang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650 Guangdong China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sutka MR, Manzur ME, Vitali VA, Micheletto S, Amodeo G. Evidence for the involvement of hydraulic root or shoot adjustments as mechanisms underlying water deficit tolerance in two Sorghum bicolor genotypes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 192:13-20. [PMID: 26803215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is an ancient drought-tolerant crop with potential to sustain high yields even in those environments where water is limiting. Understanding the performance of this species in early phenological stages could be a useful tool for future yield improvement programs. The aim of this work was to study the response of Sorghum seedlings under water deficit conditions in two genotypes (RedLandB2 and IS9530) that are currently employed in Argentina. Morphological and physiological traits were studied to present an integrated analysis of the shoot and root responses. Although both genotypes initially developed a conserved and indistinguishable response in terms of drought tolerance parameters (growth rate, biomass reallocation, etc.), water regulation displayed different underlying strategies. To avoid water loss, both genotypes adjusted their plant hydraulic resistance at different levels: RedLandB2 regulated shoot resistance through stomata (isohydric strategy), while IS9530 controlled root resistance (anisohydric strategy). Moreover, only in IS9530 was root hydraulic conductance restricted in the presence of HgCl2, in agreement with water movement through cell-to-cell pathways and aquaporins activity. The different responses between genotypes suggest a distinct strategy at the seedling stage and add new information that should be considered when evaluating Sorghum phenotypic plasticity in changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moira R Sutka
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental e Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, (C1428EGA) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Milena E Manzur
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental e Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, (C1428EGA) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria A Vitali
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental e Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, (C1428EGA) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Micheletto
- CERZOS-CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Amodeo
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental e Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, (C1428EGA) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ranganathan K, El Kayal W, Cooke JEK, Zwiazek JJ. Responses of hybrid aspen over-expressing a PIP2;5 aquaporin to low root temperature. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 192:98-104. [PMID: 26895330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins mediate the movement of water across cell membranes. Plasma membrane intrinsic protein 2;5 from Populus trichocarpa×deltoides (PtdPIP2;5) was previously demonstrated to be a functionally important water conducting aquaporin. To study the relevance of aquaporin-mediated root water transport at low temperatures, we generated transgenic Populus tremula×alba over-expressing PtdPIP2;5 under control of the maize ubiquitin promoter, and compared the physiological responses and water transport properties of the PtdPIP2;5 over-expressing lines (PtdPIP2;5ox) with wild-type plants. We hypothesized that over-expression of PtdPIP2;5 would reduce temperature sensitivity of root water transport and gas exchange. Decreasing root temperatures to 10 and 5°C significantly decreased hydraulic conductivities (Lp) in wild-type plants, but had no significant effect on Lp in PtdPIP2;5ox plants. Recovery of Lp in the transgenic lines returned to 20°C from 5°C was faster than in the wild-type plants. Low root temperature did not induce major changes in transcript levels for other PIPs. When roots were exposed to 5°C in solution culture and shoots were exposed to 20°C, wild-type plants had significantly lower net photosynthetic and transpiration rates compared to PtdPIP2;5ox plants. Taken together, our results demonstrate that over-expression of PtdPIP2;5 in P. tremula×alba was effective in alleviating the effects of low root temperature on Lp and gas exchange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kapilan Ranganathan
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Walid El Kayal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Janice E K Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Janusz J Zwiazek
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kushwaha A, Rani R, Kumar S, Gautam A. Heavy metal detoxification and tolerance mechanisms in plants: Implications for phytoremediation. ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS 2016. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1139/er-2015-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals, such as cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc, are essential in trace amounts for growth by plants and other living organisms. However, in excessive amounts these heavy metals have deleterious effects. Like other organisms, plants possess a variety of detoxification mechanisms to counter the harmful effects of heavy metals. These include the restriction of heavy metals by mycorrhizal association, binding with plant cell wall and root excretions, metal efflux from the plasma membrane, metal chelation by phytochelatins and metallothioneins, and compartmentalization within the vacuole. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants and their associated rhizospheric microorganisms to remove pollutants from contaminated sites. This technology is inexpensive, efficient, and ecofriendly. This review focuses on potential cellular and molecular adaptations by plants that are necessary to tolerate heavy metal stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Kushwaha
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyar Ganj, Allahabad
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyar Ganj, Allahabad
| | - Radha Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyar Ganj, Allahabad
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyar Ganj, Allahabad
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyar Ganj, Allahabad
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyar Ganj, Allahabad
| | - Aishvarya Gautam
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyar Ganj, Allahabad
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyar Ganj, Allahabad
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vitali V, Sutka M, Amodeo G, Chara O, Ozu M. The Water to Solute Permeability Ratio Governs the Osmotic Volume Dynamics in Beetroot Vacuoles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1388. [PMID: 27695468 PMCID: PMC5024706 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell vacuoles occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and, beyond their physiological function, are constantly subjected to water and solute exchange. The osmotic flow and vacuole volume dynamics relies on the vacuole membrane -the tonoplast- and its capacity to regulate its permeability to both water and solutes. The osmotic permeability coefficient (Pf ) is the parameter that better characterizes the water transport when submitted to an osmotic gradient. Usually, Pf determinations are made in vitro from the initial rate of volume change, when a fast (almost instantaneous) osmolality change occurs. When aquaporins are present, it is accepted that initial volume changes are only due to water movements. However, in living cells osmotic changes are not necessarily abrupt but gradually imposed. Under these conditions, water flux might not be the only relevant driving force shaping the vacuole volume response. In this study, we quantitatively investigated volume dynamics of isolated Beta vulgaris root vacuoles under progressively applied osmotic gradients at different pH, a condition that modifies the tonoplast Pf . We followed the vacuole volume changes while simultaneously determining the external osmolality time-courses and analyzing these data with mathematical modeling. Our findings indicate that vacuole volume changes, under progressively applied osmotic gradients, would not depend on the membrane elastic properties, nor on the non-osmotic volume of the vacuole, but on water and solute fluxes across the tonoplast. We found that the volume of the vacuole at the steady state is determined by the ratio of water to solute permeabilites (Pf /Ps ), which in turn is ruled by pH. The dependence of the permeability ratio on pH can be interpreted in terms of the degree of aquaporin inhibition and the consequently solute transport modulation. This is relevant in many plant organs such as root, leaves, cotyledons, or stems that perform extensive rhythmic growth movements, which very likely involve considerable cell volume changes within seconds to hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Vitali
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Moira Sutka
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Amodeo
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Chara
- System Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLYSIB) CONICET, University of La PlataLa Plata, Argentina
- Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Marcelo Ozu
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO–Houssay), Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Marcelo Ozu
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Maurel C, Boursiac Y, Luu DT, Santoni V, Shahzad Z, Verdoucq L. Aquaporins in Plants. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1321-58. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins are membrane channels that facilitate the transport of water and small neutral molecules across biological membranes of most living organisms. In plants, aquaporins occur as multiple isoforms reflecting a high diversity of cellular localizations, transport selectivity, and regulation properties. Plant aquaporins are localized in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, plastids and, in some species, in membrane compartments interacting with symbiotic organisms. Plant aquaporins can transport various physiological substrates in addition to water. Of particular relevance for plants is the transport of dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia or metalloids such as boron and silicon. Structure-function studies are developed to address the molecular and cellular mechanisms of plant aquaporin gating and subcellular trafficking. Phosphorylation plays a central role in these two processes. These mechanisms allow aquaporin regulation in response to signaling intermediates such as cytosolic pH and calcium, and reactive oxygen species. Combined genetic and physiological approaches are now integrating this knowledge, showing that aquaporins play key roles in hydraulic regulation in roots and leaves, during drought but also in response to stimuli as diverse as flooding, nutrient availability, temperature, or light. A general hydraulic control of plant tissue expansion by aquaporins is emerging, and their role in key developmental processes (seed germination, emergence of lateral roots) has been established. Plants with genetically altered aquaporin functions are now tested for their ability to improve plant tolerance to stresses. In conclusion, research on aquaporins delineates ever expanding fields in plant integrative biology thereby establishing their crucial role in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Maurel
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Boursiac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Doan-Trung Luu
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Santoni
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Zaigham Shahzad
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Verdoucq
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang ZQ, Li GZ, Gong QQ, Li GX, Zheng SJ. OsTCTP, encoding a translationally controlled tumor protein, plays an important role in mercury tolerance in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:123. [PMID: 25990386 PMCID: PMC4438481 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mercury (Hg) is not only a threat to public health but also a growth risk factor to plants, as it is readily accumulated by higher plants. Accumulation of Hg in plants disrupts many cellular-level functions and inhibits growth and development; however, the detoxification and tolerance mechanisms of plants to Hg stress are still not fully understood. Exposure to toxic Hg also occurs in some crops cultivated under anoxic conditions, such as rice (Oryza sativa L.), a model organism and one of the most important cultivated plants worldwide. In this study, we functionally characterized a rice translationally controlled tumor protein gene (Os11g43900, OsTCTP) involved in Hg stress tolerance. RESULTS OsTCTP was ubiquitously expressed in all examined plant tissues, especially in actively dividing and differentiating tissues, such as roots and nodes. OsTCTP was found to localize both the cytosol and the nucleus. OsTCTP was induced by mercuric chloride, cupric sulfate, abscisic acid, and hydrogen peroxide at the protein level in a time-dependent manner. Overexpression of OsTCTP potentiated the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, reduced the Hg-induced H2O2 levels, and promoted Hg tolerance in rice, whereas knockdown of OsTCTP produced opposite effects. And overexpression of OsTCTP did not prevent Hg absorption and accumulation in rice. We also demonstrated that Asn 48 and Asn 97 of OsTCTP amino acids were not the potential N-glycosylation sites. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that OsTCTP is capable of decreasing the Hg-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), therefore, reducing the damage of ROS and enhancing the tolerance of rice plants to Hg stress. Thus, OsTCTP is a valuable gene for genetic engineering to improve rice performance under Hg contaminated paddy soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Ge Zi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Qiao Qiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Gui Xin Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Qian ZJ, Song JJ, Chaumont F, Ye Q. Differential responses of plasma membrane aquaporins in mediating water transport of cucumber seedlings under osmotic and salt stresses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:461-73. [PMID: 24601940 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that inhibition of plant water transport by either osmotic stress or salinity is mediated by aquaporins (AQPs), but the function and regulation of AQPs are highly variable among distinct isoforms and across different species. In this study, cucumber seedlings were subjected to polyethylene glycol (PEG) or NaCl stress for duration of 2 h or 24 h. The 2 h treatment with PEG or NaCl had non-significant effect on the expression of plasma membrane AQP (CsPIPs) in roots, indicating the decrease in hydraulic conductivity of roots (Lpr ) and root cells (Lprc ) measured in these conditions were due to changes in AQP activity. After both 2 h and 24 h PEG or NaCl exposure, the decrease in hydraulic conductivity of leaves (Kleaf ) and leaf cells (Lplc ) could be attributed to a down-regulation of the two most highly expressed isoforms, CsPIP1;2 and CsPIP2;4. In roots, both Lpr and Lprc were further reduced after 24 h PEG exposure, but partially recovered after 24 h NaCl treatment, which were consistent with changes in the expression of CsPIP genes. Overall, the results demonstrated differential responses of CsPIPs in mediating water transport of cucumber seedlings, and the regulatory mechanisms differed according to applied stresses, stress durations and specific organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jiang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Adiredjo AL, Navaud O, Grieu P, Lamaze T. Hydraulic conductivity and contribution of aquaporins to water uptake in roots of four sunflower genotypes. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:75. [PMID: 28510954 PMCID: PMC5430332 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-014-0075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article evaluates the potential of intraspecific variation for whole-root hydraulic properties in sunflower. We investigated genotypic differences related to root water transport in four genotypes selected because of their differing water use efficiency (JAC doi: 10.1111/jac.12079. 2014). We used a pressure-flux approach to characterize hydraulic conductance (L 0 ) which reflects the overall water uptake capacity of the roots and hydraulic conductivity (Lp r ) which represents the root intrinsic water permeability on an area basis. The contribution of aquaporins (AQPs) to water uptake was explored using mercuric chloride (HgCl2), a general AQP blocker. RESULTS There were considerable variations in root morphology between genotypes. Mean values of L 0 and Lp r showed significant variation (above 60% in both cases) between recombinant inbred lines in control plants. Pressure-induced sap flow was strongly inhibited by HgCl2 treatment in all genotypes (more than 50%) and contribution of AQPs to hydraulic conductivity varied between genotypes. Treated root systems displayed markedly different L 0 values between genotypes whereas Lp r values were similar. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis points to marked differences between genotypes in the intrinsic aquaporin-dependent path (Lp r in control plants) but not in the intrinsic AQP-independent paths (Lp r in HgCl2 treated plants). Overall, root anatomy was a major determinant of water transport properties of the whole organ and can compensate for a low AQP contribution. Hydraulic properties of root tissues and organs might have to be taken into account for plant breeding since they appear to play a key role in sunflower water balance and water use efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afifuddin Latif Adiredjo
- Université de Toulouse, INP - ENSAT, UMR 1248 AGIR (INPT-INRA), Castanet-Tolosan, 31326 France
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Plant Breeding Laboratory, Brawijaya University, Veteran street, Malang, 65145 Indonesia
| | - Olivier Navaud
- Université de Toulouse, UPS - Toulouse III, UMR 5126 CESBIO, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse, 31401 Cedex 9 France
| | - Philippe Grieu
- Université de Toulouse, INP - ENSAT, UMR 1248 AGIR (INPT-INRA), Castanet-Tolosan, 31326 France
| | - Thierry Lamaze
- Université de Toulouse, UPS - Toulouse III, UMR 5126 CESBIO, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse, 31401 Cedex 9 France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kang G, Li G, Wang L, Wei L, Yang Y, Wang P, Yang Y, Wang Y, Feng W, Wang C, Guo T. Hg-Responsive Proteins Identified in Wheat Seedlings Using iTRAQ Analysis and the Role of ABA in Hg Stress. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:249-67. [DOI: 10.1021/pr5006873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhang Kang
- The
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- The
National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Gezi Li
- The
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lina Wang
- The
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- The
National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Liting Wei
- The
National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The
National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- The
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- The
National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- The
National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wei Feng
- The
National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- The
National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Tiancai Guo
- The
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- The
National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Beauzamy L, Nakayama N, Boudaoud A. Flowers under pressure: ins and outs of turgor regulation in development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1517-33. [PMID: 25288632 PMCID: PMC4204789 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turgor pressure is an essential feature of plants; however, whereas its physiological importance is unequivocally recognized, its relevance to development is often reduced to a role in cell elongation. SCOPE This review surveys the roles of turgor in development, the molecular mechanisms of turgor regulation and the methods used to measure turgor and related quantities, while also covering the basic concepts associated with water potential and water flow in plants. Three key processes in flower development are then considered more specifically: flower opening, anther dehiscence and pollen tube growth. CONCLUSIONS Many molecular determinants of turgor and its regulation have been characterized, while a number of methods are now available to quantify water potential, turgor and hydraulic conductivity. Data on flower opening, anther dehiscence and lateral root emergence suggest that turgor needs to be finely tuned during development, both spatially and temporally. It is anticipated that a combination of biological experiments and physical measurements will reinforce the existing data and reveal unexpected roles of turgor in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léna Beauzamy
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, UCBL Lyon I, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Naomi Nakayama
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, UCBL Lyon I, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Rd, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, UCBL Lyon I, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fu Z, Li W, Zhang Q, Wang L, Zhang X, Song G, Fu Z, Ding D, Liu Z, Tang J. Quantitative trait loci for mercury accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) identified using a RIL population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107243. [PMID: 25210737 PMCID: PMC4161392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the genetic mechanism of mercury accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.), a population of 194 recombinant inbred lines derived from an elite hybrid Yuyu 22, was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for mercury accumulation at two locations. The results showed that the average Hg concentration in the different tissues of maize followed the order: leaves > bracts > stems > axis > kernels. Twenty-three QTLs for mercury accumulation in five tissues were detected on chromosomes 1, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10, which explained 6.44% to 26.60% of the phenotype variance. The QTLs included five QTLs for Hg concentration in kernels, three QTLs for Hg concentration in the axis, six QTLs for Hg concentration in stems, four QTLs for Hg concentration in bracts and five QTLs for Hg concentration in leaves. Interestingly, three QTLs, qKHC9a, qKHC9b, and qBHC9 were in linkage with two QTLs for drought tolerance. In addition, qLHC1 was in linkage with two QTLs for arsenic accumulation. The study demonstrated the concentration of Hg in Hg-contaminated paddy soil could be reduced, and maize production maintained simultaneously by selecting and breeding maize Hg pollution-safe cultivars (PSCs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjun Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Maize Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qinbin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guiliang Song
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (JT)
| | - Jihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (JT)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen YA, Chi WC, Trinh NN, Huang LY, Chen YC, Cheng KT, Huang TL, Lin CY, Huang HJ. Transcriptome profiling and physiological studies reveal a major role for aromatic amino acids in mercury stress tolerance in rice seedlings. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95163. [PMID: 24840062 PMCID: PMC4026224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a serious environmental pollution threat to the planet. The accumulation of Hg in plants disrupts many cellular-level functions and inhibits growth and development, but the mechanism is not fully understood. To gain more insight into the cellular response to Hg, we performed a large-scale analysis of the rice transcriptome during Hg stress. Genes induced with short-term exposure represented functional categories of cell-wall formation, chemical detoxification, secondary metabolism, signal transduction and abiotic stress response. Moreover, Hg stress upregulated several genes involved in aromatic amino acids (Phe and Trp) and increased the level of free Phe and Trp content. Exogenous application of Phe and Trp to rice roots enhanced tolerance to Hg and effectively reduced Hg-induced production of reactive oxygen species. Hg induced calcium accumulation and activated mitogen-activated protein kinase. Further characterization of the Hg-responsive genes we identified may be helpful for better understanding the mechanisms of Hg in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-An Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chang Chi
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ngoc Nam Trinh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Yao Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Chih Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Teng Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsai-Lien Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Yi Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hao-Jen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lopes MS, Iglesia-Turiño S, Cabrera-Bosquet L, Serret MD, Bort J, Febrero A, Araus JL. Molecular and physiological mechanisms associated with root exposure to mercury in barley. Metallomics 2014; 5:1305-15. [PMID: 23925371 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that affects plant growth. Here the effect of Hg exposure on plant growth and leaf gas-exchange together with gene expression in roots is reported for barley. Hg was mainly accumulated in roots and only very small amounts were found in the shoots. Chlorophyll fluorescence and net photosynthesis were not affected by Hg. Nevertheless exposure to Hg reduced shoot and root growth, the shoot to root ratio, stomatal conductance, carbon isotope discrimination and expression of an aquaporin transcript, whereas abscisic acid related transcripts were over-expressed. These results suggested some degree of limitation to water uptake causing a moderate water stress when plants are exposed to Hg. Microarray (MapMan) analysis revealed changes in the transcription of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, which were accompanied by decreased nitrogen concentrations in the shoots, together with an increase in transcripts associated with secondary metabolism, stress, inhibition of DNA synthesis/chromatin structure and cell organization elements. Moreover, Hg induced the expression of many transcripts known to be involved in the uptake, accumulation, transport and general responses to other heavy metals. It is concluded that barley is able to accumulate high amounts of Hg in roots through several transcriptional, metabolic and physiological adjustments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Lopes
- CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 México, D.F., Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Schoppach RM, Wauthelet D, Jeanguenin L, Sadok W. Conservative water use under high evaporative demand associated with smaller root metaxylem and limited trans-membrane water transport in wheat. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:257-269. [PMID: 32480986 DOI: 10.1071/fp13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Efficient breeding of drought-tolerant wheat (Triticum spp.) genotypes requires identifying mechanisms underlying exceptional performances. Evidence indicates that the drought-tolerant breeding line RAC875 is water-use conservative, limiting its transpiration rate (TR) sensitivity to increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD), thereby saving soil water moisture for later use. However, the physiological basis of the response remains unknown. The involvement of leaf and root developmental, anatomical and hydraulic features in regulating high-VPD, whole-plant TR was investigated on RAC875 and a drought-sensitive cultivar (Kukri) in 12 independent hydroponic and pot experiments. Leaf areas and stomatal densities were found to be identical between lines and de-rooted plants didn't exhibit differential TR responses to VPD or TR sensitivity to four aquaporin (AQP) inhibitors that included mercury chloride (HgCl2). However, intact plants exhibited a differential sensitivity to HgCl2 that was partially reversed by β-mercaptoethanol. Further, root hydraulic conductivity of RAC875 was found to be lower than Kukri's and root cross-sections of RAC875 had significantly smaller stele and central metaxylem diameters. These findings indicate that the water-conservation of RAC875 results from a root-based hydraulic restriction that requires potentially heritable functional and anatomical features. The study revealed links between anatomical and AQP-based processes in regulating TR under increasing evaporative demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R My Schoppach
- Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, L7.05.14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Diego Wauthelet
- Graduate School of Biological, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Linda Jeanguenin
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4, L7.07.14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Walid Sadok
- Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, L7.05.14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Niu Z, Zhang X, Wang S, Zeng M, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Ci Z. Field controlled experiments on the physiological responses of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves to low-level air and soil mercury exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1541-7. [PMID: 23943002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of tons of mercury (Hg) are released from anthropogenic and natural sources to the atmosphere in a gaseous elemental form per year, yet little is known regarding the influence of airborne Hg on the physiological activities of plant leaves. In the present study, the effects of low-level air and soil Hg exposures on the gas exchange parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves and their accumulation of Hg, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were examined via field open-top chamber and Hg-enriched soil experiments, respectively. Low-level air Hg exposures (<50 ng m(-3)) had little effects on the gas exchange parameters of maize leaves during most of the daytime (p > 0.05). However, both the net photosynthesis rate and carboxylation efficiency of maize leaves exposed to 50 ng m(-3) air Hg were significantly lower than those exposed to 2 ng m(-3) air Hg in late morning (p < 0.05). Additionally, the Hg, proline, and MDA concentrations in maize leaves exposed to 20 and 50 ng m(-3) air Hg were significantly higher than those exposed to 2 ng m(-3) air Hg (p < 0.05). These results indicated that the increase in airborne Hg potentially damaged functional photosynthetic apparatus in plant leaves, inducing free proline accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation. Due to minor translocation of soil Hg to the leaves, low-level soil Hg exposures (<1,000 ng g(-1)) had no significant influences on the gas exchange parameters, or the Hg, proline, and MDA concentrations in maize leaves (p > 0.05). Compared to soil Hg, airborne Hg easily caused physiological stress to plant leaves. The effects of increasing atmospheric Hg concentration on plant physiology should be of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchuan Niu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lahiani MH, Dervishi E, Chen J, Nima Z, Gaume A, Biris AS, Khodakovskaya MV. Impact of carbon nanotube exposure to seeds of valuable crops. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:7965-73. [PMID: 23834323 DOI: 10.1021/am402052x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) affected seed germination, growth, and the development of three important crops (barley, soybean, corn). Early seed germination and activation of growth in exposed seedlings was observed when MWCNTs were added to sterile agar medium. Similarly, seed germination was activated for all tested crop species when MWCNTs were deposited on seed surfaces. The ability of MWCNTs to penetrate the seed coats of corn, barley, and soybean was proven by detection of nanotube agglomerates inside MWCNT-exposed seeds using Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression of genes encoding several types of water channel proteins was increased in soybean, corn, and barley seeds coated with MWCNTs compared with uncoated control seeds. Our results indicate that the positive effect of MWCNTs on the germination and growth of seedlings is reproducible between crop species and can be observed for different methods of delivering carbon nanotubes. Such studies could prove the significant potential of carbon nanotubes as regulators of germination and plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Lahiani
- Department of Applied Science, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang W, Yang X, Zhang S, Sun Y. The root cortex cell hydraulic conductivity is enhanced with increasing chromosome ploidy in wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 68:37-43. [PMID: 23624112 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum spp.) root water uptake is enhanced with increasing chromosome ploidy, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The leaf transpiration rate (E), individual root (Lp(r)) and cortical cell (Lp(c)) hydraulic conductivity, cortical cell volume (V(c)) and transcription levels of two putative plasma intrinsic aquaporin genes (PIPs) were investigated in wheat seedlings with different chromosome ploidy (Triticum monococcum (2X, AA); Triticum dicoccum (4X, BB); Triticum aestivum (6X, AABBDD)). The E, Lp(r) and Lp(c) of wheat increased with increasing ploidy, but the Vc was reduced. Osmotic stress significantly reduced the E, Lp(c), Lp(r), and the relative mRNA content of TaPIP1;2 and TaPIP2;5 in wheat. Under both well-watered and osmotic stress conditions, the Lp(r) was significantly and positively correlated with the E and Lp(c), and the relative mRNA content of TaPIP1;2 and TaPIP2;5 was significantly and positively correlated with Lp(c) and Lp(r), respectively. For well-watered or osmotically stressed wheat plants, the Lp(c) was reduced, but the L(p)(c)/Lp(r) increased with increasing V(c), suggesting that Vc affects root radical water transport. Thus, the increased Lp(c) and transcription levels of TaPIP1;2 and TaPIP2;5 in wheat roots provides insight into the mechanisms underlying enhanced root water uptake with increasing chromosome ploidy during wheat evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Carrasco-Gil S, Siebner H, Leduc DL, Webb SM, Millán R, Andrews JC, Hernández LE. Mercury localization and speciation in plants grown hydroponically or in a natural environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3082-3090. [PMID: 23406525 DOI: 10.1021/es303310t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Better understanding of mercury (Hg) accumulation, distribution, and speciation in plants is required to evaluate potential risks for the environment and to optimize phytostabilization strategies for Hg-contaminated soils. The behavior of Hg in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants grown under controlled conditions in a hydroponic system (30 μM HgCl2) was compared with that of naturally occurring Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) plants collected from a mining soil polluted with Hg (Almadenejos, Spain) to characterize common mechanisms of tolerance. Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence microprobe (μ-SXRF) showed that Hg accumulated at the root apex of alfalfa and was distributed through the vascular system to the leaves. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) implied association of Hg with cell walls, accompanied by their structural changes, in alfalfa roots. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) determined that Hg was principally bound to biothiols and/or proteins in M. sativa roots, stems, and leaves. However, the major fraction of Hg detected in M. vulgare plants consisted of mineral species, possibly associated with soil components. Interestingly, the fraction of Hg bound to biothiols/proteins (i.e., metabolically processed Hg) in leaves of both plants (alfalfa and M. vulgare) was similar, in spite of the big difference in Hg accumulation in roots, suggesting that some tolerance mechanisms might be shared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Carrasco-Gil
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pou A, Medrano H, Flexas J, Tyerman SD. A putative role for TIP and PIP aquaporins in dynamics of leaf hydraulic and stomatal conductances in grapevine under water stress and re-watering. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:828-43. [PMID: 23046275 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We examined the role of aquaporins (AQPs) in regulating leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) in Vitis vinifera L. (cv Chardonnay) by studying effects of AQP inhibitors, and AQP gene expression during water stress (WS) and recovery (REC). Kleaf was measured after 3 h of petiole perfusion with different solutions and to introduce inhibitors. The addition of 0.1 mm HgCl2 to 15 mm KCl reduced Kleaf compared with perfusion in 15 mM KNO3 or KCl, and these solutions were used for leaves from control, WS and REC plants. Perfusion for 3 h did not significantly alter stomatal conductance (gs ) though expression of VvTIP1;1 was increased. WS decreased Kleaf by about 30% and was correlated with gs . The expression of VvTIP2;1 and VvPIP2;1 correlated with Kleaf , and VvTIP2;1 was highly correlated with gs . There was no association between the expression of particular AQPs during WS and REC and inhibition of Kleaf by HgCl2 ; however, HgCl2 treatment itself increased expression of VvPIP2;3 and decreased expression of VvPIP2;1. Inhibition by HgCl2 of Kleaf only at early stages of WS and then after REC suggested that apoplasmic pathways become more important during WS. This was confirmed using fluorescent dyes confined to apoplasm or preferentially accumulated in symplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Pou
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kutsukake M, Meng XY, Katayama N, Nikoh N, Shibao H, Fukatsu T. An insect-induced novel plant phenotype for sustaining social life in a closed system. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1187. [PMID: 23149732 PMCID: PMC3514493 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foraging, defense and waste disposal are essential for sustaining social insect colonies. Hence, their nest generally has an open structure, wherein specialized castes called workers and soldiers perform these tasks. However, some social aphids form completely closed galls, wherein hundreds to thousands of insects grow and reproduce for several months in isolation. Why these social aphids are not drowned by accumulated honeydew has been an enigma. Here we report a sophisticated biological solution to the waste problem in the closed system: the gall inner surface is specialized for absorbing water, whereby honeydew is promptly removed via the plant vascular system. The water-absorbing closed galls have evolved at least twice independently among social aphids. The plant-mediated waste removal, which entails insect's manipulation of plant morphogenesis and physiology, comprises a previously unknown mechanism of nest cleaning, which can be regarded as ‘extended phenotype' and ‘indirect social behavior' of the social aphids. Some social aphids have evolved to live inside completely closed galls, which presents a waste disposal problem of the honeydew that collects inside the gall. Here, Kutsukake et al. show that the gall inner surface is specialized for absorbing water, removing honeydew via the plant vascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayako Kutsukake
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wu Y, Liu X, Wang W, Zhang S, Xu B. Calcium regulates the cell-to-cell water flow pathway in maize roots during variable water conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 58:212-219. [PMID: 22841977 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Soil water shortages can decrease root hydraulic conductivity and affect Ca uptake and movement through the plant. In this study, the effects of extra Ca(2+) applied in nutrient solution on the hydraulic properties of the whole roots (Lp(r)) and cortical cells (Lp(cell)) of maize (Zea mays L.) subjected to variable water conditions were investigated. Under well-watered conditions, extra Ca(2+) significantly increased the root Ca content, total root length, and lateral root number; however, it reduced the root cortical cell volume, Lp(r), and Lp(cell). Hg(2+) inhibition experiments suggested that extra Ca(2+) could reduce the contribution of the cell-to-cell water flow pathway. Osmotic stress (10% PEG6000) significantly decreased the cortical cell volume, Lp(r), and Lp(cell) in the control plants, but smaller decreases were observed in the extra Ca(2+) plants. The Hg(2+) treatment reduced the Lp(r) larger in the extra Ca(2+) plants (74.6%) than in the control plants (53.2%), suggesting a higher contribution of the cell-to-cell pathway. The larger Hg(2+) inhibition of the Lp(cell) in the extra Ca(2+) roots (67.2%) when compared to the controls (56.4%) indicated that extra Ca(2+) can mitigate the inhibition of aquaporin expression and/or activity levels via osmotic stress. After 2 d of rehydration, the extra Ca(2+) helped the Lp(r) and Lp(cell) to recover almost completely, but these properties only partially recovered in the control plants. In conclusion, extra Ca(2+) may adjust the contribution of cell-to-cell pathway by regulating the expression and/or activity levels of AQPs according to water availability; this regulation may weaken negative effects and optimize water use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, 26# Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|