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Sharma A, Dheer P, Rautela I, Thapliyal P, Thapliyal P, Bajpai AB, Sharma MD. A review on strategies for crop improvement against drought stress through molecular insights. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:173. [PMID: 38846012 PMCID: PMC11150236 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The demand for food goods is rising along with the world population growth, which is directly related to the yield of agricultural crops around the world. However, a number of environmental factors, including floods, salinity, moisture, and drought, have a detrimental effect on agricultural production around the world. Among all of these stresses, drought stress (DS) poses a constant threat to agricultural crops and is a significant impediment to global agricultural productivity. Its potency and severity are expected to increase in the future years. A variety of techniques have been used to generate drought-resistant plants in order to get around this restriction. Different crop plants exhibit specific traits that contribute to drought resistance (DR), such as early flowering, drought escape (DE), and leaf traits. We are highlighting numerous methods that can be used to overcome the effects of DS in this review. Agronomic methods, transgenic methods, the use of sufficient fertilizers, and molecular methods such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, microRNA (miRNA) technology, and OMICS-based approaches make up the majority of these techniques. CRISPR technology has rapidly become an increasingly popular choice among researchers exploring natural tolerance to abiotic stresses although, only a few plants have been produced so far using this technique. In order to address the difficulties imposed by DS, new plants utilizing the CRISPR technology must be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Pallavi Dheer
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Indra Rautela
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Preeti Thapliyal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Priya Thapliyal
- Department of Biochemistry, H.N.B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand 246174 India
| | - Atal Bihari Bajpai
- Department of Botany, D.B.S. (PG) College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Manish Dev Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
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2
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Pei Z, Huang Y, Ni J, Liu Y, Yang Q. For a Colorful Life: Recent Advances in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis during Leaf Senescence. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:329. [PMID: 38785811 PMCID: PMC11117936 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development, and it is accompanied by a leaf color change. In some species, anthocyanins are accumulated during leaf senescence, which are vital indicators for both ornamental and commercial value. Therefore, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation during leaf senescence, which would provide new insight into autumn coloration and molecular breeding for more colorful plants. Anthocyanin accumulation is a surprisingly complex process, and significant advances have been made in the past decades. In this review, we focused on leaf coloration during senescence. We emphatically discussed several networks linked to genetic, hormonal, environmental, and nutritional factors in regulating anthocyanin accumulation during leaf senescence. This paper aims to provide a regulatory model for leaf coloration and to put forward some prospects for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.)
- Research Center of Deciduous Oaks, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.)
- Research Center of Deciduous Oaks, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junbei Ni
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.)
- Research Center of Deciduous Oaks, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qinsong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.)
- Research Center of Deciduous Oaks, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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3
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Han C, Wang L, Lyu J, Shi W, Yao L, Fan M, Bai MY. Brassinosteroid signaling and molecular crosstalk with nutrients in plants. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:541-553. [PMID: 36914050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to optimize their growth and development in response to fluctuating nutrient levels. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of plant steroid hormones that play critical roles in plant growth and developmental processes as well as plant responses to environmental stimuli. Recently, multiple molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain the integration of BRs with different nutrient signaling processes to coordinate gene expression, metabolism, growth, and survival. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of the BR signaling pathway and the multifaceted roles of BR in the intertwined sensing, signaling, and metabolic processes of sugar, nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron. Further understanding and exploring these BR-related processes and mechanisms will facilitate advances in crop breeding for higher resource efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Jinyang Lyu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Wen Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Lianmei Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Min Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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4
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Le Boulch P, Poëssel JL, Roux D, Lugan R. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to Myzus persicae conferred by the peach Rm2 gene: A multi-omics view. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992544. [PMID: 36275570 PMCID: PMC9581297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of peach to Myzus persicae infestation were studied in Rubira, an accession carrying the major resistance gene Rm2 causing antixenosis, and GF305, a susceptible accession. Transcriptome and metabolome showed both a massive reconfiguration in Rubira 48 hours after infestation while GF305 displayed very limited changes. The Rubira immune system was massively stimulated, with simultaneous activation of genes encoding cell surface receptors involved in pattern-triggered immunity and cytoplasmic NLRs (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing proteins) involved in effector-triggered immunity. Hypersensitive reaction featured by necrotic lesions surrounding stylet punctures was supported by the induction of cell death stimulating NLRs/helpers couples, as well as the activation of H2O2-generating metabolic pathways: photorespiratory glyoxylate synthesis and activation of the futile P5C/proline cycle. The triggering of systemic acquired resistance was suggested by the activation of pipecolate pathway and accumulation of this defense hormone together with salicylate. Important reduction in carbon, nitrogen and sulphur metabolic pools and the repression of many genes related to cell division and growth, consistent with reduced apices elongation, suggested a decline in the nutritional value of apices. Finally, the accumulation of caffeic acid conjugates pointed toward their contribution as deterrent and/or toxic compounds in the mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Roux
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
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5
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Zolotareva D, Zazybin A, Belyankova Y, Dauletbakov A, Tursynbek S, Rafikova K, Ten A, Yu V, Bayazit S, Basharimova A, Aydemir M. Increasing Sugar Content in Source for Biofuel Production Using Agrochemical and Genetic Approaches at the Stages of BioMass Preharvesting and Harvesting. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165210. [PMID: 36014450 PMCID: PMC9416125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to optimize biofuel (including bioethanol) production processes, various problems need to be solved, such as increasing the sugar content of raw materials/biomass to gain a higher yield of the product. This task can be solved in several ways, with their own advantages and disadvantages, and an integrated approach, such as using a combination of ripening agents and phytohormones or application of a superabsorbent polymer with at least one sugar-enhancing agent, can be applied as well. Here, we reviewed several methods, including pre- and postharvest factors (light, temperature, partial replacement of potassium with magnesium, etc.), genetic modifications (traditional breeding, phytohormones, etc.), chemical ripening methods (Ethephon, Moddus, etc.), and some alternative methods (DMSO treatment, ionic liquids, etc.). The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date summary of methods of increasing the carbohydrate level in plants/biomass for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Zolotareva
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexey Zazybin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-705-293-0778
| | - Yelizaveta Belyankova
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Anuar Dauletbakov
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Saniya Tursynbek
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Khadichahan Rafikova
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel Ten
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Medicinal Compounds Chemistry, A. B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Sh. Ualikhanov, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Valentina Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Medicinal Compounds Chemistry, A. B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Sh. Ualikhanov, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Sarah Bayazit
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Anna Basharimova
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Murat Aydemir
- Department of Chemistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakır 21280, Turkey
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6
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Haq SIU, Shang J, Xie H, Qiu QS. Roles of TOR signaling in nutrient deprivation and abiotic stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 274:153716. [PMID: 35597106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In living organisms, nutrient, energy, and environmental stimuli sensing and signaling are considered as the most primordial regulatory networks governing growth and development. Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is a diversified Serine/Threonine protein kinase existing in all eukaryotes that regulates distinct salient growth and developmental signaling pathways. TOR signaling acts as a central hub in plants that allows a variety of nutrients, energy, hormones, and environmental stimuli to be integrated. TOR is activated by several nutrients and promotes energy-consuming processes such as cell division, protein translation, mRNA translation and ribosome biogenesis. We summarized the recent findings on the TOR function in regulating the dynamic networks of nutrients, including sugar, sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, potassium, and amino acids. TOR's role in abiotic stress was discussed, in which TOR orchestrating stress signaling, including heat, cold, salt, and osmotic stress, to regulate transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming, as well as growth and development. The interconnections between TOR and SnRK1 kinase were discussed in controlling nutrient deprivation and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Inzimam Ul Haq
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Jun Shang
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810000, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Huichun Xie
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810000, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810000, China.
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7
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Phosphatidic Acid in Plant Hormonal Signaling: From Target Proteins to Membrane Conformations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063227. [PMID: 35328648 PMCID: PMC8954910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells sense a variety of extracellular signals balancing their metabolism and physiology according to changing growth conditions. Plasma membranes are the outermost informational barriers that render cells sensitive to regulatory inputs. Membranes are composed of different types of lipids that play not only structural but also informational roles. Hormones and other regulators are sensed by specific receptors leading to the activation of lipid metabolizing enzymes. These enzymes generate lipid second messengers. Among them, phosphatidic acid (PA) is a well-known intracellular messenger that regulates various cellular processes. This lipid affects the functional properties of cell membranes and binds to specific target proteins leading to either genomic (affecting transcriptome) or non-genomic responses. The subsequent biochemical, cellular and physiological reactions regulate plant growth, development and stress tolerance. In the present review, we focus on primary (genome-independent) signaling events triggered by rapid PA accumulation in plant cells and describe the functional role of PA in mediating response to hormones and hormone-like regulators. The contributions of individual lipid signaling enzymes to the formation of PA by specific stimuli are also discussed. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and future perspectives needed to decipher the mode of action of PA in the regulation of cell functions.
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Li X, Liu W, Ren Z, Wang X, Liu J, Yang Z, Zhao J, Pei X, Liu Y, He K, Zhang F, Zhang Z, Yang D, Ma X, Li W. Glucose regulates cotton fiber elongation by interacting with brassinosteroid. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:711-726. [PMID: 34636403 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, glucose (Glc) plays important roles, as a nutrient and signal molecule, in the regulation of growth and development. However, the function of Glc in fiber development of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is unclear. Here, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we found that the Glc content in fibers was higher than that in ovules during the fiber elongation stage. In vitro ovule culture revealed that lower Glc concentrations promoted cotton fiber elongation, while higher concentrations had inhibitory effects. The hexokinase inhibitor N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) inhibited cotton fiber elongation in the cultured ovules, indicating that Glc-mediated fiber elongation depends on the Glc signal transduced by hexokinase. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and hormone content detection showed that 150mM Glc significantly activated brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis, and the expression of signaling-related genes was also increased, which promoted fiber elongation. In vitro ovule culture clarified that BR induced cotton fiber elongation in a dose-dependent manner. In hormone recovery experiments, only BR compensated for the inhibitory effects of NAG on fiber elongation in a Glc-containing medium. However, the ovules cultured with the BR biosynthetic inhibitor brassinazole and from the BR-deficient cotton mutant pag1 had greatly reduced fiber elongation at all the Glc concentrations tested. This demonstrates that Glc does not compensate for the inhibition of fiber elongation caused by BR biosynthetic defects, suggesting that the BR signaling pathway works downstream of Glc during cotton fiber elongation. Altogether, our study showed that Glc plays an important role in cotton fibre elongation, and crosstalk occurs between Glc and BR signaling during modulation of fiber elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zuoren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Yangai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Kunlun He
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Daigang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Mishra BS, Sharma M, Laxmi A. Role of sugar and auxin crosstalk in plant growth and development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13546. [PMID: 34480799 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Under the natural environment, nutrient signals interact with phytohormones to coordinate and reprogram plant growth and survival. Sugars are important molecules that control almost all morphological and physiological processes in plants, ranging from seed germination to senescence. In addition to their functions as energy resources, osmoregulation, storage molecules, and structural components, sugars function as signaling molecules and interact with various plant signaling pathways, such as hormones, stress, and light to modulate growth and development according to fluctuating environmental conditions. Auxin, being an important phytohormone, is associated with almost all stages of the plant's life cycle and also plays a vital role in response to the dynamic environment for better growth and survival. In the previous years, substantial progress has been made that showed a range of common responses mediated by sugars and auxin signaling. This review discusses how sugar signaling affects auxin at various levels from its biosynthesis to perception and downstream gene activation. On the same note, the review also highlights the role of auxin signaling in fine-tuning sugar metabolism and carbon partitioning. Furthermore, we discussed the crosstalk between the two signaling machineries in the regulation of various biological processes, such as gene expression, cell cycle, development, root system architecture, and shoot growth. In conclusion, the review emphasized the role of sugar and auxin crosstalk in the regulation of several agriculturally important traits. Thus, engineering of sugar and auxin signaling pathways could potentially provide new avenues to manipulate for agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuwaneshwar Sharan Mishra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
- Bhuwaneshwar Sharan Mishra, Ram Gulam Rai P. G. College Banktashiv, Affiliated to Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur, Deoria, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohan Sharma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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10
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Fàbregas N, Fernie AR. The reliance of phytohormone biosynthesis on primary metabolite precursors. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153589. [PMID: 34896926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There is some debate as to whether phytohormone metabolites should be classified as primary or secondary metabolites. Phytohormones have profound effects on growth - a typical trait of primary metabolites - yet several of them are formed from secondary metabolite precursors. This is further exacerbated by the blurred distinction between primary and secondary metabolism. What is clearer, however, is that phytohormones display distinctive regulatory mechanisms from other metabolites. Moreover, by contrast to microbial and mammalian systems, the majority of plant metabolite receptors characterized to date are hormone receptors. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolic links between primary metabolism and phytohormone biosynthesis in an attempt to complement recent reviews covering the signaling crosstalk between elements of core metabolism and the phytohormones. In doing so, we cover the biosynthesis of both the classical metabolic phytohormones namely auxins, salicylic acid, jasmonate, ethylene, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins and abscisic acid as well as recently described plant growth regulators which have been proposed as novel phytohormones namely strigolactones blumenols, zaxinone and β-cyclocitral as well as melatonin. For each hormone, we describe the primary metabolite precursors which fuel its synthesis, act as conjugates or in the case of 2-oxoglutarate act more directly as a co-substrate in the biosynthesis of gibberellin, auxin and salicylic acid. Furthermore, several amino acids operate as hormone conjugates, such as jasmonate-conjugates. In reviewing the biosynthesis of all the phytohormones simultaneously, the exceptional intricacy of the biochemical interplay that underpins their interaction emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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11
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Sheng H, Zhang S, Wei Y, Chen S. Exogenous Application of Low-Concentration Sugar Enhances Brassinosteroid Signaling for Skotomorphogenesis by Promoting BIN2 Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413588. [PMID: 34948385 PMCID: PMC8706690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, seedling growth is subtly controlled by multiple environmental factors and endogenous phytohormones. The cross-talk between sugars and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling is known to regulate plant growth; however, the molecular mechanisms that coordinate hormone-dependent growth responses with exogenous sucrose in plants are incompletely understood. Skotomorphogenesis is a plant growth stage with rapid elongation of the hypocotyls. In the present study, we found that low-concentration sugars could improve skotomorphogenesis in a manner dependent on BR biosynthesis and TOR activation. However, accumulation of BZR1 in bzr1-1D mutant plants partially rescued the defects of skotomorphogenesis induced by the TOR inhibitor AZD, and these etiolated seedlings displayed a normal phenotype like that of wild-type seedlings in response to both sucrose and non-sucrose treatments, thereby indicating that accumulated BZR1 sustained, at least partially, the sucrose-promoted growth of etiolated seedlings (skotomorphogenesis). Moreover, genetic evidence based on a phenotypic analysis of bin2-3bil1bil2 triple-mutant and gain-of-function bin2–1 mutant plant indicated that BIN2 inactivation was conducive to skotomorphogenesis in the dark. Subsequent biochemical and molecular analyses enabled us to confirm that sucrose reduced BIN2 levels via the TOR–S6K2 pathway in etiolated seedlings. Combined with a determination of the cellulose content, our results indicated that sucrose-induced BIN2 degradation led to the accumulation of BZR1 and the enhancement of cellulose synthesis, thereby promoting skotomorphogenesis, and that BIN2 is the converging node that integrates sugar and BR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Sheng
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.Z.); (Y.W.)
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Shuangxi Zhang
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.Z.); (Y.W.)
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yanping Wei
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.Z.); (Y.W.)
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.Z.); (Y.W.)
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (S.C.)
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12
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Fàbregas N, Fernie AR. The interface of central metabolism with hormone signaling in plants. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1535-R1548. [PMID: 34875246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Amongst the myriad of metabolites produced by plants, primary metabolites and hormones play crucial housekeeping roles in the cell and are essential for proper plant growth and development. While the biosynthetic pathways of primary metabolism are well characterized, those of hormones are yet to be completely defined. Central metabolism provides precursors for hormone biosynthesis and the regulation and function of primary metabolites and hormones are tightly entwined. The combination of reverse genetics and technological advances in our ability to evaluate the levels of the molecular entities of the cell (transcripts, proteins and metabolites) has led to considerable improvements in our understanding of both the regulatory interaction between primary metabolites and hormones and its coordination in response to different conditions. Here, we provide an overview of the interaction of primary and hormone metabolism at the metabolic and signaling levels, as well as a perspective regarding the tools that can be used to tackle our current knowledge gaps at the signaling level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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13
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Zhao Z, Li C, Liu H, Yang J, Huang P, Liao W. The Involvement of Glucose in Hydrogen Gas-Medicated Adventitious Rooting in Cucumber. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091937. [PMID: 34579469 PMCID: PMC8469787 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen gas (H2) and glucose (Glc) have been reported as novel antioxidants and signal molecules involved in multiple biological processes in plants. However, the physiological roles and relationships of H2 and Glc in adventitious rooting are less clear. Here, we showed that the effects of different concentrations Glc (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 and 1.00 mM) on adventitious rooting in cucumber were dose-dependent, with a maximal biological response at 0.10 mM. While, the positive roles of hydrogen rich water (HRW, a H2 donor)-regulated adventitious rooting were blocked by a specific Glc inhibitor glucosamine (GlcN), suggesting that Glc might be responsible for H2-regulated adventitious root development. HRW increased glucose, sucrose, starch and total sugar contents. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) contents were also increased by HRW. Meanwhile, the activities of sucrose-related enzymes incorporating sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and glucose-related enzymes including hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and adenosine 5′-diphosphate pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) were increased by HRW. Moreover, HRW upregulated the expression levels of sucrose or glucose metabolism-related genes including CsSuSy1, CsSuSy6, CsHK1, CsHK3, CsUDP1, CsUDP1-like, CsG6P1 and CsG6P1-like. However, these positive roles were all inhibited by GlcN. Together, H2 might regulate adventitious rooting by promoting glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Weibiao Liao
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-931-7632399; Fax: +86-931-7632155
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14
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Müller M, Munné-Bosch S. Hormonal impact on photosynthesis and photoprotection in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1500-1522. [PMID: 33793915 PMCID: PMC8133604 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is not only essential for plants, but it also sustains life on Earth. Phytohormones play crucial roles in developmental processes, from organ initiation to senescence, due to their role as growth and developmental regulators, as well as their central role in the regulation of photosynthesis. Furthermore, phytohormones play a major role in photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus under stress conditions. Here, in addition to discussing our current knowledge on the role of the phytohormones auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, and strigolactones in promoting photosynthesis, we will also highlight the role of abscisic acid beyond stomatal closure in modulating photosynthesis and photoprotection under various stress conditions through crosstalk with ethylene, salicylates, jasmonates, and brassinosteroids. Furthermore, the role of phytohormones in controlling the production and scavenging of photosynthesis-derived reactive oxygen species, the duration and extent of photo-oxidative stress and redox signaling under stress conditions will be discussed in detail. Hormones have a significant impact on the regulation of photosynthetic processes in plants under both optimal and stress conditions, with hormonal interactions, complementation, and crosstalk being important in the spatiotemporal and integrative regulation of photosynthetic processes during organ development at the whole-plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Müller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Author for communication:
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15
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Hao N, Zou X, Lin X, Cai R, Xiao W, Tong T, Yin H, Sun A, Guo X. LecRK-Ⅷ.2 mediates the cross-talk between sugar and brassinosteroid during hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. REPRODUCTION AND BREEDING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbre.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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16
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Sharma M, Jamsheer K. M, Shukla BN, Sharma M, Awasthi P, Mahtha SK, Yadav G, Laxmi A. Arabidopsis Target of Rapamycin Coordinates With Transcriptional and Epigenetic Machinery to Regulate Thermotolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:741965. [PMID: 34777423 PMCID: PMC8581614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.741965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Global warming exhibits profound effects on plant fitness and productivity. To withstand stress, plants sacrifice their growth and activate protective stress responses for ensuring survival. However, the switch between growth and stress is largely elusive. In the past decade, the role of the target of rapamycin (TOR) linking energy and stress signalling is emerging. Here, we have identified an important role of Glucose (Glc)-TOR signalling in plant adaptation to heat stress (HS). Glc via TOR governs the transcriptome reprogramming of a large number of genes involved in heat stress protection. Downstream to Glc-TOR, the E2Fa signalling module regulates the transcription of heat shock factors through direct recruitment of E2Fa onto their promoter regions. Also, Glc epigenetically regulates the transcription of core HS signalling genes in a TOR-dependent manner. TOR acts in concert with p300/CREB HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE1 (HAC1) and dictates the epigenetic landscape of HS loci to regulate thermotolerance. Arabidopsis plants defective in TOR and HAC1 exhibited reduced thermotolerance with a decrease in the expression of core HS signalling genes. Together, our findings reveal a mechanistic framework in which Glc-TOR signalling through different modules integrates stress and energy signalling to regulate thermotolerance.
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17
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Liu Z, Zheng L, Pu L, Ma X, Wang X, Wu Y, Ming H, Wang Q, Zhang G. ENO2 Affects the Seed Size and Weight by Adjusting Cytokinin Content and Forming ENO2-bZIP75 Complex in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:574316. [PMID: 32983222 PMCID: PMC7479207 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.574316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana ENO2 (AtENO2) encodes two proteins AtENO2 (enolase) and AtMBP-1 (c-Myc binding protein 1-like). The loss of AtENO2 function causes the constitutive developmental defects which are correlated with reduced enolase activity, but not AtMBP-1 transcript abundance. However, the regulation mechanism of AtENO2 on the seed properties is still not clear. In this study, we found that the mutation of AtENO2 reduced the seed size and weight. The level of glucose in seed was significantly elevated but that of starch was decreased in AtENO2 mutants compared to WT plants. We also found that AtENO2 mutation reduced the content of cytokinin which resulted in smaller cotyledons. The RNA-seq data showed that there were 1892 differentially expressed genes and secondary metabolic pathways were significantly enriched. Instead of AtMBP-1, AtENO2 protein interacted with AtbZIP75 which may mediate the secondary metabolism. Therefore, ENO2 alters the size and weight of seeds which is not only regulated by the content of cytokinin and secondary metabolism, but may be affected by the interaction of ENO2 and bZIP57. These results are helpful to understand the novel function of AtENO2 which provide a foundation for further exploration of the key candidate genes for crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lamei Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Pu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hainan Ming
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Institute of Radiation Botany, Beijing Radiation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Genfa Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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18
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Gruszka D, Pociecha E, Jurczyk B, Dziurka M, Oliwa J, Sadura I, Janeczko A. Insights into Metabolic Reactions of Semi-Dwarf, Barley Brassinosteroid Mutants to Drought. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145096. [PMID: 32707671 PMCID: PMC7404083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of endogenous brassinosteroids (BRs) in the modulation of reaction to drought and genetic regulation of this process are still obscure. In this study, a multidirectional analysis was performed on semi-dwarf barley (Hordeum vulgare) Near-Isogenic Lines (NILs) and the reference cultivar “Bowman” to get insights into various aspects of metabolic reaction to drought. The NILs are defective in BR biosynthesis or signaling and displayed an enhanced tolerance to drought. The BR metabolism perturbations affected the glucose and fructose accumulation under the control and stress conditions. The BR metabolism abnormalities negatively affected the sucrose accumulation as well. However, during drought, the BR-deficient NILs accumulated higher contents of sucrose than the “Bowman” cultivar. Under the control conditions, accumulation of transcripts encoding antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (HvAPX) and superoxide dismutase (HvSOD) was BR-dependent. However, during drought, the accumulation of HvAPX transcript was BR-dependent, whereas accumulations of transcripts encoding catalase (HvCAT) and HvSOD were not affected by the BR metabolism perturbations. The obtained results reveal a significant role of BRs in regulation of the HvAPX and HvCAT enzymatic activities under control conditions and the HvAPX and HvSOD activities during physiological reactions to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Gruszka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewa Pociecha
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (E.P.); (B.J.)
| | - Barbara Jurczyk
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (E.P.); (B.J.)
| | - Michał Dziurka
- The Franciszek Gorski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (I.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Jakub Oliwa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Iwona Sadura
- The Franciszek Gorski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (I.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Anna Janeczko
- The Franciszek Gorski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (I.S.); (A.J.)
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19
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Wolf S. Deviating from the Beaten Track: New Twists in Brassinosteroid Receptor Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051561. [PMID: 32106564 PMCID: PMC7084826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A key feature of plants is their plastic development tailored to the environmental conditions. To integrate environmental signals with genetic growth regulatory programs, plants rely on a number of hormonal pathways, which are intimately connected at multiple levels. Brassinosteroids (BRs), a class of plant sterol hormones, are perceived by cell surface receptors and trigger responses instrumental in tailoring developmental programs to environmental cues. Arguably, BR signalling is one of the best-characterized plant signalling pathways, and the molecular composition of the core signal transduction cascade seems clear. However, BR research continues to reveal new twists to re-shape our view on this key signalling circuit. Here, exciting novel findings pointing to the plasma membrane as a key site for BR signalling modulation and integration with other pathways are reviewed and new inputs into the BR signalling pathway and emerging “non-canonical” functions of the BR receptor complex are highlighted. Together, this new evidence underscores the complexity of plant signalling integration and serves as a reminder that highly-interconnected signalling pathways frequently comprise non-linear aspects which are difficult to convey in classical conceptual models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, INF230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Armarego-Marriott T, Sandoval-Ibañez O, Kowalewska Ł. Beyond the darkness: recent lessons from etiolation and de-etiolation studies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1215-1225. [PMID: 31854450 PMCID: PMC7031072 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The state of etiolation is generally defined by the presence of non-green plastids (etioplasts) in plant tissues that would normally contain chloroplasts. In the commonly used dark-grown seedling system, etiolation is coupled with a type of growth called skotomorphogenesis. Upon illumination, de-etiolation occurs, marked by the transition from etioplast to chloroplast, and, at the seedling level, a switch to photomorphogenic growth. Etiolation and de-etiolation systems are therefore important for understanding both the acquisition of photosynthetic capacity during chloroplast biogenesis and plant responses to light-the most relevant signal in the life and growth of the organism. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries (within the past 2-3 years) in the field of etiolation and de-etiolation, with a particular focus on post-transcriptional processes and ultrastructural changes. We further discuss ambiguities in definitions of the term 'etiolation', and benefits and biases of common etiolation/de-etiolation systems. Finally, we raise several open questions and future research possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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21
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Martignago D, Rico-Medina A, Blasco-Escámez D, Fontanet-Manzaneque JB, Caño-Delgado AI. Drought Resistance by Engineering Plant Tissue-Specific Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1676. [PMID: 32038670 PMCID: PMC6987726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought is the primary cause of agricultural loss globally, and represents a major threat to food security. Currently, plant biotechnology stands as one of the most promising fields when it comes to developing crops that are able to produce high yields in water-limited conditions. From studies of Arabidopsis thaliana whole plants, the main response mechanisms to drought stress have been uncovered, and multiple drought resistance genes have already been engineered into crops. So far, most plants with enhanced drought resistance have displayed reduced crop yield, meaning that there is still a need to search for novel approaches that can uncouple drought resistance from plant growth. Our laboratory has recently shown that the receptors of brassinosteroid (BR) hormones use tissue-specific pathways to mediate different developmental responses during root growth. In Arabidopsis, we found that increasing BR receptors in the vascular plant tissues confers resistance to drought without penalizing growth, opening up an exceptional opportunity to investigate the mechanisms that confer drought resistance with cellular specificity in plants. In this review, we provide an overview of the most promising phenotypical drought traits that could be improved biotechnologically to obtain drought-tolerant cereals. In addition, we discuss how current genome editing technologies could help to identify and manipulate novel genes that might grant resistance to drought stress. In the upcoming years, we expect that sustainable solutions for enhancing crop production in water-limited environments will be identified through joint efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana I. Caño-Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Siddiqui H, Sami F, Hayat S. Glucose: Sweet or bitter effects in plants-a review on current and future perspective. Carbohydr Res 2019; 487:107884. [PMID: 31811968 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sugars are metabolic substrates playing a part in modulating various processes in plants during different phases of development. Thus, modulating the sugar metabolism can have intense effects on the plant metabolism. Glucose is a soluble sugar, found throughout the plant kingdom. Apart from being a universal carbon source, glucose also operates as a signaling molecule modulating various metabolic processes in plants. From germination to senescence, wide range of processes in plants is regulated by glucose. The effect of glucose is found to be concentration dependent. Photosynthesis and its related attributes, respiration and nitrogen metabolism are influenced by glucose application. Endogenous content of glucose increases upon exposure of plant to various abiotic stresses and also when glucose is supplied exogenously. Glucose accumulation alleviates the damaging effects of stress by enhancing production of antioxidants and compounds similar to that of photosynthetic CO2 fixation which act as an osmoticum by maintaining osmotic pressure inside the cell, pH homeostasis regulator and reduce membrane permeability during stress. Glucose interaction with various phytohormones has also been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husna Siddiqui
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Fareen Sami
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Shamsul Hayat
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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23
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Sharma M, Banday ZZ, Shukla BN, Laxmi A. Glucose-Regulated HLP1 Acts as a Key Molecule in Governing Thermomemory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1081-1100. [PMID: 30890662 PMCID: PMC6548265 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in response to heat stress (HS) is indispensable for conferring thermotolerance. Glc, a fundamental signaling and metabolic molecule, provides energy to stressed seedlings to combat stress. The recovery of stressed plants from detrimental HS in response to Glc is largely mediated by HSPs, but the mechanistic basis of this thermotolerance is not well defined. In this study, we show that Glc has a prominent role in providing thermotolerance. Glc-mediated thermotolerance involves HSP induction via the TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR)-E2Fa signaling module. Apart from HSPs, TOR-E2Fa also regulates the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ortholog of human Hikeshi, named HIKESHI-LIKE PROTEIN1 (HLP1). Expression of proHLP1::GUS in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) after HS coincides with TOR-E2Fa expression, substantiating a role for TOR-E2Fa-HLP1 in providing thermotolerance. We also demonstrate that Glc along with heat could induce proliferation activity in the SAM after HS recovery, which was arrested by the TOR inhibitor AZD-8055. Molecular and physiological studies suggest that HS-activated heat stress transcription factor A1s also positively regulate HLP1 transcription, suggesting convergence of the Glc and HS signaling pathways. Loss of functional HLP1 causes HS hypersensitivity, whereas HLP1 overexpressors display increased thermotolerance. HLP1 binds to the promoters of Glc-regulated HS-responsive genes and promotes chromatin acetylation. In addition, Glc modifies the chromatin landscape at thermomemory-related loci by promoting H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3). Glc-primed accumulation of H3K4me3 at thermomemory-associated loci is mediated through HLP1. These findings reveal the novel function of Glc-regulated HLP1 in mediating thermotolerance/thermomemory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Sharma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi-110067, India
| | | | | | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi-110067, India
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24
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Sakaguchi J, Matsushita T, Watanabe Y. DWARF4 accumulation in root tips is enhanced via blue light perception by cryptochromes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1615-1629. [PMID: 30620085 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) signalling is known to be coordinated with light signalling in above ground tissue. Many studies focusing on the shade avoidance response in above ground tissue or hypocotyl elongation in darkness have revealed the contribution of the BR signalling pathway to these processes. We previously analysed the expression of DWARF 4 (DWF4), a key BR biosynthesis enzyme, and revealed that light perception in above ground tissues triggered DWF4 accumulation in root tips. To determine the required wavelength of light and photoreceptors responsible for this regulation, we studied DWF4-GUS marker plants grown in several monochromatic light conditions. We revealed that monochromatic blue LED light could induce DWF4 accumulation in primary root tips and root growth as much as white light, whereas monochromatic red LED could not. Consistent with this, a cryptochrome1/2 double mutant showed retarded root growth under white light whereas a phytochromeA/B double mutant did not. Taken together, our data strongly indicated that blue light signalling was important for DWF4 accumulation in root tips and root growth. Furthermore, DWF4 accumulation patterns in primary root tips were not altered by auxin or sugar treatment. Therefore, we hypothesize that blue light signalling from the shoot tissue is different from auxin and sugar signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sakaguchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | | | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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25
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High-throughput sequencing and differential expression analysis of miRNAs in response to Brassinosteroid treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 19:597-615. [PMID: 30783808 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids are a class of phytohormones that play crucial roles in improving stress tolerance in plants. Many biochemical and physiological changes in response to abiotic stress are related to regulation of gene expression and accumulation of associated proteins. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Roles of these regulatory RNAs in brassinosteroid (BR) signalling have however remained elusive. In this study using high-throughput small RNA sequencing method, we present a comprehensive compilation of BR-induced differentially expressed microRNAs in root and shoots of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. We identified 229 known miRNAs belonging to 102 families and 27 novel miRNAs that express in response to exogenous BR treatment. Out of 102 families, miRNAs belonging to known 48 families and out of 27 novel miRNAs, 23 were observed to be differentially expressed in response to BR treatment. Among the conserved miRNAs, all members of miR169 were observed to be downregulated in both shoot and root samples. While, auxin-responsive factors were predicted to be direct targets of some novel miRNAs that are upregulated in shoots and suppressed in roots. The BR-responsive tissue-specific miRNome characterized in this study can be used as a starting point by investigators for functional validation studies that will shed light on the underlying molecular mechanism of BR-mediated stress tolerance at the level of post-transcriptional gene regulation.
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26
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Sami F, Siddiqui H, Hayat S. Interaction of glucose and phytohormone signaling in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:119-126. [PMID: 30529977 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Energy acts as a primary prerequisite for plant growth like all the other organisms. Soluble sugars function in providing enough supply of nutrients which further helps in building macromolecules and energy to carry out specific and coordinated development. Sugars functions as nutrient as well as signaling molecule to promote cell division and differentiation in plants. Intriguingly, glucose has emerged as a crucial signaling molecule where hexokinase1 acts as the conserved glucose sensor. On the molecular scale, an extensive crosstalk between glucose and phytohormone signaling has been observed where glucose signals trigger multiple hexokinase1-dependent as well as hexokinase1-independent pathways to mediate diverse developmental, physiological and molecular mechanisms. Taken together, these findings this review focused on the glucose crosstalk with several classical plant hormonal-signaling pathways and the crucial role of hexokinase1 in modulating plant physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareen Sami
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Husna Siddiqui
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Shamsul Hayat
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Gruszka D. Crosstalk of the Brassinosteroid Signalosome with Phytohormonal and Stress Signaling Components Maintains a Balance between the Processes of Growth and Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092675. [PMID: 30205610 PMCID: PMC6163518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of phytohormones, which regulate various processes during plant life cycle. Intensive studies conducted with genetic, physiological and molecular approaches allowed identification of various components participating in the BR signaling—from the ligand perception, through cytoplasmic signal transduction, up to the BR-dependent gene expression, which is regulated by transcription factors and chromatin modifying enzymes. The identification of new components of the BR signaling is an ongoing process, however an emerging view of the BR signalosome indicates that this process is interconnected at various stages with other metabolic pathways. The signaling crosstalk is mediated by the BR signaling proteins, which function as components of the transmembrane BR receptor, by a cytoplasmic kinase playing a role of the major negative regulator of the BR signaling, and by the transcription factors, which regulate the BR-dependent gene expression and form a complicated regulatory system. This molecular network of interdependencies allows a balance in homeostasis of various phytohormones to be maintained. Moreover, the components of the BR signalosome interact with factors regulating plant reactions to environmental cues and stress conditions. This intricate network of interactions enables a rapid adaptation of plant metabolism to constantly changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Gruszka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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28
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Sakr S, Wang M, Dédaldéchamp F, Perez-Garcia MD, Ogé L, Hamama L, Atanassova R. The Sugar-Signaling Hub: Overview of Regulators and Interaction with the Hormonal and Metabolic Network. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 57:2367-2379. [PMID: 30149541 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development has to be continuously adjusted to the available resources. Their optimization requires the integration of signals conveying the plant metabolic status, its hormonal balance, and its developmental stage. Many investigations have recently been conducted to provide insights into sugar signaling and its interplay with hormones and nitrogen in the fine-tuning of plant growth, development, and survival. The present review emphasizes the diversity of sugar signaling integrators, the main molecular and biochemical mechanisms related to the sugar-signaling dependent regulations, and to the regulatory hubs acting in the interplay of the sugar-hormone and sugar-nitrogen networks. It also contributes to compiling evidence likely to fill a few knowledge gaps, and raises new questions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soulaiman Sakr
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Ming Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Fabienne Dédaldéchamp
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Maria-Dolores Perez-Garcia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Laurent Ogé
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Latifa Hamama
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Rossitza Atanassova
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
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29
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Sakr S, Wang M, Dédaldéchamp F, Perez-Garcia MD, Ogé L, Hamama L, Atanassova R. The Sugar-Signaling Hub: Overview of Regulators and Interaction with the Hormonal and Metabolic Network. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092506. [PMID: 30149541 PMCID: PMC6165531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development has to be continuously adjusted to the available resources. Their optimization requires the integration of signals conveying the plant metabolic status, its hormonal balance, and its developmental stage. Many investigations have recently been conducted to provide insights into sugar signaling and its interplay with hormones and nitrogen in the fine-tuning of plant growth, development, and survival. The present review emphasizes the diversity of sugar signaling integrators, the main molecular and biochemical mechanisms related to the sugar-signaling dependent regulations, and to the regulatory hubs acting in the interplay of the sugar-hormone and sugar-nitrogen networks. It also contributes to compiling evidence likely to fill a few knowledge gaps, and raises new questions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soulaiman Sakr
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Ming Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Fabienne Dédaldéchamp
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Maria-Dolores Perez-Garcia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Laurent Ogé
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Latifa Hamama
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Rossitza Atanassova
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
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30
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BRI1 and BAK1 interact with G proteins and regulate sugar-responsive growth and development in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1522. [PMID: 29670153 PMCID: PMC5906681 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugars function as signal molecules to regulate growth, development, and gene expression in plants, yeasts, and animals. A coordination of sugar availability with phytohormone signals is crucial for plant growth and development. The molecular link between sugar availability and hormone-dependent plant growth are largely unknown. Here we report that BRI1 and BAK1 are involved in sugar-responsive growth and development. Glucose influences the physical interactions and phosphorylations of BRI1 and BAK1 in a concentration-dependent manner. BRI1 and BAK1 physically interact with G proteins that are essential for mediating sugar signaling. Biochemical data show that BRI1 can phosphorylate G protein β subunit and γ subunits, and BAK1 can phosphorylate G protein γ subunits. Genetic analyses suggest that BRI1 and BAK1 function in a common pathway with G-protein subunits to regulate sugar responses. Thus, our findings reveal an important genetic and molecular mechanism by which BR receptors associate with G proteins to regulate sugar-responsive growth and development. G-proteins regulate sugar-responsive growth in plants. Here the authors show that brassinosteroid (BR) signaling is also involved in sugar responses and present evidence that the BR receptor BRI1 and its co-receptor BAK1 can phosphorylate G-protein subunits to regulate sugar signaling in Arabidopsis.
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31
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Singh M, Gupta A, Singh D, Khurana JP, Laxmi A. Arabidopsis RSS1 Mediates Cross-Talk Between Glucose and Light Signaling During Hypocotyl Elongation Growth. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16101. [PMID: 29170398 PMCID: PMC5701026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants possess exuberant plasticity that facilitates its ability to adapt and survive under challenging environmental conditions. The developmental plasticity largely depends upon cellular elongation which is governed by a complex network of environmental and phytohormonal signals. Here, we report role of glucose (Glc) and Glc-regulated factors in controlling elongation growth and shade response in Arabidopsis. Glc controls shade induced hypocotyl elongation in a dose dependent manner. We have identified a Glc repressed factor REGULATED BY SUGAR AND SHADE1 (RSS1) encoding for an atypical basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein of unknown biological function that is required for normal Glc actions. Phenotype analysis of mutant and overexpression lines suggested RSS1 to be a negative regulator of elongation growth. RSS1 affects overall auxin homeostasis. RSS1 interacts with the elongation growth-promoting proteins HOMOLOG OF BEE2 INTERACTING WITH IBH 1 (HBI1) and BR ENHANCED EXPRESSION2 (BEE2) and negatively affects the transcription of their downstream targets such as YUCs, INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE (IAAs), LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED1 (HFR1), HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 2 (ATHB2), XYLOGLUCAN ENDOTRANSGLUCOSYLASE/HYDROLASES (XTHs) and EXPANSINS. We propose, Glc signals might maintain optimal hypocotyl elongation under multiple signals such as light, shade and phytohormones through the central growth regulatory bHLH/HLH module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Interdisciplinary center for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Aditi Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Interdisciplinary center for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Dhriti Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jitendra P Khurana
- Interdisciplinary center for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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32
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Singh M, Gupta A, Laxmi A. Striking the Right Chord: Signaling Enigma during Root Gravitropism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1304. [PMID: 28798760 PMCID: PMC5529344 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants being sessile can often be judged as passive acceptors of their environment. However, plants are actually even more active in responding to the factors from their surroundings. Plants do not have eyes, ears or vestibular system like animals, still they "know" which way is up and which way is down? This is facilitated by receptor molecules within plant which perceive changes in internal and external conditions such as light, touch, obstacles; and initiate signaling pathways that enable the plant to react. Plant responses that involve a definite and specific movement are called "tropic" responses. Perhaps the best known and studied tropisms are phototropism, i.e., response to light, and geotropism, i.e., response to gravity. A robust root system is vital for plant growth as it can provide physical anchorage to soil as well as absorb water, nutrients and essential minerals from soil efficiently. Gravitropic responses of both primary as well as lateral root thus become critical for plant growth and development. The molecular mechanisms of root gravitropism has been delved intensively, however, the mechanism behind how the potential energy of gravity stimulus converts into a biochemical signal in vascular plants is still unknown, due to which gravity sensing in plants still remains one of the most fascinating questions in molecular biology. Communications within plants occur through phytohormones and other chemical substances produced in plants which have a developmental or physiological effect on growth. Here, we review current knowledge of various intrinsic signaling mechanisms that modulate root gravitropism in order to point out the questions and emerging developments in plant directional growth responses. We are also discussing the roles of sugar signals and their interaction with phytohormone machinery, specifically in context of root directional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
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33
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Tunc-Ozdemir M, Jones AM. BRL3 and AtRGS1 cooperate to fine tune growth inhibition and ROS activation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177400. [PMID: 28545052 PMCID: PMC5436702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane-localized leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases directly activates G protein complex via interaction with seven transmembrane domain Regulator of G-protein Signaling 1 (AtRGS1) protein. Brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1) LIKE3 (BRL3) phosphorylates AtRGS1 in vitro. FRET analysis showed that BRL3 and AtRGS1 interaction dynamics change in response to glucose and flg22. Both BRL3 and AtRGS1 function in glucose sensing and brl3 and rgs1-2 single mutants are hyposensitive to high glucose as well as the brl3/rgs1 double mutant. BRL3 and AtRGS1 function in the same pathway linked to high glucose sensing. Hypocotyl elongation, another sugar-mediated pathway, is also implicated to be partially mediated by BRL3 and AtRGS1 because rgs1-2, brl3-2 and brl3-2/ rgs1-2 mutants share the long hypocotyl phenotype. BRL3 and AtRGS1 modulate the flg22-induced ROS burst and block one or more components positively regulating ROS production because the brl3/rgs1 double mutant has ~60% more ROS production than wild type while rgs1-2 has a partial ROS burst impairment and brl3 has slightly more ROS production. Here, we proposed a simple model where both BRL3 and AtRGS1 are part of a fine-tuning mechanism sensing glucose and flg22 to prevent excess ROS burst and control growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Tunc-Ozdemir
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Light involved regulation of BZR1 stability and phosphorylation status to coordinate plant growth in Arabidopsis. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170069. [PMID: 28396515 PMCID: PMC5408700 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Light and brassinosteroid (BR) are master environmental stimulus and endogenous cue for plant growth and development respectively. Great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms on the cross-talk between light and BR. However, little is known about how BZR1, the pivotal integration node, is regulated by light and dark. Here, we demonstrated that an intact BR signaling pathway is essential for dark-induced hypocotyl elongation. Consequent expression assay showed that light–dark switch affected BZR1 phosphorylation and accumulation. Moreover, blocking the 26S proteasome pathway promoted the accumulation of both phosphorylated and dephosphorylated BZR1 proteins. Restriction of new protein biosynthesis had multiple effects on BZR1 phosphorylation status and stability, relying on the availability of light and the 26S proteasome pathways. Furthermore, sugar treatment strikingly enhanced the accumulation of total BZR1 under either light or dark conditions, likely by repressing transcript abundance of MAX2, a gene encoding an E3 ligase for BZR1. Finally, light-regulated phosphorylation change of BZR1 requires the existence of endogenous BR as well as functional BIN2 and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Taken together, our results depicted a light-involved complex regulation network of BZR1 stability and phosphorylation status.
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Wang XY, Li DZ, Li Q, Ma YQ, Yao JW, Huang X, Xu ZQ. Metabolomic analysis reveals the relationship between AZI1 and sugar signaling in systemic acquired resistance of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:273-287. [PMID: 27337039 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The function of AZI1 in systemic acquired resistance of Arabidopsis was confirmed by investigation of the phenotypic features of wild-type Col-0, AZI1 T-DNA knockout and AZI1 overexpressing plants after infection with virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas syringae. Real-time quantitative PCR and Northern blotting analyses showed that the transcript abundances of PR genes increased significantly in local and systemic leaves of wild-type Col-0 and AZI1 overexpressing plants challenged with avirulent P. syringae, whereas the mRNA accumulation of PR genes was obviously attenuated in local and systemic leaves of AZI1 T-DNA knockout plants after localized infiltration with avirulent Psm avrRpm1. The changes of metabolomic profiles in distal leaves of three types of materials infected with avirulent P. syringae were determined by (1)H NMR spectrometry and data mining showed that the soluble carbonhydrates might function as signal substances in the systemic immunity of Arabidopsis. At the same time, the expression of the sugar signaling genes in local and distal leaves after infection of avirulent P. syringae was compared. As a result, it was found that the transcript abundances of sugar signaling genes, including SUS1, SUS2, SUS3, SUS6, SUT1, HXK1, HXK2, SNRK1.2, ERD6, TPS1, TOR, SNRK1.1, SNRK1.3 and bZIP11, were obviously changed in distal leaves of different materials with the modulated AZI1 activities, indicating sugar-related genes are involved in regulation of the systemic immunity mediated by AZI1. These results also illustrated that the immune system associated with sugar molecules probably was an important part of the systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian-Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Wen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Sugars, the end products of photosynthesis, not only fuel growth and development of plants as carbon and energy sources, but also function as signaling molecules to modulate a range of important processes during plant growth and development. We recently found that sugar can promote hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis in darkness and this is largely dependent on brassinosteroids (BRs), a group of essential phytohormones involved in mediation of plant cell elongation. Sugars not only positively regulate the transcription of BZR1, the gene encoding the BR-activated transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 (BRZ1), but also stabilize the BZR1 protein. Based on these results, we proposed that BZR1 may act as a converging node for crosstalk between BR and sugar signaling in regulating plant growth in darkness. In this short communication, we present some new data showing that HEXOKINASE1 (HXK1), the first identified glucose (Glc) sensor in plants, was positively involved in Glc promotion of hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis in the dark. It appears that the function of HXK1 is dependent on the presence of BR, suggesting that BR may act downstream of HXK1 to positively regulate Glc-induced hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis in darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations; Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, China
| | - Junxian He
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence to: Junxian He;
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