1
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Gao X, Yang B, Zhang J, Wang C, Ren H, Fu Y, Yang Z. PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORY LOCUS1 maintains actin microfilament integrity to regulate pavement cell morphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:356-369. [PMID: 38227494 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Actin dynamics are critical for plant cell morphogenesis, but the underlying signaling mechanisms regulating these dynamics are not well understood. Here, we established that PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORY LOCUS1 (PRL1) modulates leaf pavement cell (PC) morphogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by maintaining the dynamic homeostasis of actin microfilaments (MF). Our previous studies indicated that PC shape was determined by antagonistic RHO-RELATED GTPase FROM PLANTS 2 (ROP2) and RHO-RELATED GTPase FROM PLANTS 6 (ROP6) signaling pathways that promote cortical MF and microtubule organization, respectively. Our genetic screen for additional components in ROP6-mediated signaling identified prl1 alleles. Genetic analysis confirmed that PRL1 plays a key role in PC morphogenesis. Mutations in PRL1 caused cortical MF depolymerization, resulting in defective PC morphogenesis. Further genetic analysis revealed that PRL1 is epistatic to ROP2 and ROP6 in PC morphogenesis. Mutations in PRL1 enhanced the effects of ROP2 and ROP6 in PC morphogenesis, leading to a synergistic phenotype in the PCs of ROP2 prl1 and ROP6 prl1. Furthermore, the activities of ROP2 and ROP6 were differentially altered in prl1 mutants, suggesting that ROP2 and ROP6 function downstream of PRL1. Additionally, cortical MF depolymerization in prl1 mutants occurred independently of ROP2 and ROP6, implying that these proteins impact PC morphogenesis in the prl1 mutant through other cellular processes. Our research indicates that PRL1 preserves the structural integrity of actin and facilitates pavement cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gao
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chi Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huibo Ren
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ying Fu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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2
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Zhang W, Fan Y, Chi J. The synergistic effect of multiple organic macromolecules on the formation of calcium oxalate raphides of Musa spp. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2470-2480. [PMID: 38243384 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Needle-like calcium oxalate crystals called raphides are unique structures in the plant kingdom. Multiple biomacromolecules work together in the regulatory and transportation pathways to form raphides; however, the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Using banana (Musa spp.), this study combined in vivo methods including confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Q Exactive mass spectrometry to identify the main biomolecules, such as vesicles, together with the compositions of lipids and proteins in the crystal chamber, which is the membrane compartment that surrounds each raphide during its formation. Simulations of the vesicle transportation process and the synthesis of elongated calcium oxalate crystals in vitro were then conducted, and the results suggested that the vesicles carrying amorphous calcium oxalate and proteins embedded in raphides are transported along actin filaments. These vesicles subsequently fuse with the crystal chamber, utilizing the proteins embedded in the raphides as a template for the final formation of the structure. Our findings contribute to the fundamental understanding of the regulation of the diverse biomacromolecules that are crucial for raphide formation. Moreover, the implications of these findings extend to other fields such as materials science, and particularly the synthesis of functionalized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuke Fan
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jialin Chi
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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3
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Khoso MA, Zhang H, Khoso MH, Poudel TR, Wagan S, Papiashvili T, Saha S, Ali A, Murtaza G, Manghwar H, Liu F. Synergism of vesicle trafficking and cytoskeleton during regulation of plant growth and development: A mechanistic outlook. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21976. [PMID: 38034654 PMCID: PMC10682163 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a fundamental component found in all eukaryotic organisms, serving as a critical factor in various essential cyto-biological mechanisms, particularly in the locomotion and morphological transformations of plant cells. The cytoskeleton is comprised of three main components: microtubules (MT), microfilaments (MF), and intermediate filaments (IF). The cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in the process of cell wall formation and remodeling throughout the growth and development of cells. It is a highly organized and regulated network composed of filamentous components. In the basic processes of intracellular transport, such as mitosis, cytokinesis, and cell polarity, the plant cytoskeleton plays a crucial role according to recent studies. The major flaws in the organization of the cytoskeletal framework are at the root of the aberrant organogenesis currently observed in plant mutants. The regulation of protein compartmentalization and abundance within cells is predominantly governed by the process of vesicle/membrane transport, which plays a crucial role in several signaling cascades.The regulation of membrane transport in eukaryotic cells is governed by a diverse array of proteins. Recent developments in genomics have provided new tools to study the evolutionary relationships between membrane proteins in different plant species. It is known that members of the GTPases, COP, SNAREs, Rabs, tethering factors, and PIN families play essential roles in vesicle transport between plant, animal, and microbial species. This Review presents the latest research on the plant cytoskeleton, focusing on recent developments related to the cytoskeleton and summarizing the role of various proteins in vesicle transport. In addition, the report predicts future research direction of plant cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking, potential research priorities, and provides researchers with specific pointers to further investigate the significant link between cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneer Ahmed Khoso
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Department of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Department of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Mir Hassan Khoso
- Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, Pakistan
| | - Tika Ram Poudel
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sindho Wagan
- Laboratory of Pest Physiology Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Department of Forest Protection Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040, China
| | - Tamar Papiashvili
- School of Economics and Management Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sudipta Saha
- School of Forestry, Department of Silviculture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Abid Ali
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Department of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Harbin Medical University China, China
| | - Hakim Manghwar
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China
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4
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Iqbal A, Aslam S, Akhtar S, Ali Q, Rao AQ, Husnain T. Over-expression of GhACTIN1 under the control of GhSCFP promoter improves cotton fiber and yield. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18377. [PMID: 37884648 PMCID: PMC10603119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin dynamics is pivotal in controlling cotton fiber elongation and the onset of secondary wall biosynthesis. We report that overexpression of GhACTIN1 under fiber fiber-specific promoter, GhSCFP, improves cotton fiber length, strength, and micronaire value. However, the effect of transgene has a more positive effect on fiber strength and micronaire value than fiber length. F-actin quantification and cellulose contents measurement in transgenic developing cotton fiber during the elongation phase showed an increase of up to 8.7% and 4.7% respectively. Additionally, physiological factors such as water use efficiency showed no significant change in transgenic cotton lines, while stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate were significantly increased. Moreover, agronomical data determined that lint percentage (GOT) and seed cotton yield also increased up to 4.6% and 29.5% respectively, in transgenic cotton lines compared to the control lines. Our data demonstrate that the GhACTIN1 gene is a strong candidate gene for cotton fiber and yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Iqbal
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of Punjab, 87 West Canal Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan.
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870, Blonie, Poland.
| | - Sibgha Aslam
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870, Blonie, Poland
| | - Sidra Akhtar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of Punjab, 87 West Canal Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Qayyum Rao
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of Punjab, 87 West Canal Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of Punjab, 87 West Canal Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
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5
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Yuan G, Gao H, Yang T. Exploring the Role of the Plant Actin Cytoskeleton: From Signaling to Cellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15480. [PMID: 37895158 PMCID: PMC10607326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant actin cytoskeleton is characterized by the basic properties of dynamic array, which plays a central role in numerous conserved processes that are required for diverse cellular functions. Here, we focus on how actins and actin-related proteins (ARPs), which represent two classical branches of a greatly diverse superfamily of ATPases, are involved in fundamental functions underlying signal regulation of plant growth and development. Moreover, we review the structure, assembly dynamics, and biological functions of filamentous actin (F-actin) from a molecular perspective. The various accessory proteins known as actin-binding proteins (ABPs) partner with F-actin to finely tune actin dynamics, often in response to various cell signaling pathways. Our understanding of the significance of the actin cytoskeleton in vital cellular activities has been furthered by comparison of conserved functions of actin filaments across different species combined with advanced microscopic techniques and experimental methods. We discuss the current model of the plant actin cytoskeleton, followed by examples of the signaling mechanisms under the supervision of F-actin related to cell morphogenesis, polar growth, and cytoplasmic streaming. Determination of the theoretical basis of how the cytoskeleton works is important in itself and is beneficial to future applications aimed at improving crop biomass and production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (G.Y.); (H.G.)
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6
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Narayan JA, Manoj VM, Nerkar G, Chakravarthi M, Dharshini S, Subramonian N, Premachandran MN, Valarmathi R, Kumar RA, Gomathi R, Surendar KK, Hemaprabha G, Appunu C. Transgenic sugarcane with higher levels of BRK1 showed improved drought tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1611-1628. [PMID: 37578541 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Transgenic sugarcane overexpressing BRK1 showed improved tolerance to drought stress through modulation of actin polymerization and formation of interlocking marginal lobes in epidermal leaf cells, a typical feature associated with BRK1 expression under drought stress. BRICK1 (BRK1) genes promote leaf epidermal cell morphogenesis and division in plants that involves local actin polymerization. Although the changes in actin filament organization during drought have been reported, the role of BRK in stress tolerance remains unknown. In our previous work, the drought-tolerant Erianthus arundinaceus exhibited high levels of the BRK gene expression under drought stress. Therefore, in the present study, the drought-responsive gene, BRK1 from Saccharum spontaneum, was transformed into sugarcane to test if it conferred drought tolerance in the commercial sugarcane cultivar Co 86032. The transgenic lines were subjected to drought stress, and analyzed using physiological parameters for drought stress. The drought-induced BRK1-overexpressing lines of sugarcane exhibited significantly higher transgene expression compared with the wild-type control and also showed improved physiological parameters. In addition, the formation of interlocking marginal lobes in the epidermal leaf cells, a typical feature associated with BRK1 expression, was observed in all transgenic BRK1 lines during drought stress. This is the first report to suggest that BRK1 plays a role in sugarcane acclimation to drought stress and may prove to be a potential candidate in genetic engineering of plants for enhanced biomass production under drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashwin Narayan
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - V M Manoj
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - Gauri Nerkar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - M Chakravarthi
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - S Dharshini
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - N Subramonian
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - M N Premachandran
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Valarmathi
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Arun Kumar
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Gomathi
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - K Krisha Surendar
- Deprtament of Plant Physiology, Paddy Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - G Hemaprabha
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - C Appunu
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India.
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7
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Cui X, Zou M, Li J. Basally distributed actin array drives embryonic hypocotyl elongation during the seed-to-seedling transition in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:191-206. [PMID: 37537721 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is a vital developmental transition for the production of progeny by sexual reproduction in spermatophytes. The seed-to-seedling transition is predominately driven by hypocotyl cell elongation. However, the mechanism that underlies hypocotyl growth remains largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the actin array reorganization in embryonic hypocotyl epidermal cells. Live-cell imaging revealed a basally organized actin array formed during hypocotyl cell elongation. This polarized actin assembly is a barrel-shaped network, which comprises a backbone of longitudinally aligned actin cables and a fine actin cap linking these cables. We provide genetic evidence that the basal actin array formation requires formin-mediated actin polymerization and directional movement of actin filaments powered by myosin XIs. In fh1-1 and xi3ko mutants, actin filaments failed to reorganize into the basal actin array, and the hypocotyl cell elongation was inhibited compared with wild-type plants. Collectively, our work uncovers the molecular mechanisms for basal actin array assembly and demonstrates the connection between actin polarization and hypocotyl elongation during seed-to-seedling transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Minxia Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiejie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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8
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Stephan OOH. Effects of environmental stress factors on the actin cytoskeleton of fungi and plants: Ionizing radiation and ROS. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:330-355. [PMID: 37066976 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Actin is an abundant and multifaceted protein in eukaryotic cells that has been detected in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus. In cooperation with numerous interacting accessory-proteins, monomeric actin (G-actin) polymerizes into microfilaments (F-actin) which constitute ubiquitous subcellular higher order structures. Considering the extensive spatial dimensions and multifunctionality of actin superarrays, the present study analyses the issue if and to what extent environmental stress factors, specifically ionizing radiation (IR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), affect the cellular actin-entity. In that context, this review particularly surveys IR-response of fungi and plants. It examines in detail which actin-related cellular constituents and molecular pathways are influenced by IR and related ROS. This comprehensive survey concludes that the general integrity of the total cellular actin cytoskeleton is a requirement for IR-tolerance. Actin's functions in genome organization and nuclear events like chromatin remodeling, DNA-repair, and transcription play a key role. Beyond that, it is highly significant that the macromolecular cytoplasmic and cortical actin-frameworks are affected by IR as well. In response to IR, actin-filament bundling proteins (fimbrins) are required to stabilize cables or patches. In addition, the actin-associated factors mediating cellular polarity are essential for IR-survivability. Moreover, it is concluded that a cellular homeostasis system comprising ROS, ROS-scavengers, NADPH-oxidases, and the actin cytoskeleton plays an essential role here. Consequently, besides the actin-fraction which controls crucial genome-integrity, also the portion which facilitates orderly cellular transport and polarized growth has to be maintained in order to survive IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian O H Stephan
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bavaria, 91058, Germany
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9
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Zhang R, Xu Y, Yi R, Shen J, Huang S. Actin cytoskeleton in the control of vesicle transport, cytoplasmic organization, and pollen tube tip growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:9-25. [PMID: 37002825 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes extend rapidly via tip growth. This process depends on a dynamic actin cytoskeleton, which has been implicated in controlling organelle movements, cytoplasmic streaming, vesicle trafficking, and cytoplasm organization in pollen tubes. In this update review, we describe the progress in understanding the organization and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and the function of the actin cytoskeleton in controlling vesicle traffic and cytoplasmic organization in pollen tubes. We also discuss the interplay between ion gradients and the actin cytoskeleton that regulates the spatial arrangement and dynamics of actin filaments and the organization of the cytoplasm in pollen tubes. Finally, we describe several signaling components that regulate actin dynamics in pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ran Yi
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiangfeng Shen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Goring DR, Bosch M, Franklin-Tong VE. Contrasting self-recognition rejection systems for self-incompatibility in Brassica and Papaver. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R530-R542. [PMID: 37279687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) plays a pivotal role in whether self-pollen is accepted or rejected. Most SI systems employ two tightly linked loci encoding highly polymorphic pollen (male) and pistil (female) S-determinants that control whether self-pollination is successful or not. In recent years our knowledge of the signalling networks and cellular mechanisms involved has improved considerably, providing an important contribution to our understanding of the diverse mechanisms used by plant cells to recognise each other and elicit responses. Here, we compare and contrast two important SI systems employed in the Brassicaceae and Papaveraceae. Both use 'self-recognition' systems, but their genetic control and S-determinants are quite different. We describe the current knowledge about the receptors and ligands, and the downstream signals and responses utilized to prevent self-seed set. What emerges is a common theme involving the initiation of destructive pathways that block the key processes that are required for compatible pollen-pistil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne R Goring
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
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11
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Su C, Rodriguez-Franco M, Lace B, Nebel N, Hernandez-Reyes C, Liang P, Schulze E, Mymrikov EV, Gross NM, Knerr J, Wang H, Siukstaite L, Keller J, Libourel C, Fischer AAM, Gabor KE, Mark E, Popp C, Hunte C, Weber W, Wendler P, Stanislas T, Delaux PM, Einsle O, Grosse R, Römer W, Ott T. Stabilization of membrane topologies by proteinaceous remorin scaffolds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:323. [PMID: 36658193 PMCID: PMC9852587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, the topological organization of membranes has mainly been attributed to the cell wall and the cytoskeleton. Additionally, few proteins, such as plant-specific remorins have been shown to function as protein and lipid organizers. Root nodule symbiosis requires continuous membrane re-arrangements, with bacteria being finally released from infection threads into membrane-confined symbiosomes. We found that mutations in the symbiosis-specific SYMREM1 gene result in highly disorganized perimicrobial membranes. AlphaFold modelling and biochemical analyses reveal that SYMREM1 oligomerizes into antiparallel dimers and may form a higher-order membrane scaffolding structure. This was experimentally confirmed when expressing this and other remorins in wall-less protoplasts is sufficient where they significantly alter and stabilize de novo membrane topologies ranging from membrane blebs to long membrane tubes with a central actin filament. Reciprocally, mechanically induced membrane indentations were equally stabilized by SYMREM1. Taken together we describe a plant-specific mechanism that allows the stabilization of large-scale membrane conformations independent of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Su
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Beatrice Lace
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Nebel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Casandra Hernandez-Reyes
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pengbo Liang
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eija Schulze
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evgeny V Mymrikov
- CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikolas M Gross
- CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Knerr
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hong Wang
- CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lina Siukstaite
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jean Keller
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Cyril Libourel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Alexandra A M Fischer
- CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina E Gabor
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eric Mark
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Claudia Popp
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Institute of Genetics, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carola Hunte
- CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petra Wendler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thomas Stanislas
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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12
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Basu A, Paul MK, Weiss S. The actin cytoskeleton: Morphological changes in pre- and fully developed lung cancer. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:041304. [PMID: 38505516 PMCID: PMC10903407 DOI: 10.1063/5.0096188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Actin, a primary component of the cell cytoskeleton can have multiple isoforms, each of which can have specific properties uniquely suited for their purpose. These monomers are then bound together to form polymeric filaments utilizing adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis as a source of energy. Proteins, such as Arp2/3, VASP, formin, profilin, and cofilin, serve important roles in the polymerization process. These filaments can further be linked to form stress fibers by proteins called actin-binding proteins, such as α-actinin, myosin, fascin, filamin, zyxin, and epsin. These stress fibers are responsible for mechanotransduction, maintaining cell shape, cell motility, and intracellular cargo transport. Cancer metastasis, specifically epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is one of the key steps of the process, is accompanied by the formation of thick stress fibers through the Rho-associated protein kinase, MAPK/ERK, and Wnt pathways. Recently, with the advent of "field cancerization," pre-malignant cells have also been demonstrated to possess stress fibers and related cytoskeletal features. Analytical methods ranging from western blot and RNA-sequencing to cryo-EM and fluorescent imaging have been employed to understand the structure and dynamics of actin and related proteins including polymerization/depolymerization. More recent methods involve quantifying properties of the actin cytoskeleton from fluorescent images and utilizing them to study biological processes, such as EMT. These image analysis approaches exploit the fact that filaments have a unique structure (curvilinear) compared to the noise or other artifacts to separate them. Line segments are extracted from these filament images that have assigned lengths and orientations. Coupling such methods with statistical analysis has resulted in development of a new reporter for EMT in lung cancer cells as well as their drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shimon Weiss
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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13
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Onda Y, Okino T. Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase PDI1;1 regulates actin structures in Oryza sativa root cells. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:3015-3023. [PMID: 35781879 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The polarized and dynamic actin cytoskeleton is essential for root cell growth. Here, we report the key role of thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase PDI1;1 in actin structures. Microscopic analyses revealed that after Oryza sativa roots were exposed to H2 O2 , both actin and PDI1;1 were depolarized and arranged in a meshwork. In H2 O2 -exposed cells, actin formed intermolecularly disulfide-bonded high-molecular-weight structures, which were thiol-trapped by PDI1;1. Recombinant PDI1;1 exhibited the ability to recognize actin in an in vitro binding assay. During recovery from H2 O2 exposure, the amount of disulfide-bonded high-molecular-weight structures of actin decreased over time, but deficiency of PDI1;1 inhibited the decrease. These results suggest a PDI1;1-dependent pathway that reduces disulfide bonds in high-molecular-weight structures of actin, thus promoting their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Onda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Okino
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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14
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Keynia S, Davis TC, Szymanski DB, Turner JA. Cell twisting during desiccation reveals axial asymmetry in wall organization. Biophys J 2022; 121:932-942. [PMID: 35151632 PMCID: PMC8943815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell size and shape are tuned to their function and specified primarily by cellulose microfibril (CMF) patterning of the cell wall. Arabidopsis thaliana leaf trichomes are unicellular structures that act as a physical defense to deter insect feeding. This highly polarized cell type employs a strongly anisotropic cellulose wall to extend and taper, generating sharply pointed branches. During elongation, the mechanisms by which shifts in fiber orientation generate cells with predictable sizes and shapes are unknown. Specifically, the axisymmetric growth of trichome branches is often thought to result from axisymmetric CMF patterning. Here, we analyzed the direction and degree of twist of branches after desiccation to reveal the presence of an asymmetric cell wall organization with a left-hand bias. CMF organization, quantified using computational modeling, suggests a limited reorientation of microfibrils during growth and a maximum branch length limited by the wall axial stiffness. The model provides a mechanism for CMF asymmetry, which occurs after the branch bending stiffness becomes low enough that ambient bending affects the principal stresses. After this stage, the CMF synthesis results in a constant bending stiffness for longer branches. The bending vibration natural frequencies of branches with respect to their length are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Keynia
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Thomas C Davis
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.
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15
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Ruiz-Molina N, Parsons J, Schroeder S, Posten C, Reski R, Decker EL. Process Engineering of Biopharmaceutical Production in Moss Bioreactors via Model-Based Description and Evaluation of Phytohormone Impact. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:837965. [PMID: 35252145 PMCID: PMC8891706 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.837965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The moss Physcomitrella is an interesting production host for recombinant biopharmaceuticals. Here we produced MFHR1, a synthetic complement regulator which has been proposed for the treatment of diseases associated to the complement system as part of human innate immunity. We studied the impact of different operation modes for the production process in 5 L stirred-tank photobioreactors. The total amount of recombinant protein was doubled by using fed-batch or batch compared to semi-continuous operation, although the maximum specific productivity (mg MFHR1/g FW) increased just by 35%. We proposed an unstructured kinetic model which fits accurately with the experimental data in batch and semi-continuous operation under autotrophic conditions with 2% CO2 enrichment. The model is able to predict recombinant protein production, nitrate uptake and biomass growth, which is useful for process control and optimization. We investigated strategies to further increase MFHR1 production. While mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions decreased the MFHR1-specific productivity compared to autotrophic conditions, addition of the phytohormone auxin (NAA, 10 µM) to the medium enhanced it by 470% in shaken flasks and up to 230% and 260%, in batch and fed-batch bioreactors, respectively. Supporting this finding, the auxin-synthesis inhibitor L-kynurenine (100 µM) decreased MFHR1 production significantly by 110% and 580% at day 7 and 18, respectively. Expression analysis revealed that the MFHR1 transgene, driven by the Physcomitrella actin5 (PpAct5) promoter, was upregulated 16 h after NAA addition and remained enhanced over the whole process, whereas the auxin-responsive gene PpIAA1A was upregulated within the first 2 hours, indicating that the effect of auxin on PpAct5 promoter-driven expression is indirect. Furthermore, the day of NAA supplementation was crucial, leading to an up to 8-fold increase of MFHR1-specific productivity (0.82 mg MFHR1/g fresh weight, 150 mg accumulated over 7 days) compared to the productivity reported previously. Our findings are likely to be applicable to other plant-based expression systems to increase biopharmaceutical production and yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ruiz-Molina
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sina Schroeder
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Posten
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences III Bioprocess Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L. Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Eva L. Decker,
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16
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Gu Y, Rasmussen CG. Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:103-128. [PMID: 34613413 PMCID: PMC8774047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars, and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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17
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Chen H, Ma J, Liu J, Dou L, Shen T, Zuo H, Xu F, Zhao L, Tang W, Man Y, Ma Y, Li J, Huang X. Lysophosphatidylcholine disrupts cell adhesion and induces anoikis in hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:510-525. [PMID: 35043979 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine Beijing 100730 China
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology National Health Commission Beijing 100730 China
| | - Jiarui Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology National Health Commission Beijing 100730 China
| | - Jin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development Laboratory of Neuroscience and Brain Development College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Lin Dou
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology National Health Commission Beijing 100730 China
| | - Tao Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology National Health Commission Beijing 100730 China
| | - Huiyan Zuo
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology National Health Commission Beijing 100730 China
| | - Fangzhi Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology National Health Commission Beijing 100730 China
| | - Li Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology National Health Commission Beijing 100730 China
| | - Weiqing Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology National Health Commission Beijing 100730 China
| | - Yong Man
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology National Health Commission Beijing 100730 China
| | - Yanyan Ma
- Department of Scientific Research Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital Xining 810001 China
| | - Jian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology National Health Commission Beijing 100730 China
| | - Xiuqing Huang
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine Beijing 100730 China
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology National Health Commission Beijing 100730 China
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18
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Wang X, Lu Y, Qin Z, Guo H, Chen W, Ding T, Tang J, Zhang H. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy and Conventional Radiotherapy Induce Cytoskeleton Extension and Enlargement of Cell Morphology in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Dose Response 2022; 19:15593258211064499. [PMID: 34987340 PMCID: PMC8725237 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211064499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is now widely used in cancer therapy. However, the biological effects of SBRT compared with conventional radiotherapy (CRT) are not clear. The cytoskeleton plays an important role in many biological processes and cellular life activities. The effects of SBRT or CRT on the morphology and cytoskeletal structure of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells remain unknown. Based on the biologically equivalent dose (BED) formula, we designed SBRT and CRT fractionation regimens with the same BED. The morphology was captured during radiation, and rhodamine-phalloidin immunofluorescence was used to study the cytoskeleton. A lactate dehydrogenase assay kit was used to determine the cell membrane permeability, and western blot was used to detect the cytoskeleton protein expression levels. The morphology and cytoskeleton expanded after SBRT or CRT, with an increase in cell membrane permeability and stable cytoskeleton protein levels. Besides, different dose of SBRT (10,20,30 Gy) induce similar morphology and cytoskeleton enlargement. Our findings indicate that SBRT and CRT can induce cytoskeleton reorganization and the enlargement of cell morphology (at different rates) in NSCLC. The morphology and cytoskeleton enlargement after SBRT are dose independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Oncology Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Lu
- Oncology Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiquan Qin
- Oncology Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Guo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang, China
| | - Jianming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Oncology Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Fu L, Zhao J, Ni Y, Lu Z, Chen Z, Li F. Effect of Salvianolate on Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury and Its Mechanism. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
<sec> <title>Background:</title> The paper investigated the H9c2 cardiomyocyte model induced by hypoxia. Cell viability was monitored by real-time unlabeled cell function analyzer to determine the levels of LDH, MDA and SOD in cell supernatant. </sec>
<sec> <title>Material and Methods:</title> The cytoskeleton staining was labeled by phalloidin staining. WB was applied to detect the expression of myocardial cytoskeleton microtubuleassociated protein and the expression of HIF-1α protein in each group.
After adding AMPK inhibitor Compound C, Hoechst 33342 was employed to detect the apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes, and WB was applied to detect the expressions of myocardial cytoskeleton-associated protein and p-AMPK. </sec> <sec> <title>Results:</title>
Salvianolate can effectively improve cell viability, reduce LDH and MDA levels, increase SOD content, improve skeletal structure damage, reduce nuclear concentration, reduce cell debris, and promote the expressions of microtubule-associated protein, α-tubulin and β-tubulin,
MAP4, and microfilament-associated protein MLCK, p-MLC-2 in myocardial cytoskeleton microtubules after ischemia and hypoxia. The addition of AMPK inhibitor can inhibit the expressions of p-AMPK, tubulin MAP4, microfilament protein MLCK and p-MLC-2 up-regulated by Salvianolate. </sec>
<sec> <title>Conclusion:</title> Salvianolate can promote the expressions of microtubule-associated protein α-tubulin, β-tubulin,MAP4, microfilament-associated protein MLCK and p-MLC-2 in myocardial cytoskeleton after ischemia and hypoxia,
indicating that Salvianolate can protect the myocardial cytoskeleton after ischemia and hypoxia, and may protect the structure and function of microtubules and microfilaments in the myocardial cytoskeleton through the AMPK/MAP4 and AMPK/MLCK pathways. </sec>
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinkai Ni
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhexin Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zonghui Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Meng R, Zhang L, Zhou C, Liao K, Xiao P, Luo Q, Xu J, Cui Y, Hu X, Yan X. Genome Sequence of Chrysotila roscoffensis, a Coccolithphore Contributed to Global Biogeochemical Cycles. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:genes13010040. [PMID: 35052381 PMCID: PMC8775090 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysotila is a genus of coccolithophores. Together with Emiliania, it is one of the representative genera in the Haptophyta which have been extensively studied. They are photosynthetic unicellular marine algae sharing the common characteristic of the production of CaCO3 platelets (coccoliths) on the surface of their cells and are crucial contributors to global biogeochemical cycles. Here, we report the genome assembly of Chrysotila roscoffensis. The assembled genome size was ~636 Mb distributed across 769 scaffolds with N50 of 1.63 Mb, and maximum contig length of ~2.6 Mb. Repetitive elements accounted for approximately 59% of the genome. A total of 23,341 genes were predicted from C. roscoffensis genome. The divergence time between C. roscoffensis and Emiliania huxleyi was estimated to be around 537.6 Mya. Gene families related to cytoskeleton, cellular motility and morphology, and ion transport were expanded. The genome of C. roscoffensis will provide a foundation for understanding the genetic and phenotypic diversification and calcification mechanisms of coccolithophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Meng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (R.M.); (C.Z.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Chengxu Zhou
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (R.M.); (C.Z.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Kai Liao
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Peng Xiao
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Qijun Luo
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jilin Xu
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Yanze Cui
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Xiaodi Hu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China;
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-0574-87600458 (X.Y.); +86-0574-87600738 (X.H.)
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
- School of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-0574-87600458 (X.Y.); +86-0574-87600738 (X.H.)
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21
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Matsumoto H, Kimata Y, Higaki T, Higashiyama T, Ueda M. Dynamic Rearrangement and Directional Migration of Tubular Vacuoles are Required for the Asymmetric Division of the Arabidopsis Zygote. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1280-1289. [PMID: 34077537 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In most flowering plants, the asymmetric cell division of zygotes is the initial step that establishes the apical-basal axis. In the Arabidopsis zygote, vacuolar accumulation at the basal cell end is crucial to ensure zygotic division asymmetry. Despite the importance, it was unclear whether this polar vacuolar distribution was achieved by predominant biogenesis at the basal region or by directional movement after biogenesis. Here, we found that apical and basal vacuolar contents are dynamically exchanged via a tubular vacuolar network and the vacuoles gradually migrate toward the basal end. The mutant of a vacuolar membrane protein, SHOOT GRAVITROPISM2 (SGR2), failed to form tubular vacuoles, and the mutant of a putative vacuolar fusion factor, VESICLE TRANSPORT THROUGH INTERACTION WITH T-SOLUBLE N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE-SENSITIVE FUSION PROTEIN ATTACHMENT PROTEIN RECEPTORS (SNARES) 11 (VTI11), could not flexibly rearrange the vacuolar network. Both mutants failed to exchange the apical and basal vacuolar contents and to polarly migrate the vacuoles, resulting in a more symmetric division of zygotes. Additionally, we observed that in contrast to sgr2, the zygotic defects of vti11 were rescued by the pharmacological depletion of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), a distinct phospholipid in the vacuolar membrane. Thus, SGR2 and VTI11 have individual sites of action in zygotic vacuolar membrane processes. Further, a mutant of YODA (YDA) mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, a core component of the embryonic axis formation pathway, generated the proper vacuolar network; however, it failed to migrate the vacuoles toward the basal region, which suggests impaired directional cues. Overall, we conclude that SGR2- and VTI11-dependent vacuolar exchange and YDA-mediated directional migration are necessary to achieve polar vacuolar distribution in the zygote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kimata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Minako Ueda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Suntory Rising Stars Encouragement Program in Life Sciences (SunRiSE)
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22
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Chin S, Kwon T, Khan BR, Sparks JA, Mallery EL, Szymanski DB, Blancaflor EB. Spatial and temporal localization of SPIRRIG and WAVE/SCAR reveal roles for these proteins in actin-mediated root hair development. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2131-2148. [PMID: 33881536 PMCID: PMC8364238 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are single-cell protrusions that enable roots to optimize nutrient and water acquisition. These structures attain their tubular shapes by confining growth to the cell apex, a process called tip growth. The actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane systems are essential for tip growth; however, little is known about how these cellular components coordinate their activities during this process. Here, we show that SPIRRIG (SPI), a beige and Chediak Higashi domain-containing protein involved in membrane trafficking, and BRK1 and SCAR2, subunits of the WAVE/SCAR (W/SC) actin nucleating promoting complex, display polarized localizations in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs during distinct developmental stages. SPI accumulates at the root hair apex via post-Golgi compartments and positively regulates tip growth by maintaining tip-focused vesicle secretion and filamentous-actin integrity. BRK1 and SCAR2 on the other hand, mark the root hair initiation domain to specify the position of root hair emergence. Consistent with the localization data, tip growth was reduced in spi and the position of root hair emergence was disrupted in brk1 and scar1234. BRK1 depletion coincided with SPI accumulation as root hairs transitioned from initiation to tip growth. Taken together, our work uncovers a role for SPI in facilitating actin-dependent root hair development in Arabidopsis through pathways that might intersect with W/SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chin
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - J. Alan Sparks
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Eileen L. Mallery
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel B. Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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23
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Considine MJ, Foyer CH. Stress effects on the reactive oxygen species-dependent regulation of plant growth and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5795-5806. [PMID: 34106236 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth is mediated by cell proliferation and expansion. Both processes are controlled by a network of endogenous factors such as phytohormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS), sugars, and other signals, which influence gene expression and post-translational regulation of proteins. Stress resilience requires rapid and appropriate responses in plant growth and development as well as defence. Regulation of ROS accumulation in different cellular compartments influences growth responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. While ROS are essential for growth, they are also implicated in the stress-induced cessation of growth and, in some cases, programmed cell death. It is widely accepted that redox post-translational modifications of key proteins determine the growth changes and cell fate responses to stress, but the molecular pathways and factors involved remain poorly characterized. Here we discuss ROS as a signalling molecule, the mechanisms of ROS-dependent regulation that influence protein-protein interactions, protein function, and turnover, together with the relocation of key proteins to different intracellular compartments in a manner that can alter cell fate. Understanding how the redox interactome responds to stress-induced increases in ROS may provide a road map to tailoring the dynamic ROS interactions that determine growth and cell fate in order to enhance stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Considine
- The School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
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24
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TRANVIA (TVA) facilitates cellulose synthase trafficking and delivery to the plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021790118. [PMID: 34290139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021790118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs), which are assembled in the Golgi and secreted to the plasma membrane through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartment. However, the molecular mechanisms that guide CSCs through the secretory system and deliver them to the plasma membrane are poorly understood. Here, we identified an uncharacterized gene, TRANVIA (TVA), that is transcriptionally coregulated with the CESA genes required for primary cell wall synthesis. The tva mutant exhibits enhanced sensitivity to cellulose synthesis inhibitors; reduced cellulose content; and defective dynamics, density, and secretion of CSCs to the plasma membrane as compared to wild type. TVA is a plant-specific protein of unknown function that is detected in at least two different intracellular compartments: organelles labeled by markers for the TGN and smaller compartments that deliver CSCs to the plasma membrane. Together, our data suggest that TVA promotes trafficking of CSCs to the plasma membrane by facilitating exit from the TGN and/or interaction of CSC secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.
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25
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Kubánková M, Hohberger B, Hoffmanns J, Fürst J, Herrmann M, Guck J, Kräter M. Physical phenotype of blood cells is altered in COVID-19. Biophys J 2021; 120:2838-2847. [PMID: 34087216 PMCID: PMC8169220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical syndrome coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is characterized by rapid spreading and high mortality worldwide. Although the pathology is not yet fully understood, hyperinflammatory response and coagulation disorders leading to congestions of microvessels are considered to be key drivers of the still-increasing death toll. Until now, physical changes of blood cells have not been considered to play a role in COVID-19 related vascular occlusion and organ damage. Here, we report an evaluation of multiple physical parameters including the mechanical features of five frequent blood cell types, namely erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils. More than four million blood cells of 17 COVID-19 patients at different levels of severity, 24 volunteers free from infectious or inflammatory diseases, and 14 recovered COVID-19 patients were analyzed. We found significant changes in lymphocyte stiffness, monocyte size, neutrophil size and deformability, and heterogeneity of erythrocyte deformation and size. Although some of these changes recovered to normal values after hospitalization, others persisted for months after hospital discharge, evidencing the long-term imprint of COVID-19 on the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Kubánková
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jakob Hoffmanns
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Fürst
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Martin Kräter
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Abstract
The plant cell wall is an extracellular matrix that envelopes cells, gives them structure and shape, constitutes the interface with symbionts, and defends plants against external biotic and abiotic stress factors. The assembly of this matrix is regulated and mediated by the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeletal elements define where new cell wall material is added and how fibrillar macromolecules are oriented in the wall. Inversely, the cytoskeleton is also key in the perception of mechanical cues generated by structural changes in the cell wall as well as the mediation of intracellular responses. We review the delivery processes of the cell wall precursors that are required for the cell wall assembly process and the structural continuity between the inside and the outside of the cell. We provide an overview of the different morphogenetic processes for which cell wall assembly is a crucial element and elaborate on relevant feedback mechanisms.
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27
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Yochelis A. The nonlinear initiation of side-branching by activator-inhibitor-substrate (Turing) morphogenesis. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2021; 31:051102. [PMID: 34240921 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the underlying mechanism of side-branching is paramount in controlling and/or therapeutically treating mammalian organs, such as lungs, kidneys, and glands. Motivated by an activator-inhibitor-substrate approach that is conjectured to dominate the initiation of side-branching in a pulmonary vascular pattern, I demonstrate a distinct transverse front instability in which new fingers grow out of an oscillatory breakup dynamics at the front line without any typical length scale. These two features are attributed to unstable peak solutions in 1D that subcritically emanate from Turing bifurcation and that exhibit repulsive interactions. The results are based on a bifurcation analysis and numerical simulations and provide a potential strategy toward also developing a framework of side-branching for other biological systems, such as plant roots and cellular protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Yochelis
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research (BIDR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel and Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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28
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Diao M, Huang S. An Update on the Role of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Plasmodesmata: A Focus on Formins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:647123. [PMID: 33659020 PMCID: PMC7917184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.647123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication in plants is mediated by plasmodesmata (PD) whose permeability is tightly regulated during plant growth and development. The actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in regulating the permeability of PD, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Recent characterization of PD-localized formin proteins has shed light on the role and mechanism of action of actin in regulating PD-mediated intercellular trafficking. In this mini-review article, we will describe the progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Diao
- iHuman Institute, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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29
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Graham BP, Haigler CH. Microtubules exert early, partial, and variable control of cotton fiber diameter. PLANTA 2021; 253:47. [PMID: 33484350 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Variable cotton fiber diameter is set early in anisotropic elongation by cell-type-specific processes involving the temporal and spatial regulation of microtubules in the apical region. Cotton fibers are single cells that originate from the seed epidermis of Gossypium species. Then, they undergo extreme anisotropic elongation and limited diametric expansion. The details of cellular morphogenesis determine the quality traits that affect fiber uses and value, such as length, strength, and diameter. Lower and more consistent diameter would increase the competitiveness of cotton fiber with synthetic fiber, but we do not know how this trait is controlled. The complexity of the question is indicated by the existence of fibers in two major width classes in the major commercial species: broad and narrow fibers exist in commonly grown G. hirsutum, whereas G. barbadense produces only narrow fiber. To further understand how fiber diameter is controlled, we used ovule cultures, morphology measurements, and microtubule immunofluorescence to observe the effects of microtubule antagonists on fiber morphology, including shape and diameter within 80 µm of the apex. The treatments were applied at either one or two days post-anthesis during different stages of fiber morphogenesis. The results showed that inhibiting the presence and/or dynamic activity of microtubules caused larger diameter tips to form, with greater effects often observed with earlier treatment. The presence and geometry of a microtubule-depleted-zone below the apex were transiently correlated with the apical diameter of the narrow tip types. Similarly, the microtubule antagonists had somewhat different effects between tip types. Overall, the results demonstrate cell-type-specific mechanisms regulating fiber expansion within 80 µm of the apex, with variation in the impact of microtubules between tip types and over developmental time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Graham
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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30
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Eljebbawi A, Guerrero YDCR, Dunand C, Estevez JM. Highlighting reactive oxygen species as multitaskers in root development. iScience 2021; 24:101978. [PMID: 33490891 PMCID: PMC7808913 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are naturally produced by several redox reactions during plant regular metabolism such as photosynthesis and respiration. Due to their chemical properties and high reactivity, ROS were initially described as detrimental for cells during oxidative stress. However, they have been further recognized as key players in numerous developmental and physiological processes throughout the plant life cycle. Recent studies report the important role of ROS as growth regulators during plant root developmental processes such as in meristem maintenance, in root elongation, and in lateral root, root hair, endodermis, and vascular tissue differentiation. All involve multifaceted interplays between steady-state levels of ROS with transcriptional regulators, phytohormones, and nutrients. In this review, we attempt to summarize recent findings about how ROS are involved in multiple stages of plant root development during cell proliferation, elongation, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eljebbawi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - José Manuel Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal (CBV), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCsV), Universidad Andres Bello and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
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31
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Huang Q, Zhou Z, Yan F, Dong Q, Wang L, Sha W, Xu Q, Zhu X, Zhao L. Low-dose X-ray irradiation induces morphological changes and cytoskeleton reorganization in osteoblasts. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:283. [PMID: 33209127 PMCID: PMC7668146 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, research into the biological effects of low dose X-ray irradiation (LDI) has been a focus of interest. Numerous studies have suggested that cells exhibit different responses and biological effects to LDI compared with high doses. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that LDI may promote osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro, thereby accelerating fracture healing in mice. However, the exact mechanism of action by which LDI exerts its effects remains unclear. Previous studies using microarrays revealed that LDI promoted the expression of genes associated with the cytoskeleton. In the current study, the effect of X-ray irradiation (0.5 and 5 Gy) on the morphology of MC3T3-E1 cells and fiber actin organization was investigated. Osteoblasts were treated with 0, 0.5 and 5 Gy X- ray irradiation, following which changes in the actin cytoskeleton were observed. The levels of RhoA, ROCK, cofilin and phosphorylated-cofilin were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. Subsequently, osteoblasts were pretreated with ROCK specific inhibitor Y27632 to observe the changes of actin skeleton after X-ray irradiation. The results demonstrated that the cellular morphological changes were closely associated with radiation dose and exposure time. Furthermore, the gene expression levels of small GTPase RhoA and its effectors were increased following LDI. These results indicated that the RhoA/Rho-associated kinase pathway may serve a significant role in regulating LDI-induced osteoblast cytoskeleton reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Qirong Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Sha
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Xianwei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
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32
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Rozier F, Riglet L, Kodera C, Bayle V, Durand E, Schnabel J, Gaude T, Fobis-Loisy I. Live-cell imaging of early events following pollen perception in self-incompatible Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2513-2526. [PMID: 31943064 PMCID: PMC7210763 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Early events occurring at the surface of the female organ are critical for plant reproduction, especially in species with a dry stigma. After landing on the stigmatic papilla cells, the pollen hydrates and germinates a tube, which penetrates the cell wall and grows towards the ovules to convey the male gametes to the embryo sac. In self-incompatible species within the Brassicaceae, these processes are blocked when the stigma encounters an incompatible pollen. Based on the generation of self-incompatible Arabidopsis lines and by setting up a live imaging system, we showed that control of pollen hydration has a central role in pollen selectivity. The faster the pollen pumps water from the papilla during an initial period of 10 min, the faster it germinates. Furthermore, we found that the self-incompatibility barriers act to block the proper hydration of incompatible pollen and, when hydration is promoted by high humidity, an additional control prevents pollen tube penetration into the stigmatic wall. In papilla cells, actin bundles focalize at the contact site with the compatible pollen but not with the incompatible pollen, raising the possibility that stigmatic cells react to the mechanical pressure applied by the invading growing tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Rozier
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Lucie Riglet
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Chie Kodera
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Eléonore Durand
- CNRS, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Jonathan Schnabel
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Gaude
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Fobis-Loisy
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
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33
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Arieti RS, Staiger CJ. Auxin-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements require AUX1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:441-459. [PMID: 31859367 PMCID: PMC7154765 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is required for cell expansion and implicated in cellular responses to the phytohormone auxin. However, the mechanisms that coordinate auxin signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and cell expansion are poorly understood. Previous studies examined long-term actin cytoskeleton responses to auxin, but plants respond to auxin within minutes. Before this work, an extracellular auxin receptor - rather than the auxin transporter AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (AUX1) - was considered to precede auxin-induced cytoskeleton reorganization. In order to correlate actin array organization and dynamics with degree of cell expansion, quantitative imaging tools established baseline actin organization and illuminated individual filament behaviors in root epidermal cells under control conditions and after indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) application. We evaluated aux1 mutant actin organization responses to IAA and the membrane-permeable auxin 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA). Cell length predicted actin organization and dynamics in control roots; short-term IAA treatments stimulated denser and more parallel, longitudinal arrays by inducing filament unbundling within minutes. Although AUX1 is necessary for full actin rearrangements in response to auxin, cytoplasmic auxin (i.e. NAA) stimulated a lesser response. Actin filaments became more 'organized' after IAA stopped elongation, refuting the hypothesis that 'more organized' actin arrays universally correlate with rapid growth. Short-term actin cytoskeleton response to auxin requires AUX1 and/or cytoplasmic auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthie S. Arieti
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907‐2064USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program (PULSe)Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907‐2064USA
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
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34
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Tobias LM, Spokevicius AV, McFarlane HE, Bossinger G. The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Determining Cellulose Microfibril Angle in Secondary Cell Walls of Woody Tree Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E90. [PMID: 31936868 PMCID: PMC7020502 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular control of secondary cell wall (SCW) formation have shed light on molecular mechanisms that underpin domestication traits related to wood formation. One such trait is the cellulose microfibril angle (MFA), an important wood quality determinant that varies along tree developmental phases and in response to gravitational stimulus. The cytoskeleton, mainly composed of microtubules and actin filaments, collectively contribute to plant growth and development by participating in several cellular processes, including cellulose deposition. Studies in Arabidopsis have significantly aided our understanding of the roles of microtubules in xylem cell development during which correct SCW deposition and patterning are essential to provide structural support and allow for water transport. In contrast, studies relating to SCW formation in xylary elements performed in woody trees remain elusive. In combination, the data reviewed here suggest that the cytoskeleton plays important roles in determining the exact sites of cellulose deposition, overall SCW patterning and more specifically, the alignment and orientation of cellulose microfibrils. By relating the reviewed evidence to the process of wood formation, we present a model of microtubule participation in determining MFA in woody trees forming reaction wood (RW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Machado Tobias
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Antanas V. Spokevicius
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
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35
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Ren Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, He Y, Du P, Wang Z, Sun F, Ren H. Cryo-EM Structure of Actin Filaments from Zea mays Pollen. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2855-2867. [PMID: 31628168 PMCID: PMC6925000 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Actins are among the most abundant and conserved proteins in eukaryotic cells, where they form filamentous structures that perform vital roles in key cellular processes. Although large amounts of data on the biochemical activities, dynamic behaviors, and important cellular functions of plant actin filaments have accumulated, their structural basis remains elusive. Here, we report a 3.9 Å structure of the plant actin filament from Zea mays pollen (ZMPA) using cryo-electron microscopy. The structure shows a right-handed, double-stranded (two parallel strands) and staggered architecture that is stabilized by intra- and interstrand interactions. While the overall structure resembles that of other actin filaments, its DNase I binding loop bends farther outward, adopting an open conformation similar to that of the jasplakinolide- or beryllium fluoride (BeFx)-stabilized rabbit skeletal muscle actin (RSMA) filament. Single-molecule magnetic tweezers analysis revealed that the ZMPA filament can resist a greater stretching force than the RSMA filament. Overall, these data provide evidence that plant actin filaments have greater stability than animal actin filaments, which might be important to their role as tracks for long-distance vesicle and organelle transportation.plantcell;31/12/2855/FX1F1fx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Yunqiu He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Pingzhou Du
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Zhanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Fei Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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Farquharson KL. Mightier Than Muscle: A Near-Atomic View of Pollen Actin Filaments. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2817-2818. [PMID: 31666294 PMCID: PMC6925024 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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37
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Orr RG, Cheng X, Vidali L, Bezanilla M. Orchestrating cell morphology from the inside out - using polarized cell expansion in plants as a model. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:46-53. [PMID: 31546159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular organization forms the basis of changes in the extracellular matrix. In walled cells, these changes are essential for morphogenesis and growth. The highly polarized cells of mosses and liverworts together with root hairs and pollen tubes are geometrically simple cells that develop in the absence of complex tissue-scale signaling, providing an excellent model to study cell polarity. Recent advances present a unifying theme where the cytoskeleton and its associated motors work in coordination with vesicle trafficking. This coordination results in a recycling system near the cell tip, where endocytosed molecules are sorted and combined with exocytic cargo driving growth. Interestingly, functional similarities between filamentous fungi and plants promise to advance our understanding of cell polarization and growth across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Orr
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA, 01609, United States
| | - Xiaohang Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA, 01609, United States
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
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38
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Altartouri B, Bidhendi AJ, Tani T, Suzuki J, Conrad C, Chebli Y, Liu N, Karunakaran C, Scarcelli G, Geitmann A. Pectin Chemistry and Cellulose Crystallinity Govern Pavement Cell Morphogenesis in a Multi-Step Mechanism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:127-141. [PMID: 31363005 PMCID: PMC6716242 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Simple plant cell morphologies, such as cylindrical shoot cells, are determined by the extensibility pattern of the primary cell wall, which is thought to be largely dominated by cellulose microfibrils, but the mechanism leading to more complex shapes, such as the interdigitated patterns in the epidermis of many eudicotyledon leaves, is much less well understood. Details about the manner in which cell wall polymers at the periclinal wall regulate the morphogenetic process in epidermal pavement cells and mechanistic information about the initial steps leading to the characteristic undulations in the cell borders are elusive. Here, we used genetics and recently developed cell mechanical and imaging methods to study the impact of the spatio-temporal dynamics of cellulose and homogalacturonan pectin distribution during lobe formation in the epidermal pavement cells of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cotyledons. We show that nonuniform distribution of cellulose microfibrils and demethylated pectin coincides with spatial differences in cell wall stiffness but may intervene at different developmental stages. We also show that lobe period can be reduced when demethyl-esterification of pectins increases under conditions of reduced cellulose crystallinity. Our data suggest that lobe initiation involves a modulation of cell wall stiffness through local enrichment in demethylated pectin, whereas subsequent increase in lobe amplitude is mediated by the stress-induced deposition of aligned cellulose microfibrils. Our results reveal a key role of noncellulosic polymers in the biomechanical regulation of cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bara Altartouri
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1X2B2, Canada
| | - Amir J Bidhendi
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1X2B2, Canada
| | - Tomomi Tani
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02542
| | - Johnny Suzuki
- Fischell Department of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Christina Conrad
- Fischell Department of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Youssef Chebli
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Na Liu
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N2V3, Canada
| | | | - Giuliano Scarcelli
- Fischell Department of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1X2B2, Canada
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3V9, Canada
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39
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McBride Z, Chen D, Lee Y, Aryal UK, Xie J, Szymanski DB. A Label-free Mass Spectrometry Method to Predict Endogenous Protein Complex Composition. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1588-1606. [PMID: 31186290 PMCID: PMC6683005 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on the composition of protein complexes can accelerate mechanistic analyses of cellular systems. Protein complex composition identifies genes that function together and provides clues about regulation within and between cellular pathways. Cytosolic protein complexes control metabolic flux, signal transduction, protein abundance, and the activities of cytoskeletal and endomembrane systems. It has been estimated that one third of all cytosolic proteins in leaves exist in an oligomeric state, yet the composition of nearly all remain unknown. Subunits of stable protein complexes copurify, and combinations of mass-spectrometry-based protein correlation profiling and bioinformatic analyses have been used to predict protein complex subunits. Because of uncertainty regarding the power or availability of bioinformatic data to inform protein complex predictions across diverse species, it would be highly advantageous to predict composition based on elution profile data alone. Here we describe a mass spectrometry-based protein correlation profiling approach to predict the composition of hundreds of protein complexes based on biochemical data. Extracts were obtained from an intact organ and separated in parallel by size and charge under nondenaturing conditions. More than 1000 proteins with reproducible elution profiles across all replicates were subjected to clustering analyses. The resulting dendrograms were used to predict the composition of known and novel protein complexes, including many that are likely to assemble through self-interaction. An array of validation experiments demonstrated that this new method can drive protein complex discovery, guide hypothesis testing, and enable systems-level analyses of protein complex dynamics in any organism with a sequenced genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary McBride
- ‡Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Donglai Chen
- §Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Youngwoo Lee
- ‡Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Uma K Aryal
- ¶Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Biosciences Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jun Xie
- §Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- ‡Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; ‖Department of Biological Sciences,Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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40
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Vilches Barro A, Stöckle D, Thellmann M, Ruiz-Duarte P, Bald L, Louveaux M, von Born P, Denninger P, Goh T, Fukaki H, Vermeer JEM, Maizel A. Cytoskeleton Dynamics Are Necessary for Early Events of Lateral Root Initiation in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2443-2454.e5. [PMID: 31327713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
How plant cells re-establish differential growth to initiate organs is poorly understood. Morphogenesis of lateral roots relies on the asymmetric cell division of initially symmetric founder cells. This division is preceded by the tightly controlled asymmetric radial expansion of these cells. The cellular mechanisms that license and ensure the coordination of these events are unknown. Here, we quantitatively analyze microtubule and F-actin dynamics during lateral root initiation. Using mutants and pharmacological and tissue-specific genetic perturbations, we show that dynamic reorganization of both microtubule and F-actin networks is necessary for the asymmetric expansion of the founder cells. This cytoskeleton remodeling intertwines with auxin signaling in the pericycle and endodermis in order for founder cells to acquire a basic polarity required for initiating lateral root development. Our results reveal the conservation of cell remodeling and polarization strategies between the Arabidopsis zygote and lateral root founder cells. We propose that coordinated, auxin-driven reorganization of the cytoskeleton licenses asymmetric cell growth and divisions during embryonic and post-embryonic organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Vilches Barro
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Stöckle
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martha Thellmann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Ruiz-Duarte
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lotte Bald
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marion Louveaux
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick von Born
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Denninger
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan; Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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41
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Kumar MN, Bau YC, Longkumer T, Verslues PE. Low Water Potential and At14a-Like1 (AFL1) Effects on Endocytosis and Actin Filament Organization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1594-1607. [PMID: 30728274 PMCID: PMC6446769 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
At14a-Like1 (AFL1) is a stress-induced protein of unknown function that promotes growth during low water potential stress and drought. Previous analysis indicated that AFL1 may have functions related to endocytosis and regulation of actin filament organization, processes for which the effects of low water potential are little known. We found that low water potential led to a decrease in endocytosis, as measured by uptake of the membrane-impermeable dye FM4-64. Ectopic expression of AFL1 reversed the decrease in FM4-64 uptake seen in wild type, while reduced AFL1 expression led to further inhibition of FM4-64 uptake. Increased AFL1 also made FM4-64 uptake less sensitive to the actin filament disruptor Latrunculin B (LatB). LatB decreased AFL1-Clathrin Light Chain colocalization, further indicating that effects of AFL1 on endocytosis may be related to actin filament organization or stability. Consistent with this hypothesis, ectopic AFL1 expression made actin filaments less sensitive to disruption by LatB or Cytochalasin D and led to increased actin filament skewness and decreased occupancy, indicative of more bundled actin filaments. This latter effect could be partially mimicked by the actin filament stabilizer Jasplakinolide (JASP). However, AFL1 did not substantially inhibit actin filament dynamics, indicating that AFL1 acts via a different mechanism than JASP-induced stabilization. AFL1 partially colocalized with actin filaments but not with microtubules, further indicating actin-filament-related function of AFL1. These data provide insight into endocytosis and actin filament responses to low water potential stress and demonstrate an involvement of AFL1 in these key cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nagaraj Kumar
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiuan Bau
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Paul E Verslues
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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42
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Qian D, Xiang Y. Actin Cytoskeleton as Actor in Upstream and Downstream of Calcium Signaling in Plant Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061403. [PMID: 30897737 PMCID: PMC6471457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, calcium (Ca2+) serves as a versatile intracellular messenger, participating in several fundamental and important biological processes. Recent studies have shown that the actin cytoskeleton is not only an upstream regulator of Ca2+ signaling, but also a downstream regulator. Ca2+ has been shown to regulates actin dynamics and rearrangements via different mechanisms in plants, and on this basis, the upstream signaling encoded within the Ca2+ transient can be decoded. Moreover, actin dynamics have also been proposed to act as an upstream of Ca2+, adjust Ca2+ oscillations, and establish cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) gradients in plant cells. In the current review, we focus on the advances in uncovering the relationship between the actin cytoskeleton and calcium in plant cells and summarize our current understanding of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yun Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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43
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Dragwidge JM, Scholl S, Schumacher K, Gendall AR. NHX-type Na+(K+)/H+ antiporters are required for TGN/EE trafficking and endosomal ion homeostasis in Arabidopsis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.226472. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of ion and pH homeostasis of endomembrane organelles is critical for functional protein trafficking, sorting and modification in eukaryotic cells. pH homeostasis is maintained through the activity of vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) pumping protons (H+) into the endomembrane lumen, and counter-action by cation/proton exchangers such as the NHX family of Na+(K+)/H+ exchangers. In plants, V-ATPase activity at the trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE) is important for secretory and endocytic trafficking, however the role of the endosomal antiporters NHX5 and NHX6 in endomembrane trafficking is unclear. Here we show through genetic, pharmacological, and live-cell imaging approaches that double knockout of NHX5 and NHX6 results in the impairment of endosome motility, protein recycling at the TGN/EE, but not in the secretion of integral membrane proteins. Furthermore, we report that nhx5 nhx6 mutants are partially insensitive to osmotic swelling of TGN/EE induced by the monovalent cation ionophore monensin, and to late endosomal swelling by the phosphatidylinositol 3/4-kinase inhibitor wortmannin, demonstrating that NHX5 and NHX6 function to regulate the luminal cation composition of endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Michael Dragwidge
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholl
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony Richard Gendall
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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44
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Reski R. Quantitative moss cell biology. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:39-47. [PMID: 30036707 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Research on mosses has provided answers to many fundamental questions in the life sciences, with the model moss Physcomitrella patens spearheading the field. Recent breakthroughs in cell biology were obtained in the quantification of chlorophyll fluorescence, signalling via calcium waves, the creation of designer organelles, gene identification in cellular reprogramming, reproduction via motile sperm and egg cells, asymmetric cell division, visualization of the actin cytoskeleton, identification of genes responsible for the shift from 2D to 3D growth, the structure and importance of the cell wall, and in the live imaging and modelling of protein networks in general. Highly standardized growth conditions, simplicity of most moss tissues, and an outstandingly efficient gene editing facilitate quantitative moss cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; SGBM - Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 19A, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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45
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Zhang S, Wang C, Xie M, Liu J, Kong Z, Su H. Actin Bundles in The Pollen Tube. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123710. [PMID: 30469514 PMCID: PMC6321563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiosperm pollen tube delivers two sperm cells into the embryo sac through a unique growth strategy, named tip growth, to accomplish fertilization. A great deal of experiments have demonstrated that actin bundles play a pivotal role in pollen tube tip growth. There are two distinct actin bundle populations in pollen tubes: the long, rather thick actin bundles in the shank and the short, highly dynamic bundles near the apex. With the development of imaging techniques over the last decade, great breakthroughs have been made in understanding the function of actin bundles in pollen tubes, especially short subapical actin bundles. Here, we tried to draw an overall picture of the architecture, functions and underlying regulation mechanism of actin bundles in plant pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Chunbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Min Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Jinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Zhe Kong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Hui Su
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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46
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Wu SZ, Yamada M, Mallett DR, Bezanilla M. Cytoskeletal discoveries in the plant lineage using the moss Physcomitrella patens. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1683-1693. [PMID: 30382556 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cell biology have been largely driven by pioneering work in model systems, the majority of which are from one major eukaryotic lineage, the opisthokonts. However, with the explosion of genomic information in many lineages, it has become clear that eukaryotes have incredible diversity in many cellular systems, including the cytoskeleton. By identifying model systems in diverse lineages, it may be possible to begin to understand the evolutionary origins of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Within the plant lineage, cell biological studies in the model moss, Physcomitrella patens, have over the past decade provided key insights into how the cytoskeleton drives cell and tissue morphology. Here, we review P. patens attributes that make it such a rich resource for cytoskeletal cell biological inquiry and highlight recent key findings with regard to intracellular transport, microtubule-actin interactions, and gene discovery that promises for many years to provide new cytoskeletal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zon Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Moe Yamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Darren R Mallett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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47
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Wei B, Sun M, Shang Y, Zhang C, Jiao X. Neurokinin 1 receptor promotes rat airway smooth muscle cell migration in asthmatic airway remodelling by enhancing tubulin expression. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:4849-4857. [PMID: 30233858 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Airway remodelling is a major contributor to hyper-responsiveness leading to chronic asthma; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonist (WIN62577) on the migration of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) and the expression of NK1R and alpha-tubulin in airway remodelling using young rats with asthma. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group and airway remodelling group. Rats in the model group were stimulated with ovalbumin for 8 weeks. Primary ASMCs were cultured and purified from all rats, and then treated with different doses of WIN62577. The expression of NK1R and α-tubulin in ASMCs was assessed using immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. Changes in ASMC migration were detected by a transwell chamber assay. Results The transwell assay showed that the number of migrating ASMCs in the asthmatic airway remodelling group was significantly greater than that in the control group (P<0.01), which was inhibited by WIN62577 in a dose-dependent manner, with peak inhibition detected at 10-8 mol/L. The mRNA and protein expression levels of NK1R and α-tubulin were significantly higher in the asthmatic airway remodelling group than in the control group (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively), and were significantly decreased after treatment with WIN62577 (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Conclusions NK1R antagonists may suppress ASMC migration in a rat model of airway remodelling by inhibiting tubulin expression, indicating a new potential target for the treatment and control of chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingwei Sun
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yunxiao Shang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xuyong Jiao
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110016, China
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48
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Cosgrove DJ. Diffuse Growth of Plant Cell Walls. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:16-27. [PMID: 29138349 PMCID: PMC5761826 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural and functional roles of cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectins in cell wall enlargement are reappraised with insights from mechanics, atomic force microscopy, and other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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49
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Bidhendi AJ, Geitmann A. Finite Element Modeling of Shape Changes in Plant Cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:41-56. [PMID: 29229695 PMCID: PMC5761827 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical modeling of plant cells using finite element methods serves to simulate the behavior of complex cell shapes with the aim to understand biological functioning
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences siologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences siologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
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50
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Bascom CS, Hepler PK, Bezanilla M. Interplay between Ions, the Cytoskeleton, and Cell Wall Properties during Tip Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:28-40. [PMID: 29138353 PMCID: PMC5761822 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tip growth is a focused and tightly regulated apical explosion that depends on the interconnected activities of ions, the cytoskeleton, and the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlisle S Bascom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Peter K Hepler
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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