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Zhang X, Yu Y, Zhang J, Qian X, Li X, Sun X. Recent Progress Regarding Jasmonates in Tea Plants: Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Function in Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1079. [PMID: 38256153 PMCID: PMC10816084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tea plants have to adapt to frequently challenging environments due to their sessile lifestyle and perennial evergreen nature. Jasmonates regulate not only tea plants' responses to biotic stresses, including herbivore attack and pathogen infection, but also tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as extreme weather conditions and osmotic stress. In this review, we summarize recent progress about jasmonaic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling pathways, as well as the underlying mechanisms mediated by jasmontes in tea plants in responses to biotic stresses and abiotic stresses. This review provides a reference for future research on the JA signaling pathway in terms of its regulation against various stresses of tea plants. Due to the lack of a genetic transformation system, the JA pathway of tea plants is still in the preliminary stages. It is necessary to perform further efforts to identify new components involved in the JA regulatory pathway through the combination of genetic and biochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yongchen Yu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiaona Qian
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiwang Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Wang M, Fan X, Ding F. Jasmonate: A Hormone of Primary Importance for Temperature Stress Response in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4080. [PMID: 38140409 PMCID: PMC10748343 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a critical environmental factor that plays a vital role in plant growth and development. Temperatures below or above the optimum ranges lead to cold or heat stress, respectively. Temperature stress retards plant growth and development, and it reduces crop yields. Jasmonates (JAs) are a class of oxylipin phytohormones that play various roles in growth, development, and stress response. In recent years, studies have demonstrated that cold and heat stress affect JA biosynthesis and signaling, and JA plays an important role in the response to temperature stress. Recent studies have provided a large body of information elucidating the mechanisms underlying JA-mediated temperature stress response. In the present review, we present recent advances in understanding the role of JA in the response to cold and heat stress, and how JA interacts with other phytohormones during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | | | - Fei Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
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3
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Patel R, Prajapati K, Goswami D, Saraf M. Probing the effects of streptomycin on Brassica napus germination and assessing its molecular interactions using extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19066. [PMID: 37925515 PMCID: PMC10625591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are chemical compounds that are used to treat and prevent disease in humans and animals. They have been used in animal feed for over 60 years and are widely used in industrial farming. Antibiotics can have negative environmental impacts, including the potential to contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant organisms. They can enter the environment through various pathways, including the manufacturing process, the direct application of antibiotic-laden manure to fields, and through grazing animals. Antibiotics that are given to animals can be excreted from where they can enter soil and groundwater which enable their entry in plants. Streptomycin is an antibiotic that is used against a range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but its use has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some pathogens. It has also been shown to have negative impacts on a range of plant species, including tobacco, tomato, and wheat. Although, the major effect of streptomycin on plant physiology have been studied, the molecular mechanisms at play are barely understood in plant body. In current study, we examined the impact of streptomycin on germination of Brassica napus and then using docking, MM-GBBSA and MD simulations identified key proteins that interact with streptomycin by performing rigorous computational screening of 106 different proteins. Our finding suggest that streptomycin might be interacting with acyl-CoA oxidases, protochlorophyllide reductase B and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase based on simulation and docking analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Karan Prajapati
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
| | - Meenu Saraf
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
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Chini A, Monte I, Zamarreño AM, García-Mina JM, Solano R. Evolution of the jasmonate ligands and their biosynthetic pathways. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2236-2246. [PMID: 36942932 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Different plant species employ different jasmonates to activate a conserved signalling pathway in land plants, where (+)-7-iso-JA-Ile (JA-Ile) is the ligand for the COI1/JAZ receptor in angiosperms and dn-cis-OPDA, dn-iso-OPDA and Δ4 -dn-iso-OPDA act as ligands in Marchantia polymorpha. In addition, some jasmonates play a COI1-independent role. To understand the distribution of bioactive jasmonates in the green lineage and how their biosynthetic pathways evolved, we performed phylogenetic analyses and systematic jasmonates profiling in representative species from different lineages. We found that both OPDA and dn-OPDA are ubiquitous in all tested land plants and present also in charophyte algae, underscoring their importance as ancestral signalling molecules. By contrast, JA-Ile biosynthesis emerged within lycophytes coincident with the evolutionary appearance of JAR1 function. We identified that the OPR3-independent JA biosynthesis pathway is ancient and predates the evolutionary appearance of the OPR3-dependent pathway. Moreover, we identified a negative correlation between dn-iso-OPDA and JA-Ile in land plants, which supports that in bryophytes and lycophytes dn-iso-OPDA represents the analogous hormone to JA-Ile in other vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chini
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Monte
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel M Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology, Bioma Institute, University of Navarra, Navarra, 31008, Spain
| | - José M García-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, Bioma Institute, University of Navarra, Navarra, 31008, Spain
| | - Roberto Solano
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Degtyaryov E, Pigolev A, Miroshnichenko D, Frolov A, Basnet AT, Gorbach D, Leonova T, Pushin AS, Alekseeva V, Dolgov S, Savchenko T. 12-Oxophytodienoate Reductase Overexpression Compromises Tolerance to Botrytis cinerea in Hexaploid and Tetraploid Wheat. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2050. [PMID: 37653967 PMCID: PMC10222670 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
12-Oxophytodienoate reductase is the enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of phytohormone jasmonates, which are considered to be the major regulators of plant tolerance to biotic challenges, especially necrotrophic pathogens. However, we observe compromised tolerance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea in transgenic hexaploid bread wheat and tetraploid emmer wheat plants overexpressing 12-OXOPHYTODIENOATE REDUCTASE-3 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, while in Arabidopsis plants themselves, endogenously produced and exogenously applied jasmonates exert a strong protective effect against B. cinerea. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate on hexaploid and tetraploid wheat leaves suppresses tolerance to B. cinerea and induces the formation of chlorotic damages. Exogenous treatment with methyl jasmonate in concentrations of 100 µM and higher causes leaf yellowing even in the absence of the pathogen, in agreement with findings on the role of jasmonates in the regulation of leaf senescence. Thereby, the present study demonstrates the negative role of the jasmonate system in hexaploid and tetraploid wheat tolerance to B. cinerea and reveals previously unknown jasmonate-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Degtyaryov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.D.); (A.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Alexey Pigolev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.D.); (A.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Dmitry Miroshnichenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.D.); (A.P.); (D.M.)
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.P.); (V.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.F.); (A.T.B.); (D.G.); (T.L.)
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Adi Ti Basnet
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.F.); (A.T.B.); (D.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Daria Gorbach
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.F.); (A.T.B.); (D.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Tatiana Leonova
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.F.); (A.T.B.); (D.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Alexander S. Pushin
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.P.); (V.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Valeriya Alekseeva
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.P.); (V.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Sergey Dolgov
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.P.); (V.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Tatyana Savchenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.D.); (A.P.); (D.M.)
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Recent Advances in Research into Jasmonate Biosynthesis and Signaling Pathways in Agricultural Crops and Products. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are phospholipid-derived hormones that regulate plant development and responses to environmental stress. The synthesis of JAs and the transduction of their signaling pathways are precisely regulated at multiple levels within and outside the nucleus as a result of a combination of genetic and epigenetic regulation. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the regulation of JA biosynthesis and their signaling pathways. The biosynthesis of JAs was found to be regulated with an autocatalytic amplification mechanism via the MYC2 regulation pathway and inhibited by an autonomous braking mechanism via the MYC2-targeting bHLH1 protein to terminate JA signals in a highly ordered manner. The biological functions of JAs mainly include the promotion of fruit ripening at the initial stage via ethylene-dependent and independent ways, the regulation of mature coloring via regulating the degradation of chlorophyll and the metabolism of anthocyanin, and the improvement of aroma components via the regulation of fatty acid and aldehyde alcohol metabolism in agricultural crops. JA signaling pathways also function in the enhancement of biotic and abiotic stress resistance via the regulation of secondary metabolism and the redox system, and they relieve cold damage to crops through improving the stability of the cell membrane. These recently published findings indicate that JAs are an important class of plant hormones necessary for regulating plant growth and development, ripening, and the resistance to stress in agricultural crops and products.
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Pseudophosphorylation of Arabidopsis jasmonate biosynthesis enzyme lipoxygenase 2 via mutation of Ser 600 inhibits enzyme activity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102898. [PMID: 36639029 PMCID: PMC9947334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates are oxylipin phytohormones critical for plant resistance against necrotrophic pathogens and chewing herbivores. An early step in their biosynthesis is catalyzed by non-heme iron lipoxygenases (LOX; EC 1.13.11.12). In Arabidopsis thaliana, phosphorylation of Ser600 of AtLOX2 was previously reported, but whether phosphorylation regulates AtLOX2 activity is unclear. Here, we characterize the kinetic properties of recombinant WT AtLOX2 (AtLOX2WT). AtLOX2WT displays positive cooperativity with α-linolenic acid (α-LeA, jasmonate precursor), linoleic acid (LA), and arachidonic acid (AA) as substrates. Enzyme velocity with endogenous substrates α-LeA and LA increased with pH. For α-LeA, this increase was accompanied by a decrease in substrate affinity at alkaline pH; thus, the catalytic efficiency for α-LeA was not affected over the pH range tested. Analysis of Ser600 phosphovariants demonstrated that pseudophosphorylation inhibits enzyme activity. AtLOX2 activity was not detected in phosphomimics Atlox2S600D and Atlox2S600M when α-LeA or AA were used as substrates. In contrast, phosphonull mutant Atlox2S600A exhibited strong activity with all three substrates, α-LeA, LA, and AA. Structural comparison between the AtLOX2 AlphaFold model and a complex between 8R-LOX and a 20C polyunsaturated fatty acid suggests a close proximity between AtLOX2 Ser600 and the carboxylic acid head group of the polyunsaturated fatty acid. This analysis indicates that Ser600 is located at a critical position within the AtLOX2 structure and highlights how Ser600 phosphorylation could affect AtLOX2 catalytic activity. Overall, we propose that AtLOX2 Ser600 phosphorylation represents a key mechanism for the regulation of AtLOX2 activity and, thus, the jasmonate biosynthesis pathway and plant resistance.
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Hu S, Yu K, Yan J, Shan X, Xie D. Jasmonate perception: Ligand-receptor interaction, regulation, and evolution. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:23-42. [PMID: 36056561 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones integrate external environmental and developmental signals with internal cellular responses for plant survival and multiplication in changing surroundings. Jasmonate (JA), which might originate from prokaryotes and benefit plant terrestrial adaptation, is a vital phytohormone that regulates diverse developmental processes and defense responses against various environmental stresses. In this review, we first provide an overview of ligand-receptor binding techniques used for the characterization of phytohormone-receptor interactions, then introduce the identification of the receptor COI1 and active JA molecules, and finally summarize recent advances on the regulation of JA perception and its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Hu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaiming Yu
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianbin Yan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China; Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan 528200, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Shan
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Daoxin Xie
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Li Y, Tang J, Qi Y, Yang F, Su X, Fu J, Han X, He C, Xu Y, Zhan K, Xia H, Wu J, Wang L. Elevating herbivore-induced JA-Ile enhances potato resistance to the polyphagous beet armyworm but not to the oligophagous potato tuber moth. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:357-367. [PMID: 36176057 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oligophagous potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella, and the polyphagous beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua, are two destructive pests of potato, and infestations can lead to serious reduction in potato yield. However, potato plant responses to the two herbivories are only poorly understood. Endogenous jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) is a signal responsible for the induction of plant anti-herbivore defenses. Elevation of JA-Ile by blocking its catabolism is considered to be an effective and sustainable approach to enhance plant resistance to insect pests. However, it is not clear whether this approach can enhance potato resistance to PTM and BAW. RESULTS We demonstrated that the transcriptional changes induced by simulated PTM and BAW feeding overlap to a large extent, and that 81.5% of the PTM- and 90.5% of the BAW-responsive genes were commonly regulated. We also generated potato transgenic lines, irStCYP94B3s, in which the three JA-Ile hydroxylases were all simultaneously silenced. These lines exhibited enhanced resistance only to BAW, but not to PTM, although levels of JA-Ile and its downstream induced defensive chemicals, including caffeoylputrescine, dicaffeoylspermidine, lyciumoside II, and the nicotianosides I, II, and VII, were all present at higher levels in PTM-infested than in BAW-infested irStCYP94B3s lines. CONCLUSION Our results provide support for the hypothesis that StCYP94B3 genes are able to act as potential targets for the control of polyphagous insect pests in potato, and reveal that the oligophagous PTM has evolved an effective mechanism to cope with JA-Ile-induced anti-herbivore defenses. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinxiang Tang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yuechen Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaohang Su
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Yunnan State Farms Zhaotong Agricultural Investment Co., Ltd, Zhaotong, China
| | - Xiaonv Han
- Xuanwei Seed Potato Research and Development Center, Xuanwei, China
| | - Caihua He
- Xuanwei Seed Potato Research and Development Center, Xuanwei, China
| | - Youxian Xu
- Xuanwei Seed Potato Research and Development Center, Xuanwei, China
| | - Kang Zhan
- Xuanwei Seed Potato Research and Development Center, Xuanwei, China
| | - Haibin Xia
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Zhou F, Gao Y, Kang Z, Li T, Hu X. Exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid alleviates low-temperature injury by regulating glutathione metabolism and β-alanine metabolism in tomato seedling roots. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114112. [PMID: 36155340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Food availability represents a major worldwide concern due to climate change and population growth. Low-temperature stress (LTS) severely restricts the growth of tomato seedlings. Exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) can alleviate the harm of abiotic stress including LTS; however, data on its protective mechanism on tomato seedling roots, the effects of organelle structure, and the regulation of metabolic pathways under LTS are lacking. In this study, we hope to fill the above gaps by exploring the effects of exogenous ALA on morphology, mitochondrial ultrastructure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) enrichment, physiological indicators, related gene expression, and metabolic pathway in tomato seedlings root under LTS. Results showed that ALA pretreatment could increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of antioxidant substances in tomato seedlings roots under LTS to scavenge the massively accumulated ROS, thereby protecting the mitochondrial structure of roots and promoting root development under LTS. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis showed that exogenous ALA pretreatment activated the glutathione metabolism and β-alanine metabolism of tomato seedling roots under LTS, further enhanced the scavenging ability of tomato seedling roots to ROS, and improved the low-temperature tolerance of tomato seedlings. The findings provide a new insight into the regulation of the low-temperature tolerance of tomato by exogenous ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengda Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Shaanxi Protected Agriculture Research Centre, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Shaanxi Protected Agriculture Research Centre, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Luqiao Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Shaanxi Protected Agriculture Research Centre, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yi Gao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhen Kang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Shaanxi Protected Agriculture Research Centre, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Shaanxi Protected Agriculture Research Centre, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Jansma SY, Sergeeva LI, Tikunov YM, Kohlen W, Ligterink W, Rieu I. Low Salicylic Acid Level Improves Pollen Development Under Long-Term Mild Heat Conditions in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:828743. [PMID: 35481151 PMCID: PMC9036445 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.828743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high temperatures leads to failure in pollen development, which may have significant implications for food security with ongoing climate change. We hypothesized that the stress response-associated hormone salicylic acid (SA) affects pollen tolerance to long-term mild heat (LTMH) (≥14 days exposure to day-/nighttime temperature of 30-34/24-28°C, depending on the genotype), either positively, by inducing acclimation, or negatively, by reducing investment in reproductive development. Here, we investigated these hypotheses assessing the pollen thermotolerance of a 35S:nahG tomato line, which has low SA levels. We found that reducing the SA level resulted in increased pollen viability of plants grown in LTMH and further characterized this line by transcriptome, carbohydrate, and hormone analyses. Low expression of JAZ genes in 35S:nahG and LTMH hypersensitivity of low-jasmonic acid (JA) genotypes together suggest that the increased pollen thermotolerance in the low-SA line involves enhanced JA signal in developing anthers in LTMH. These findings have potential application in the development of more thermotolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Y. Jansma
- Plant Systems Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lidiya I. Sergeeva
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yury M. Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wilco Ligterink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ivo Rieu
- Plant Systems Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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12
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Ning N, Xie X, Yu H, Mei J, Li Q, Zuo S, Wu H, Liu W, Li Z. Plant Peroxisome-Targeting Effector MoPtep1 Is Required for the Virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2515. [PMID: 35269662 PMCID: PMC8910473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most serious fungous diseases in rice. In the past decades, studies have reported that numerous M. oryzae effectors were secreted into plant cells to facilitate inoculation. Effectors target host proteins to assist the virulence of pathogens via the localization of specific organelles, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, etc. However, studies on the pathogenesis of peroxisome-targeting effectors are still limited. In our previous study, we analyzed the subcellular localization of candidate effectors from M. oryzae using the agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system in tobacco and found that MoPtep1 (peroxisomes-targeted effector protein 1) localized in plant peroxisomes. Here, we proved that MoPtep1 was induced in the early stage of the M. oryzae infection and positively regulated the pathogenicity, while it did not affect the vegetative growth of mycelia. Subcellular localization results showed that MoPtep1 was localized in the plant peroxisomes with a signal peptide and a cupredoxin domain. Sequence analysis indicated that the homologous protein of MoPtep1 in plant-pathogenic fungi was evolutionarily conserved. Furthermore, MoPtep1 could suppress INF1-induced cell death in tobacco, and the targeting host proteins were identified using the Y2H system. Our results suggested that MoPtep1 is an important pathogenic effector in rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ning
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (N.N.); (X.X.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (N.N.); (X.X.)
| | - Haiyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Jie Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Qianqian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Hanxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
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Gorshkov VY, Toporkova YY, Tsers ID, Smirnova EO, Ogorodnikova AV, Gogoleva NE, Parfirova OI, Petrova OE, Gogolev YV. Differential modulation of the lipoxygenase cascade during typical and latent Pectobacterium atrosepticum infections. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:271-286. [PMID: 34417794 PMCID: PMC8835645 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant diseases caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum are often accompanied by extensive rot symptoms. In addition, these bacteria are able to interact with host plants without causing disease for long periods, even throughout several host plant generations. There is, to date, no information on the comparative physiology/biochemistry of symptomatic and asymptomatic plant-P. atrosepticum interactions. Typical (symptomatic) P. atrosepticum infections are associated with the induction of plant responses mediated by jasmonates, which are one of the products of the lipoxygenase cascade that gives origin to many other oxylipins with physiological activities. In this study, we compared the functioning of the lipoxygenase cascade following typical and latent (asymptomatic) infections to gain better insight into the physiological basis of the asymptomatic and antagonistic coexistence of plants and pectobacteria. METHODS Tobacco plants were mock-inoculated (control) or infected with the wild type P. atrosepticum (typical infection) or its coronafacic acid-deficient mutant (latent infection). The expression levels of the target lipoxygenase cascade-related genes were assessed by Illumina RNA sequencing. Oxylipin profiles were analysed by GC-MS. With the aim of revising the incorrect annotation of one of the target genes, its open reading frame was cloned to obtain the recombinant protein, which was further purified and characterized using biochemical approaches. KEY RESULTS The obtained data demonstrate that when compared to the typical infection, latent asymptomatic P. atrosepticum infection is associated with (and possibly maintained due to) decreased levels of 9-lipoxygenase branch products and jasmonic acid and increased level of cis-12-oxo-10,15-phytodienoic acid. The formation of 9-oxononanoic acid and epoxyalcohols in tobacco plants was based on the identification of the first tobacco hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) with additional epoxyalcohol synthase (EAS) activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results contribute to the hypothesis of the oxylipin signature, indicating that different types of plant interactions with a particular pathogen are characterized by the different oxylipin profiles of the host plant. In addition, the tobacco LOC107825278 gene was demonstrated to encode an NtHPL (CYP74C43) enzyme yielding volatile aldehydes and aldoacids (HPL products) as well as oxiranyl carbinols (EAS products).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yana Y Toporkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ivan D Tsers
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena O Smirnova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Anna V Ogorodnikova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Natalia E Gogoleva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga I Parfirova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga E Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yuri V Gogolev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
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Sun Z, Zang Y, Zhou L, Song Y, Chen D, Zhang Q, Liu C, Yi Y, Zhu B, Fu D, Zhu H, Qu G. A tomato receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, SlZRK1, acts as a negative regulator in wound-induced jasmonic acid accumulation and insect resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7285-7300. [PMID: 34309647 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates accumulate rapidly and act as key regulators in response to mechanical wounding, but few studies have linked receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) to wound-induced jasmonic acid (JA) signaling cascades. Here, we identified a novel wounding-induced RLCK-XII-2 subfamily member (SlZRK1) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) that was closely related to Arabidopsis HOPZ-ETI-DEFICIENT 1 (ZED1)-related kinases 1 based on phylogenetic analysis. SlZRK1 was targeted to the plasma membrane of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts as determined by transient co-expression with the plasma membrane marker mCherry-H+-ATPase. Catalytic residue sequence analysis and an in vitro kinase assay indicated that SlZRK1 may act as a pseudokinase. To further analyse the function of SlZRK1, we developed two stable knock-out mutants by CRISPR/Cas9. Loss of SlZRK1 significantly altered the expression of genes involved in JA biosynthesis, salicylic acid biosynthesis, and ethylene response. Furthermore, after mechanical wounding treatment, slzrk1 mutants increased transcription of early wound-inducible genes involved in JA biosynthesis and signaling. In addition, JA accumulation after wounding and plant resistance to herbivorous insects also were enhanced. Our findings expand plant regulatory networks in the wound-induced JA production by adding RLCKs as a new component in the wound signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyan Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yudi Zang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Leilei Zhou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxia Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuetong Yi
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Daqi Fu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqin Qu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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15
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Beyer SF, Bel PS, Flors V, Schultheiss H, Conrath U, Langenbach CJG. Disclosure of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid-responsive genes provides a molecular tool for deciphering stress responses in soybean. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20600. [PMID: 34663865 PMCID: PMC8523552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones orchestrate the physiology of organisms. Measuring the activity of defense hormone-responsive genes can help understanding immune signaling and facilitate breeding for plant health. However, different from model species like Arabidopsis, genes that respond to defense hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) have not been disclosed in the soybean crop. We performed global transcriptome analyses to fill this knowledge gap. Upon exogenous application, endogenous levels of SA and JA increased in leaves. SA predominantly activated genes linked to systemic acquired resistance and defense signaling whereas JA mainly activated wound response-associated genes. In general, SA-responsive genes were activated earlier than those responding to JA. Consistent with the paradigm of biotrophic pathogens predominantly activating SA responses, free SA and here identified most robust SA marker genes GmNIMIN1, GmNIMIN1.2 and GmWRK40 were induced upon inoculation with Phakopsora pachyrhizi, whereas JA marker genes did not respond to infection with the biotrophic fungus. Spodoptera exigua larvae caused a strong accumulation of JA-Ile and JA-specific mRNA transcripts of GmBPI1, GmKTI1 and GmAAT whereas neither free SA nor SA-marker gene transcripts accumulated upon insect feeding. Our study provides molecular tools for monitoring the dynamic accumulation of SA and JA, e.g. in a given stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian F Beyer
- Plant Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paloma Sánchez Bel
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Department of CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Victor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Department of CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Holger Schultheiss
- Agricultural Center, BASF Plant Science Company GmbH, 67117, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Plant Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Caspar J G Langenbach
- Plant Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Song R, Yuan H, Li T, Wang L, Lu K, Guo J, Liu W. Overexpressing the N-terminus of CATALASE2 enhances plant jasmonic acid biosynthesis and resistance to necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea B05.10. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1226-1238. [PMID: 34247446 PMCID: PMC8435237 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) acts antagonistically to jasmonic acid (JA) in plant immunity. We previously reported that CATALASE2 (CAT2) promotes JA-biosynthetic acyl-CoA oxidase (ACX) activity to enhance plant resistance to necrotrophic Botrytis cinerea, and SA represses JA biosynthesis through inhibiting CAT2 activity, while the underlying mechanism remains to be further elucidated. Here, we report that the truncated CAT2 N-terminus (CAT2-N) interacts with and promotes ACX2/3, and CAT2-N-overexpressing plants have increased JA accumulation and enhanced resistance to B. cinerea B05.10, but compromised antagonism of SA on JA. Catalase inhibitor treatment or mutating CAT2 active amino acids abolished CAT2 H2 O2 -decomposing activity but did not affect its promotion of ACX2/3 activity via interaction. CAT2-N, a truncated protein with no catalase activity, interacted with and promoted ACX2/3. Overexpressing CAT2-N in Arabidopsis plants resulted in increased ACX activity, higher JA accumulation, and stronger resistance to B. cinerea B05.10 infection. Additionally, SA dramatically repressed JA biosynthesis and resistance to B. cinerea in the wild type but not in the CAT2-N-overexpressing plants. Together, our study reveals that CAT2-N can be utilized as an accelerator for JA biosynthesis during plant resistance to B. cinerea B05.10, and this truncated protein partly relieves SA repression of JA biosynthesis in plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementSchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Ru‐Feng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementSchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Hong‐Mei Yuan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical BioresourcesCollege of Tropical CropsHainan UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Ting‐Ting Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound ScreeningJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
| | - Lin‐Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementSchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Kai‐Kai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementSchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Jia‐Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementSchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Wen‐Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementSchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
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17
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Ke L, Wang Y, Schäfer M, Städler T, Zeng R, Fabian J, Pulido H, De Moraes CM, Song Y, Xu S. Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Shared Signalling Networks Between Flower Development and Herbivory-Induced Responses in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:722810. [PMID: 34630470 PMCID: PMC8493932 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.722810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Most flowering plants must defend themselves against herbivores for survival and attract pollinators for reproduction. Although traits involved in plant defence and pollinator attraction are often localised in leaves and flowers, respectively, they will show a diffuse evolution if they share the same molecular machinery and regulatory networks. We performed RNA-sequencing to characterise and compare transcriptomic changes involved in herbivory-induced defences and flower development, in tomato leaves and flowers, respectively. We found that both the herbivory-induced responses and flower development involved alterations in jasmonic acid signalling, suppression of primary metabolism and reprogramming of secondary metabolism. We identified 411 genes that were involved in both processes, a number significantly higher than expected by chance. Genetic manipulation of key regulators of induced defences also led to the expression changes in the same genes in both leaves and flowers. Targeted metabolomic analysis showed that among closely related tomato species, jasmonic acid and α-tomatine are correlated in flower buds and herbivory-induced leaves. These findings suggest that herbivory-induced responses and flower development share a common molecular machinery and likely have coevolved in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Ke
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Yangzi Wang
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Städler
- Plant Ecological Genetics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jörg Fabian
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hannier Pulido
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Yuanyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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18
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Kang JN, Lee WH, Won SY, Chang S, Hong JP, Oh TJ, Lee SM, Kang SH. Systemic Expression of Genes Involved in the Plant Defense Response Induced by Wounding in Senna tora. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810073. [PMID: 34576236 PMCID: PMC8469979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wounds in tissues provide a pathway of entry for pathogenic fungi and bacteria in plants. Plants respond to wounding by regulating the expression of genes involved in their defense mechanisms. To analyze this response, we investigated the defense-related genes induced by wounding in the leaves of Senna tora using RNA sequencing. The genes involved in jasmonate and ethylene biosynthesis were strongly induced by wounding, as were a large number of genes encoding transcription factors such as ERFs, WRKYs, MYBs, bHLHs, and NACs. Wounding induced the expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, such as PR-1, chitinase, thaumatin-like protein, cysteine proteinase inhibitor, PR-10, and plant defensin. Furthermore, wounding led to the induction of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and the accumulation of kaempferol and quercetin in S. tora leaves. All these genes were expressed systemically in leaves distant from the wound site. These results demonstrate that mechanical wounding can lead to a systemic defense response in the Caesalpinioideae, a subfamily of the Leguminosae. In addition, a co-expression analysis of genes induced by wounding provides important information about the interactions between genes involved in plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Nam Kang
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-N.K.); (S.Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Woo-Haeng Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (W.-H.L.); (T.-J.O.)
| | - So Youn Won
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-N.K.); (S.Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Saemin Chang
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-N.K.); (S.Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Jong-Pil Hong
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-N.K.); (S.Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (W.-H.L.); (T.-J.O.)
| | - Si Myung Lee
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-N.K.); (S.Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.-P.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.L.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - Sang-Ho Kang
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-N.K.); (S.Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.-P.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.L.); (S.-H.K.)
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Sardans J, Gargallo‐Garriga A, Urban O, Klem K, Holub P, Janssens IA, Walker TWN, Pesqueda A, Peñuelas J. Ecometabolomics of plant–herbivore and plant–fungi interactions: a synthesis study. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Albert Gargallo‐Garriga
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk 2610 Belgium
| | - Tom W. N. Walker
- Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Argus Pesqueda
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
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Fungal Jasmonate as a Novel Morphogenetic Signal for Pathogenesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090693. [PMID: 34575731 PMCID: PMC8471849 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A key question that has remained unanswered is how pathogenic fungi switch from vegetative growth to infection-related morphogenesis during a disease cycle. Here, we identify a fungal oxylipin analogous to the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA), as the principal regulator of such a developmental switch to isotropic growth and pathogenicity in the rice-blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Using specific inhibitors and mutant analyses, we determined the molecular function of intrinsic jasmonates during M. oryzae pathogenesis. Loss of 12-Oxo-phytodienoic Acid (OPDA) Reductase and/or consequent reduction of jasmonate biosynthesis, prolonged germ tube growth and caused delayed initiation and improper development of infection structures in M. oryzae, reminiscent of phenotypic defects upon impaired cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling. Chemical- or genetic-complementation completely restored proper vegetative growth and appressoria in opr1Δ. Mass spectrometry-based quantification revealed increased OPDA accumulation and significantly decreased jasmonate levels in opr1Δ. Most interestingly, exogenous jasmonate restored proper appressorium formation in pth11Δ that lacks G protein/cAMP signaling; but failed to do so in the Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase mutants. Epistasis analysis placed jasmonate upstream of the cAMP pathway in rice blast. Mechanistically, intrinsic jasmonate orchestrates timely cessation of the vegetative phase and induces pathogenic development via a complex regulatory interaction with the cAMP-PKA cascade and redox signaling in rice blast.
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21
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Citric Acid-Mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137235. [PMID: 34281289 PMCID: PMC8268203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have shown that citric acid/citrate (CA) can confer abiotic stress tolerance to plants. Exogenous CA application leads to improved growth and yield in crop plants under various abiotic stress conditions. Improved physiological outcomes are associated with higher photosynthetic rates, reduced reactive oxygen species, and better osmoregulation. Application of CA also induces antioxidant defense systems, promotes increased chlorophyll content, and affects secondary metabolism to limit plant growth restrictions under stress. In particular, CA has a major impact on relieving heavy metal stress by promoting precipitation, chelation, and sequestration of metal ions. This review summarizes the mechanisms that mediate CA-regulated changes in plants, primarily CA’s involvement in the control of physiological and molecular processes in plants under abiotic stress conditions. We also review genetic engineering strategies for CA-mediated abiotic stress tolerance. Finally, we propose a model to explain how CA’s position in complex metabolic networks involving the biosynthesis of phytohormones, amino acids, signaling molecules, and other secondary metabolites could explain some of its abiotic stress-ameliorating properties. This review summarizes our current understanding of CA-mediated abiotic stress tolerance and highlights areas where additional research is needed.
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Almeida J, Perez-Fons L, Fraser PD. A transcriptomic, metabolomic and cellular approach to the physiological adaptation of tomato fruit to high temperature. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2211-2229. [PMID: 32691430 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High temperatures can negatively influence plant growth and development. Besides yield, the effects of heat stress on fruit quality traits remain poorly characterised. In tomato, insights into how fruits regulate cellular metabolism in response to heat stress could contribute to the development of heat-tolerant varieties, without detrimental effects on quality. In the present study, the changes occurring in wild type tomato fruits after exposure to transient heat stress have been elucidated at the transcriptome, cellular and metabolite level. An impact on fruit quality was evident as nutritional attributes changed in response to heat stress. Fruit carotenogenesis was affected, predominantly at the stage of phytoene formation, although altered desaturation/isomerisation arose during the transient exposure to high temperatures. Plastidial isoprenoid compounds showed subtle alterations in their distribution within chromoplast sub-compartments. Metabolite profiling suggests limited effects on primary/intermediary metabolism but lipid remodelling was evident. The heat-induced molecular signatures included the accumulation of sucrose and triacylglycerols, and a decrease in the degree of membrane lipid unsaturation, which influenced the volatile profile. Collectively, these data provide valuable insights into the underlying biochemical and molecular adaptation of fruit to heat stress and will impact on our ability to develop future climate resilient tomato varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Laura Perez-Fons
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Paul D Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
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23
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Qi X, Gu P, Shan X. Current progress of PM-localized protein functions in jasmonate pathway. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1906573. [PMID: 33818272 PMCID: PMC8143263 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1906573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonate (JA), a class of lipid-derived phytohormone, regulates diverse developmental processes and responses to abiotic or biotic stresses. The biosynthesis and signaling of JA mainly occur in various organelles, except for the plasma membrane (PM). Recently, several PM proteins have been reported to be associated with the JA pathway. This mini-review summarized the recent progress on the functional role of PM-localized proteins involved in JA transportation, JA-related defense responses, and JA-regulated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Qi
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Gu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Shan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Chen LM, Li XW, He TJ, Li PJ, Liu Y, Zhou SX, Wu QC, Chen TT, Lu YB, Hou YM. Comparative biochemical and transcriptome analyses in tomato and eggplant reveal their differential responses to Tuta absoluta infestation. Genomics 2021; 113:2108-2121. [PMID: 33964421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is more prone to Tuta absoluta invasion and damages as compared to other host plants but the mechanism behind this preference has not been elucidated. Here, two contrasting host preference plants, tomato and eggplant, were used to investigate biochemical and transcriptomic modifications induced by T. absoluta infestation. Biochemical analysis at 0-72 h post T. absoluta infestation revealed significantly reduced concentrations of amino acid, fructose, sucrose, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and total phenols in tomato compared to eggplant, mainly at 48 h post T. absoluta infestation. Transcriptome analysis showed higher transcript changes in infested eggplant than tomato. Signaling genes had significant contributions to mediate plant immunity against T. absoluta, specifically genes associated with salicylic acid in eggplant. Genes from PR1b1, NPR1, NPR3, MAPKs, and ANP1 families play important roles to mitigate T. absoluta infestation. Our results will facilitate the development of control strategies against T. absoluta for sustainable tomato production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Integrated Plant Protection Center, Lishui Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 827 Liyang Stress, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Jun He
- Integrated Plant Protection Center, Lishui Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 827 Liyang Stress, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Peng-Ju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Shu-Xing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan-Cong Wu
- Integrated Plant Protection Center, Lishui Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 827 Liyang Stress, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Yao-Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - You-Ming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
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Chen X, Jiang W, Tong T, Chen G, Zeng F, Jang S, Gao W, Li Z, Mak M, Deng F, Chen ZH. Molecular Interaction and Evolution of Jasmonate Signaling With Transport and Detoxification of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:665842. [PMID: 33936156 PMCID: PMC8079949 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.665842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An increase in environmental pollution resulting from toxic heavy metals and metalloids [e.g., cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb)] causes serious health risks to humans and animals. Mitigation strategies need to be developed to reduce the accumulation of the toxic elements in plant-derived foods. Natural and genetically-engineered plants with hyper-tolerant and hyper-accumulating capacity of toxic minerals are valuable for phytoremediation. However, the molecular mechanisms of detoxification and accumulation in plants have only been demonstrated in very few plant species such as Arabidopsis and rice. Here, we review the physiological and molecular aspects of jasmonic acid and the jasmonate derivatives (JAs) in response to toxic heavy metals and metalloids. Jasmonates have been identified in, limiting the accumulation and enhancing the tolerance to the toxic elements, by coordinating the ion transport system, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the chelating capacity in plants. We also propose the potential involvement of Ca2+ signaling in the stress-induced production of jasmonates. Comparative transcriptomics analyses using the public datasets reveal the key gene families involved in the JA-responsive routes. Furthermore, we show that JAs may function as a fundamental phytohormone that protects plants from heavy metals and metalloids as demonstrated by the evolutionary conservation and diversity of these gene families in a large number of species of the major green plant lineages. Using ATP-Binding Cassette G (ABCG) transporter subfamily of six representative green plant species, we propose that JA transporters in Subgroup 4 of ABCGs may also have roles in heavy metal detoxification. Our paper may provide guidance toward the selection and development of suitable plant and crop species that are tolerant to toxic heavy metals and metalloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Tao Tong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Sunghoon Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Michelle Mak
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Fenglin Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Brachypodium Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) Promotes Antiviral Defenses against Panicum mosaic virus and Its Satellites. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03518-20. [PMID: 33593968 PMCID: PMC8545123 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03518-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon has recently emerged as a premier model plant for monocot biology, akin to Arabidopsis thaliana We previously reported genome-wide transcriptomic and alternative splicing changes occurring in Brachypodium during compatible infections with Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) and its satellite virus (SPMV). Here, we dissected the role of Brachypodium phenylalanine ammonia lyase 1 (PAL1), a key enzyme for phenylpropanoid and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and the induction of plant defenses. Targeted metabolomics profiling of PMV-infected and PMV- plus SPMV-infected (PMV/SPMV) Brachypodium plants revealed enhanced levels of multiple defense-related hormones and metabolites such as cinnamic acid, SA, and fatty acids and lignin precursors during disease progression. The virus-induced accumulation of SA and lignin was significantly suppressed upon knockdown of B. distachyon PAL1 (BdPAL1) using RNA interference (RNAi). The compromised SA accumulation in PMV/SPMV-infected BdPAL1 RNAi plants correlated with weaker induction of multiple SA-related defense gene markers (pathogenesis related 1 [PR-1], PR-3, PR-5, and WRKY75) and enhanced susceptibility to PMV/SPMV compared to that of wild-type (WT) plants. Furthermore, exogenous application of SA alleviated the PMV/SPMV necrotic disease phenotypes and delayed plant death caused by single and mixed infections. Together, our results support an antiviral role for BdPAL1 during compatible host-virus interaction, perhaps as a last resort attempt to rescue the infected plant.IMPORTANCE Although the role of plant defense mechanisms against viruses are relatively well studied in dicots and in incompatible plant-microbe interactions, studies of their roles in compatible interactions and in grasses are lagging behind. In this study, we leveraged the emerging grass model Brachypodium and genetic resources to dissect Panicum mosaic virus (PMV)- and its satellite virus (SPMV)-compatible grass-virus interactions. We found a significant role for PAL1 in the production of salicylic acid (SA) in response to PMV/SPMV infections and that SA is an essential component of the defense response preventing the plant from succumbing to viral infection. Our results suggest a convergent role for the SA defense pathway in both compatible and incompatible plant-virus interactions and underscore the utility of Brachypodium for grass-virus biology.
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Martina M, Tikunov Y, Portis E, Bovy AG. The Genetic Basis of Tomato Aroma. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020226. [PMID: 33557308 PMCID: PMC7915847 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) aroma is determined by the interaction of volatile compounds (VOCs) released by the tomato fruits with receptors in the nose, leading to a sensorial impression, such as "sweet", "smoky", or "fruity" aroma. Of the more than 400 VOCs released by tomato fruits, 21 have been reported as main contributors to the perceived tomato aroma. These VOCs can be grouped in five clusters, according to their biosynthetic origins. In the last decades, a vast array of scientific studies has investigated the genetic component of tomato aroma in modern tomato cultivars and their relatives. In this paper we aim to collect, compare, integrate and summarize the available literature on flavour-related QTLs in tomato. Three hundred and 5ifty nine (359) QTLs associated with tomato fruit VOCs were physically mapped on the genome and investigated for the presence of potential candidate genes. This review makes it possible to (i) pinpoint potential donors described in literature for specific traits, (ii) highlight important QTL regions by combining information from different populations, and (iii) pinpoint potential candidate genes. This overview aims to be a valuable resource for researchers aiming to elucidate the genetics underlying tomato flavour and for breeders who aim to improve tomato aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Martina
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ezio Portis
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.G.B.); Tel.: +39-011-6708807 (E.P.); +31-317-480762 (A.G.B.)
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.G.B.); Tel.: +39-011-6708807 (E.P.); +31-317-480762 (A.G.B.)
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28
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Shiraku ML, Magwanga RO, Cai X, Kirungu JN, Xu Y, Mehari TG, Hou Y, Wang Y, Agong SG, Peng R, Wang K, Zhou Z, Liu F. Functional Characterization of GhACX3 Gene Reveals Its Significant Role in Enhancing Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance in Cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:658755. [PMID: 34447398 PMCID: PMC8382881 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.658755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 3 (ACX3) gene involved in the β-oxidation pathway plays a critical role in plant growth and development as well as stress response. Earlier on, studies focused primarily on the role of β-oxidation limited to fatty acid breakdown. However, ACX3 peroxisomal β-oxidation pathways result in a downstream cascade of events that act as a transduction of biochemical and physiological responses to stress. A role that is yet to be studied extensively. In this study, we identified 20, 18, 22, 23, 20, 11, and 9 proteins in Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. tomentosum, G. mustelinum, G. darwinii, G. arboretum, and G. raimondii genomes, respectively. The tetraploid cotton genome had protein ranging between 18 and 22, while diploids had between 9 and 11. After analyzing the gene family evolution or selection pressure, we found that this gene family undergoes purely segmental duplication both in diploids and tetraploids. W-Box (WRKY-binding site), ABRE, CAAT-Box, TATA-box, MYB, MBS, LTR, TGACG, and CGTCA-motif are abiotic stress cis-regulatory elements identified in this gene family. All these are the binding sites for abiotic stress transcription factors, indicating that this gene is essential. Genes found in G. hirsutum showed a clear response to drought and salinity stress, with higher expression under drought and salt stress, particularly in the leaf and root, according to expression analysis. We selected Gh_DO1GO186, one of the highly expressed genes, for functional characterization. We functionally characterized the GhACX3 gene through overexpression and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Overexpression of this gene enhanced tolerance under stress, which was exhibited by the germination assay. The overexpressed seed growth rate was faster relative to control under drought and salt stress conditions. The survival rate was also higher in overexpressed plants relative to control plants under stress. In contrast, the silencing of the GhACX3 gene in cotton plants resulted in plants showing the stress susceptibility phenotype and reduced root length compared to control. Biochemical analysis also demonstrated that GhACX3-silenced plants experienced oxidative stress while the overexpressed plants did not. This study has revealed the importance of the ACX3 family during stress tolerance and can breed stress-resilient cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L. Shiraku
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Richard Odongo Magwanga
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- School of Biological and Physical Sciences (SBPS), Main Campus, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Joy Nyangasi Kirungu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Teame Gereziher Mehari
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Yuqing Hou
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Stephen Gaya Agong
- School of Biological and Physical Sciences (SBPS), Main Campus, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
| | - Renhai Peng
- Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Kunbo Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhongli Zhou
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongli Zhou,
| | - Fang Liu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Fang Liu,
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Wang J, Li D, Chen N, Chen J, Mu C, Yin K, He Y, Liu H. Plant grafting relieves asymmetry of jasmonic acid response induced by wounding between scion and rootstock in tomato hypocotyl. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241317. [PMID: 33232332 PMCID: PMC7685457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant grafting is a sequential wound healing process. However, whether wounding induces a different jasmonic acid (JA) response within half a day (12 h) after grafting or non-grafting remains unclear. Using the tomato hypocotyl grafting method, we show that grafting alleviates the asymmetrical accumulation of JA and jasmonic acid isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile) in scion and rootstock caused by wounding, and from 2 h after tomato micrografting, grafting obviously restored the level of JA-Ile in the scion and rootstock. Meanwhile, five JA-related genes, SlLOX11, SlAOS, SlCOI1, SlLAPA and SlJA2L, are detected and show significant changes in transcriptional expression patterns within 12 h of grafting, from asymmetrical to symmetrical, when the expression of 30 JA- and defense-related genes were analyzed. The results indicated that grafting alleviates the asymmetrical JA and defense response between scion and rootstock of the tomato hypocotyl within 12 h as induced by wounding. Moreover, we demonstrate that in the very early hours after grafting, JA-related genes may be involved in a molecular mechanism that changes asymmetrical expression as induced by wounding between scion and rootstock, thereby promoting wound healing and grafting success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Plant and Microbe Interaction Lab, Hei Longjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Hei Longjiang, P. R. China
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China
- National Field Genebank for Tropical Fruit, Institute of South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dongliang Li
- South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China
- National Field Genebank for Tropical Fruit, Institute of South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ni Chen
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China
- National Field Genebank for Tropical Fruit, Institute of South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China
- National Field Genebank for Tropical Fruit, Institute of South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Changjun Mu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kuide Yin
- Plant and Microbe Interaction Lab, Hei Longjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Hei Longjiang, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (KY); (YH); (HL)
| | - Yuke He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (KY); (YH); (HL)
| | - Heng Liu
- Plant and Microbe Interaction Lab, Hei Longjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Hei Longjiang, P. R. China
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China
- National Field Genebank for Tropical Fruit, Institute of South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (KY); (YH); (HL)
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Wickramanayake JS, Goss JA, Zou M, Goggin FL. Loss of Function of Fatty Acid Desaturase 7 in Tomato Enhances Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Efficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:932. [PMID: 32676090 PMCID: PMC7333566 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fatty Acid Desaturase 7 (FAD7) generates polyunsaturated fatty acids, promoting the desaturation of chloroplast membranes; it also provides an essential precursor for the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA), a phytohormone that can influence plant growth, development, and primary metabolism. This study examined the effects of spr2, a null mutation in SlFAD7, on the growth, morphology, and photosynthetic traits of tomato, Solanum lycopersicum. Although the spr2 mutant had a lower density of stomata than wild type plants, the two genotypes had comparable stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, and intracellular CO2 levels; in addition, spr2 had significantly thinner leaf blades, which may help maintain normal levels of CO2 diffusion despite the lower number of stomata. Surprisingly, spr2 also had significantly higher carbon assimilation (A) and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) than wild type plants at both of the light intensities tested here (220 or 440 µmol m-2 s-1), despite having lower levels of chlorophyll than wild type plants under low light (220 µmol m-2 s-1). Furthermore, CO2 response curves indicated higher in vivo Rubisco activity (Vcmax) in spr2 compared to wild type plants, as well as an enhanced maximum rate of electron transport used in the regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (Jmax). These data indicate that loss of function of FAD7 can enhance the efficiency of both light-dependent and light-independent reactions in photosynthesis. Consistent with this, the spr2 mutant also displayed enhanced growth, with significantly more leaves and a more compact growth habit. In contrast to spr2, another tomato mutant impaired in JA synthesis (acx1) showed no enhancements in growth or photosynthetic efficiency, suggesting that the enhancements observed in spr2 are independent of the effects of this mutation on JA synthesis. These data demonstrate that loss of function of FAD7 can enhance photosynthesis and growth, potentially through its impacts on the chloroplast membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josue A. Goss
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Fiona L. Goggin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Gangwar M, Shankar J. Molecular Mechanisms of the Floral Biology of Jatropha curcas: Opportunities and Challenges as an Energy Crop. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609. [PMID: 32582231 PMCID: PMC7296989 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fossil fuel sources are a limited resource and could eventually be depleted. Biofuels have emerged as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Jatropha has grown in significance as a potential bioenergy crop due to its high content of seed oil. However, Jatropha's lack of high-yielding seed genotypes limits its potential use for biofuel production. The main cause of lower seed yield is the low female to male flower ratio (1:25-10), which affects the total amount of seeds produced per plant. Here, we review the genetic factors responsible for floral transitions, floral organ development, and regulated gene products in Jatropha. We also summarize potential gene targets to increase seed production and discuss challenges ahead.
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Histochemical and Microscopic Studies Predict that Grapevine Genotype "Ju mei gui" is Highly Resistant against Botrytis cinerea. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040253. [PMID: 32244290 PMCID: PMC7238070 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea causes devastating pre- and post-harvest yield losses in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Although B. cinerea has been well-studied in different plant species, there is limited information related to the resistance and susceptibility mechanisms of Vitis genotypes against B. cinerea infection. In the present study, leaves and berries of twenty four grape genotypes were evaluated against B. cinerea infection. According to the results, one genotype (Ju mei gui) was highly resistant (HR), one genotype (Kyoho) was resistant (R), eight genotypes were susceptible (S), and fourteen genotypes were highly susceptible (HS) against infection of B. cinerea in leaves. Whereas in the case of B. cinerea infection in grape berry, three genotypes were found to be highly resistant, three resistant, eleven genotypes susceptible, and seven were highly susceptible. To further explore the mechanism of disease resistance in grapevine, we evaluated "Ju mei gui" and "Summer black" in terms of B. cinerea progression, reactive oxygen species reactions, jasmonic acid contents, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaf and fruit. We surmise that the resistance of "Ju mei gui" is due to seized fungal growth, minor reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, elevated antioxidant enzyme activity, and more jasmonic acid (JA) contents. This study provides insights into the resistance and susceptibility mechanism of Vitis genotypes against B. cinerea. This will help for the selection of appropriate germplasm to explore the molecular basis of disease resistance mechanisms in grapevine.
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Lin PA, Felton GW. Oral cues are not enough: induction of defensive proteins in Nicotiana tabacum upon feeding by caterpillars. PLANTA 2020; 251:89. [PMID: 32232572 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The study challenges the general belief that plants are highly sensitive to oral cues of herbivores and reveals the role of the damage level on the magnitude of defense induction. Many leaf-feeding caterpillars share similar feeding behaviors involving repeated removal of previously wounded leaf tissue (semicircle feeding pattern). We hypothesized that this behavior is a strategy to attenuate plant-induced defenses by removing both the oral cues and tissues that detect it. Using tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), we found that tobacco increased defensive responses during herbivory compared to mechanical wounding at moderate damage levels (30%). However, tobacco did not differentiate between mechanical wounding and herbivory when the level of leaf tissue loss was either small (4%) or severe (100%, whole leaf removal). Higher amounts of oral cues did not induce higher defenses when damage was small. Severe damage led to the highest level of systemic defense proteins compared to other levels of leaf tissue loss with or without oral cues. In conclusion, we did not find clear evidence that semicircle feeding behavior compromises plant defense induction. In addition, the level of leaf tissue loss and oral cues interact to determine the level of induced defensive responses in tobacco. Although oral cues play an important role in inducing defensive proteins, the level of induction depends more on the level of leaf tissue loss in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-An Lin
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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Grissett L, Ali A, Coble AM, Logan K, Washington B, Mateson A, McGee K, Nkrumah Y, Jacobus L, Abraham E, Hann C, Bequette CJ, Hind SR, Schmelz EA, Stratmann JW. Survey of Sensitivity to Fatty Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates in the Solanaceae. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:330-343. [PMID: 31989490 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants perceive insect herbivores via a sophisticated surveillance system that detects a range of alarm signals, including herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs). Fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs) are HAMPs present in oral secretions (OS) of lepidopteran larvae that induce defense responses in many plant species. In contrast to eggplant (Solanum melongena), tomato (S. lycopersicum) does not respond to FACs present in OS from Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera). Since both plants are found in the same genus, we tested whether loss of sensitivity to FACs in tomato may be a domestication effect. Using highly sensitive MAP kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation assays, we demonstrate that four wild tomato species and the closely related potato (S. tuberosum) do not respond to the FACs N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine and N-linolenoyl-L-glutamic acid, excluding a domestication effect. Among other genera within the Solanaceae, we found that bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) is responsive to FACs, while there is a differential responsiveness to FACs among tobacco (Nicotiana) species, ranging from strong responsiveness in N. benthamiana to no responsiveness in N. knightiana. The Petunia lineage is one of the oldest lineages within the Solanaceae and P. hybrida was responsive to FACs. Collectively, we demonstrate that plant responsiveness to FACs does not follow simple phylogenetic relationships in the family Solanaceae. Instead, sensitivity to FACs is a dynamic ancestral trait present in monocots and eudicots that was repeatedly lost during the evolution of Solanaceae species. Although tomato is insensitive to FACs, we found that other unidentified factors in M. sexta OS induce defenses in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laquita Grissett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Azka Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Coble
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Khalilah Logan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Brandon Washington
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Abigail Mateson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kelsey McGee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Yaw Nkrumah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Leighton Jacobus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Evelyn Abraham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Claire Hann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Carlton J Bequette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,R.J. Reynolds Tobacco, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sarah R Hind
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Johannes W Stratmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Bouwmeester H, Schuurink RC, Bleeker PM, Schiestl F. The role of volatiles in plant communication. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:892-907. [PMID: 31410886 PMCID: PMC6899487 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Volatiles mediate the interaction of plants with pollinators, herbivores and their natural enemies, other plants and micro-organisms. With increasing knowledge about these interactions the underlying mechanisms turn out to be increasingly complex. The mechanisms of biosynthesis and perception of volatiles are slowly being uncovered. The increasing scientific knowledge can be used to design and apply volatile-based agricultural strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harro Bouwmeester
- University of AmsterdamSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesGreen Life Science research clusterScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- University of AmsterdamSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesGreen Life Science research clusterScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Petra M. Bleeker
- University of AmsterdamSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesGreen Life Science research clusterScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZürichZollikerstrasse 107CH‐8008ZürichSwitzerland
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36
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Chen S, Lu X, Ge L, Sun X, Xin Z. Wound- and pathogen-activated de novo JA synthesis using different ACX isozymes in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 243:153047. [PMID: 31639538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA oxidase (ACX; EC 1.3.3.6) plays a vital role in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) in plant peroxisomes. We previously identified an herbivore-induced gene CsACX1 in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and showed CsACX1 was involved in the wound-induced synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA). Here, another ACX gene CsACX3 was isolated from tea plant. CsACX3 was predicted to consist of 684 amino acid residues. CsACX3 can be induced by mechanical wounding, JA application, and infestation by the tea geometrid Ectropis obliqua Prout and the tea green leafhopper Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda. These expression patterns are consistent with the previously reported expression pattern of CsACX1 under such treatments. Recombinant CsACX3 showed preference for medium-chain acyl-coA oxidase substrates (C8- to C14-CoA). CsACX3 expression could also be induced by the infection of a pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Cgl), and the increased ACX activities in tea plants were correlated with the Cgl-induced CsACX3 expression. Cgl could not induce the expression of CsACX1, which showed preference for C12- to C16-CoA substrates. The constitutive expression of CsACX3 rescued wound-induced JA biosynthesis and enhanced the Cgl-induced JA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis mutant atacx1. However, constitutive expression of CsACX1 could not enhance the Cgl-induced JA biosynthesis in atacx1 plant. These results indicate that CsACX1 and CsACX3 functions overlap and have distinct roles in the wound- and pathogen-activated de novo JA synthesis via enzymatic routes that utilize different ACX isozymes in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiaotong Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lingang Ge
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Zhaojun Xin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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37
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Li Y, Xu J, Li G, Wan S, Batistič O, Sun M, Zhang Y, Scott R, Qi B. Protein S-acyl transferase 15 is involved in seed triacylglycerol catabolism during early seedling growth in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5205-5216. [PMID: 31199467 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seeds of Arabidopsis contain ~40% oil, which is primarily in the form of triacylglycerol and it is converted to sugar to support post-germination growth. We identified an Arabidopsis T-DNA knockout mutant that is sugar-dependent during early seedling establishment and determined that the β-oxidation process involved in catabolising the free fatty acids released from the seed triacylglycerol is impaired. The mutant was confirmed to be transcriptional null for Protein Acyl Transferase 15, AtPAT15 (At5g04270), one of the 24 protein acyl transferases in Arabidopsis. Although it is the shortest, AtPAT15 contains the signature 'Asp-His-His-Cys cysteine-rich domain' that is essential for the enzyme activity of this family of proteins. The function of AtPAT15 was validated by the fact that it rescued the growth defect of the yeast protein acyl transferase mutant akr1 and it was also auto-acylated in vitro. Transient expression in Arabidopsis and tobacco localised AtPAT15 in the Golgi apparatus. Taken together, our data demonstrate that AtPAT15 is involved in β-oxidation of triacylglycerol, revealing the importance of protein S-acylation in the breakdown of seed-storage lipids during early seedling growth of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiao Li
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology & National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Si Wan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Oliver Batistič
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Meihong Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuxing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Rod Scott
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Baoxiu Qi
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, UK
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38
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Gladman N, Jiao Y, Lee YK, Zhang L, Chopra R, Regulski M, Burow G, Hayes C, Christensen SA, Dampanaboina L, Chen J, Burke J, Ware D, Xin Z. Fertility of Pedicellate Spikelets in Sorghum Is Controlled by a Jasmonic Acid Regulatory Module. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194951. [PMID: 31597271 PMCID: PMC6801740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As in other cereal crops, the panicles of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) comprise two types of floral spikelets (grass flowers). Only sessile spikelets (SSs) are capable of producing viable grains, whereas pedicellate spikelets (PSs) cease development after initiation and eventually abort. Consequently, grain number per panicle (GNP) is lower than the total number of flowers produced per panicle. The mechanism underlying this differential fertility is not well understood. To investigate this issue, we isolated a series of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced multiseeded (msd) mutants that result in full spikelet fertility, effectively doubling GNP. Previously, we showed that MSD1 is a TCP (Teosinte branched/Cycloidea/PCF) transcription factor that regulates jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, and ultimately floral sex organ development. Here, we show that MSD2 encodes a lipoxygenase (LOX) that catalyzes the first committed step of JA biosynthesis. Further, we demonstrate that MSD1 binds to the promoters of MSD2 and other JA pathway genes. Together, these results show that a JA-induced module regulates sorghum panicle development and spikelet fertility. The findings advance our understanding of inflorescence development and could lead to new strategies for increasing GNP and grain yield in sorghum and other cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Gladman
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Yinping Jiao
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Young Koung Lee
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
- Plasma Technology Research Center, National Fusion Research Institute, 37, Dongjangsan-ro, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54004, Korea.
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Ratan Chopra
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
- Current address: Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Michael Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Gloria Burow
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
| | - Chad Hayes
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1700 S.W. 23RD DRIVE, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Lavanya Dampanaboina
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
| | - Junping Chen
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
| | - John Burke
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
| | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, NEA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Zhanguo Xin
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
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Schulze A, Zimmer M, Mielke S, Stellmach H, Melnyk CW, Hause B, Gasperini D. Wound-Induced Shoot-to-Root Relocation of JA-Ile Precursors Coordinates Arabidopsis Growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1383-1394. [PMID: 31181337 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms rely on the movement of signaling molecules across cells, tissues, and organs to communicate among distal sites. In plants, localized leaf damage activates jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent transcriptional reprogramming in both harmed and unharmed tissues. Although it has been indicated that JA species can translocate from damaged into distal sites, the identity of the mobile compound(s), the tissues through which they translocate, and the effect of their relocation remain unknown. Here, we found that following shoot wounding, the relocation of endogenous jasmonates through the phloem is essential to initiate JA signaling and stunt growth in unharmed roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. By employing grafting experiments and hormone profiling, we uncovered that the hormone precursor cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its derivatives, but not the bioactive JA-Ile conjugate, translocate from wounded shoots into undamaged roots. Upon root relocation, the mobile precursors cooperatively regulated JA responses through their conversion into JA-Ile and JA signaling activation. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the existence of long-distance translocation of endogenous OPDA and its derivatives, which serve as mobile molecules to coordinate shoot-to-root responses, and highlight the importance of a controlled redistribution of hormone precursors among organs during plant stress acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Schulze
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marlene Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Mielke
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hagen Stellmach
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Debora Gasperini
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg A Howe
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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41
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Schubert R, Grunewald S, von Sivers L, Hause B. Effects of Jasmonate on Ethylene Function during the Development of Tomato Stamens. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8080277. [PMID: 31405001 PMCID: PMC6724093 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype of the tomato mutant jasmonate-insensitive1-1 (jai1-1) mutated in the JA-Ile co-receptor COI1 demonstrates JA function in flower development, since it is female-sterile. In addition, jai1-1 exhibits a premature anther dehydration and pollen release, being in contrast to a delayed anther dehiscence in the JA-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant coi1-1. The double mutant jai1-1 Never ripe (jai1-1 Nr), which is in addition insensitive to ethylene (ET), showed a rescue of the jai1-1 phenotype regarding pollen release. This suggests that JA inhibits a premature rise in ET to prevent premature stamen desiccation. To elucidate the interplay of JA and ET in more detail, stamen development in jai1-1 Nr was compared to wild type, jai1-1 and Nr regarding water content, pollen vitality, hormone levels, and accumulation of phenylpropanoids and transcripts encoding known JA- and ET-regulated genes. For the latter, RT-qPCR based on nanofluidic arrays was employed. The data showed that additional prominent phenotypic features of jai1-1, such as diminished water content and pollen vitality, and accumulation of phenylpropanoids were at least partially rescued by the ET-insensitivity. Hormone levels and accumulation of transcripts were not affected. The data revealed that strictly JA-regulated processes cannot be rescued by ET-insensitivity, thereby emphasizing a rather minor role of ET in JA-regulated stamen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Schubert
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephan Grunewald
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lea von Sivers
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Zhao C, Wang H, Lu Y, Hu J, Qu L, Li Z, Wang D, He Y, Valls M, Coll NS, Chen Q, Lu H. Deep Sequencing Reveals Early Reprogramming of Arabidopsis Root Transcriptomes Upon Ralstonia solanacearum Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:813-827. [PMID: 31140930 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0268-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most devastating crop diseases worldwide. The molecular mechanisms controlling the early stage of R. solanacearum colonization in the root remain unknown. Aiming to better understand the mechanism of the establishment of R. solanacearum infection in root, we established four stages in the early interaction of the pathogen with Arabidopsis roots and determined the transcriptional profiles of these stages of infection. A total 2,698 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes during the initial 96 h after infection, with the majority of changes in gene expression occurring after pathogen-triggered root-hair development observed. Further analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated sequential activation of multiple hormone signaling cascades, including abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. Simultaneous impairment of ABA receptor genes promoted plant wilting symptoms after R. solanacearum infection but did not affect primary root growth inhibition or root-hair and lateral root formation caused by R. solanacearum. This indicated that ABA signaling positively regulates root defense to R. solanacearum. Moreover, transcriptional changes of genes involved in primary root, lateral root, and root-hair formation exhibited high temporal dynamics upon infection. Taken together, our results suggest that successful infection of R. solanacearum on roots is a highly programmed process involving in hormone crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhu Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yao Lu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jinxue Hu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ling Qu
- 2 National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, China
| | - Zheqing Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yizhe He
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Marc Valls
- 3 Genetics section, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- 4 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- 4 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Qin Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Haibin Lu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Peng H, Pu Y, Yang X, Wu G, Qing L, Ma L, Sun X. Overexpression of a pathogenesis-related gene NbHIN1 confers resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Nicotiana benthamiana by potentially activating the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:147-156. [PMID: 31128684 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Harpin proteins secreted by plant-pathogenic gram-negative bacteria induce diverse plant defenses against different pathogens. Harpin-induced 1 (HIN1) gene highly induced in tobacco after application of Harpin protein is involved in a common plant defense pathway. However, the role of HIN1 against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) remains unknown. In this study, we functionally characterized the Nicotiana benthamiana HIN1 (NbHIN1) gene and generated the transgenic tobacco overexpressing the NbHIN1 gene. In a subcellular localization experiment, we found that NbHIN1 localized in the plasma membrane and cytosol. Overexpression of NbHIN1 did not lead to observed phenotype compared to wild type tobacco plant. However, the NbHIN1 overexpressing tobacco plant exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to TMV infection. Moreover, RNA-sequencing revealed the transcriptomic profiling of NbHIN1 overexpression and highlighted the primary effects on the genes in the processes related to biosynthesis of amino acids, plant-pathogen interaction and RNA transport. We also found that overexpression of NbHIN1 highly induced the expression of NbRAB11, suggesting that jasmonic acid signaling pathway might be involved in TMV resistance. Taken together, for the first time we demonstrated that overexpressing a pathogenesis-related gene NbHIN1 in N. benthamiana significantly enhances the TMV resistance, providing a potential mechanism that will enable us to engineer tobacco with improved TMV resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yundan Pu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Gentu Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ling Qing
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Lisong Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071001, China; Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, ACT, Acton, 2601, Australia.
| | - Xianchao Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Nazar RN, Castroverde CDM, Xu X, Kurosky A, Robb J. Wounding induces tomato Ve1 R-gene expression. PLANTA 2019; 249:1779-1797. [PMID: 30838445 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In tomato, Ve1 gene expression is induced specifically by physical damage or plant wounding, resulting in a defense/stress cascade that mimics responses during Verticillium colonization and wilt. In tomato, Verticillium resistance is determined by the Ve gene locus, which encodes two leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (Ve1, Ve2); the Ve1 gene is induced differentially while Ve2 is constitutively expressed throughout disease development. These profiles have been observed even during compatible Verticillium interactions, colonization by some bacterial pathogens, and growth of transgenic tomato plants expressing the fungal Ave1 effector, suggesting broader roles in disease and/or stress. Here, we have examined further Ve gene expression in resistant and susceptible plants under abiotic stress, including a water deficit, salinity and physical damage. Using both quantitative RT-PCR and label-free LC-MS methods, changes have been evaluated at both the mRNA and protein levels. The results indicate that Ve1 gene expression responds specifically to physical damage or plant wounding, resulting in a defense/stress cascade that resembles observations during Verticillium colonization. In addition, the elimination or reduction of Ve1 or Ve2 gene function also result in proteomic responses that occur with wilt pathogen and continue to be consistent with an antagonistic relationship between the two genes. Mutational analyses also indicate the plant wounding hormone, systemin, is not required, while jasmonic acid again appears to play a direct role in induction of the Ve1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N Nazar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | - Xin Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexander Kurosky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jane Robb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Chen WJ, Wang X, Yan S, Huang X, Yuan HM. The ICE-like transcription factor HbICE2 is involved in jasmonate-regulated cold tolerance in the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:699-714. [PMID: 30830263 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An ICE-like transcription factor mediates jasmonate-regulated cold tolerance in the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), and confers cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is susceptible to low temperatures, and understanding the mechanisms regulating cold stress is of great potential value for enhancing tolerance to this environmental variable. In this study, we find that treatment with exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) could significantly enhance Hevea brasiliensis cold tolerance. In addition, yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) experiments show that JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN(JAZ) proteins, HbJAZ1 and HbJAZ12, key repressors of JA signaling pathway, interact with HbICE2, a novel ICE (Inducer of CBF Expression)-like protein. HbICE2 was nuclear-localised and bound to the MYC recognition (MYCR) sequence. The transcriptional activation activity of HbICE2 in yeast cells was dependent on the N-terminus, and overexpression of HbICE2 in Arabidopsis resulted in elevated tolerance to chilling stress. Furthermore, dual-luciferase transient assay reveals that HbJAZ1 and HbJAZ12 proteins inhibit the transcriptional function of HbICE2. The expression of C-repeat-binding factor (CBF) signalling pathway genes including HbCBF1, HbCBF2 and HbCOR47 were up-regulated by MeJA. Taken together, our data suggest that the new ICE-like transcription factor HbICE2 is involved in jasmonate-regulated cold tolerance in Hevea brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Sa Yan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Yuan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
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Mutation of ACX1, a Jasmonic Acid Biosynthetic Enzyme, Leads to Petal Degeneration in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092310. [PMID: 31083282 PMCID: PMC6539522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Petal color, size, and morphology play important roles in protecting other floral organs, attracting pollinators, and facilitating sexual reproduction in plants. In a previous study, we obtained a petal degeneration mutant (pdm) from the ‘FT’ doubled haploid line of Chinese cabbage and found that the candidate gene for pdm, Bra040093, encodes the enzyme acyl-CoA oxidase1. In this study, we sought to examine the gene networks regulating petal development in pdm plants. We show that the mRNA and protein expression of Bra040093, which is involved in the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthetic pathway, were significantly lower in the petals of pdm plants than in those of ‘FT’ plants. Similarly, the JA and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) contents of petals were significantly lower in pdm plants than in ‘FT’ plants and we found that exogenous application of these hormones to the inflorescences of pdm plants restored the ‘FT’ phenotype. Comparative analyses of the transcriptomes of ‘FT’, pdm and pdm + JA (pJA) plants revealed 10,160 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with consistent expression tendencies in ‘FT’ vs. pdm and pJA vs. pdm comparisons. Among these DEGs, we identified 69 DEGs related to floral organ development, 11 of which are involved in petal development regulated by JA. On the basis of qRT-PCR verification, we propose regulatory pathways whereby JA may mediate petal development in the pdm mutant. We demonstrate that mutation of Bra040093 in pdm plants leads to reduced JA levels and that this in turn promotes changes in the expression of genes that are expressed in response to JA, ultimately resulting in petal degeneration. These findings thus indicate that JA is associated with petal development in Chinese cabbage. These results enhance our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying petal development and lay the foundations for further elucidation of the mechanisms associated with floral organ development in Chinese cabbage.
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Savchenko T, Rolletschek H, Heinzel N, Tikhonov K, Dehesh K. Waterlogging tolerance rendered by oxylipin-mediated metabolic reprogramming in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2919-2932. [PMID: 30854562 PMCID: PMC6506769 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stresses induce production of oxylipins synthesized by the two main biosynthetic branches, allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL). Here, we investigate how waterlogging-mediated alteration of AOS- and HPL-derived metabolic profile results in modulation of central metabolism and ultimately enhanced tolerance to this environmental stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Waterlogging leads to increased levels of AOS- and HPL-derived metabolites, and studies of genotypes lacking either one or both branches further support the key function of these oxylipins in waterlogging tolerance. Targeted quantitative metabolic profiling revealed oxylipin-dependent alterations in selected primary metabolites, and glycolytic and citric acid cycle intermediates, as well as a prominent shift in sucrose cleavage, hexose activation, the methionine salvage pathway, shikimate pathway, antioxidant system, and energy metabolism in genotypes differing in the presence of one or both functional branches of the oxylipin biosynthesis pathway. Interestingly, despite some distinct metabolic alterations caused specifically by individual branches, overexpression of HPL partially or fully alleviates the majority of altered metabolic profiles observed in AOS-depleted lines. Collectively, these data identify the key role of AOS- and HPL-derived oxylipins in altering central metabolism, and further provide a metabolic platform targeted at identification of gene candidates for enhancing plant tolerance to waterlogging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Savchenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, RAS, Pushchino, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heinzel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Abstract
Although flavor is an essential element for consumer acceptance of food, breeding programs have focused primarily on yield, leading to significant declines in flavor for many vegetables. The deterioration of flavor quality has concerned breeders; however, the complexity of this trait has hindered efforts to improve or even maintain it. Recently, the integration of flavor-associated metabolic profiling with other omics methodologies derived from big data has become a prominent trend in this research field. Here, we provide an overview of known metabolites contributing to flavor in the major vegetables as well as genetic analyses of the relevant metabolic pathways based on different approaches, especially multi-omics. We present examples demonstrating how omics analyses can help us to understand the accomplishments of historical flavor breeding practices and implement further improvements. The integration of genetics, cultivation, and postharvest practices with genome-scale data analyses will create enormous potential for further flavor quality improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Zhu
- The CAAS-YNNU Joint Academy of Potato Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Junbo Gou
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Harry Klee
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Plant Innovation Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture and Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
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Xin Z, Chen S, Ge L, Li X, Sun X. The involvement of a herbivore-induced acyl-CoA oxidase gene, CsACX1, in the synthesis of jasmonic acid and its expression in flower opening in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:132-140. [PMID: 30529979 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) in plant peroxisomes requires the action of acyl-CoA oxidase (ACX; EC 1.3.3.6). Multiple isoforms of ACXs have been identified in various annual herbaceous plants, but the genes encoding these enzymes in perennial woody plants are yet to be fully investigated. In this study, an ACX gene named CsACX1 (GeneBank accession: KX650077.1) was isolated from tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). CsACX1 was predicted to consist of 664 amino acid residues. Transcriptional analysis revealed that CsACX1 can be induced by mechanical wounding, JA application, and infestation by the tea geometrid Ectropis obliqua Prout and the tea green leafhopper Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda. To further elucidate the function of CsACX1, it was heterologously expressed in a bacterial system and characterized. Recombinant CsACX1 showed preference for C12 ∼ C16-CoA substrates. The constitutive expression of CsACX1 can rescue wound-related JA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis mutant acx1. CsACX1 was expressed in different organs, predominantly in flowers. Notably, CsACX1 transcripts were detected up-regulated during flower opening, and the JA levels were correlated with CsACX1 expression. All these results enrich our knowledge of the regulatory pathway involved in the JA biosynthesis in tea, and helps further understand the defense mechanism of tea plant against insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Xin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Shenglong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Lingang Ge
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xiwang Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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50
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Wang F, Yu G, Liu P. Transporter-Mediated Subcellular Distribution in the Metabolism and Signaling of Jasmonates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:390. [PMID: 31001304 PMCID: PMC6454866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (jasmonic acid and its relatives) are a group of oxylipin phytohormones that are implicated in the regulation of a range of developmental processes and responses to environmental stimuli in plants. The biosynthesis of JAs occur sequentially in various subcellular compartments including the chloroplasts, peroxisomes and the cytoplasm. The biologically active jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) activates the core JA signaling in the nucleus by binding with its coreceptor, SCFCOI1-JAZ. Five members of a clade of ATP-binding cassette G (ABCG) transporters of Arabidopsis thaliana were identified as the candidates of jasmonate transporters (JATs) in yeast cells. Among these JATs, AtJAT1/AtABCG16, has a dual localization in the plasma membrane and nuclear envelop and mediates the efflux of jasmonic acid (JA) across the plasma membrane and influx of JA-Ile into the nucleus. Genetic, cellular and biochemical analyses have demonstrated that AtJAT1/AtABCG16 is crucial for modulating JA-Ile concentration in the nucleus to orchestrate JA signaling. AtJAT1 could also be involved in modulating the biosynthesis of JA-Ile by regulating the distribution of JA and JA-Ile in the cytoplasm and nucleus, which would contribute to the highly dynamic JA signaling. Furthermore, other JAT members are localized in the plasma membrane and possibly in peroxisomes. Characterization of these JATs will provide further insights into a crucial role of transporter-mediated subcellular distribution in the metabolism and signaling of plant hormones, an emerging theme supported by the identification of increasing number of endomembrane-localized transporters.
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