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Choudhary A, Senthil-Kumar M. Drought: A context-dependent damper and aggravator of plant diseases. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2109-2126. [PMID: 38409868 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Drought dynamically influences the interactions between plants and pathogens, thereby affecting disease outbreaks. Understanding the intricate mechanistic aspects of the multiscale interactions among plants, pathogens, and the environment-known as the disease triangle-is paramount for enhancing the climate resilience of crop plants. In this review, we systematically compile and comprehensively analyse current knowledge on the influence of drought on the severity of plant diseases. We emphasise that studying these stresses in isolation is not sufficient to predict how plants respond to combined stress from both drought and pathogens. The impact of drought and pathogens on plants is complex and multifaceted, encompassing the activation of antagonistic signalling cascades in response to stress factors. The nature, intensity, and temporality of drought and pathogen stress occurrence significantly influence the outcome of diseases. We delineate the drought-sensitive nodes of plant immunity and highlight the emerging points of crosstalk between drought and defence signalling under combined stress. The limited mechanistic understanding of these interactions is acknowledged as a key research gap in this area. The information synthesised herein will be crucial for crafting strategies for the accurate prediction and mitigation of future crop disease risks, particularly in the context of a changing climate.
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Mishra S, Duarte GT, Horemans N, Ruytinx J, Gudkov D, Danchenko M. Complexity of responses to ionizing radiation in plants, and the impact on interacting biotic factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171567. [PMID: 38460702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In nature, plants are simultaneously exposed to different abiotic (e.g., heat, drought, and salinity) and biotic (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and insects) stresses. Climate change and anthropogenic pressure are expected to intensify the frequency of stress factors. Although plants are well equipped with unique and common defense systems protecting against stressors, they may compromise their growth and development for survival in such challenging environments. Ionizing radiation is a peculiar stress factor capable of causing clustered damage. Radionuclides are both naturally present on the planet and produced by human activities. Natural and artificial radioactivity affects plants on molecular, biochemical, cellular, physiological, populational, and transgenerational levels. Moreover, the fitness of pests, pathogens, and symbionts is concomitantly challenged in radiologically contaminated areas. Plant responses to artificial acute ionizing radiation exposure and laboratory-simulated or field chronic exposure are often discordant. Acute or chronic ionizing radiation exposure may occasionally prime the defense system of plants to better tolerate the biotic stress or could often exhaust their metabolic reserves, making plants more susceptible to pests and pathogens. Currently, these alternatives are only marginally explored. Our review summarizes the available literature on the responses of host plants, biotic factors, and their interaction to ionizing radiation exposure. Such systematic analysis contributes to improved risk assessment in radiologically contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhi Mishra
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 950 07 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Gustavo Turqueto Duarte
- Unit for Biosphere Impact Studies, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Nele Horemans
- Unit for Biosphere Impact Studies, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Joske Ruytinx
- Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dmitri Gudkov
- Institute of Hydrobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 04210 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maksym Danchenko
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 950 07 Nitra, Slovakia.
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Li J, Ren J, Lei X, Fan W, Tang L, Zhang Q, Bao Z, Zhou W, Bai J, Zhang Y, Gong C. CsREV-CsTCP4-CsVND7 module shapes xylem patterns differentially between stem and leaf to enhance tea plant tolerance to drought. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113987. [PMID: 38517888 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cultivating drought-tolerant tea varieties enhances both yield and quality of tea plants in northern China. However, the mechanisms underlying their drought tolerance remain largely unknown. Here we identified a key regulator called CsREV, which differentially regulates xylem patterns between leaves and stems, thereby conferring drought tolerance in tea plants. When drought occurs, upregulation of CsREV activates the CsVND7a-dependent xylem vessel differentiation. However, when drought persists, the vessel differentiation is hindered as CsVND7a is downregulated by CsTCP4a. This, combined with the CsREV-promoted secondary-cell-wall thickness of xylem vessel, leads to the enhanced curling of leaves, a characteristic closely associated with plant drought tolerance. Notably, this inhibitory effect of CsTCP4a on CsVND7a expression is absent in stems, allowing stem xylem vessels to continuously differentiate. Overall, the CsREV-CsTCP4-CsVND7 module is differentially utilized to shape the xylem patterns in leaves and stems, potentially balancing water transportation and utilization to improve tea plant drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiejie Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xingyu Lei
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenmin Fan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lei Tang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhulatai Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenfei Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Juan Bai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuzhou Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunmei Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Kawa D, Brady SM. Root cell types as an interface for biotic interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1173-1186. [PMID: 35792025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Root responses to environmental stresses show a high level of cell type and developmental stage specificity. Interactions with beneficial and pathogenic organisms - including microbes and parasites - elicit a set of transcriptional responses unique to each root cell type, often dependent on their differentiation state. Localized changes to the cell wall and to the integrity of root cell types can serve as a physical barrier for a range of pests. Conversely, certain microorganisms weaken existing barriers within root cell types. Interactions with microorganisms vary between roots of different developmental origins and cellular architectures. Here we provide an overview of the molecular, architectural, and structural properties of root cell types crucial to both maintaining beneficial interactions and protecting from pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kawa
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Zhang DD, Dai XF, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen JY. The secretome of Verticillium dahliae in collusion with plant defence responses modulates Verticillium wilt symptoms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1810-1822. [PMID: 35478378 PMCID: PMC9542920 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a notorious soil‐borne pathogen that enters hosts through the roots and proliferates in the plant water‐conducting elements to cause Verticillium wilt. Historically, Verticillium wilt symptoms have been explained by vascular occlusion, due to the accumulation of mycelia and plant biomacromolecule aggregation, and also by phytotoxicity caused by pathogen‐secreted toxins. Beyond the direct cytotoxicity of some members of the secretome, this review systematically discusses the roles of the V. dahliae secretome in vascular occlusion, including the deposition of polysaccharides as an outcome of plant cell wall destruction, the accumulation of fungal mycelia, and modulation of plant defence responses. By modulating plant defences and hormone levels, the secretome manipulates the vascular environment to induce Verticillium wilt. Thus, the secretome of V. dahliae colludes with plant defence responses to modulate Verticillium wilt symptoms, and thereby bridges the historical concepts of both toxin production by the pathogen and vascular occlusion as the cause of wilting symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Liu Z, Gao S, Zhang H, Xu Z, Qian W. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals That PvGUX1_1 Is Associated with Pod Stringlessness in Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040611. [PMID: 35453811 PMCID: PMC9024788 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Using 138 snap bean accessions as plant materials, we investigated their suture strings across two years. With the goal of identifying the gene(s) responsible for the formation of suture strings, we conducted a genome-wide association study. A strong association signal was found in a 266.19 kb region on Chr02. Within the region, 23 candidate genes were identified. Importantly, the sequence and gene expression of PvGUX1_1 differed significantly between sutured pods and non-sutured pods. In addition, PvGUX1_1 was also a domesticated locus that diverged from PvGUX1_2 during an early stage. The results obtained in this study can provide important information for the improvement of pod quality in snap beans. Abstract Suture strings are a particularly important pod trait that determine the quality and texture of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The St locus on chromosome 2 has been described as a major locus associated with suture strings. However, the gene and genetic basis underlying this locus remain unknown. Here, we investigated the suture strings of 138 snap bean accessions across two years. A total of 3.66 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained by deep resequencing. Based on these SNPs, we identified a strong association signal on Chr02 and a promising candidate gene, PvGUX1_1. Further analysis revealed that the 2 bp deletion in the exon of PvGUX1_1 was significantly associated with stringlessness. Comparative mapping indicated that PvGUX1_1 was a domesticated locus and diverged from PvGUX1_2 during an early stage. Our study provides important insights into the genetic mechanism of suture string formation and useful information for snap bean improvement.
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The Roles of BLH Transcription Factors in Plant Development and Environmental Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073731. [PMID: 35409091 PMCID: PMC8998993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in plant molecular biology and biotechnology, providing enough, and safe, food for an increasing world population remains a challenge. The research into plant development and environmental adaptability has attracted more and more attention from various countries. The transcription of some genes, regulated by transcript factors (TFs), and their response to biological and abiotic stresses, are activated or inhibited during plant development; examples include, rooting, flowering, fruit ripening, drought, flooding, high temperature, pathogen infection, etc. Therefore, the screening and characterization of transcription factors have increasingly become a hot topic in the field of plant research. BLH/BELL (BEL1-like homeodomain) transcription factors belong to a subfamily of the TALE (three-amino-acid-loop-extension) superfamily and its members are involved in the regulation of many vital biological processes, during plant development and environmental response. This review focuses on the advances in our understanding of the function of BLH/BELL TFs in different plants and their involvement in the development of meristems, flower, fruit, plant morphogenesis, plant cell wall structure, the response to the environment, including light and plant resistance to stress, biosynthesis and signaling of ABA (Abscisic acid), IAA (Indoleacetic acid), GA (Gibberellic Acid) and JA (Jasmonic Acid). We discuss the theoretical basis and potential regulatory models for BLH/BELL TFs’ action and provide a comprehensive view of their multiple roles in modulating different aspects of plant development and response to environmental stress and phytohormones. We also present the value of BLHs in the molecular breeding of improved crop varieties and the future research direction of the BLH gene family.
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Cornelis S, Hazak O. Understanding the root xylem plasticity for designing resilient crops. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:664-676. [PMID: 34971462 PMCID: PMC9303747 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylem is the main route for transporting water, minerals and a myriad of signalling molecules within the plant. With its onset during early embryogenesis, the development of the xylem relies on hormone gradients, the activity of unique transcription factors, the distribution of mobile microRNAs, and receptor-ligand pathways. These regulatory mechanisms are often interconnected and together contribute to the plasticity of this water-conducting tissue. Environmental stresses, such as drought and salinity, have a great impact on xylem patterning. A better understanding of how the structural properties of the xylem are regulated in normal and stress conditions will be instrumental in developing crops of the future. In addition, vascular wilt pathogens that attack the xylem are becoming increasingly problematic. Further knowledge of xylem development in response to these pathogens will bring new solutions against these diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of xylem formation that largely come from Arabidopsis research with additional insights from tomato and monocot species. We emphasize the impact of abiotic factors and pathogens on xylem plasticity and the urgent need to uncover the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the multidisciplinary approach to model xylem capacities in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salves Cornelis
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Ora Hazak
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
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Dziurka M, Góraj-Koniarska J, Marasek-Ciolakowska A, Kowalska U, Saniewski M, Ueda J, Miyamoto K. A Possible Mode of Action of Methyl Jasmonate to Induce the Secondary Abscission Zone in Stems of Bryophyllum calycinum: Relevance to Plant Hormone Dynamics. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030360. [PMID: 35161342 PMCID: PMC8840011 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants can react to environmental stresses through the abscission of infected, damaged, or senescent organs. A possible mode of action of methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) to induce the formation of the secondary abscission zone (SAZ) in the stems of Bryophyllum calycinum was investigated concerning plant hormone dynamics. Internode segments were prepared mainly from the second or third internode from the top of plants with active elongation. JA-Me applied to the middle of internode segments induced the SAZ formation above and below the treatment after 5-7 days. At 6 to 7 days after JA-Me treatment, the above and below internode pieces adjacent to the SAZ were excised and subjected to comprehensive analyses of plant hormones. The endogenous levels of auxin-related compounds between both sides adjacent to the SAZ were quite different. No differences were observed in the level of jasmonic acid (JA), but the contents of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), a precursor of JA, and N-jasmonyl-leucine (JA-Leu) substantially decreased on the JA-Me side. Almost no effects of JA-Me on the dynamics of other plant hormones (cytokinins, abscisic acid, and gibberellins) were observed. Similar JA-Me effects on plant hormones and morphology were observed in the last internode of the decapitated growing plants. These suggest that the application of JA-Me induces the SAZ in the internode of B. calycinum by affecting endogenous levels of auxin- and jasmonate-related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Dziurka
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (K.M.); Tel.: +48-12-425-1833 (M.D.); +81-72-254-9741 (K.M.)
| | - Justyna Góraj-Koniarska
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (J.G.-K.); (A.M.-C.); (U.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Marasek-Ciolakowska
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (J.G.-K.); (A.M.-C.); (U.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Urszula Kowalska
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (J.G.-K.); (A.M.-C.); (U.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Marian Saniewski
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (J.G.-K.); (A.M.-C.); (U.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Junichi Ueda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan;
| | - Kensuke Miyamoto
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (K.M.); Tel.: +48-12-425-1833 (M.D.); +81-72-254-9741 (K.M.)
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Hirai R, Wang S, Demura T, Ohtani M. Histone Deacetylation Controls Xylem Vessel Cell Differentiation via Transcriptional Regulation of a Transcription Repressor Complex OFP1/4-MYB75-KNAT7-BLH6. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:825810. [PMID: 35154217 PMCID: PMC8829346 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.825810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vessels are indispensable tissues in vascular plants that transport water and minerals. The differentiation of xylem vessel cells is characterized by secondary cell wall deposition and programmed cell death. These processes are initiated by a specific set of transcription factors, called VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN (VND) family proteins, through the direct and/or indirectly induction of genes required for secondary cell wall deposition and programmed cell death. In this study, we explored novel regulatory factors for xylem vessel cell differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. We tested the effects of cellular stress inducers on VND7-induced differentiation of xylem vessel cells with the VND7-VP16-GR system, in which VND7 activity is post-translationally induced by dexamethasone application. We established that the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and sirtinol inhibited VND7-induced xylem vessel cell differentiation. The inhibitory effects of TSA and sirtinol treatment were detected only when they were added at the same time as the dexamethasone application, suggesting that TSA and sirtinol mainly influence the early stages of xylem vessel cell differentiation. Expression analysis revealed that these HDAC inhibitors downregulated VND7-downstream genes, including both direct and indirect targets of transcriptional activation. Notably, the HDAC inhibitors upregulated the transcript levels of negative regulators of xylem vessel cells, OVATE FAMILY PROTEIN1 (OFP1), OFP4, and MYB75, which are known to form a protein complex with BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN6 (BLH6) to repress gene transcription. The KDB system, another in vitro induction system of ectopic xylem vessel cells, demonstrated that TSA and sirtinol also inhibited ectopic formation of xylem vessel cells, and this inhibition was partially suppressed in knat7-1, bhl6-1, knat7-1 bhl6-1, and quintuple ofp1 ofp2 ofp3 ofp4 ofp5 mutants. Thus, the negative effects of HDAC inhibitors on xylem vessel cell differentiation are mediated, at least partly, by the abnormal upregulation of the transcriptional repressor complex OFP1/4-MYB75-KNAT7-BLH6. Collectively, our findings suggest that active regulation of histone deacetylation by HDACs is involved in xylem vessel cell differentiation via the OFP1/4-MYB75-KNAT7-BLH6 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risaku Hirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Shumin Wang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-Innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
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Zhang Y, Gao Y, Wang HL, Kan C, Li Z, Yang X, Yin W, Xia X, Nam HG, Li Z, Guo H. Verticillium dahliae secretory effector PevD1 induces leaf senescence by promoting ORE1-mediated ethylene biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1901-1917. [PMID: 34303024 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the final stage of leaf development, is influenced by numerous internal and environmental signals. However, how biotic stresses such as pathogen infection regulate leaf senescence remains largely unclear. In this study, we found that the premature leaf senescence in Arabidopsis caused by the soil-borne vascular fungus Verticillium dahliae was impaired by disruption of a protein elicitor from V. dahliae 1 named PevD1. Constitutive or inducible overexpression of PevD1 accelerated Arabidopsis leaf senescence. Interestingly, a senescence-associated NAC transcription factor, ORE1, was targeted by PevD1. PevD1 could interact with and stabilize ORE1 protein by disrupting its interaction with the RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligase NLA. Mutation of ORE1 suppressed the premature senescence caused by overexpressing PevD1, whereas overexpression of ORE1 or PevD1 led to enhanced ethylene production and thereby leaf senescence. We showed that ORE1 directly binds the promoter of ACS6 and promotes its expression for mediating PevD1-induced ethylene biosynthesis. Loss-of-function of ACSs could suppress V. dahliae-induced leaf senescence in ORE1-overexpressing plants. Furthermore, we found thatPevD1 also interacts with Gossypium hirsutum ORE1 (GhORE1) and that virus-induced gene silencing of GhORE1 delays V. dahliae-triggered leaf senescence in cotton, indicating a possibly conserved mechanism in plants. Taken together, these results suggest that V. dahliae induces leaf senescence by secreting the effector PevD1 to manipulate the ORE1-ACS6 cascade, providing new insights into biotic stress-induced senescence in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chengcheng Kan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ze Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiufen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weilun Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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12
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Kunej U, Jakše J, Radišek S, Štajner N. Identification and Characterization of Verticillium nonalfalfae-Responsive MicroRNAs in the Roots of Resistant and Susceptible Hop Cultivars. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1883. [PMID: 34579416 PMCID: PMC8471970 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are 21- to 24-nucleotide-long, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They can modulate various biological processes, including plant response and resistance to fungal pathogens. Hops are grown for use in the brewing industry and, recently, also for the pharmaceutical industry. Severe Verticillium wilt caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium nonalfalfae, is the main factor in yield loss in many crops, including hops (Humulus lupulus L.). In our study, we identified 56 known and 43 novel miRNAs and their expression patterns in the roots of susceptible and resistant hop cultivars after inoculation with V. nonalfalfae. In response to inoculation with V. nonalfalfae, we found five known and two novel miRNAs that are differentially expressed in the susceptible cultivar and six known miRNAs in the resistant cultivar. Differentially expressed miRNAs target 49 transcripts involved in protein localization and pigment synthesis in the susceptible cultivar, whereas they are involved in transcription factor regulation and hormone signalling in the resistant cultivar. The results of our study suggest that the susceptible and resistant hop cultivars respond differently to V. nonalfalfae inoculation at the miRNA level and that miRNAs may contribute to the successful defence of the resistant cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Kunej
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia;
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.K.); (J.J.)
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13
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Gorshkov V, Tsers I. Plant susceptible responses: the underestimated side of plant-pathogen interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:45-66. [PMID: 34435443 PMCID: PMC9291929 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant susceptibility to pathogens is usually considered from the perspective of the loss of resistance. However, susceptibility cannot be equated with plant passivity since active host cooperation may be required for the pathogen to propagate and cause disease. This cooperation consists of the induction of reactions called susceptible responses that transform a plant from an autonomous biological unit into a component of a pathosystem. Induced susceptibility is scarcely discussed in the literature (at least compared to induced resistance) although this phenomenon has a fundamental impact on plant-pathogen interactions and disease progression. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on plant susceptible responses and their regulation. We highlight two main categories of susceptible responses according to their consequences and indicate the relevance of susceptible response-related studies to agricultural practice. We hope that this review will generate interest in this underestimated aspect of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia.,Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Ivan Tsers
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
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14
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Harting R, Starke J, Kusch H, Pöggeler S, Maurus I, Schlüter R, Landesfeind M, Bulla I, Nowrousian M, de Jonge R, Stahlhut G, Hoff KJ, Aßhauer KP, Thürmer A, Stanke M, Daniel R, Morgenstern B, Thomma BPHJ, Kronstad JW, Braus‐Stromeyer SA, Braus GH. A 20-kb lineage-specific genomic region tames virulence in pathogenic amphidiploid Verticillium longisporum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:939-953. [PMID: 33955130 PMCID: PMC8295516 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Amphidiploid fungal Verticillium longisporum strains Vl43 and Vl32 colonize the plant host Brassica napus but differ in their ability to cause disease symptoms. These strains represent two V. longisporum lineages derived from different hybridization events of haploid parental Verticillium strains. Vl32 and Vl43 carry same-sex mating-type genes derived from both parental lineages. Vl32 and Vl43 similarly colonize and penetrate plant roots, but asymptomatic Vl32 proliferation in planta is lower than virulent Vl43. The highly conserved Vl43 and Vl32 genomes include less than 1% unique genes, and the karyotypes of 15 or 16 chromosomes display changed genetic synteny due to substantial genomic reshuffling. A 20 kb Vl43 lineage-specific (LS) region apparently originating from the Verticillium dahliae-related ancestor is specific for symptomatic Vl43 and encodes seven genes, including two putative transcription factors. Either partial or complete deletion of this LS region in Vl43 did not reduce virulence but led to induction of even more severe disease symptoms in rapeseed. This suggests that the LS insertion in the genome of symptomatic V. longisporum Vl43 mediates virulence-reducing functions, limits damage on the host plant, and therefore tames Vl43 from being even more virulent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Harting
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and GeneticsInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Jessica Starke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and GeneticsInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Harald Kusch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and GeneticsInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Stefanie Pöggeler
- Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic MicroorganismsInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Isabel Maurus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and GeneticsInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of BiologyUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Manuel Landesfeind
- Department of BioinformaticsInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Ingo Bulla
- Institute for Mathematics and Computer ScienceUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Minou Nowrousian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BotanyRuhr‐Universität BochumBochumGermany
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Gertrud Stahlhut
- Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic MicroorganismsInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Katharina J. Hoff
- Institute for Mathematics and Computer ScienceUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- Center for Functional Genomics of MicrobesUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Kathrin P. Aßhauer
- Department of BioinformaticsInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Andrea Thürmer
- Department of Genomic and Applied MicrobiologyInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Mario Stanke
- Institute for Mathematics and Computer ScienceUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- Center for Functional Genomics of MicrobesUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied MicrobiologyInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Burkhard Morgenstern
- Department of BioinformaticsInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | | | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Susanna A. Braus‐Stromeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and GeneticsInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and GeneticsInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
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15
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Gkizi D, González Gil A, Pardal AJ, Piquerez SJM, Sergaki C, Ntoukakis V, Tjamos SE. The bacterial biocontrol agent Paenibacillus alvei K165 confers inherited resistance to Verticillium dahliae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4565-4576. [PMID: 33829257 PMCID: PMC8163062 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biocontrol agent Paenibacillus alvei K165 was previously shown to protect Arabidopsis thaliana plants against Verticillium dahliae. Here we show that K165 also confers inherited immune resistance to V. dahliae. By performing a histone acetyltransferases mutant screen, ChIP assays, and transcriptomic experiments, we were able to show that histone acetylation significantly contributes to the K165 biocontrol activity and establishment of inheritable resistance to V. dahliae. K165 treatment primed the expression of immune-related marker genes and the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene CAD3 through the function of histone acetyltransferases. Our results reveal that offspring of plants treated with K165 have primed immunity and enhanced lignification, both contributing towards the K165-mediated inherited immune resistance. Thus, our study paves the way for the use of biocontrol agents for the establishment of inheritable resistance to agronomically important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Gkizi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Alonso J Pardal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Chrysi Sergaki
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sotirios E Tjamos
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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16
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Munir N, Yukun C, Xiaohui C, Nawaz MA, Iftikhar J, Rizwan HM, Xu S, Yuling L, Xuhan X, Zhongxiong L. Genome-wide identification and comprehensive analyses of NAC transcription factor gene family and expression patterns during somatic embryogenesis in Dimocarpus longan Lour. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:169-184. [PMID: 33120109 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2 form a huge plant-specific gene family of NAC TFs that are involved in the growth, development, and regulation of biotic and abiotic stress responses. Although the draft genome of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) has been published, however the comprehensive data regarding the functions, evolution, and expression patterns of the NAC family are still unavailable. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the NAC transcription factor family in longan was performed, and a total of 114 NAC genes were found. We investigated the NAC gene family exploring the phylogeny, domain conservation, intron/exon, motifs, cis-regulatory elements, protein-protein interaction, and expression profiles of RNA-seq samples in different tissues and early somatic embryogenesis of longan. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genes with similar gene structure and motif distribution were clustered in the same group. Cis-element identification indicates the possible role of NAC genes in biological and physiological processes. Protein-protein interaction identified the DlNACs homologous with Arabidopsis proteins. We further investigated the expression pattern of DlNAC genes in different tissues (pulp, stem, large fruit, young fruit, and flower) during somatic embryogenesis at embryogenic callus (EC), incomplete compact pro-embryogenic cultures (ICpEC), and globular embryos (GE) stages. The qRT-PCR results showed that the DlNAC genes were expressed higher at EC and GE stage compared with ICpEC stage. In conclusion, our results provide insight into the evolution, diversity, and characterization of NAC genes in the longan and provide a base for understanding their biological roles and molecular mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigarish Munir
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chen Yukun
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chen Xiaohui
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Muhammad Azher Nawaz
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Iftikhar
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- Institute of Subtropical Fruit, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shen Xu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lin Yuling
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xu Xuhan
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Institute de la Recherché Interdisciplinary de Toulouse, IRIT-ARI, 31300, Toulouse, France.
| | - Lai Zhongxiong
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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17
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Pröbsting M, Schenke D, Hossain R, Häder C, Thurau T, Wighardt L, Schuster A, Zhou Z, Ye W, Rietz S, Leckband G, Cai D. Loss of function of CRT1a (calreticulin) reduces plant susceptibility to Verticillium longisporum in both Arabidopsis thaliana and oilseed rape (Brassica napus). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2328-2344. [PMID: 32358986 PMCID: PMC7589372 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus is highly susceptible towards Verticillium longisporum (Vl43) with no effective genetic resistance. It is believed that the fungus reprogrammes plant physiological processes by up-regulation of so-called susceptibility factors to establish a compatible interaction. By transcriptome analysis, we identified genes, which were activated/up-regulated in rapeseed after Vl43 infection. To test whether one of these genes is functionally involved in the infection process and loss of function would lead to decreased susceptibility, we firstly challenged KO lines of corresponding Arabidopsis orthologs with Vl43 and compared them with wild-type plants. Here, we report that the KO of AtCRT1a results in drastically reduced susceptibility of plants to Vl43. To prove crt1a mutation also decreases susceptibility in B. napus, we identified 10 mutations in a TILLING population. Three T3 mutants displayed increased resistance as compared to the wild type. To validate the results, we generated CRISPR/Cas-induced BnCRT1a mutants, challenged T2 plants with Vl43 and observed an overall reduced susceptibility in 3 out of 4 independent lines. Genotyping by allele-specific sequencing suggests a major effect of mutations in the CRT1a A-genome copy, while the C-genome copy appears to have no significant impact on plant susceptibility when challenged with Vl43. As revealed by transcript analysis, the loss of function of CRT1a results in activation of the ethylene signalling pathway, which may contribute to reduced susceptibility. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a novel strategy with great potential to improve plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pröbsting
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Dirk Schenke
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | | | - Claudia Häder
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Tim Thurau
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Lisa Wighardt
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Andrea Schuster
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Wanzhi Ye
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | | | | | - Daguang Cai
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
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18
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Overexpression of PtrMYB121 Positively Regulates the Formation of Secondary Cell Wall in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207734. [PMID: 33086706 PMCID: PMC7589094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MYB transcription factors have a wide range of functions in plant growth, hormone signaling, salt, and drought tolerances. In this study, two homologous transcription factors, PtrMYB55 and PtrMYB121, were isolated and their functions were elucidated. Tissue expression analysis revealed that PtrMYB55 and PtrMYB121 had a similar expression pattern, which had the highest expression in stems. Their expression continuously increased with the growth of poplar, and the expression of PtrMYB121 was significantly upregulated in the process. The full length of PtrMYB121 was 1395 bp, and encoded protein contained 464 amino acids including conserved R2 and R3 MYB domains. We overexpressed PtrMYB121 in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the transgenic lines had the wider xylem as compared with wild-type Arabidopsis. The contents of cellulose and lignin were obviously higher than those in wild-type materials, but there was no significant change in hemicellulose. Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that the key enzyme genes regulating the synthesis of lignin and cellulose were significantly upregulated in the transgenic lines. Furthermore, the effector-reporter experiment confirmed that PtrMYB121 bound directly to the promoters of genes relating to the synthesis of lignin and cellulose. These results suggest that PtrMYB121 may positively regulate the formation of secondary cell wall by promoting the synthesis of lignin and cellulose.
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19
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Berne S, Kovačević N, Kastelec D, Javornik B, Radišek S. Hop Polyphenols in Relation to Verticillium Wilt Resistance and Their Antifungal Activity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1318. [PMID: 33036218 PMCID: PMC7601901 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Verticillium wilt (VW) of hop is a devastating disease caused by the soil-borne fungi Verticillium nonalfalfae and Verticillium dahliae. As suggested by quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and RNA-Seq analyses, the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance in hop are complex, consisting of preformed and induced defense responses, including the synthesis of various phenolic compounds. (2) Methods: We determined the total polyphenolic content at two phenological stages in roots and stems of 14 hop varieties differing in VW resistance, examined the changes in the total polyphenols of VW resistant variety Wye Target (WT) and susceptible Celeia (CE) on infection with V. nonalfalfae, and assessed the antifungal activity of six commercial phenolic compounds and total polyphenolic extracts from roots and stems of VW resistant WT and susceptible CE on the growth of two different V. nonalfalfae hop pathotypes. (3) Results: Generally, total polyphenols were higher in roots than stems and increased with maturation of the hop. Before flowering, the majority of VW resistant varieties had a significantly higher content of total polyphenols in stems than susceptible varieties. At the symptomatic stage of VW disease, total polyphenols decreased in VW resistant WT and susceptible CE plants in both roots and stems. The antifungal activity of total polyphenolic extracts against V. nonalfalfae was higher in hop extracts from stems than those from roots. Among the tested phenolic compounds, only p-coumaric acid and tyrosol markedly restricted fungal growth. (4) Conclusions: Although the correlation between VW resistance and total polyphenols content is not straightforward, higher levels of total polyphenols in the stems of the majority of VW resistant hop varieties at early phenological stages probably contribute to fast and efficient activation of signaling pathways, leading to successful defense against V. nonalfalfae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Berne
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.B.); (N.K.); (D.K.); (B.J.)
| | - Nataša Kovačević
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.B.); (N.K.); (D.K.); (B.J.)
| | - Damijana Kastelec
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.B.); (N.K.); (D.K.); (B.J.)
| | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.B.); (N.K.); (D.K.); (B.J.)
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
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20
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Guo Z, Xu H, Lei Q, Du J, Li C, Wang C, Yang Y, Yang Y, Sun X. The Arabidopsis transcription factor LBD15 mediates ABA signaling and tolerance of water-deficit stress by regulating ABI4 expression. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:510-521. [PMID: 32744432 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To survive, sessile plants must adapt to grow and develop when facing water-deficit stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying fine-tuning of the antagonistic action between stress response and growth remain to be determined. Here, plants overexpressing Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain 15 (LBD15) showed abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitivity and tolerance of water-deficit stress, whereas the loss-of-function mutant lbd15 presented decreased sensitivity to ABA and increased sensitivity to water-deficit stress. Further analysis revealed that LBD15 directly binds to the promoter of the ABA signaling pathway gene ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4) to activate its expression, thereby forming an LBD15-ABI4 cascade to optimally regulate ABA signaling-mediated plant growth and tolerance of water-deficit stress. In addition, drought stress-induced ABA signaling promoted LBD15 expression, which directly activates expression of ABI4 to close stomata. As a result, water loss is reduced, and then water-deficit stress tolerance is increased. The results of this study reveal a molecular mechanism by which LBD15 coordinates and balances plant growth and resistance to water-deficit stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolai Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Huini Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Qidong Lei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Jiancan Du
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Cheng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chongde Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yunqiang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yongping Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xudong Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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21
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Ma Q, Wang N, Ma L, Lu J, Wang H, Wang C, Yu S, Wei H. The Cotton BEL1-Like Transcription Factor GhBLH7-D06 Negatively Regulates the Defense Response against Verticillium dahliae. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7126. [PMID: 32992496 PMCID: PMC7582620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt will seriously affect cotton yield and fiber quality. BEL1-Like transcription factors are involved in the regulation of secondary cell wall (SCW) formation, especially the biosynthesis of lignin that also plays a key role in cotton disease resistance. However, there is no report on the role of BEL1-Like transcription factor in the regulation of plant biological stress. In this study, tissue expression pattern analysis showed that a BEL1-Like transcription factor GhBLH7-D06 was predominantly expressed in vascular tissues and the SCW thickening stage of fiber development, while its expression could also respond to Verticillium dahliae infection and the phytohormone MeJA treatment, which indicated that GhBLH7-D06 might be involved in the defense response of Verticillium wilt. Using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology, we found silencing the expression of GhBLH7-D06 could enhance the resistance of cotton plants to Verticillium wilt, and the acquisition of resistance might be mainly due to the significant overexpression of genes related to lignin biosynthesis and JA signaling pathway, which also proves that GhBLH7-D06 negatively regulates the resistance of cotton to Verticillium wilt. Based on the results of yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) library screening and confirmation by bimolecular fluorescence complementary (BiFC) experiment, we found an Ovate Family Protein (OFP) transcription factor GhOFP3-D13 which was also a negative regulator of cotton Verticillium wilt resistance could that interacts with GhBLH7-D06. Furthermore, the dual-luciferase reporter assay and yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) experiment indicated that GhBLH7-D06 could target binding to the promoter region of GhPAL-A06 to suppress its expression and eventually lead to the inhibition of lignin biosynthesis. In general, the GhBLH7-D06/GhOFP3-D13 complex can negatively regulate resistance to Verticillium wilt of cotton by inhibiting lignin biosynthesis and JA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China; (Q.M.); (L.M.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Nuohan Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China;
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China; (Q.M.); (L.M.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Jianhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China; (Q.M.); (L.M.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Hantao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China; (Q.M.); (L.M.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China; (Q.M.); (L.M.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Shuxun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China; (Q.M.); (L.M.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Hengling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China; (Q.M.); (L.M.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (C.W.)
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Shang X, Yu Y, Zhu L, Liu H, Chai Q, Guo W. A cotton NAC transcription factor GhirNAC2 plays positive roles in drought tolerance via regulating ABA biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110498. [PMID: 32540016 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
NAC protein is a large plant specific transcription factor family, which plays important roles in the response to abiotic stresses. However, the regulation mechanism of most NAC proteins in drought stress remains to be further uncovered. In this study, we elucidated the molecular functions of a NAC protein, GhirNAC2, in response to drought stress in cotton. GhirNAC2 was greatly induced by drought and phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). Subcellular localization demonstrated that GhirNAC2 was located in the nucleus. Co-suppression of GhirNAC2 in cotton led to larger stomata aperture, elevated water loss and finally reduced transgenic plants tolerance to drought stress. Furthermore, the endogenous ABA content was significantly lower in GhirNAC2-suppressed transgenic plant leaves compared to wild type. in vivo and in vitro studies showed that GhirNAC2 directly binds to the promoter of GhNCED3a/3c, key genes in ABA biosynthesis, which were both down-regulated in GhirNAC2-suppressed transgenic lines. Transient silencing of GhNCED3a/3c also significantly reduced the resistance to drought stress in cotton plants. However, ectopic expression of GhirNAC2 in tobacco significantly enhanced seed germination, root growth and plant survival under drought stress. Taken together, GhirNAC2 plays a positive role in cotton drought tolerance, which functions by modulating ABA biosynthesis and stomata closure via regulating GhNCED3a/3c expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yujia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lijie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hanqiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qichao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wangzhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Formation of the Secondary Abscission Zone Induced by the Interaction of Methyl Jasmonate and Auxin in Bryophyllum calycinum: Relevance to Auxin Status and Histology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082784. [PMID: 32316348 PMCID: PMC7215696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to induce the formation of the secondary abscission zone in the middle of internode segments of Bryophyllum calycinum was investigated in relation to auxin status and histology. When IAA at 0.1% (w/w, in lanolin) was applied to the segments, the formation of the secondary abscission zone at a few mm above the treatment in the apical direction was observed. On the contrary, IAA at 0.5% (w/w, in lanolin) did not induce the formation of the secondary abscission zone. JA-Me at 0.5% (w/w, in lanolin) applied to the middle of internode segments kept in the normal (natural) or inverted positions also induced the formation of the secondary abscission zone below and above parts of the treatment. IAA at 0.5% applied to the cut surface of the upper part of the segments completely prevented the formation of the secondary abscission zone induced by JA-Me. Simultaneous application of IAA 0.5% with JA-Me 0.5% in the middle part of the internode segments induced the formation of the secondary abscission zone at 10 mm to 12 mm above the treatment. Histological analyses indicated that the formation of the secondary abscission zone was characterized by the presence of newly synthesized cell plates that resulted from periclinal cell division within one layer of mother cells in stems. The effects of IAA (0.1%) and JA-Me (0.5%) on the formation of the secondary abscission zone were histologically similar. Comprehensive analyses of plant hormones revealed that the balance of the endogenous levels of IAA in both sides adjacent to the abscission zone was significantly disturbed when the secondary abscission formation was induced by the application of IAA. These results strongly suggest that an auxin gradient is important in the formation of the secondary abscission zone in the internode segments of B. calycinum, and IAA gradient results from polar IAA transport from the application site. IAA is important in the regulation of formation of the secondary abscission zone induced by JA-Me. Further possible mechanisms of the formation of the secondary abscission zone in the internode segments of B. calycinum are also discussed in the interaction of JA-Me and IAA.
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Gupta A, Sinha R, Fernandes JL, Abdelrahman M, Burritt DJ, Tran LSP. Phytohormones regulate convergent and divergent responses between individual and combined drought and pathogen infection. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:320-340. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1710459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Gupta
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Joel Lars Fernandes
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Mostafa Abdelrahman
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Plant Stress Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Zhang J, Hu HL, Wang XN, Yang YH, Zhang CJ, Zhu HQ, Shi L, Tang CM, Zhao MW. Dynamic infection of Verticillium dahliae in upland cotton. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:90-105. [PMID: 31419841 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, an infection caused by the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most serious diseases in cotton. No effective control method against V. dahliae has been established, and the infection mechanism of V. dahliae in upland cotton remains unknown. GFP-tagged V. dahliae isolates with different pathogenic abilities were used to analyse the colonisation and infection of V. dahliae in the roots and leaves of different upland cotton cultivars, the relationships among infection processes, the immune responses and the resistance ability of different cultivars against V. dahliae. Here, we report a new infection model for V. dahliae in upland cotton plants. V. dahliae can colonise and infect any organ of upland cotton plants and then spread to the entire plant from the infected organ through the surface and interior of the organ. Vascular tissue was found to not be the sole transmission route of V. dahliae in cotton plants. In addition, the rate of infection of a V. dahliae isolate with strong pathogenicity was notably faster than that of an isolate with weak pathogenicity. The resistance of upland cotton to Verticillium wilt was related to the degree of the immune response induced in plants infected with V. dahliae. These results provide a theoretical basis for studying the mechanism underlying the interaction between V. dahliae and upland cotton. These results provide a theoretical basis for studying the mechanism underlying the interaction between V. dahliae and upland cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H-L Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X-N Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y-H Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C-J Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - H-Q Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - L Shi
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C-M Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - M-W Zhao
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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26
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Behrens FH, Schenke D, Hossain R, Ye W, Schemmel M, Bergmann T, Häder C, Zhao Y, Ladewig L, Zhu W, Cai D. Suppression of abscisic acid biosynthesis at the early infection stage of Verticillium longisporum in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1645-1661. [PMID: 31603283 PMCID: PMC6859492 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium longisporum infects oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and Arabidopsis thaliana. To investigate the early response of oilseed rape to the fungal infection, we determined transcriptomic changes in oilseed rape roots at 6 days post-inoculation (dpi) by RNA-Seq analysis, in which non-infected roots served as a control. Strikingly, a subset of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis was found to be down-regulated and the ABA level was accordingly attenuated in 6 dpi oilseed rape as compared with the control. Gene expression analysis revealed that this was mainly attributed to the suppression of BnNCED3-mediated ABA biosynthesis, involving, for example, BnWRKY57. However, this down-regulation of ABA biosynthesis could not be observed in infected Arabidopsis roots. Arabidopsis ABA- defective mutants nced3 and aao3 displayed pronounced tolerance to the fungal infection with delayed and impeded symptom development, even though fungal colonization was not affected in both mutants. These data suggest that ABA appears to be required for full susceptibility of Arabidopsis to the fungal infection. Furthermore, we found that in both 6 dpi oilseed rape and the Arabidopsis nced3 mutant, the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway was induced while the jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) signalling pathway was concomitantly mitigated. Following these data, we conclude that in oilseed rape the V. longisporum infection triggers a host-specific suppression of the NCED3-mediated ABA biosynthesis, consequently increasing plant tolerance to the fungal infection. We believe that this might be part of the virulence strategy of V. longisporum to initiate/establish a long-lasting compatible interaction with oilseed rape (coexistence), which appears to be different from the infection process in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk H. Behrens
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Dirk Schenke
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Roxana Hossain
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Wanzhi Ye
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Markus Schemmel
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Thomas Bergmann
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Claudia Häder
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Lena Ladewig
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Wenxuan Zhu
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Daguang Cai
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
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Zheng X, Koopmann B, von Tiedemann A. Role of Salicylic Acid and Components of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway in Basal and Cultivar-Related Resistance of Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus) to Verticillium longisporum. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110491. [PMID: 31717946 PMCID: PMC6918302 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced resistance is a key strategy of controlling 'Verticillium stem striping' in Brassica napus caused by the soil-borne vascular pathogen Verticillium longisporum. The present study analyses the role of a broad range of components in the phenylpropanoid and salicylic acid (SA) pathways in basal and cultivar-related resistance of B. napus towards V. longisporum. A remarkable increase of susceptibility to V. longisporum in SA-deficient transgenic NahG plants indicated an essential role of SA in basal resistance of B. napus to V. longisporum. Accordingly, elevated SA levels were also found in a resistant and not in a susceptible cultivar during early asymptomatic stages of infection (7 dpi), which was associated with increased expression of PR1 and PR2. In later symptomatic stages (14 or 21 dpi), SA responses did not differ anymore between cultivars varying in resistance. In parallel, starting at 7 dpi, an overall increase in phenylpropanoid syntheses developed in the resistant cultivar, including the activity of some key enzymes, phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POX) and the expression of key genes, PAL4, CCoAMT, CCR, POX. As a consequence, a remarkable increase in the levels of phenolic acids (t-cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid) occurred associated with cultivar resistance. A principal component analysis including all 27 traits studied indicated that component 1 related to SA synthesis (PR1, PR2, POX, level of free SA) and component 2 related to lignin synthesis (level of free ferulic acid, free p-coumaric acid, conjugated t-cinnamic acid) were the strongest factors to determine cultivar-related resistance. This study provides evidence that both SA and phenolic acid synthesis are important in cultivar-related resistance, however, with differential roles during asymptomatic and symptomatic stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zheng
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (A.v.T.); Tel.: +49-(0)551-39-33720 (X.Z.); +49-(0)551-39-23701 (A.v.T.)
| | | | - Andreas von Tiedemann
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (A.v.T.); Tel.: +49-(0)551-39-33720 (X.Z.); +49-(0)551-39-23701 (A.v.T.)
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28
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Li Z, Liu C, Zhang Y, Wang B, Ran Q, Zhang J. The bHLH family member ZmPTF1 regulates drought tolerance in maize by promoting root development and abscisic acid synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5471-5486. [PMID: 31267122 PMCID: PMC6793450 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is the most important environmental stress limiting maize production. ZmPTF1, a phosphate starvation-induced basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, contributes to root development and low-phosphate tolerance in maize. Here, ZmPTF1 expression, drought tolerance, and the underlying mechanisms were studied by using maize ZmPTF1 overexpression lines and mutants. ZmPTF1 was found to be a positive regulator of root development, ABA synthesis, signalling pathways, and drought tolerance. ZmPTF1 was also found to bind to the G-box element within the promoter of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), C-repeat-binding factor (CBF4), ATAF2/NAC081, NAC30, and other transcription factors, and to act as a positive regulator of the expression of those genes. The dramatically upregulated NCEDs led to increased abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis and activation of the ABA signalling pathway. The up-regulated transcription factors hierarchically regulate the expression of genes involved in root development, stress responses, and modifications of transcriptional regulation. The improved root system, increased ABA content, and activated ABA-, CBF4-, ATAF2-, and NAC30-mediated stress responses increased the drought tolerance of the ZmPTF1 overexpression lines, while the mutants showed opposite trends. This study describes a useful gene for transgenic breeding and helps us understand the role of a bHLH protein in plant root development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Can Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baomei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qijun Ran
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Juren Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Correspondence:
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29
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Zhang Z, Wang P, Luo X, Yang C, Tang Y, Wang Z, Hu G, Ge X, Xia G, Wu J. Cotton plant defence against a fungal pathogen is enhanced by expanding BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 expression beyond lateral-organ boundaries. Commun Biol 2019; 2:238. [PMID: 31263782 PMCID: PMC6588604 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the plant response to pathogen infection, many genes' expression is temporally induced, while few spatially induced expression genes have been reported. Here, we show that GhBOP1 can autonomously expand expression from restrained tissue when Gossypium hirsutum plants are attacked by Verticillium dahliae, which is considered to be spatially induced expression. Loss- and gain-of-function analyses show that GhBOP1 is a positive regulator in the modulation of plant resistance to V. dahliae. Yeast two-hybrid assays, luciferase complementation imaging and GUS reporting show that GhBOP1 interaction with GhTGA3 promotes its activation activity, regulating the expression of down-stream defence-related genes. Moreover, the induced spatial expression of GhBOP1 is accompanied by GhBP1 repression. Both antagonistically regulate the lignin biosynthesis, conferring cotton plants enhanced resistance to V. dahliae. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GhBOP1 is an economic positive regulator participating in plant defence through both the GhBOP1-GhTGA3 module and lignin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 455000 Anyang, Henan China
| | - Xiaoli Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Agricultural Academy of Sciences, 044000 Yuncheng, China
| | - Chunlin Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Zhian Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Agricultural Academy of Sciences, 044000 Yuncheng, China
| | - Guang Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- The State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 455000 Anyang, Henan China
| | - Guixian Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
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30
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Yin H, Li M, Li D, Khan SA, Hepworth SR, Wang SM. Transcriptome analysis reveals regulatory framework for salt and osmotic tolerance in a succulent xerophyte. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:88. [PMID: 30819118 PMCID: PMC6394007 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zygophyllum xanthoxylum is a succulent xerophyte with remarkable tolerance to diverse abiotic stresses. Previous studies have revealed important physiological mechanisms and identified functional genes associated with stress tolerance. However, knowledge of the regulatory genes conferring stress tolerance in this species is poorly understood. RESULTS Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of regulatory genes based on the transcriptome of Z. xanthoxylum roots exposed to osmotic stress and salt treatments. Significant changes were observed in transcripts related to known and obscure stress-related hormone signaling pathways, in particular abscisic acid and auxin. Significant changes were also found among key classes of early response regulatory genes encoding protein kinases, transcription factors, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis machinery. Network analysis shows a highly integrated matrix formed by these conserved and novel gene products associated with osmotic stress and salt in Z. xanthoxylum. Among them, two previously uncharacterized NAC (NAM/ATAF/CUC) transcription factor genes, ZxNAC083 (Unigene16368_All) and ZxNAC035 (CL6534.Contig1_All), conferred tolerance to salt and drought stress when constitutively overexpressed in Arabidopsis plants. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a unique framework for understanding osmotic stress and salt adaptation in Z. xanthoxylum including novel gene targets for engineering stress tolerance in susceptible crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongju Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengzhan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingding Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sardar-Ali Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shelley R. Hepworth
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
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Tang Y, Zhang Z, Lei Y, Hu G, Liu J, Hao M, Chen A, Peng Q, Wu J. Cotton WATs Modulate SA Biosynthesis and Local Lignin Deposition Participating in Plant Resistance Against Verticillium dahliae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:526. [PMID: 31105726 PMCID: PMC6499033 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, seriously limits cotton production. It is difficult to control this pathogen damage mainly due to the complexity of the molecular mechanism of plant resistance to V. dahliae. Here, we identified three homologous cotton Walls Are Thin (WAT) genes, which were designated as GhWAT1, GhWAT2, and GhWAT3. The GhWATs were predominantly expressed in the roots, internodes, and hypocotyls and induced by infection with V. dahliae and treatment with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and salicylic acid (SA). GhWAT1-, GhWAT2-, or GhWAT3-silenced plants showed a comparable phenotype and level of resistance with control plants, but simultaneously silenced three GhWATs (GhWAT123-silenced), inhibited plant growth and increased plant resistance to V. dahliae, indicating that these genes were functionally redundant. In the GhWAT123-silenced plants, the expression of SA related genes was significantly upregulated compared with the control, resulting in an increase of SA level. Moreover, the histochemical analysis showed that xylem development was inhibited in GhWAT123-silenced plants compared with the control. However, lignin deposition increased in the xylem of the GhWAT123-silenced plants compared to the control, and there were higher expression levels of lignin synthesis- and lignifications-related genes in the GhWAT123-silenced plants. Collectively, the results showed that GhWATs in triple-silenced plants acts as negative regulators of plant resistance against V. dahliae. The potential mechanism of the WATs functioning in the plant defence can modulate the SA biosynthesis and lignin deposition in the xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhennan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aimin Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Creation Cotton Varieties in the Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Join Hope Seeds Corporation, Ltd., Changji, China
| | - Qingzhong Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingzhong Peng, Jiahe Wu,
| | - Jiahe Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingzhong Peng, Jiahe Wu,
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Tani E, Kizis D, Markellou E, Papadakis I, Tsamadia D, Leventis G, Makrogianni D, Karapanos I. Cultivar-Dependent Responses of Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) to Simultaneous Verticillium dahliae Infection and Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1181. [PMID: 30150998 PMCID: PMC6099113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Several studies regarding the imposition of stresses simultaneously in plants have shown that plant responses are different under individual and combined stress. Pathogen infection in combination with drought can act both additively and antagonistically, suggesting a tailored-made plant response to these stresses. The aforementioned combination of stresses can be considered as one of the most important factors affecting global crop production. In the present research we studied eggplant responses to simultaneous Verticillium dahliae infection and drought with respect to the application of the individual stresses alone and investigated the extent to which these responses were cultivar dependent. Two eggplant cultivars (Skoutari and EMI) with intermediate resistance to V. dahliae were subjected to combined stress for a 3-week period. Significant differences in plant growth, several physiological and biochemical parameters (photosynthesis rate, leaf gas exchanges, Malondialdehyde, Proline) and gene expression, were found between plants subjected to combined and individual stresses. Furthermore, plant growth and molecular (lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, gene expression levels) changes highlight a clear discrimination between the two cultivars in response to simultaneous V. dahliae infection and drought. Our results showed that combined stress affects significantly plants responses compared to the application of individual stresses alone and that these responses are cultivar dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Tani
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Kizis
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Emilia Markellou
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papadakis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Tsamadia
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Leventis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Makrogianni
- Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karapanos
- Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Nawaz MA, Chen C, Shireen F, Zheng Z, Sohail H, Afzal M, Ali MA, Bie Z, Huang Y. Genome-wide expression profiling of leaves and roots of watermelon in response to low nitrogen. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:456. [PMID: 29898660 PMCID: PMC6001020 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) is a key macronutrient required for plant growth and development. In this study, watermelon plants were grown under hydroponic conditions at 0.2 mM N, 4.5 mM N, and 9 mM N for 14 days. RESULTS Dry weight and photosynthetic assimilation at low N (0.2 mM) was reduced by 29 and 74% compared with high N (9 mM). The photochemical activity (Fv/Fm) was also reduced from 0.78 at high N to 0.71 at low N. The N concentration in the leaf, stem, and root of watermelon under low N conditions was reduced by 68, 104, and 108%, respectively compared with 9 mM N treatment after 14 days of N treatment. In the leaf tissues of watermelon grown under low N conditions, 9598 genes were differentially expressed, out of which 4533 genes (47.22%) were up-regulated whereas, 5065 genes (52.78%) were down-regulated compared with high N. Similarly in the root tissues, 3956 genes were differentially expressed, out of which 1605 genes were up-regulated (40.57%) and 2351 genes were down-regulated (59.43%), compared with high N. Our results suggest that leaf tissues are more sensitive to N deficiency compared with root tissues. The gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the availability of N significantly affected 19 biological processes, 8 cell component metabolic pathways, and 3 molecular functions in the leaves; and 13 biological processes, 12 molecular functions, and 5 cell component metabolic pathways in the roots of watermelon. The low affinity nitrate transporters, high affinity nitrate transporters, ammonium transporters, genes related with nitrogen assimilation, and chlorophyll and photosynthesis were expressed differentially in response to low N. Three nitrate transporters (Cla010066, Cla009721, Cla012765) substantially responded to low nitrate supply in the root and leaf tissues. Additionally, a large number of transcription factors (1365) were involved in adaptation to low N availability. The major transcription factor families identified in this study includes MYB, AP2-EREBP, bHLH, C2H2 and NAC. CONCLUSION Candidate genes identified in this study for nitrate uptake and transport can be targeted and utilized for further studies in watermelon breeding and improvement programs to improve N uptake and utilization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azher Nawaz
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
- University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fareeha Shireen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuhua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hamza Sohail
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, and Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zhilong Bie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
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Wang FX, Luo YM, Ye ZQ, Cao X, Liang JN, Wang Q, Wu Y, Wu JH, Wang HY, Zhang M, Cheng HQ, Xia GX. iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis of autophagy-mediated immune responses against the vascular fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae in Arabidopsis. Autophagy 2018; 14:598-618. [PMID: 29369001 PMCID: PMC5959329 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1423438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the functional link between autophagy and plant innate immunity remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the autophagy-mediated plant defense responses against Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) infection by comparative proteomics and cellular analyses. An assessment of the autophagy activity and disease development showed that autophagic processes were tightly related to the tolerance of Arabidopsis plant to Verticillium wilt. An isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteomics analysis was performed, and we identified a total of 780 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) between wild-type and mutant atg10-1 Arabidopsis plants upon V. dahliae infection, of which, 193 ATG8-family-interacting proteins were identified in silico and their associations with autophagy were verified for several selected proteins. Three important aspects of autophagy-mediated defense against V. dahliae infection were revealed: 1) autophagy is required for the activation of upstream defense responses; 2) autophagy-mediated mitochondrial degradation (mitophagy) occurs and is an important player in the defense process; and 3) autophagy promotes the transdifferentiation of perivascular cells and the formation of xylem hyperplasia, which are crucial for protection against this vascular disease. Together, our results provide several novel insights for understanding the functional association between autophagy and plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xin Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Luo
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Qin Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Nan Liang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-He Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yun Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Qing Cheng
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Xian Xia
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
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Scholz SS, Schmidt-Heck W, Guthke R, Furch ACU, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Oelmüller R. Verticillium dahliae-Arabidopsis Interaction Causes Changes in Gene Expression Profiles and Jasmonate Levels on Different Time Scales. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:217. [PMID: 29497409 PMCID: PMC5819561 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne vascular pathogen that causes severe wilt symptoms in a wide range of plants. Co-culture of the fungus with Arabidopsis roots for 24 h induces many changes in the gene expression profiles of both partners, even before defense-related phytohormone levels are induced in the plant. Both partners reprogram sugar and amino acid metabolism, activate genes for signal perception and transduction, and induce defense- and stress-responsive genes. Furthermore, analysis of Arabidopsis expression profiles suggests a redirection from growth to defense. After 3 weeks, severe disease symptoms can be detected for wild-type plants while mutants impaired in jasmonate synthesis and perception perform much better. Thus, plant jasmonates have an important influence on the interaction, which is already visible at the mRNA level before hormone changes occur. The plant and fungal genes that rapidly respond to the presence of the partner might be crucial for early recognition steps and the future development of the interaction. Thus they are potential targets for the control of V. dahliae-induced wilt diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra S Scholz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt-Heck
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Guthke
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Hua C, Zhao JH, Guo HS. Trans-Kingdom RNA Silencing in Plant-Fungal Pathogen Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:235-244. [PMID: 29229568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens represent a major group of plant invaders that are the causative agents of many notorious plant diseases. Large quantities of RNAs, especially small RNAs involved in gene silencing, have been found to transmit bidirectionally between fungal pathogens and their hosts. Although host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) technology has been developed and applied to protect crops from fungal infections, the mechanisms of RNA transmission, especially small RNAs regulating trans-kingdom RNA silencing in plant immunity, are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent important findings regarding trans-kingdom sRNAs and RNA silencing in plant-fungal pathogen interactions compared with the well-known RNAi mechanisms in plants and fungi. We focus on the interactions between plant and fungal pathogens with broad hosts, represented by the vascular pathogen Verticillium dahliae and non-vascular pathogen Botrytis cinerea, and discuss the known instances of natural RNAi transmission between fungal pathogens and host plants. Given that HIGS has been developed and recently applied in controlling Verticillium wilt diseases, we propose an ideal research system exploiting plant vasculature-Verticillium interaction to further study trans-kingdom RNA silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.
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Leyva-Pérez MDLO, Jiménez-Ruiz J, Gómez-Lama Cabanás C, Valverde-Corredor A, Barroso JB, Luque F, Mercado-Blanco J. Tolerance of olive (Olea europaea) cv Frantoio to Verticillium dahliae relies on both basal and pathogen-induced differential transcriptomic responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:671-686. [PMID: 29023762 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO) is one of the most serious biotic constraints for this tree crop. Our knowledge of the genetics of the tolerance/resistance to this disease is very limited. Here we show that tolerance of the cv Frantoio relies on both basal and early pathogen-induced differential transcriptomic responses. A comparative transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) was conducted in root tissues of cvs Frantoio (VWO-tolerant) and Picual (VWO-susceptible). RNA samples originated from roots of inoculated olive plants during the early infection stages by Verticillium dahliae (highly virulent, defoliating pathotype). A huge number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found between 'Frantoio' and 'Picual' (27 312 unigenes) in the absence of the pathogen. Upon infection with V. dahliae, 'Picual' and 'Frantoio' plants responded differently too. In the early infection stages, four clusters of DEGs could be identified according to their time-course expression patterns. Among others, a pathogenesis-related protein of the Bet v I family and a dirigent-like protein involved in lignification, and several BAK1, NHL1, reactive oxygen species stress response and BAM unigenes showed noticeable differences between cultivars. Tolerance of 'Frantoio' plants to VWO is a consequence of a complex and multifaceted process which involves many plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la O Leyva-Pérez
- Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Jaime Jiménez-Ruiz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus 'Alameda del Obispo', Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Apartado, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Antonio Valverde-Corredor
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus 'Alameda del Obispo', Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Apartado, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Francisco Luque
- Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus 'Alameda del Obispo', Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Apartado, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
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Tan TT, Endo H, Sano R, Kurata T, Yamaguchi M, Ohtani M, Demura T. Transcription Factors VND1-VND3 Contribute to Cotyledon Xylem Vessel Formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:773-789. [PMID: 29133368 PMCID: PMC5761765 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN1 (VND1) to VND7 encode a group of NAC domain transcription factors that function as master regulators of xylem vessel element differentiation. These transcription factors activate the transcription of genes required for secondary cell wall formation and programmed cell death, key events in xylem vessel element differentiation. Because constitutive overexpression of VND6 and VND7 induces ectopic xylem vessel element differentiation, functional studies of VND proteins have largely focused on these two proteins. Here, we report the roles of VND1, VND2, and VND3 in xylem vessel formation in cotyledons. Using our newly established in vitro system in which excised Arabidopsis cotyledons are stimulated to undergo xylem cell differentiation by cytokinin, auxin, and brassinosteroid treatment, we found that ectopic xylem vessel element differentiation required VND1, VND2, and VND3 but not VND6 or VND7. The importance of VND1, VND2, and VND3 also was indicated in vivo; in the vnd1 vnd2 vnd3 seedlings, xylem vessel element differentiation of secondary veins in cotyledons was inhibited under dark conditions. Furthermore, the light responsiveness of VND gene expression was disturbed in the vnd1 vnd2 vnd3 mutant, and vnd1 vnd2 vnd3 failed to recover lateral root development in response to the change of light conditions. These findings suggest that VND1 to VND3 have specific molecular functions, possibly linking light conditions to xylem vessel formation, during seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian Tan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kurata
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Strategic Research and Development, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Progar V, Jakše J, Štajner N, Radišek S, Javornik B, Berne S. Comparative transcriptional analysis of hop responses to infection with Verticillium nonalfalfae. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1599-1613. [PMID: 28698905 PMCID: PMC5602066 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Dynamic transcriptome profiling revealed excessive, yet ineffective, immune response to V. nonalfalfae infection in susceptible hop, global gene downregulation in shoots of resistant hop and only a few infection-associated genes in roots. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) production is hampered by Verticillium wilt, a disease predominantly caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium nonalfalfae. Only a few hop cultivars exhibit resistance towards it and mechanisms of this resistance have not been discovered. In this study, we compared global transcriptional responses in roots and shoots of resistant and susceptible hop plants infected by a lethal strain of V. nonalfalfae. Time-series differential gene expression profiles between infected and mock inoculated plants were determined and subjected to network-based analysis of functional enrichment. In the resistant hop cultivar, a remarkably low number of genes were differentially expressed in roots in response to V. nonalfalfae infection, while the majority of differentially expressed genes were down-regulated in shoots. The most significantly affected genes were related to cutin biosynthesis, cell wall biogenesis, lateral root development and terpenoid biosynthesis. On the other hand, susceptible hop exhibited a strong defence response in shoots and roots, including increased expression of genes associated with plant responses, such as innate immunity, wounding, jasmonic acid pathway and chitinase activity. Strong induction of defence-associated genes in susceptible hop and a low number of infection-responsive genes in the roots of resistant hop are consistent with previous findings, confirming the pattern of excessive response of the susceptible cultivar, which ultimately fails to protect the plant from V. nonalfalfae. This research offers a multifaceted overview of transcriptional responses of susceptible and resistant hop cultivars to V. nonalfalfae infection and represents a valuable resource in the study of this plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasja Progar
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Berne
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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El Aou-Ouad H, Pou A, Tomás M, Montero R, Ribas-Carbo M, Medrano H, Bota J. Combined effect of virus infection and water stress on water flow and water economy in grapevines. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:171-184. [PMID: 28044321 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water limitation is one of the major threats affecting grapevine production. Thus, improving water-use efficiency (WUE) is crucial for a sustainable viticulture industry in Mediterranean regions. Under field conditions, water stress (WS) is often combined with viral infections as those are present in major grape-growing areas worldwide. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is one of the most important viruses affecting grapevines. Indeed, the optimization of water use in a real context of virus infection is an important topic that needs to be understood. In this work, we have focused our attention on determining the interaction of biotic and abiotic stresses on WUE and hydraulic conductance (Kh ) parameters in two white grapevine cultivars (Malvasia de Banyalbufar and Giró Ros). Under well-watered (WW) conditions, virus infection provokes a strong reduction (P < 0.001) in Kpetiole in both cultivars; however, Kleaf was only reduced in Malvasia de Banyalbufar. Moreover, the presence of virus also reduced whole-plant hydraulic conductance (Khplant ) in 2013 and 2014 for Malvasia de Banyalbufar and in 2014 for Giró Ros. Thus, the effect of virus infection on water flow might explain the imposed stomatal limitation. Under WS conditions, the virus effect on Kplant was negligible, because of the bigger effect of WS than virus infection. Whole-plant WUE (WUEWP ) was not affected by the presence of virus neither under WW nor under WS conditions, indicating that plants may adjust their physiology to counteract the virus infection by maintaining a tight stomatal control and by sustaining a balanced carbon change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan El Aou-Ouad
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | - Alicia Pou
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | - Magdalena Tomás
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | - Rafael Montero
- Institut de Recerca i Formació Agrària i Pesquera (IRFAP), Conselleria d'Agricultura, Medi Ambient i Territori, Govern de les Illes Balears, C/Eusebio Estada no. 145, 07009, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | - Miquel Ribas-Carbo
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | - Hipólito Medrano
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | - Josefina Bota
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
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Lopisso DT, Knüfer J, Koopmann B, von Tiedemann A. The Vascular Pathogen Verticillium longisporum Does Not Affect Water Relations and Plant Responses to Drought Stress of Its Host, Brassica napus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:444-454. [PMID: 27992306 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-16-0280-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium longisporum is a host-specific vascular pathogen of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) that causes economic crop losses by impairing plant growth and inducing premature senescence. This study investigates whether plant damage through Verticillium stem striping is due to impaired plant water relations, whether V. longisporum affects responses of a susceptible B. napus variety to drought stress, and whether drought stress, in turn, affects plant responses to V. longisporum. Two-factorial experiments on a susceptible cultivar of B. napus infected or noninfected with V. longisporum and exposed to three watering levels (30, 60, and 100% field capacity) revealed that drought stress and V. longisporum impaired plant growth by entirely different mechanisms. Although both stresses similarly affected plant growth parameters (plant height, hypocotyl diameter, and shoot and root dry matter), infection of B. napus with V. longisporum did not affect any drought-related physiological or molecular genetic plant parameters, including transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, water use efficiency, relative leaf water content, leaf proline content, or the expression of drought-responsive genes. Thus, this study provides comprehensive physiological and molecular genetic evidence explaining the lack of wilt symptoms in B. napus infected with V. longisporum. Likewise, drought tolerance of B. napus was unaffected by V. longisporum, as was the level of disease by drought conditions, thus excluding a concerted action of both stresses in the field. Although it is evident that drought and vascular infection with V. longisporum impair plant growth by different mechanisms, it remains to be determined by which other factors V. longisporum causes crop loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Teshome Lopisso
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg August University, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Knüfer
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg August University, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birger Koopmann
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg August University, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas von Tiedemann
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg August University, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Marques JPR, Appezzato-da-Glória B, Piepenbring M, Massola Jr NS, Monteiro-Vitorello CB, Vieira MLC. Sugarcane smut: shedding light on the development of the whip-shaped sorus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:815-827. [PMID: 27568298 PMCID: PMC5378185 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Sugarcane smut is caused by the fungus Sporisorium scitamineum (Ustilaginales/Ustilaginomycotina/Basidiomycota), which is responsible for losses in sugarcane production worldwide. Infected plants show a profound metabolic modification resulting in the development of a whip-shaped structure (sorus) composed of a mixture of plant tissues and fungal hyphae. Within this structure, ustilospores develop and disseminate the disease. Despite the importance of this disease, a detailed histopathological analysis of the plant-pathogen interaction is lacking. Methods The whip-shaped sorus was investigated using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, histochemical tests and epifluorescence microscopy coupled with deconvolution. Key Results Sorus growth is mediated by intercalary meristem activity at the base of the sorus, where the fungus causes partial host cell wall degradation and formation of intercellular spaces. Sporogenesis in S. scitamineum is thallic, with ustilospore initials in intercalary or terminal positions, and mostly restricted to the base of the sorus. Ustilospore maturation is centrifugal in relation to the ground parenchyma and occurs throughout the sorus median region. At the apex of the sorus, the fungus produces sterile cells and promotes host cell detachment. Hyphae are present throughout the central axis of the sorus (columella). The plant cell produces callose around the intracellular hyphae as well as inside the papillae at the infection site. Conclusions The ontogeny of the whip-shaped sorus suggests that the fungus can cause the acropetal growth in the intercalary meristem. The sporogenesis of S. scitamineum was described in detail, demonstrating that the spores are formed exclusively at the base of the whip. Light was also shed on the nature of the sterile cells. The presence of the fungus alters the host cell wall composition, promotes its degradation and causes the release of some peripheral cells of the sorus. Finally, callose was observed around fungal hyphae in infected cells, suggesting that deposition of callose by the host may act as a structural response to fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo R. Marques
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Meike Piepenbring
- Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nelson S. Massola Jr
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Claudia B. Monteiro-Vitorello
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Carneiro Vieira
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
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Cao H, Wang L, Nawaz MA, Niu M, Sun J, Xie J, Kong Q, Huang Y, Cheng F, Bie Z. Ectopic Expression of Pumpkin NAC Transcription Factor CmNAC1 Improves Multiple Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2052. [PMID: 29234347 PMCID: PMC5712414 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Drought, cold and salinity are the major environmental stresses that limit agricultural productivity. NAC transcription factors regulate the stress response in plants. Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) is an important cucurbit vegetable crop and it has strong resistance to abiotic stress; however, the biological functions of stress-related NAC genes in this crop are largely unknown. This study reports the function of CmNAC1, a stress-responsive pumpkin NAC domain protein. The CmNAC1-GFP fusion protein was transiently expressed in tobacco leaves for subcellular localization analysis, and we found that CmNAC1 is localized in the nucleus. Transactivation assay in yeast cells revealed that CmNAC1 functions as a transcription activator, and its transactivation domain is located in the C-terminus. CmNAC1 was ubiquitously expressed in different organs, and its transcript was induced by salinity, cold, dehydration, H2O2, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Furthermore, the ectopic expression (EE) of CmNAC1 in Arabidopsis led to ABA hypersensitivity and enhanced tolerance to salinity, drought and cold stress. In addition, five ABA-responsive elements were enriched in CmNAC1 promoter. The CmNAC1-EE plants exhibited different root architecture, leaf morphology, and significantly high concentration of ABA compared with WT Arabidopsis under normal conditions. Our results indicated that CmNAC1 is a critical factor in ABA signaling pathways and it can be utilized in transgenic breeding to improve the abiotic stress tolerance of crops.
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Häffner E, Diederichsen E. Belowground Defence Strategies Against Verticillium Pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42319-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Depotter JRL, Deketelaere S, Inderbitzin P, Tiedemann AV, Höfte M, Subbarao KV, Wood TA, Thomma BPHJ. Verticillium longisporum, the invisible threat to oilseed rape and other brassicaceous plant hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1004-16. [PMID: 26663851 PMCID: PMC6638321 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The causal agents of Verticillium wilts are globally distributed pathogens that cause significant crop losses every year. Most Verticillium wilts are caused by V. dahliae, which is pathogenic on a broad range of plant hosts, whereas other pathogenic Verticillium species have more restricted host ranges. In contrast, V. longisporum appears to prefer brassicaceous plants and poses an increasing problem to oilseed rape production. TAXONOMY Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Class Sordariomycetes; Subclass Hypocreomycetida; Family Plectosphaerellaceae; genus Verticillium. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Dark unilateral stripes appear on the stems of apparently healthy looking oilseed rape plants at the end of the growing season. Microsclerotia are subsequently formed in the stem cortex beneath the epidermis. GENOME Verticillium longisporum is the only non-haploid species in the Verticillium genus, as it is an amphidiploid hybrid that carries almost twice as much genetic material as the other Verticillium species as a result of interspecific hybridization. DISEASE MANAGEMENT There is no effective fungicide treatment to control Verticillium diseases, and resistance breeding is the preferred strategy for disease management. However, only a few Verticillium wilt resistance genes have been identified, and monogenic resistance against V. longisporum has not yet been found. Quantitative resistance exists mainly in the Brassica C-genome of parental cabbage lines and may be introgressed in oilseed rape breeding lines. COMMON NAME Oilseed rape colonized by V. longisporum does not develop wilting symptoms, and therefore the common name of Verticillium wilt is unsuitable for this crop. Therefore, we propose 'Verticillium stem striping' as the common name for Verticillium infections of oilseed rape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper R L Depotter
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Crops and Agronomy, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Silke Deketelaere
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure links 653, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrik Inderbitzin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andreas Von Tiedemann
- Department of Crop Sciences, Plant Pathology and Crop Protection Division, Georg-August University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure links 653, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Thomas A Wood
- Department of Crops and Agronomy, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Dikilitas M, Karakas S, Hashem A, Abd Allah E, Ahmad P. Oxidative stress and plant responses to pathogens under drought conditions. WATER STRESS AND CROP PLANTS 2016:102-123. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119054450.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Qi X, Su X, Guo H, Qi J, Cheng H. VdThit, a Thiamine Transport Protein, Is Required for Pathogenicity of the Vascular Pathogen Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:545-559. [PMID: 27089469 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-16-0057-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae causes a serious wilt disease of important crops and is difficult to control. Few plasma-membrane transport proteins for nutrient acquisition have been identified for this fungus, and their involvement in the disease process is unknown. Here, a plasma-membrane protein, the V. dahliae thiamine transporter protein VdThit, was characterized functionally by deletion of the VdThit gene in V. dahliae. Disruption strains were viable, but growth and conidial germination and production were reduced and virulence was impaired. Interestingly, by supplementing exogenous thiamine, growth, conidiation, and virulence of the VdΔThit mutants were partially restored. Stress-tolerance assays showed that the VdΔThit mutant strains were markedly more susceptible to oxidative stress and UV damage. High-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed low levels of pyruvate metabolism intermediates acetoin and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in the VdΔThit mutant strains, suggesting that pyruvate metabolism was suppressed. Expression analysis of VdThit confirmed the importance of VdThit in vegetative growth, reproduction, and invasive hyphal growth. Furthermore, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled VdΔThit mutant (VdΔThit-7-GFP) was suppressed in initial infection and root colonization, as viewed with light microscopy. Together, these results showed that VdThit plays an indispensable role in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Qi
- 1 Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; and
- 2 Agriculture College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Su
- 1 Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; and
| | - Huiming Guo
- 1 Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; and
| | - Juncang Qi
- 2 Agriculture College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- 1 Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; and
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Hammes UZ. Novel roles for phytosulfokine signalling in plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1393-1395. [PMID: 26574181 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Evolutionarily distant pathogens require the Arabidopsis phytosulfokine signalling pathway to establish disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Z Hammes
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Gupta A, Sarkar AK, Senthil-Kumar M. Global Transcriptional Analysis Reveals Unique and Shared Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana Exposed to Combined Drought and Pathogen Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:686. [PMID: 27252712 PMCID: PMC4878317 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With frequent fluctuations in global climate, plants are exposed to co-occurring drought and pathogen infection and this combination adversely affects plant survival. In the past, some studies indicated that morpho-physiological responses of plants to the combined stress are different from the individual stressed plants. However, interaction of drought stressed plants with pathogen has not been widely studied at molecular level. Such studies are important to understand the defense pathways that operate as part of combined stress tolerance mechanism. In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana was exposed to individual drought stress, Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) infection and their combination. Using Affymetrix WT gene 1.0 ST array, global transcriptome profiling of leaves under individual drought stress and pathogen infection was compared with their combination. The results obtained from pathway mapping (KAAS and MAPMAN) demonstrated the modulation in defense pathways in A. thaliana under drought and host pathogen Pst DC3000 infection. Further, our study revealed "tailored" responses under combined stress and the time of occurrence of each stress during their concurrence has shown differences in transcriptome profile. Our results from microarray and RT-qPCR revealed regulation of 20 novel genes uniquely during the stress interaction. This study indicates that plants exposed to concurrent drought and pathogen stress experience a new state of stress. Thus, under frequently changing climatic conditions, time of occurrence of each stress in the interaction defines the plant responses and should thus be studied explicitly.
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Le Fevre R, Evangelisti E, Rey T, Schornack S. Modulation of host cell biology by plant pathogenic microbes. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:201-29. [PMID: 26436707 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-102314-112502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions can result in dramatic visual changes in the host, such as galls, phyllody, pseudoflowers, and altered root-system architecture, indicating that the invading microbe has perturbed normal plant growth and development. These effects occur on a cellular level but range up to the organ scale, and they commonly involve attenuation of hormone homeostasis and deployment of effector proteins with varying activities to modify host cell processes. This review focuses on the cellular-reprogramming mechanisms of filamentous and bacterial plant pathogens that exhibit a biotrophic lifestyle for part, if not all, of their lifecycle in association with the host. We also highlight strategies for exploiting our growing knowledge of microbial host reprogramming to study plant processes other than immunity and to explore alternative strategies for durable plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Le Fevre
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; , , ,
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; , , ,
| | - Thomas Rey
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; , , ,
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; , , ,
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