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Atem JEC, Gan L, Yu W, Huang F, Wang Y, Baloch A, Nwafor CC, Barrie AU, Chen P, Zhang C. Bioinformatics and functional analysis of EDS1 genes in Brassica napus in response to Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 347:112175. [PMID: 38986913 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) is a key regulator of plant-pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) responses. In the Brassica napus genome, we identified six novel EDS1 genes, among which four were responsive to clubroot infection, a major rapeseed disease resistant to chemical control. Developing resistant cultivars is a potent and economically viable strategy to control clubroot infection. Bioinformatics analysis revealed conserved domains and structural uniformity in Bna-EDS1 homologs. Bna-EDS1 promoters harbored elements associated with diverse phytohormones and stress responses, highlighting their crucial roles in plant defense. A functional analysis was performed with Bna-EDS1 overexpression and RNAi transgenic lines. Bna-EDS1 overexpression boosted resistance to clubroot and upregulated defense-associated genes (PR1, PR2, ICS1, and CBP60), while Bna-EDS1 RNAi increased plant susceptibility, indicating suppression of the defense signaling pathway downstream of NBS-LRRs. RNA-Seq analysis identified key transcripts associated with clubroot resistance, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Activation of SA regulator NPR1, defense signaling markers PR1 and PR2, and upregulation of MYC-TFs suggested that EDS1-mediated clubroot resistance potentially involves the SA pathway. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of Bna-EDS1-dependent mechanisms in resistance of B. napus to clubroot disease, and provide valuable insights for fortifying resistance against Plasmodiophora brassicae infection in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Eldeen Chol Atem
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Longcai Gan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Wenlin Yu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Fan Huang
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln NE68588, USA; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Yanyan Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Amanullah Baloch
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu Charles Nwafor
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Alpha Umaru Barrie
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
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Bhandari DD, Brandizzi F. Logistics of defense: The contribution of endomembranes to plant innate immunity. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307066. [PMID: 38551496 PMCID: PMC10982075 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens cause plant diseases that threaten food security. Unlike mammals, plants lack an adaptive immune system and rely on their innate immune system to recognize and respond to pathogens. Plant response to a pathogen attack requires precise coordination of intracellular traffic and signaling. Spatial and/or temporal defects in coordinating signals and cargo can lead to detrimental effects on cell development. The role of intracellular traffic comes into a critical focus when the cell sustains biotic stress. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the post-immune activation logistics of plant defense. Specifically, we focus on packaging and shipping of defense-related cargo, rerouting of intracellular traffic, the players enabling defense-related traffic, and pathogen-mediated subversion of these pathways. We highlight the roles of the cytoskeleton, cytoskeleton-organelle bridging proteins, and secretory vesicles in maintaining pathways of exocytic defense, acting as sentinels during pathogen attack, and the necessary elements for building the cell wall as a barrier to pathogens. We also identify points of convergence between mammalian and plant trafficking pathways during defense and highlight plant unique responses to illustrate evolutionary adaptations that plants have undergone to resist biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D. Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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van Butselaar T, Silva S, Lapin D, Bañales I, Tonn S, van Schie C, Van den Ackerveken G. The Role of Salicylic Acid in the Expression of RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN 23 and Other Immunity-Related Genes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1097-1105. [PMID: 38684315 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0413-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a crucial role in plant immunity by activating responses that arrest pathogen ingress. SA accumulation also penalizes growth, a phenomenon visible in mutants that hyperaccumulate SA, resulting in strong growth inhibition. An important question, therefore, is why healthy plants produce basal levels of this hormone when defense responses are not activated. Here, we show that basal SA levels in unchallenged plants are needed for the expression of a number of immunity-related genes and receptors, such as RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN 23 (RLP23). This was shown by depleting basal SA levels in transgenic Arabidopsis lines through the overexpression of the SA-inactivating hydroxylases DOWNY MILDEW-RESISTANT 6 (DMR6) or DMR6-LIKE OXYGENASE 1. RNAseq analysis revealed that the expression of a subset of immune receptor and signaling genes is strongly reduced in the absence of SA. The biological relevance of this was shown for RLP23: In SA-depleted and SA-insensitive plants, responses to the RLP23 ligand, the microbial pattern nlp24, were strongly reduced, whereas responses to flg22 remained unchanged. We hypothesize that low basal SA levels are needed for the expression of a subset of immune system components that enable early pathogen detection and activation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen van Butselaar
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Savani Silva
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Iñigo Bañales
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Tonn
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Noman A, Alwutayd KM, Aqeel M, Hussain A, Qasim M, Al-Qthanin RN, Alshaharni MO, Alzuaibr FM, Alomran MM. Pepper defense against Ralstonia solanacearum and High-temperature stress is positively regulated by CaMYB59. Microb Pathog 2024; 189:106599. [PMID: 38428471 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
We have functionally evaluated a transcription factor CaMYB59 for its role in pepper immune responses to Ralstonia solanacearum attack and high temperature-high humidity (HTHH). Exposure to R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI) and HTHH resulted in up-regulation of this nucleus-localized TF. Function of this TF was confirmed by performing loss of function assay of CaMYB59 by VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing). Plants with silenced CaMYB59 displayed not only compromised pepper immunity against RSI but also impaired tolerance to HTHH along with decreased hypersensitive response (HR). This impairment in defense function was fully linked with low induction of stress-linked genes like CaPO2, CaPR1, CaAcc and thermo-tolerance linked CaHSP24 as well as CaHsfB2a. Conversely, transient overexpression of CaMYB59 enhanced pepper immunity. This reveals that CaMYB59 positively regulated host defense against RSI and HTHH by means of HR like mimic cell death, H2O2 production and up-regulation of defense as well as thermo-tolerance associated genes. These changes in attributes collectively confirm the role of CaMYB59 as a positive regulator of pepper immunity against R. solanacearum. We recommend that such positive regulation of pepper defense is dynamically supported by phyto-hormone signaling and transcriptional web of defense genes. These integrated and interlinked events stabilize plant growth and survival under abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khairiah Mubarak Alwutayd
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Ansar Hussain
- Department of Plant breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, DG Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Rahmah N Al-Qthanin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed O Alshaharni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maryam M Alomran
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia.
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Liu X, Igarashi D, Hillmer RA, Stoddard T, Lu Y, Tsuda K, Myers CL, Katagiri F. Decomposition of dynamic transcriptomic responses during effector-triggered immunity reveals conserved responses in two distinct plant cell populations. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100882. [PMID: 38486453 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Rapid plant immune responses in the appropriate cells are needed for effective defense against pathogens. Although transcriptome analysis is often used to describe overall immune responses, collection of transcriptome data with sufficient resolution in both space and time is challenging. We reanalyzed public Arabidopsis time-course transcriptome data obtained after low-dose inoculation with a Pseudomonas syringae strain expressing the effector AvrRpt2, which induces effector-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. Double-peak time-course patterns are prevalent among thousands of upregulated genes. We implemented a multi-compartment modeling approach to decompose the double-peak pattern into two single-peak patterns for each gene. The decomposed peaks reveal an "echoing" pattern: the peak times of the first and second peaks correlate well across most upregulated genes. We demonstrated that the two peaks likely represent responses of two distinct cell populations that respond either cell autonomously or indirectly to AvrRpt2. Thus, the peak decomposition has extracted spatial information from the time-course data. The echoing pattern also indicates a conserved transcriptome response with different initiation times between the two cell populations despite different elicitor types. A gene set highly overlapping with the conserved gene set is also upregulated with similar kinetics during pattern-triggered immunity. Activation of a WRKY network via different entry-point WRKYs can explain the similar but not identical transcriptome responses elicited by different elicitor types. We discuss potential benefits of the properties of the WRKY activation network as an immune signaling network in light of pressure from rapidly evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Liu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daisuke Igarashi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Rachel A Hillmer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Thomas Stoddard
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - You Lu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chad L Myers
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fumiaki Katagiri
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Contreras E, Martinez M. The RIN4-like/NOI proteins NOI10 and NOI11 modulate the response to biotic stresses mediated by RIN4 in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:70. [PMID: 38358510 PMCID: PMC10869442 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE NOI10 and NOI11 are two RIN4-like/NOI proteins that participate in the immune response of the Arabidopsis plant and affect the RIN4-regulated mechanisms involving the R-proteins RPM1 and RPS2. The immune response in plants depends on the regulation of signaling pathways triggered by pathogens and herbivores. RIN4, a protein of the RIN4-like/NOI family, is considered to be a central immune signal in the interactions of plants and pathogens. In Arabidopsis thaliana, four of the 15 members of the RIN4-like/NOI family (NOI3, NOI5, NOI10, and NOI11) were induced in response to the plant herbivore Tetranychus urticae. While overexpressing NOI10 and NOI11 plants did not affect mite performance, opposite callose accumulation patterns were observed when compared to RIN4 overexpressing plants. In vitro and in vivo analyses demonstrated the interaction of NOI10 and NOI11 with the RIN4 interactors RPM1, RPS2, and RIPK, suggesting a role in the context of the RIN4-regulated immune response. Transient expression experiments in Nicotiana benthamiana evidenced that NOI10 and NOI11 differed from RIN4 in their functionality. Furthermore, overexpressing NOI10 and NOI11 plants had significant differences in susceptibility with WT and overexpressing RIN4 plants when challenged with Pseudomonas syringae bacteria expressing the AvrRpt2 or the AvrRpm1 effectors. These results demonstrate the participation of NOI10 and NOI11 in the RIN4-mediated pathway. Whereas RIN4 is considered a guardee protein, NOI10 and NOI11 could act as decoys to modulate the concerted activity of effectors and R-proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Contreras
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, 20223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, 20223, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
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Jian Y, Gong D, Wang Z, Liu L, He J, Han X, Tsuda K. How plants manage pathogen infection. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:31-44. [PMID: 38177909 PMCID: PMC10897293 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
To combat microbial pathogens, plants have evolved specific immune responses that can be divided into three essential steps: microbial recognition by immune receptors, signal transduction within plant cells, and immune execution directly suppressing pathogens. During the past three decades, many plant immune receptors and signaling components and their mode of action have been revealed, markedly advancing our understanding of the first two steps. Activation of immune signaling results in physical and chemical actions that actually stop pathogen infection. Nevertheless, this third step of plant immunity is under explored. In addition to immune execution by plants, recent evidence suggests that the plant microbiota, which is considered an additional layer of the plant immune system, also plays a critical role in direct pathogen suppression. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how plant immunity as well as microbiota control pathogen growth and behavior and highlight outstanding questions that need to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Jian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dianming Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China.
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Xiao WN, Nunn GM, Fufeng AB, Belu N, Brookman RK, Halim A, Krysmanski EC, Cameron RK. Exploring Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato biofilm-like aggregate formation in susceptible and PTI-responding Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13403. [PMID: 37988240 PMCID: PMC10799205 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm-like aggregates have been observed in plants, but their role in pathogenicity is underinvestigated. In the present study, we observed that extracellular DNA and polysaccharides colocalized with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) aggregates in Arabidopsis leaves, suggesting that Pst aggregates are biofilms. GFP-expressing Pst, Pst ΔalgU ΔmucAB (Pst algU mutant), and Pst ΔalgD ΔalgU ΔmucAB (Pst algU algD mutant) were examined to explore the roles of (1) alginate, a potential biofilm component; (2) Pst AlgU, thought to regulate alginate biosynthesis and some type III secretion system effector genes; and (3) intercellular salicylic acid (SA) accumulation during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Pst formed extensive aggregates in susceptible plants, whereas aggregate numbers and size were reduced in Pst algU and Pst algD algU mutants, and both multiplied poorly in planta, suggesting that aggregate formation contributes to Pst success in planta. However, in SA-deficient sid2-2 plants, Pst algD algU mutant multiplication and aggregate formation were partially restored, suggesting plant-produced SA contributes to suppression of Pst aggregate formation. Pst algD algU mutants formed fewer and smaller aggregates than Pst algU mutants, suggesting both AlgU and AlgD contribute to Pst aggregate formation. Col-0 plants accumulated low levels of SA in response to Pst and both mutants (Pst algU and Pst algD algU), suggesting the regulatory functions of AlgU are not involved in suppressing SA-mediated plant defence. Plant PTI was associated with highly reduced Pst aggregate formation and accumulation of intercellular SA in flg22-induced PTI-responding wild-type Col-0, but not in PTI-incompetent fls2, suggesting intercellular SA accumulation by Arabidopsis contributes to suppression of Pst biofilm-like aggregate formation during PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantao N. Xiao
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Garrett M. Nunn
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Natalie Belu
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Abdul Halim
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
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Duque-Jaramillo A, Ulmer N, Alseekh S, Bezrukov I, Fernie AR, Skirycz A, Karasov TL, Weigel D. The genetic and physiological basis of Arabidopsis thaliana tolerance to Pseudomonas viridiflava. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1961-1975. [PMID: 37667565 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas viridiflava colonizes > 50 agricultural crop species and is the most common Pseudomonas in the phyllosphere of European Arabidopsis thaliana populations. Belonging to the P. syringae complex, it is genetically and phenotypically distinct from well-characterized P. syringae sensu stricto. Despite its prevalence, we lack knowledge of how A. thaliana responds to its native isolates at the molecular level. Here, we characterize the host response in an A. thaliana - P. viridiflava pathosystem. We measured host and pathogen growth in axenic infections and used immune mutants, transcriptomics, and metabolomics to determine defense pathways influencing susceptibility to P. viridiflava infection. Infection with P. viridiflava increased jasmonic acid (JA) levels and the expression of ethylene defense pathway marker genes. The immune response in a susceptible host accession was delayed compared with a tolerant one. Mechanical injury rescued susceptibility, consistent with an involvement of JA. The JA/ethylene pathway is important for suppression of P. viridiflava, yet suppression capacity varies between accessions. Our results shed light on how A. thaliana can suppress the ever-present P. viridiflava, but further studies are needed to understand how P. viridiflava evades this suppression to spread broadly across A. thaliana populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Ulmer
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Ilja Bezrukov
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14850, USA
| | - Talia L Karasov
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
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10
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Bhandari DD, Ko DK, Kim SJ, Nomura K, He SY, Brandizzi F. Defense against phytopathogens relies on efficient antimicrobial protein secretion mediated by the microtubule-binding protein TGNap1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6357. [PMID: 37821453 PMCID: PMC10567756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity depends on the secretion of antimicrobial proteins, which occurs through yet-largely unknown mechanisms. The trans-Golgi network (TGN), a hub for intracellular and extracellular trafficking pathways, and the cytoskeleton, which is required for antimicrobial protein secretion, are emerging as pathogen targets to dampen plant immunity. In this work, we demonstrate that tgnap1-2, a loss-of-function mutant of Arabidopsis TGNap1, a TGN-associated and microtubule (MT)-binding protein, is susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae (Pst DC3000). Pst DC3000 infected tgnap1-2 is capable of mobilizing defense pathways, accumulating salicylic acid (SA), and expressing antimicrobial proteins. The susceptibility of tgnap1-2 is due to a failure to efficiently transport antimicrobial proteins to the apoplast in a partially MT-dependent pathway but independent from SA and is additive to the pathogen-antagonizing MIN7, a TGN-associated ARF-GEF protein. Therefore, our data demonstrate that plant immunity relies on TGNap1 for secretion of antimicrobial proteins, and that TGNap1 is a key immunity element that functionally links secretion and cytoskeleton in SA-independent pathogen responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dae Kwan Ko
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kinya Nomura
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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11
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Tang B, Feng L, Hulin MT, Ding P, Ma W. Cell-type-specific responses to fungal infection in plants revealed by single-cell transcriptomics. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1732-1747.e5. [PMID: 37741284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infection is a dynamic process. Here, we employ single-cell transcriptomics to investigate plant response heterogeneity. By generating an Arabidopsis thaliana leaf atlas encompassing 95,040 cells during infection by a fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum higginsianum, we unveil cell-type-specific gene expression, notably an enrichment of intracellular immune receptors in vasculature cells. Trajectory inference identifies cells that had different interactions with the invading fungus. This analysis divulges transcriptional reprogramming of abscisic acid signaling specifically occurring in guard cells, which is consistent with a stomatal closure dependent on direct contact with the fungus. Furthermore, we investigate the transcriptional plasticity of genes involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis in cells at the fungal infection sites, emphasizing the contribution of the epidermis-expressed MYB122 to disease resistance. This work underscores spatially dynamic, cell-type-specific plant responses to a fungal pathogen and provides a valuable resource that supports in-depth investigations of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, UK
| | - Li Feng
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, UK
| | - Michelle T Hulin
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, UK
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, UK.
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12
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Delannoy E, Batardiere B, Pateyron S, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Chiquet J, Colcombet J, Lang J. Cell specialization and coordination in Arabidopsis leaves upon pathogenic attack revealed by scRNA-seq. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100676. [PMID: 37644724 PMCID: PMC10504604 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses involve several biological processes that allow plants to fight against pathogenic attacks. How these different processes are orchestrated within organs and depend on specific cell types is poorly known. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology on three independent biological replicates, we identified several cell populations representing the core transcriptional responses of wild-type Arabidopsis leaves inoculated with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. Among these populations, we retrieved major cell types of the leaves (mesophyll, guard, epidermal, companion, and vascular S cells) with which we could associate characteristic transcriptional reprogramming and regulators, thereby specifying different cell-type responses to the pathogen. Further analyses of transcriptional dynamics, on the basis of inference of cell trajectories, indicated that the different cell types, in addition to their characteristic defense responses, can also share similar modules of gene reprogramming, uncovering a ubiquitous antagonism between immune and susceptible processes. Moreover, it appears that the defense responses of vascular S cells, epidermal cells, and mesophyll cells can evolve along two separate paths, one converging toward an identical cell fate, characterized mostly by lignification and detoxification functions. As this divergence does not correspond to the differentiation between immune and susceptible cells, we speculate that this might reflect the discrimination between cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous responses. Altogether our data provide an upgraded framework to describe, explore, and explain the specialization and the coordination of plant cell responses upon pathogenic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Delannoy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Bastien Batardiere
- UMR MIA Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphanie Pateyron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Julien Chiquet
- UMR MIA Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Julien Lang
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France.
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13
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Ray R, Halitschke R, Gase K, Leddy SM, Schuman MC, Rodde N, Baldwin IT. A persistent major mutation in canonical jasmonate signaling is embedded in an herbivory-elicited gene network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308500120. [PMID: 37607232 PMCID: PMC10466192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
When insect herbivores attack plants, elicitors from oral secretions and regurgitants (OS) enter wounds during feeding, eliciting defense responses. These generally require plant jasmonate (JA) signaling, specifically, a jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) burst, for their activation and are well studied in the native tobacco Nicotiana attenuata. We used intraspecific diversity captured in a 26-parent MAGIC population planted in nature and an updated genome assembly to impute natural variation in the OS-elicited JA-Ile burst linked to a mutation in the JA-Ile biosynthetic gene NaJAR4. Experiments revealed that NaJAR4 variants were associated with higher fitness in the absence of herbivores but compromised foliar defenses, with two NaJAR homologues (4 and 6) complementing each other spatially and temporally. From decade-long seed collections of natural populations, we uncovered enzymatically inactive variants occurring at variable frequencies, consistent with a balancing selection regime maintaining variants. Integrative analyses of OS-induced transcriptomes and metabolomes of natural accessions revealed that NaJAR4 is embedded in a nonlinear complex gene coexpression network orchestrating responses to OS, which we tested by silencing four hub genes in two connected coexpressed networks and examining their OS-elicited metabolic responses. Lines silenced in two hub genes (NaGLR and NaFB67) co-occurring in the NaJAR4/6 module showed responses proportional to JA-Ile accumulations; two from an adjacent module (NaERF and NaFB61) had constitutively expressed defenses with high resistance. We infer that mutations with large fitness consequences can persist in natural populations due to compensatory responses from gene networks, which allow for diversification in conserved signaling pathways and are generally consistent with predictions of an omnigene model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishav Ray
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745Jena, Germany
| | - Sabrina M. Leddy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14850
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8006Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8006Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rodde
- Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement, Centre National de Resources Génomiques Végétales, French Plant Genomic Resource Center, Castanet TolosanF-31326, France
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745Jena, Germany
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14
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Yang S, Cai W, Wu R, Huang Y, Lu Q, Hui Wang, Huang X, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Cheng X, Wan M, Lv J, Liu Q, Zheng X, Mou S, Guan D, He S. Differential CaKAN3-CaHSF8 associations underlie distinct immune and heat responses under high temperature and high humidity conditions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4477. [PMID: 37491353 PMCID: PMC10368638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
High temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions increase plant susceptibility to a variety of diseases, including bacterial wilt in solanaceous plants. Some solanaceous plant cultivars have evolved mechanisms to activate HTHH-specific immunity to cope with bacterial wilt disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we find that CaKAN3 and CaHSF8 upregulate and physically interact with each other in nuclei under HTHH conditions without inoculation or early after inoculation with R. solanacearum in pepper. Consequently, CaKAN3 and CaHSF8 synergistically confer immunity against R. solanacearum via activating a subset of NLRs which initiates immune signaling upon perception of unidentified pathogen effectors. Intriguingly, when HTHH conditions are prolonged without pathogen attack or the temperature goes higher, CaHSF8 no longer interacts with CaKAN3. Instead, it directly upregulates a subset of HSP genes thus activating thermotolerance. Our findings highlight mechanisms controlling context-specific activation of high-temperature-specific pepper immunity and thermotolerance mediated by differential CaKAN3-CaHSF8 associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- College of Horticultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ruijie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qiaoling Lu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xueying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xingge Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Meiyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jingang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Shaoliang Mou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Deyi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China.
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China.
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15
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Hale B, Ratnayake S, Flory A, Wijeratne R, Schmidt C, Robertson AE, Wijeratne AJ. Gene regulatory network inference in soybean upon infection by Phytophthora sojae. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287590. [PMID: 37418376 PMCID: PMC10328377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is a soil-borne oomycete and the causal agent of Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRR) in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill). Yield losses attributed to P. sojae are devastating in disease-conducive environments, with global estimates surpassing 1.1 million tonnes annually. Historically, management of PRR has entailed host genetic resistance (both vertical and horizontal) complemented by disease-suppressive cultural practices (e.g., oomicide application). However, the vast expansion of complex and/or diverse P. sojae pathotypes necessitates developing novel technologies to attenuate PRR in field environments. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to couple high-throughput sequencing data and deep learning to elucidate molecular features in soybean following infection by P. sojae. In doing so, we generated transcriptomes to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during compatible and incompatible interactions with P. sojae and a mock inoculation. The expression data were then used to select two defense-related transcription factors (TFs) belonging to WRKY and RAV families. DNA Affinity Purification and sequencing (DAP-seq) data were obtained for each TF, providing putative DNA binding sites in the soybean genome. These bound sites were used to train Deep Neural Networks with convolutional and recurrent layers to predict new target sites of WRKY and RAV family members in the DEG set. Moreover, we leveraged publicly available Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DAP-seq data for five TF families enriched in our transcriptome analysis to train similar models. These Arabidopsis data-based models were used for cross-species TF binding site prediction on soybean. Finally, we created a gene regulatory network depicting TF-target gene interactions that orchestrate an immune response against P. sojae. Information herein provides novel insight into molecular plant-pathogen interaction and may prove useful in developing soybean cultivars with more durable resistance to P. sojae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Hale
- Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, United States of America
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, United States of America
- College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, United States of America
| | - Sandaruwan Ratnayake
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, United States of America
- College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, United States of America
| | - Ashley Flory
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, United States of America
| | | | - Clarice Schmidt
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Alison E. Robertson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Asela J. Wijeratne
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, United States of America
- College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, United States of America
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16
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Fang Y, Zhou B, Guo Y, Jiang J, Li X, Xie X. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the core molecular network in pattern-triggered immunity in Sorghum bicolor. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124834. [PMID: 37207754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) is the first line of defense in plant disease resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant PTI vary across species, making it challenging to identify a core set of trait-associated genes. This study aimed to investigate key factors that influence PTI and identify the core molecular network in Sorghum bicolor, a C4 plant. We performed comprehensive weighted gene co-expression network analysis and temporal expression analysis of large-scale transcriptome data from various sorghum cultivars under different PAMP treatments. Our results revealed that the type of PAMP had a stronger influence on the PTI network than did the sorghum cultivar. Following PAMP treatment, 30 genes with stable downregulated expression and 158 genes with stable upregulated expression were identified, including genes encoding potential pattern recognition receptors whose expression was upregulated within 1 h of treatment. PAMP treatment altered the expression of resistance-related, signaling, salt-sensitive, heavy metal-related, and transporter genes. These findings provide novel insights into the core genes involved in plant PTI and are expected to facilitate the identification and application of resistance genes in plant breeding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Bingqian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yushan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Junmei Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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17
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Lee S, Choi J, Park J, Hong CP, Choi D, Han S, Choi K, Roh TY, Hwang D, Hwang I. DDM1-mediated gene body DNA methylation is associated with inducible activation of defense-related genes in Arabidopsis. Genome Biol 2023; 24:106. [PMID: 37147734 PMCID: PMC10161647 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants memorize previous pathogen attacks and are "primed" to produce a faster and stronger defense response, which is critical for defense against pathogens. In plants, cytosines in transposons and gene bodies are reported to be frequently methylated. Demethylation of transposons can affect disease resistance by regulating the transcription of nearby genes during defense response, but the role of gene body methylation (GBM) in defense responses remains unclear. RESULTS Here, we find that loss of the chromatin remodeler decrease in DNA methylation 1 (ddm1) synergistically enhances resistance to a biotrophic pathogen under mild chemical priming. DDM1 mediates gene body methylation at a subset of stress-responsive genes with distinct chromatin properties from conventional gene body methylated genes. Decreased gene body methylation in loss of ddm1 mutant is associated with hyperactivation of these gene body methylated genes. Knockout of glyoxysomal protein kinase 1 (gpk1), a hypomethylated gene in ddm1 loss-of-function mutant, impairs priming of defense response to pathogen infection in Arabidopsis. We also find that DDM1-mediated gene body methylation is prone to epigenetic variation among natural Arabidopsis populations, and GPK1 expression is hyperactivated in natural variants with demethylated GPK1. CONCLUSIONS Based on our collective results, we propose that DDM1-mediated GBM provides a possible regulatory axis for plants to modulate the inducibility of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungchul Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Jaemyung Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jihwan Park
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Chang Pyo Hong
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Daeseok Choi
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Soeun Han
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Kyuha Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Roh
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea.
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea.
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18
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Yu C, Qi J, Han H, Wang P, Liu C. Progress in pathogenesis research of Ustilago maydis, and the metabolites involved along with their biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:495-509. [PMID: 36808861 PMCID: PMC10098057 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a pathogenic fungus that causes corn smut. Because of its easy cultivation and genetic transformation, U. maydis has become an important model organism for plant-pathogenic basidiomycetes. U. maydis is able to infect maize by producing effectors and secreted proteins as well as surfactant-like metabolites. In addition, the production of melanin and iron carriers is also associated with its pathogenicity. Here, advances in our understanding of the pathogenicity of U. maydis, the metabolites involved in the pathogenic process, and the biosynthesis of these metabolites, are reviewed and discussed. This summary will provide new insights into the pathogenicity of U. maydis and the functions of associated metabolites, as well as new clues for deciphering the biosynthesis of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & PharmacyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Haiyan Han
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Pengchao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
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19
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Wang Z, Yang L, Hua J. The intracellular immune receptor like gene SNC1 is an enhancer of effector-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:874-884. [PMID: 36449532 PMCID: PMC9922396 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants contain many nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that are postulated to function as intracellular immune receptors but do not yet have an identified function during plant-pathogen interactions. SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1-1, CONSTITUTIVE 1 (SNC1) is one such NLR protein of the Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) type, despite its well-characterized gain-of-function activity and its involvement in autoimmunity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we investigated the role of SNC1 in natural plant-pathogen interactions and genetically tested the importance of the enzymatic activities of its TIR domain for its function. The SNC1 loss-of-function mutants were more susceptible to avirulent bacterial pathogen strains of Pseudomonas syringae containing specific effectors, especially under constant light growth condition. The mutants also had reduced defense gene expression induction and hypersensitive responses upon infection by avirulent pathogens under constant light growth condition. In addition, genetic and biochemical studies supported that the TIR enzymatic activity of SNC1 is required for its gain-of-function activity. In sum, our study uncovers the role of SNC1 as an amplifier of plant defense responses during natural plant-pathogen interactions and indicates its use of enzymatic activity and intermolecular interactions for triggering autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Wang
- Plant Biology section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Plant Biology section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jian Hua
- Plant Biology section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhang Yuan
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Boying Cai
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Xin
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Zhang X, Wang H, Sun H, Li Y, Feng Y, Jiao C, Li M, Song X, Wang T, Wang Z, Yuan C, Sun L, Lu R, Zhang W, Xiao J, Wang X. A chromosome-scale genome assembly of Dasypyrum villosum provides insights into its application as a broad-spectrum disease resistance resource for wheat improvement. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:432-451. [PMID: 36587241 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dasypyrum villosum is one of the most valuable gene resources in wheat improvement, especially for disease resistance. The mining of favorable genes from D. villosum is frustrated by the lack of a whole genome sequence. In this study, we generated a doubled-haploid line, 91C43DH, using microspore culture and obtained a 4.05-GB high-quality, chromosome-scale genome assembly for D. villosum. The assembly contains39 727 high-confidence genes, and 85.31% of the sequences are repetitive. Two reciprocal translocation events were detected, and 7VS-4VL is a unique translocation in D. villosum. The prolamin seed storage protein-coding genes were found to be duplicated; in particular, the genes encoding low-molecular-weight glutenin at the Glu-V3 locus were significantly expanded. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis indicated that, after Blumeria graminearum f.sp tritici (Bgt) inoculation, there were more upregulated genes involved in the pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity defense pathways in D. villosum than in Triticum urartu. MNase hypersensitive sequencing (MH-seq) identified two Bgt-inducible MH sites (MHSs), one in the promoter and one in the 3' terminal region of the powdery mildew resistance (Pm) gene NLR1-V. Each site had two subpeaks and they were termed MHS1 (MHS1.1/1.2) and MHS2 (MHS2.1/2.2). Bgt-inducible MHS2.2 was uniquely present in D. villosum, and MHS1.1 was more inducible in D. villosum than in wheat, suggesting that MHSs may be critical for regulation of NLR1-V expression and plant defense. In summary, this study provides a valuable genome resource for functional genomics studies and wheat-D. villosum introgression breeding. The identified regulatory mechanisms may also be exploited to develop new strategies for enhancing Pm resistance by optimizing gene expression in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Haojie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- Biotech Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Yilong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Chengzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xinying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zongkuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Chunxia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Ruiju Lu
- Biotech Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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22
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Singh R, Dwivedi A, Singh Y, Kumar K, Ranjan A, Verma PK. A Global Transcriptome and Co-expression Analysis Reveals Robust Host Defense Pathway Reprogramming and Identifies Key Regulators of Early Phases of Cicer-Ascochyta Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:1034-1047. [PMID: 35939621 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-22-0134-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ascochyta blight (AB) caused by the filamentous fungus Ascochyta rabiei is a major threat to global chickpea production. The mechanisms underlying chickpea response to A. rabiei remain elusive to date. Here, we investigated the comparative transcriptional dynamics of AB-resistant and -susceptible chickpea genotypes upon A. rabiei infection, to understand the early host defense response. Our findings revealed that AB-resistant plants underwent rapid and extensive transcriptional reprogramming compared with a susceptible host. At the early stage (24 h postinoculation [hpi]), mainly cell-wall remodeling and secondary metabolite pathways were highly activated, while differentially expressed genes related to signaling components, such as protein kinases, transcription factors, and hormonal pathways, show a remarkable upsurge at 72 hpi, especially in the resistant genotype. Notably, our data suggest an imperative role of jasmonic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid signaling in providing immunity against A. rabiei. Furthermore, gene co-expression networks and modules corroborated the importance of cell-wall remodeling, signal transduction, and phytohormone pathways. Hub genes such as MYB14, PRE6, and MADS-SOC1 discovered in these modules might be the master regulators governing chickpea immunity. Overall, we not only provide novel insights for comprehensive understanding of immune signaling components mediating AB resistance and susceptibility at early Cicer-Ascochyta interactions but, also, offer a valuable resource for developing AB-resistant chickpea. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aditi Dwivedi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Yeshveer Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kamal Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aashish Ranjan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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23
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Wang Z, Yang L, Jander G, Bhawal R, Zhang S, Liu Z, Oakley A, Hua J. AIG2A and AIG2B limit the activation of salicylic acid-regulated defenses by tryptophan-derived secondary metabolism in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4641-4660. [PMID: 35972413 PMCID: PMC9614473 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical defense systems involving tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites (TDSMs) and salicylic acid (SA) are induced by general nonself signals and pathogen signals, respectively, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Whether and how these chemical defense systems are connected and balanced is largely unknown. In this study, we identified the AVRRPT2-INDUCED GENE2A (AIG2A) and AIG2B genes as gatekeepers that prevent activation of SA defense systems by TDSMs. These genes also were identified as important contributors to natural variation in disease resistance among A. thaliana natural accessions. The loss of AIG2A and AIG2B function leads to upregulation of both SA and TDSM defense systems. Suppressor screens and genetic analysis revealed that a functional TDSM system is required for the upregulation of the SA pathway in the absence of AIG2A and AIG2B, but not vice versa. Furthermore, the AIG2A and AIG2B genes are co-induced with TDSM biosynthesis genes by general pathogen elicitors and nonself signals, thereby functioning as a feedback control of the TDSM defense system, as well as limiting activation of the SA defense system by TDSMs. Thus, this study uncovers an AIG2A- and AIG2B-mediated mechanism that fine-tunes and balances SA and TDSM chemical defense systems in response to nonpathogenic and pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Wang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Ruchika Bhawal
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Cornell University, New York 14853, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Cornell University, New York 14853, USA
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Aaron Oakley
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Jian Hua
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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24
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Wang D, Chai G, Xu L, Yang K, Zhuang Y, Yang A, Liu S, Kong Y, Zhou G. Phosphorylation-mediated inactivation of C3H14 by MPK4 enhances bacterial-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1941-1959. [PMID: 35736512 PMCID: PMC9614498 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) triggers mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase 4 (MPK4)-mediated phosphorylation and induces downstream transcriptional reprogramming, but the mechanisms of the MPK4 defense pathway are poorly understood. Here, we showed that phosphorylation-mediated inactivation of the CCCH protein C3H14 by MPK4 positively regulates the immune response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Compared with wild-type plants, loss-of-function mutations in C3H14 and its paralog C3H15 resulted in enhanced defense against Pst DC3000 in infected leaves and the development of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), whereas C3H14 or C3H15 overexpression enhanced susceptibility to this pathogen and failed to induce SAR. The functions of C3H14 in PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and SAR were dependent on MPK4-mediated phosphorylation. Challenge with Pst DC3000 or the flagellin peptide flg22 enhanced the phosphorylation of C3H14 by MPK4 in the cytoplasm, relieving C3H14-inhibited expression of PTI-related genes and attenuating C3H14-activated expression of its targets NIM1-INTERACTING1 (NIMIN1) and NIMIN2, two negative regulators of SAR. Salicylic acid (SA) affected the MPK4-C3H14-NIMIN1/2 cascades in immunity, but SA signaling mediated by the C3H14-NIMIN1/2 cascades was independent of MPK4 phosphorylation. Our study suggests that C3H14 might be a negative component of the MPK4 defense signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Kangkang Yang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yamei Zhuang
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
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25
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Yadav V, Wang Z, Guo Y, Zhang X. Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals the role of phytohormones and phenylpropanoid pathway in early-stage resistance against powdery mildew in watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1016822. [PMID: 36340394 PMCID: PMC9632293 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1016822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Yield and fruit quality loss by powdery mildew (PM) fungus is a major concern in cucurbits, but early-stage resistance mechanisms remain elusive in the majority of cucurbits. Here, we explored the comparative transcriptomic dynamics profiling of resistant line ZXG1755 (R) and susceptible line ZXG1996 (S) 48 h post-inoculation in watermelon seedlings to check precise expression changes induced by Podosphaera. xanthii race '2F'. Phenotypic responses were confirmed by microscopy and endogenous levels of defense and signaling related phytochromes were detected higher in resistant lines. In total, 7642 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, and 57.27% of genes were upregulated in four combinations. DEGs were predominantly abundant in the KEGG pathway linked with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone and transduction, and phenylalanine metabolism, whereas GO terms of defense response, response to fungus, and chitin response were predominant in resistant lines, evidencing significant defense mechanisms and differences in the basal gene expression levels between these contrasting lines. The expression of selected DEGs from major pathways (hormonal, lignin, peroxidase, sugar) were validated via qRT-PCR. Detailed analysis of DEGs evidenced that along with other DEGs, genes including PR1 (Cla97C02G034020) and PRX (Cla97C11G207220/30, Cla97C02G045100 and Cla97C02G049950) should be studied for their potential role. In short, our study portrayed strong evidence indicating the important role of a complex network associated with lignin biosynthesis and phytohormone related downstream mechanisms that are responsible for incompatible interaction between PM and watermelon resistance line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanliang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, China
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26
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Bernoux M, Zetzsche H, Stuttmann J. Connecting the dots between cell surface- and intracellular-triggered immune pathways in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102276. [PMID: 36001920 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants can detect microbial molecules via surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular immune receptors from the nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) family. The corresponding pattern-triggered (PTI) and effector-triggered (ETI) immunity were long considered separate pathways, although they converge on largely similar cellular responses, such as calcium influx and overlapping gene reprogramming. A number of studies recently uncovered genetic and molecular interconnections between PTI and ETI, highlighting the complexity of the plant immune network. Notably, PRR- and NLR-mediated immune responses require and potentiate each other to reach an optimal immune output. How PTI and ETI connect to confer robust immunity in different plant species, including crops will be an exciting future research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bernoux
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Holger Zetzsche
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Quedlinburg, Germany.
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27
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Lüdke D, Yan Q, Rohmann PFW, Wiermer M. NLR we there yet? Nucleocytoplasmic coordination of NLR-mediated immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:24-42. [PMID: 35794845 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) perceive the activity of pathogen-secreted effector molecules that, when undetected, promote colonisation of hosts. Signalling from activated NLRs converges with and potentiates downstream responses from activated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense microbial signatures at the cell surface. Efficient signalling of both receptor branches relies on the host cell nucleus as an integration point for transcriptional reprogramming, and on the macromolecular transport processes that mediate the communication between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Studies on nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), the nucleoporin proteins (NUPs) that compose NPCs, and nuclear transport machinery constituents that control nucleocytoplasmic transport, have revealed that they play important roles in regulating plant immune responses. Here, we discuss the contributions of nucleoporins and nuclear transport receptor (NTR)-mediated signal transduction in plant immunity with an emphasis on NLR immune signalling across the nuclear compartment boundary and within the nucleus. We also highlight and discuss cytoplasmic and nuclear functions of NLRs and their signalling partners and further consider the potential implications of NLR activation and resistosome formation in both cellular compartments for mediating plant pathogen resistance and programmed host cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lüdke
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Qiqi Yan
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Philipp F W Rohmann
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 12-16, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Singh KS, van der Hooft JJJ, van Wees SCM, Medema MH. Integrative omics approaches for biosynthetic pathway discovery in plants. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1876-1896. [PMID: 35997060 PMCID: PMC9491492 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022With the emergence of large amounts of omics data, computational approaches for the identification of plant natural product biosynthetic pathways and their genetic regulation have become increasingly important. While genomes provide clues regarding functional associations between genes based on gene clustering, metabolome mining provides a foundational technology to chart natural product structural diversity in plants, and transcriptomics has been successfully used to identify new members of their biosynthetic pathways based on coexpression. Thus far, most approaches utilizing transcriptomics and metabolomics have been targeted towards specific pathways and use one type of omics data at a time. Recent technological advances now provide new opportunities for integration of multiple omics types and untargeted pathway discovery. Here, we review advances in plant biosynthetic pathway discovery using genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, as well as recent efforts towards omics integration. We highlight how transcriptomics and metabolomics provide complementary information to link genes to metabolites, by associating temporal and spatial gene expression levels with metabolite abundance levels across samples, and by matching mass-spectral features to enzyme families. Furthermore, we suggest that elucidation of gene regulatory networks using time-series data may prove useful for efforts to unwire the complexities of biosynthetic pathway components based on regulatory interactions and events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Saurabh Singh
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Justin J J van der Hooft
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Saskia C M van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Stroud EA, Jayaraman J, Templeton MD, Rikkerink EHA. Comparison of the pathway structures influencing the temporal response of salicylate and jasmonate defence hormones in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:952301. [PMID: 36160984 PMCID: PMC9504473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Defence phytohormone pathways evolved to recognize and counter multiple stressors within the environment. Salicylic acid responsive pathways regulate the defence response to biotrophic pathogens whilst responses to necrotrophic pathogens, herbivory, and wounding are regulated via jasmonic acid pathways. Despite their contrasting roles in planta, the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid defence networks share a common architecture, progressing from stages of biosynthesis, to modification, regulation, and response. The unique structure, components, and regulation of each stage of the defence networks likely contributes, in part, to the speed, establishment, and longevity of the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways in response to hormone treatment and various biotic stressors. Recent advancements in the understanding of the Arabidopsis thaliana salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways are reviewed here, with a focus on how the structure of the pathways may be influencing the temporal regulation of the defence responses, and how biotic stressors and the many roles of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in planta may have shaped the evolution of the signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Stroud
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jay Jayaraman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D. Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Erik H. A. Rikkerink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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Banday ZZ, Cecchini NM, Speed DJ, Scott AT, Parent C, Hu CT, Filzen RC, Agbo E, Greenberg JT. Friend or foe: Hybrid proline-rich proteins determine how plants respond to beneficial and pathogenic microbes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:860-881. [PMID: 35642916 PMCID: PMC9434206 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant plastids generate signals, including some derived from lipids, that need to be mobilized to effect signaling. We used informatics to discover potential plastid membrane proteins involved in microbial responses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Among these are proteins co-regulated with the systemic immunity component AZELAIC ACID INDUCED 1, a hybrid proline-rich protein (HyPRP), and HyPRP superfamily members. HyPRPs have a transmembrane domain, a proline-rich region (PRR), and a lipid transfer protein domain. The precise subcellular location(s) and function(s) are unknown for most HyPRP family members. As predicted by informatics, a subset of HyPRPs has a pool of proteins that target plastid outer envelope membranes via a mechanism that requires the PRR. Additionally, two HyPRPs may be associated with thylakoid membranes. Most of the plastid- and nonplastid-localized family members also have pools that localize to the endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, or plasmodesmata. HyPRPs with plastid pools regulate, positively or negatively, systemic immunity against the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. HyPRPs also regulate the interaction with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 in the roots to influence colonization, root system architecture, and/or biomass. Thus, HyPRPs have broad and distinct roles in immunity, development, and growth responses to microbes and reside at sites that may facilitate signal molecule transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Z Banday
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | - DeQuantarius J Speed
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Allison T Scott
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | - Ciara T Hu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Rachael C Filzen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Elinam Agbo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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31
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Kufel J, Diachenko N, Golisz A. Alternative splicing as a key player in the fine-tuning of the immunity response in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1226-1238. [PMID: 35567423 PMCID: PMC9276941 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants, like animals, are constantly exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses, which often inhibit plant growth and development, and cause tissue damage, disease, and even plant death. Efficient and timely response to stress requires appropriate co- and posttranscriptional reprogramming of gene expression. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing provides an important layer of this regulation by controlling the level of factors involved in stress response and generating additional protein isoforms with specific features. Recent high-throughput studies have revealed that several defence genes undergo alternative splicing that is often affected by pathogen infection. Despite extensive work, the exact mechanisms underlying these relationships are still unclear, but the contribution of alternative protein isoforms to the defence response and the role of regulatory factors, including components of the splicing machinery, have been established. Modulation of gene expression in response to stress includes alternative splicing, chromatin remodelling, histone modifications, and nucleosome occupancy. How these processes affect plant immunity is mostly unknown, but these facets open new regulatory possibilities. Here we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and recent findings regarding the growing importance of alternative splicing in plant response to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kufel
- Institute of Genetics and BiotechnologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Nataliia Diachenko
- Institute of Genetics and BiotechnologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Anna Golisz
- Institute of Genetics and BiotechnologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
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Samaradivakara SP, Chen H, Lu Y, Li P, Kim Y, Tsuda K, Mine A, Day B. Overexpression of NDR1 leads to pathogen resistance at elevated temperatures. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1146-1162. [PMID: 35488494 PMCID: PMC9321970 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic environments influence a myriad of plant-related processes, including growth, development, and the establishment and maintenance of interaction(s) with microbes. In the case of the latter, elevated temperature has been shown to be a key factor that underpins host resistance and pathogen virulence. In this study, we elucidate a role for Arabidopsis NON-RACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE1 (NDR1) by exploiting effector-triggered immunity to define the regulation of plant host immunity in response to both pathogen infection and elevated temperature. We generated time-series RNA sequencing data of WT Col-0, an NDR1 overexpression line, and ndr1 and ics1-2 mutant plants under elevated temperature. Not surprisingly, the NDR1-overexpression line showed genotype-specific gene expression changes related to defense response and immune system function. The results described herein support a role for NDR1 in maintaining cell signaling during simultaneous exposure to elevated temperature and avirulent pathogen stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroopa P. Samaradivakara
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Plant SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Yi‐Ju Lu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Institute of BiochemistryNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Pai Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Yongsig Kim
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHubei Hongshan LaboratoryHubei Key Lab of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and HealthHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Shenzhen BranchGuangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhen518120China
| | - Akira Mine
- Laboratory of Plant PathologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8502Japan
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Plant SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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Cooper B, Campbell KB, Garrett WM. Salicylic Acid and Phytoalexin Induction by a Bacterium that Causes Halo Blight in Beans. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1766-1775. [PMID: 35147446 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-21-0496-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola is a bacterium that causes halo blight in beans. Different varieties of beans have hypersensitive resistance to specific races of P. savastanoi pv. phaseolicola. During hypersensitive resistance, also known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI), beans produce hormones that signal molecular processes to produce phytoalexins that are presumed to be antibiotic to bacteria. To shed light on hormone and phytoalexin production during immunity, we inoculated beans with virulent and avirulent races of P. savastanoi pv. phaseolicola. We then used mass spectrometry to measure the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), the primary hormone that controls immunity in plants, and other hormones including jasmonate, methyljasmonate, indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, cytokinin, gibberellic acid, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. SA, but no other examined hormone, consistently increased at sites of infection to greater levels in resistant beans compared with susceptible beans at 4 days after inoculation. We then monitored 10 candidate bean phytoalexins. Daidzein, genistein, kievitone, phaseollin, phaseollidin, coumestrol, and resveratrol substantially increased alongside SA in resistant beans but not in susceptible beans. In vitro culture assays revealed that SA, daidzein, genistein, coumestrol, and resveratrol inhibited P. savastanoi pv. phaseolicola race 5 culture growth. These results demonstrate that these phytoalexins may be regulated by SA and work with SA during ETI to restrict bacterial replication. This is the first report of antibiotic activity for daidzein, genistein, and resveratrol to P. savastanoi pv. phaseolicola. These results improve our understanding of the mechanistic output of ETI toward this bacterial pathogen of beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Cooper
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Kimberly B Campbell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Wesley M Garrett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
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Chen G, Zhang B, Ding J, Wang H, Deng C, Wang J, Yang Q, Pi Q, Zhang R, Zhai H, Dong J, Huang J, Hou J, Wu J, Que J, Zhang F, Li W, Min H, Tabor G, Li B, Liu X, Zhao J, Yan J, Lai Z. Cloning southern corn rust resistant gene RppK and its cognate gene AvrRppK from Puccinia polysora. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4392. [PMID: 35906218 PMCID: PMC9338322 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum resistance has great values for crop breeding. However, its mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we report the cloning of a maize NLR gene, RppK, for resistance against southern corn rust (SCR) and its cognate Avr gene, AvrRppK, from Puccinia polysora (the causal pathogen of SCR). The AvrRppK gene has no sequence variation in all examined isolates. It has high expression level during infection and can suppress pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Further, the introgression of RppK into maize inbred lines and hybrids enhances resistance against multiple isolates of P. polysora, thereby increasing yield in the presence of SCR. Together, we show that RppK is involved in resistance against multiple P. polysora isolates and it can recognize AvrRppK, which is broadly distributed and conserved in P. polysora isolates. Southern corn rust (SCR) caused by Puccinia polysora is a major maize disease that can result in major yield loss. Here, the authors report the expression of a CC-NB-LRR type of R gene RppK results in SCR resistance in susceptible maize lines and it can recognize the effector AvrRppK produced by P. polysora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengshen Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junqiang Ding
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Shennong Laboratory, 450002, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongze Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ce Deng
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qianhui Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qianyu Pi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruyang Zhang
- Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), 100097, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyu Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junfei Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junshi Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiabao Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junhua Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiamin Que
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haoxuan Min
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Girma Tabor
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Bailin Li
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130033, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiuran Zhao
- Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), 100097, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhibing Lai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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35
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Griebel T, Schütte D, Ebert A, Nguyen HH, Baier M. Cold Exposure Memory Reduces Pathogen Susceptibility in Arabidopsis Based on a Functional Plastid Peroxidase System. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:627-637. [PMID: 35345887 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-21-0283-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts serve as cold priming hubs modulating the transcriptional response of Arabidopsis thaliana to a second cold stimulus for several days by postcold accumulation of thylakoid ascorbate peroxidases (tAPX). In an attempt to investigate cross-priming effects of cold on plant pathogen protection, we show here that such a single 24-h cold treatment at 4°C decreased the susceptibility of Arabidopsis to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 but did not alter resistance against the avirulent P. syringae pv. tomato avRPM1 and P. syringae pv. tomato avrRPS4 strains or the effector-deficient P. syringae pv. tomato strain hrcC-. The effect of cold priming against P. syringae pv. tomato was active immediately after cold exposure and memorized for at least 5 days. The priming benefit was established independent of the immune regulator Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) or activation of the immune-related genes NHL10, FRK1, ICS1 and PR1 but required thylakoid-bound as well as stromal ascorbate peroxidase activities because the effect was absent or weak in corresponding knock-out-lines. Suppression of tAPX postcold regulation in a conditional-inducible tAPX-RNAi line led to increased bacterial growth numbers. This highlights that the plant immune system benefits from postcold regeneration of the protective chloroplast peroxidase system.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Griebel
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominic Schütte
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alina Ebert
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Hung Nguyen
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Margarete Baier
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid crosstalk in plant immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:647-656. [PMID: 35698792 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are major players in plant immunity. Numerous studies have provided evidence that SA- and JA-mediated signaling interact with each other (SA-JA crosstalk) to orchestrate plant immune responses against pathogens. At the same time, SA-JA crosstalk is often exploited by pathogens to promote their virulence. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of molecular mechanisms for and modulations of SA-JA crosstalk during pathogen infection.
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37
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Salguero-Linares J, Serrano I, Ruiz-Solani N, Salas-Gómez M, Phukan UJ, González VM, Bernardo-Faura M, Valls M, Rengel D, Coll NS. Robust transcriptional indicators of immune cell death revealed by spatiotemporal transcriptome analyses. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1059-1075. [PMID: 35502144 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of a pathogen by the plant immune system often triggers a form of regulated cell death traditionally known as the hypersensitive response (HR). This type of cell death occurs precisely at the site of pathogen recognition, and it is restricted to a few cells. Extensive research has shed light on how plant immune receptors are mechanistically activated. However, two central key questions remain largely unresolved: how does cell death zonation take place, and what are the mechanisms that underpin this phenomenon? Consequently, bona fide transcriptional indicators of HR are lacking, which prevents deeper insight into its mechanisms before cell death becomes macroscopic and precludes early or live observation. In this study, to identify the transcriptional indicators of HR we used the paradigmatic Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae pathosystem and performed a spatiotemporally resolved gene expression analysis that compared infected cells that will undergo HR upon pathogen recognition with bystander cells that will stay alive and activate immunity. Our data revealed unique and time-dependent differences in the repertoire of differentially expressed genes, expression profiles, and biological processes derived from tissue undergoing HR and that of its surroundings. Furthermore, we generated a pipeline based on concatenated pairwise comparisons between time, zone, and treatment that enabled us to define 13 robust transcriptional HR markers. Among these genes, the promoter of an uncharacterized AAA-ATPase was used to obtain a fluorescent reporter transgenic line that displays a strong spatiotemporally resolved signal specifically in cells that will later undergo pathogen-triggered cell death. This valuable set of genes can be used to define cells that are destined to die upon infection with HR-triggering bacteria, opening new avenues for specific and/or high-throughput techniques to study HR processes at a single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Salguero-Linares
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Serrano
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 84195 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nerea Ruiz-Solani
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Salas-Gómez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ujjal Jyoti Phukan
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Manuel González
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Bernardo-Faura
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 84195 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - David Rengel
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 84195 Castanet-Tolosan, France; INRAE, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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38
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Huang M, Jiang Y, Qin R, Jiang D, Chang D, Tian Z, Li C, Wang C. Full-Length Transcriptional Analysis of the Same Soybean Genotype With Compatible and Incompatible Reactions to Heterodera glycines Reveals Nematode Infection Activating Plant Defense Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:866322. [PMID: 35665156 PMCID: PMC9158574 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.866322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Full-length transcriptome sequencing with long reads is a powerful tool to analyze transcriptional and post-transcriptional events; however, it has not been applied on soybean (Glycine max). Here, a comparative full-length transcriptome analysis was performed on soybean genotype 09-138 infected with soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) race 4 (SCN4, incompatible reaction) and race 5 (SCN5, compatible reaction) using Oxford Nanopore Technology. Each of 9 full-length samples collected 8 days post inoculation with/without nematodes generated an average of 6.1 GB of clean data and a total of 65,038 transcript sequences. After redundant transcripts were removed, 1,117 novel genes and 41,096 novel transcripts were identified. By analyzing the sequence structure of the novel transcripts, a total of 28,759 complete open reading frame (ORF) sequences, 5,337 transcription factors, 288 long non-coding RNAs, and 40,090 novel transcripts with function annotation were predicted. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that growth hormone, auxin-activated signaling pathway and multidimensional cell growth, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were enriched by infection with both nematode races. More DEGs associated with stress response elements, plant-hormone signaling transduction pathway, and plant-pathogen interaction pathway with more upregulation were found in the incompatible reaction with SCN4 infection, and more DEGs with more upregulation involved in cell wall modification and carbohydrate bioprocess were detected in the compatible reaction with SCN5 infection when compared with each other. Among them, overlapping DEGs with a quantitative difference was triggered. The combination of protein-protein interaction with DEGs for the first time indicated that nematode infection activated the interactions between transcription factor WRKY and VQ (valine-glutamine motif) to contribute to soybean defense. The knowledge of the SCN-soybean interaction mechanism as a model will present more understanding of other plant-nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Ruifeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Doudou Chang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Zhongyan Tian
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Congli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
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Li X, Huang H, Rizwan HM, Wang N, Jiang J, She W, Zheng G, Pan H, Guo Z, Pan D, Pan T. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Lignin-Related Genes and Transcription Factors during Fruit Development in Pomelo ( Citrus maxima). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:845. [PMID: 35627230 PMCID: PMC9140673 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Juice sac granulation (a physiological disorder) leads to large postharvest losses of pomelo (Citrus maxima). Previous studies have shown that juice sac granulation is closely related to lignin accumulation, while the molecular mechanisms underlying this disorder remain elusive in pomelo. Our results showed that the lignin content in NC (near the core) and FC (far away from the core) juice sacs overall increased from 157 DPA (days post anthesis) to 212 DPA and reached a maximum at 212 DPA. Additionally, the lignin content of NC juice sacs was higher than that of FC juice sacs. In this study, we used transcriptome-based weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to address how lignin formation in NC and FC juice sacs is generated during the development of pomelo. After data assembly and bioinformatic analysis, we found a most correlated module (black module) to the lignin content, then we used the 11 DEGs in this module as hub genes for lignin biosynthesis. Among these DEGs, PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), HCT (hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase), 4CL2 (4-coumarate: CoA ligase), C4H (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase), C3'H (p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase), and CCoAOMT1 (caffeoyl CoA 3-Omethyltransferase) were the most distinct DEGs in granulated juice sacs. Co-expression analysis revealed that the expression patterns of several transcription factors such as MYB, NAC, OFP6, and bHLH130 are highly correlated with lignin formation. In addition, the expression patterns of the DEGs related to lignin biosynthesis and transcription factors were validated by qRT-PCR, and the results were highly concordant with the RNA-seq results. These results would be beneficial for further studies on the molecular mechanism of lignin accumulation in pomelo juice sacs and would help with citrus breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Hantang Huang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Naiyu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Wenqin She
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Guohua Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Heli Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Zhixiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Dongming Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Tengfei Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
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Nguyen NH, Trotel-Aziz P, Clément C, Jeandet P, Baillieul F, Aziz A. Camalexin accumulation as a component of plant immunity during interactions with pathogens and beneficial microbes. PLANTA 2022; 255:116. [PMID: 35511374 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview on the role of camalexin in plant immunity taking into account various plant-pathogen and beneficial microbe interactions, regulation mechanisms and the contribution in basal and induced plant resistance. In a hostile environment, plants evolve complex and sophisticated defense mechanisms to counteract invading pathogens and herbivores. Several lines of evidence support the assumption that secondary metabolites like phytoalexins which are synthesized de novo, play an important role in plant defenses and contribute to pathogens' resistance in a wide variety of plant species. Phytoalexins are synthesized and accumulated in plants upon pathogen challenge, root colonization by beneficial microbes, following treatment with chemical elicitors or in response to abiotic stresses. Their protective properties against pathogens have been reported in various plant species as well as their contribution to human health. Phytoalexins are synthesized through activation of particular sets of genes encoding specific pathways. Camalexin (3'-thiazol-2'-yl-indole) is the primary phytoalexin produced by Arabidopsis thaliana after microbial infection or abiotic elicitation and an iconic representative of the indole phytoalexin family. The synthesis of camalexin is an integral part of cruciferous plant defense mechanisms. Although the pathway leading to camalexin has been largely elucidated, the regulatory networks that control the induction of its biosynthetic steps by pathogens with different lifestyles or by beneficial microbes remain mostly unknown. This review thus presents current knowledge regarding camalexin biosynthesis induction during plant-pathogen and beneficial microbe interactions as well as in response to microbial compounds and provides an overview on its regulation and interplay with signaling pathways. The contribution of camalexin to basal and induced plant resistance and its detoxification by some pathogens to overcome host resistance are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Huu Nguyen
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC INRAE 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Cedex 02, Reims, France
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Tay Nguyen University, 567 Le Duan, Buon Ma Thuot, Daklak, Vietnam
| | - Patricia Trotel-Aziz
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC INRAE 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Cedex 02, Reims, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC INRAE 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Cedex 02, Reims, France
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC INRAE 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Cedex 02, Reims, France
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC INRAE 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Cedex 02, Reims, France
| | - Aziz Aziz
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC INRAE 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Cedex 02, Reims, France.
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41
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Basu S, Huynh L, Zhang S, Rabara R, Nguyen H, Velásquez Guzmán J, Hao G, Miles G, Shi Q, Stover E, Gupta G. Two Liberibacter Proteins Combine to Suppress Critical Innate Immune Defenses in Citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:869178. [PMID: 35586217 PMCID: PMC9108871 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.869178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We adopted a systems-based approach to determine the role of two Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) proteins, LasP 235 and Effector 3, in Huanglongbing (HLB) pathogenesis. While a published work suggests the involvement of these CLas proteins HLB pathogenesis, the exact structure-based mechanism of their action has not been elucidated. We conducted the following experiments to determine the structure-based mechanisms of action. First, we immunoprecipitated the interacting citrus protein partners of LasP 235 and Effector 3 from the healthy and CLas-infected Hamlin extracts and identified them by Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Second, we performed a split green fluorescent protein (GFP) assay in tobacco to validate that the interactions observed in vitro are also retained in planta. The notable in planta citrus targets of LasP 235 and Effector 3 include citrus innate immune proteins. Third, in vitro and in planta studies were performed to show that LasP 235 and Effector 3 interact with and inhibit the functions of multiple citrus proteins belonging to the innate immune pathways. These inhibitory interactions led to a high level of reactive oxygen species, blocking of bactericidal lipid transfer protein (LTP), and induction of premature programed cell death (PCD), all of which are beneficial to CLas lifecycle and HLB pathogenesis. Finally, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to visualize the interactions of LasP 235 and Effector 3, respectively, with LTP and Kunitz protease inhibitor. This led to the design of an LTP mimic, which sequestered and blocked LasP 235 and rescued the bactericidal activity of LTP thereby proving that LasP 235 , indeed, participates in HLB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Basu
- Biolab, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Loan Huynh
- Biolab, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Shujian Zhang
- Biolab, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Roel Rabara
- Biolab, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Hau Nguyen
- Biolab, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | | | - Guixia Hao
- Horticulture and Breeding, U. S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Godfrey Miles
- Horticulture and Breeding, U. S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Qingchun Shi
- Horticulture and Breeding, U. S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Ed Stover
- Horticulture and Breeding, U. S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Goutam Gupta
- Biolab, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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42
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Lapin D, Johanndrees O, Wu Z, Li X, Parker JE. Molecular innovations in plant TIR-based immunity signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1479-1496. [PMID: 35143666 PMCID: PMC9153377 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A protein domain (Toll and Interleukin-1 receptor [TIR]-like) with homology to animal TIRs mediates immune signaling in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we present an overview of TIR evolution and the molecular versatility of TIR domains in different protein architectures for host protection against microbial attack. Plant TIR-based signaling emerges as being central to the potentiation and effectiveness of host defenses triggered by intracellular and cell-surface immune receptors. Equally relevant for plant fitness are mechanisms that limit potent TIR signaling in healthy tissues but maintain preparedness for infection. We propose that seed plants evolved a specialized protein module to selectively translate TIR enzymatic activities to defense outputs, overlaying a more general function of TIRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence: (D.L.), (J.E.P.)
| | - Oliver Johanndrees
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
- Author for correspondence: (D.L.), (J.E.P.)
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43
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Lang J, Genot B, Bigeard J, Colcombet J. MPK3 and MPK6 control salicylic acid signaling by up-regulating NLR receptors during pattern- and effector-triggered immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2190-2205. [PMID: 35032388 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinases 3 and 6 (MPK3/6) are activated transiently during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and durably during effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The functional differences between these two kinds of activation kinetics and how they coordinate the two layers of plant immunity remain poorly understood. Here, by suppressor analyses, we demonstrate that ETI-mediating nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) and the NLR signaling components NDR1 and EDS1 can promote the salicylic acid sector of defense downstream of MPK3 activity. Moreover, we provide evidence that both sustained and transient MPK3/6 activities positively control the expression of several NLR genes, including AT3G04220 and AT4G11170. We further show that NDR1 and EDS1 contribute to the up-regulation of these two NLRs in both an ETI and a PTI context. Remarkably, whereas in ETI MPK3/6 activities are dependent on NDR1 and EDS1, they are not in PTI, suggesting crucial differences in the two signaling pathways. Finally, we demonstrate that expression of the NLR AT3G04220 is sufficient to induce expression of defense genes from the salicylic acid branch. Overall, this study expands our knowledge of MPK3/6 functions during immunity and provides new insights into the intricate interplay of PTI and ETI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lang
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Baptiste Genot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
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Tsuda K. Editorial Feature: Meet the PCP Editor-Kenichi Tsuda. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1-3. [PMID: 34669965 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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45
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Matsumoto A, Schlüter T, Melkonian K, Takeda A, Nakagami H, Mine A. A versatile Tn 7 transposon-based bioluminescence tagging tool for quantitative and spatial detection of bacteria in plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100227. [PMID: 35059625 PMCID: PMC8760037 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of plant-bacteria interactions requires quantification of in planta bacterial titers by means of cumbersome and time-consuming colony-counting assays. Here, we devised a broadly applicable tool for bioluminescence-based quantitative and spatial detection of bacteria in plants. We developed vectors that enable Tn7 transposon-mediated integration of the luxCDABE luciferase operon into a specific genomic location found ubiquitously across bacterial phyla. These vectors allowed for the generation of bioluminescent transformants of various plant pathogenic bacteria from the genera Pseudomonas, Rhizobium (Agrobacterium), and Ralstonia. Direct luminescence measurements of plant tissues inoculated with bioluminescent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto-lux) reported bacterial titers as accurately as conventional colony-counting assays in Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Marchantia polymorpha. We further showed the usefulness of our vectors in converting previously generated Pto derivatives to isogenic bioluminescent strains. Importantly, quantitative bioluminescence assays using these Pto-lux strains accurately reported the effects of plant immunity and bacterial effectors on bacterial growth, with a dynamic range of four orders of magnitude. Moreover, macroscopic bioluminescence imaging illuminated the spatial patterns of Pto-lux growth in/on inoculated plant tissues. In conclusion, our vectors offer untapped opportunities to develop bioluminescence-based assays for a variety of plant-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsumoto
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Titus Schlüter
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Katharina Melkonian
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Akira Mine
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Li Y, Liu K, Tong G, Xi C, Liu J, Zhao H, Wang Y, Ren D, Han S. MPK3/MPK6-mediated phosphorylation of ERF72 positively regulates resistance to Botrytis cinerea through directly and indirectly activating the transcription of camalexin biosynthesis enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:413-428. [PMID: 34499162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene response factor (ERF) Group VII members generally function in regulating plant growth and development, abiotic stress responses, and plant immunity in Arabidopsis; however, the details of the regulatory mechanism by which Group VII ERFs mediate plant immune responses remain elusive. Here, we characterized one such member, ERF72, as a positive regulator that mediates resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Compared with the wild-type (WT), the erf72 mutant showed lower camalexin concentration and was more susceptible to B. cinerea, while complementation of ERF72 in erf72 rescued the susceptibility phenotype. Moreover, overexpression of ERF72 in the WT promoted camalexin biosynthesis and increased resistance to B. cinerea. We identified the camalexin-biosynthesis genes PAD3 and CYP71A13 and the transcription factor WRKY33 as target genes of ERF72. We also determined that MPK3 and MPK6 phosphorylated ERF72 at Ser151 and improved its transactivation activity, resulting in increased camalexin concentration and increased resistance to B. cinerea. Thus, ERF72 acts in plant immunity to coordinate camalexin biosynthesis both directly by regulating the expression of biosynthetic genes and indirectly by targeting WRKK33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganlu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chao Xi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yingdian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shengcheng Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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47
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Delplace F, Huard-Chauveau C, Berthomé R, Roby D. Network organization of the plant immune system: from pathogen perception to robust defense induction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:447-470. [PMID: 34399442 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system has been explored essentially through the study of qualitative resistance, a simple form of immunity, and from a reductionist point of view. The recent identification of genes conferring quantitative disease resistance revealed a large array of functions, suggesting more complex mechanisms. In addition, thanks to the advent of high-throughput analyses and system approaches, our view of the immune system has become more integrative, revealing that plant immunity should rather be seen as a distributed and highly connected molecular network including diverse functions to optimize expression of plant defenses to pathogens. Here, we review the recent progress made to understand the network complexity of regulatory pathways leading to plant immunity, from pathogen perception, through signaling pathways and finally to immune responses. We also analyze the topological organization of these networks and their emergent properties, crucial to predict novel immune functions and test them experimentally. Finally, we report how these networks might be regulated by environmental clues. Although system approaches remain extremely scarce in this area of research, a growing body of evidence indicates that the plant response to combined biotic and abiotic stresses cannot be inferred from responses to individual stresses. A view of possible research avenues in this nascent biology domain is finally proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Delplace
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Carine Huard-Chauveau
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Richard Berthomé
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
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48
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Wang H, Bi Y, Gao Y, Yan Y, Yuan X, Xiong X, Wang J, Liang J, Li D, Song F. A Pathogen-Inducible Rice NAC Transcription Factor ONAC096 Contributes to Immunity Against Magnaprothe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Direct Binding to the Promoters of OsRap2.6, OsWRKY62, and OsPAL1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:802758. [PMID: 34956298 PMCID: PMC8702954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.802758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rice NAC transcriptional factor family harbors 151 members, and some of them play important roles in rice immunity. Here, we report the function and molecular mechanism of a pathogen-inducible NAC transcription factor, ONAC096, in rice immunity against Magnaprothe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Expression of ONAC096 was induced by M. oryzae and by abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate. ONAC096 had the DNA binding ability to NAC recognition sequence and was found to be a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator whose activity depended on its C-terminal. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ONAC096 attenuated rice immunity against M. oryzae and X. oryzae pv. oryzae as well as suppressed chitin- and flg22-induced reactive oxygen species burst and expression of PTI marker genes OsWRKY45 and OsPAL4; by contrast, overexpression of ONAC096 enhanced rice immunity against these two pathogens and strengthened chitin- or flg22-induced PTI. RNA-seq transcriptomic profiling and qRT-PCR analysis identified a small set of defense and signaling genes that are putatively regulated by ONAC096, and further biochemical analysis validated that ONAC096 could directly bind to the promoters of OsRap2.6, OsWRKY62, and OsPAL1, three known defense and signaling genes that regulate rice immunity. ONAC096 interacts with ONAC066, which is a positive regulator of rice immunity. These results demonstrate that ONAC096 positively contributes to rice immunity against M. oryzae and X. oryzae pv. oryzae through direct binding to the promoters of downstream target genes including OsRap2.6, OsWRKY62, and OsPAL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Bi
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Gao
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Yan
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaohui Xiong
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Liang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dayong Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Golisz A, Krzyszton M, Stepien M, Dolata J, Piotrowska J, Szweykowska-Kulinska Z, Jarmolowski A, Kufel J. Arabidopsi s Spliceosome Factor SmD3 Modulates Immunity to Pseudomonas syringae Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:765003. [PMID: 34925413 PMCID: PMC8678131 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.765003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
SmD3 is a core component of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) that is essential for pre-mRNA splicing. The role of Arabidopsis SmD3 in plant immunity was assessed by testing sensitivity of smd3a and smd3b mutants to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 infection and its pathogenesis effectors flagellin (flg22), EF-Tu (elf18) and coronatine (COR). Both smd3 mutants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to Pst accompanied by marked changes in the expression of key pathogenesis markers. mRNA levels of major biotic stress response factors were also altered upon treatment with Pseudomonas effectors. Our genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the smd3b-1 mutant infected with Pst, verified by northern and RT-qPCR, showed that lack of SmD3-b protein deregulates defense against Pst infection at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels including defects in splicing and an altered pattern of alternative splicing. Importantly, we show that SmD3-b dysfunction impairs mainly stomatal immunity as a result of defects in stomatal development. We propose that it is the malfunction of the stomata that is the primary cause of an altered mutant response to the pathogen. Other changes in the smd3b-1 mutant involved enhanced elf18- and flg22-induced callose deposition, reduction of flg22-triggered production of early ROS and boost of secondary ROS caused by Pst infection. Together, our data indicate that SmD3 contributes to the plant immune response possibly via regulation of mRNA splicing of key pathogenesis factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Golisz
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Krzyszton
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Stepien
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Dolata
- Department of Gene Expression, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Justyna Piotrowska
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Szweykowska-Kulinska
- Department of Gene Expression, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Jarmolowski
- Department of Gene Expression, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Kufel
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Hussain A, Khan MI, Albaqami M, Mahpara S, Noorka IR, Ahmed MAA, Aljuaid BS, El-Shehawi AM, Liu Z, Farooq S, Zuan ATK. CaWRKY30 Positively Regulates Pepper Immunity by Targeting CaWRKY40 against Ralstonia solanacearum Inoculation through Modulating Defense-Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112091. [PMID: 34769521 PMCID: PMC8584995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The WRKY transcription factors (TFs) network is composed of WRKY TFs’ subset, which performs a critical role in immunity regulation of plants. However, functions of WRKY TFs’ network remain unclear, particularly in non-model plants such as pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). This study functionally characterized CaWRKY30—a member of group III Pepper WRKY protein—for immunity of pepper against Ralstonia solanacearum infection. The CaWRKY30 was detected in nucleus, and its transcriptional expression levels were significantly upregulated by R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI), and foliar application ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA). Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CaWRKY30 amplified pepper’s vulnerability to RSI. Additionally, the silencing of CaWRKY30 by VIGS compromised HR-like cell death triggered by RSI and downregulated defense-associated marker genes, like CaPR1, CaNPR1, CaDEF1, CaABR1, CaHIR1, and CaWRKY40. Conversely, transient over-expression of CaWRKY30 in pepper leaves instigated HR-like cell death and upregulated defense-related maker genes. Furthermore, transient over-expression of CaWRKY30 upregulated transcriptional levels of CaWRKY6, CaWRKY22, CaWRKY27, and CaWRKY40. On the other hand, transient over-expression of CaWRKY6, CaWRKY22, CaWRKY27, and CaWRKY40 upregulated transcriptional expression levels of CaWRKY30. The results recommend that newly characterized CaWRKY30 positively regulates pepper’s immunity against Ralstonia attack, which is governed by synergistically mediated signaling by phytohormones like ET, ABA, and SA, and transcriptionally assimilating into WRKY TFs networks, consisting of CaWRKY6, CaWRKY22, CaWRKY27, and CaWRKY40. Collectively, our data will facilitate to explicate the underlying mechanism of crosstalk between pepper’s immunity and response to RSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Hussain
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.I.K.); (S.M.); (I.R.N.)
| | - Muhammad Ifnan Khan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.I.K.); (S.M.); (I.R.N.)
| | - Mohammed Albaqami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shahzadi Mahpara
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.I.K.); (S.M.); (I.R.N.)
| | - Ijaz Rasool Noorka
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.I.K.); (S.M.); (I.R.N.)
| | - Mohamed A. A. Ahmed
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture—Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt;
| | - Bandar S. Aljuaid
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (A.T.K.Z.)
| | - Shahid Farooq
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Şanlıurfa 63050, Turkey;
| | - Ali Tan Kee Zuan
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (A.T.K.Z.)
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