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Foley K, Ward PR, Lunnay B. Gendered pleasures, risks and policies: Using a logic of candidacy to explore paradoxical roles of alcohol as a good/poor health behaviour for Australian women early during the pandemic. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 130:104510. [PMID: 39106586 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Drinking alcohol facilitates pleasure for women while also elevating disease risk. Symbolic expectations of what alcohol 'does in' life per lay insight (relax, identity-work, connect) sit in tension with scientific realities about what alcohol 'does to' women's bodies (elevate chronic disease risks such as breast cancer). Policy must work amidst - and despite - these paradoxes to reduce harm(s) to women by attending to the gendered and emergent configurations of both realities. This paper applies a logic of candidacy to explore women's alcohol consumption and pleasure through candidacies of wellness in addition to risk through candidacies of disease (e.g. breast cancer). Using qualitative data collected via 56 interviews with Australian women (n = 48) during early pandemic countermeasures, we explore how risk perceptions attached to alcohol (like breast cancer) co-exist with use-values of alcohol in daily life and elucidate alcohol's paradoxical role in women's heuristics of good/poor health behaviours. Women were aged 25-64 years, experienced varying life circumstances (per a multidimensional measure of social class including economic, social and cultural capital) and living conditions (i.e. partnered/single, un/employed, children/no children). We collated coding structures from data within both projects; used deductive inferences to understand alcohol's paradoxical role in candidacies of wellness and disease; abductively explored women's prioritisation of co-existing candidacies during the pandemic; and retroductively theorised prioritisations per evolving pandemic-inflected constructions of alcohol-related gendered risk/s and pleasure/s. Our analysis illuminates the ways alcohol was configured as a pleasure and form of wellness in relation to stress, productivity and respectability. It also demonstrates how gender was relationally enacted amidst the priorities, discourses and materialities enfolding women's lives during the pandemic. We consider the impact of policy regulation of aggressive alcohol marketing and banal availability of alcohol in pandemic environments and outline gender-responsive, multi-level policy options to reduce alcohol harms to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Foley
- Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, 88 Wakefield Street Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Paul R Ward
- Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, 88 Wakefield Street Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Belinda Lunnay
- Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, 88 Wakefield Street Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia
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Lunnay B, Seymour J, Foley K, Musolino C, Ward PR. Through the wine glass: How biographical midlife transitions and women's affective interpretations interact with alcohol consumption. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 117:104046. [PMID: 37207408 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women during midlife are consuming larger quantities of alcohol than any other age group of women and any other generation of midlife women previously. This is concerning given alcohol related-health risks coalesce with age-related health risks for women, in particular, breast cancer. METHODS In-depth interviews with 50 Australian midlife women (aged 45-64) from different social classes explored women's personal accounts of midlife transitions and their descriptions of the role of alcohol in navigating these life experiences; both daily occurrences as well as significant moments in the life course. RESULTS Our findings point to the complex, confusing and co-existing biographical transitions women experience during midlife (generational, embodied/physiological and material changes) that sharpen a role for alcohol in women's lives and are nuanced by social class (volumes of social, economic and cultural capital). We pay close attention to women's affective interpretations of these transitions and ways alcohol is used to feel robust in navigating daily life or easing their prospective futures. Critically, for women living with limited access to capital, and who could not 'measure up' to social ideals by comparison with the achievements and trajectories of other midlife women, alcohol reconciled their disappointment. Our exploration shows how the social class conditions that shape how women make sense of their transitions through midlife might be differently shaped to enable different options forreducing drinking. CONCLUSIONS Policy must address the social and emotional concerns women experience through midlife transitions that give alcohol a worthwhile place in their lives. A first step might be responding to the absence of community and leisure spaces for midlife women especially those that do not integrate alcohol, with benefits including addressing loneliness, isolation and feeling invisible, and enabling positive constructions of midlife identities. Structural barriers to participation and feelings of worth must be removed for women who lack social, cultural and economic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Lunnay
- Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing (PHEHF), Torrens University of Australia, Adelaide Campus, 88 Wakefield St, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Jessica Seymour
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Kristen Foley
- Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing (PHEHF), Torrens University of Australia, Adelaide Campus, 88 Wakefield St, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Connie Musolino
- Stretton Health Equity, Stretton Institute, School of Social Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul R Ward
- Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing (PHEHF), Torrens University of Australia, Adelaide Campus, 88 Wakefield St, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
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Laaksonen MA, Li S, Canfell K, MacInnis RJ, Giles GG, Banks E, Byles JE, Magliano DJ, Shaw JE, Gill TK, Hirani V, Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Bonello M, Vajdic CM. The future burden of oesophageal and stomach cancers attributable to modifiable behaviours in Australia: a pooled cohort study. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1052-1069. [PMID: 36564563 PMCID: PMC10006078 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We quantified the individual and joint contribution of contemporaneous causal behavioural exposures on the future burden of oesophageal and stomach cancers and their subtypes and assessed whether these burdens differ between population groups in Australia, as such estimates are currently lacking. METHODS We combined hazard ratios from seven pooled Australian cohorts (N = 367,058) linked to national cancer and death registries with exposure prevalence from the 2017-2018 National Health Survey to estimate Population Attributable Fractions (PAFs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), accounting for competing risk of death. RESULTS Current and past smoking explain 35.2% (95% CI = 11.7-52.4%), current alcohol consumption exceeding three drinks/day 15.7% (95% CI = 0.9-28.4%), and these exposures jointly 41.4% (95% CI = 19.8-57.3%) of oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas in Australia. Current and past smoking contribute 38.2% (95% CI = 9.4-57.9%), obesity 27.0% (95% CI = 0.6-46.4%), and these exposures jointly 54.4% (95% CI = 25.3-72.1%) of oesophageal adenocarcinomas. Overweight and obesity explain 36.1% (95% CI = 9.1-55.1%), current and past smoking 24.2% (95% CI = 4.2-40.0%), and these exposures jointly 51.2% (95% CI = 26.3-67.8%) of stomach cardia cancers. Several population groups had a significantly higher smoking-attributable oesophageal cancer burden, including men and those consuming excessive alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Smoking is the leading preventable behavioural cause of oesophageal cancers and overweight/obesity of stomach cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit A Laaksonen
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Siqi Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Canfell
- Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily Banks
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Julie E Byles
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Dianna J Magliano
- Diabetes and Population Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan E Shaw
- Clinical Diabetes and Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vasant Hirani
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert G Cumming
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Claire M Vajdic
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lee SM, Versace VL, Obamiro K. Public Awareness of Bowel Cancer Risk Factors, Symptoms and Screening in Tasmania, Australia: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031497. [PMID: 35162541 PMCID: PMC8835398 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tasmania has one of the highest bowel cancer incidence and death rates in the world. Public awareness of risk factors, symptoms, and early detection of bowel cancer is important for minimising the burden of disease. This study measured awareness levels of bowel cancer risk factors, symptoms and screening in Tasmania. An online survey of 3703 participants aged 18 years and older found that alcohol consumption, low physical activity levels, and having diabetes were the least known risk factors for bowel cancer. Over half of all participants were unaware the risk of bowel cancer increased with age, and 53 percent were not confident they would notice a bowel cancer symptom. Over a third of survey respondents did not know that screening commenced at the age of 50. The results indicate that a targeted campaign to increase bowel cancer awareness in Tasmania may help reduce the high rates of morbidity and mortality from the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M. Lee
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS 7248, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Vincent L. Versace
- Deakin Rural Health, Deakin University, Warrnambool, VIC 3280, Australia;
| | - Kehinde Obamiro
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS 7248, Australia;
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Cameron JK, Baade P. Projections of the future burden of cancer in Australia using Bayesian age-period-cohort models. Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 72:101935. [PMID: 33838461 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate forecasts of cancer incidence, with appropriate estimates of uncertainty, are crucial for planners and policy makers to ensure resource availability and prioritize interventions. We used Bayesian age-period-cohort (APC) models to project the future incidence of cancer in Australia. METHODS Bayesian APC models were fitted to counts of cancer diagnoses in Australia from 1982 to 2016 and projected to 2031 for seven key cancer types: breast, colorectal, liver, lung, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma and stomach. Aggregate cancer data from population-based cancer registries were sourced from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. RESULTS Over the projection period, total counts for these cancer types increased on average by 3 % annually to 100 385 diagnoses in 2031, which is a 50 % increase over 2016 numbers, although there is considerable uncertainty in this estimate. Counts for each cancer type and sex increased over the projection period, whereas decreases in the age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) were projected for stomach, colorectal and male lung cancers. Large increases in ASRs were projected for liver and female lung cancer. Increases in the percentage of colorectal cancer diagnoses among younger age groups were projected. Retrospective one-step-ahead projections indicated both the incidence and its uncertainty were successfully forecast. CONCLUSIONS Increases in the projected incidence counts of key cancer types are in part attributable to the increasing and ageing population. The projected increases in ASRs for some cancer types should increase motivation to reduce sedentary behaviour, poor diet, overweight and undermanagement of infections. The Bayesian paradigm provides useful measures of the uncertainty associated with these projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Katherine Cameron
- The Viertel Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, PO Box 201, Spring Hill, Brisbane, Queensland, 4004, Australia; School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia.
| | - Peter Baade
- The Viertel Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, PO Box 201, Spring Hill, Brisbane, Queensland, 4004, Australia; School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, G40 Griffith Health Centre, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia.
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6
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Sarich P, Canfell K, Egger S, Banks E, Joshy G, Grogan P, Weber MF. Alcohol consumption, drinking patterns and cancer incidence in an Australian cohort of 226,162 participants aged 45 years and over. Br J Cancer 2020; 124:513-523. [PMID: 33041337 PMCID: PMC7853127 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although overall alcohol consumption is known to increase the risk of a number of cancers internationally, evidence for Australia and evidence regarding the pattern of drinking and cancer risk is limited. METHODS Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cancer risk in relation to overall alcohol consumption (drinks/week) and pattern of drinking were calculated using Cox proportional hazard regressions for 226,162 participants aged ≥45 years (2006-2009) in the 45 and Up Study, an Australian prospective cohort study. Incident primary cancer cases were ascertained by linkage to the New South Wales Cancer Registry to 2013 by the Centre for Health Record Linkage. RESULTS Over a median of 5.4 years, 17,332 cancers were diagnosed. Increasing levels of alcohol intake were associated with increased risk of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (1.19; 1.10-1.29), mouth and pharynx (1.18; 1.08-1.29), oesophagus (1.22; 1.04-1.43), colorectum (1.09; 1.04-1.15), colon (1.13; 1.06-1.20), liver (1.22; 1.04-1.44) and breast (1.11; 1.02-1.21). Breast cancer risk was marginally associated with drinking pattern, with higher risk when intake was concentrated on 1-3 days/week compared to the same amount spread over 4-7 days (Pinteraction = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS Alcohol consumption confers a significant risk of cancer, and drinking pattern may be independently related to breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sarich
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, Sydney, NSW, 1340, Australia. .,Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Karen Canfell
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, Sydney, NSW, 1340, Australia.,Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Edmund Blacket Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sam Egger
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, Sydney, NSW, 1340, Australia
| | - Emily Banks
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Building 62, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Grace Joshy
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Building 62, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Paul Grogan
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, Sydney, NSW, 1340, Australia.,Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Marianne F Weber
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, Sydney, NSW, 1340, Australia.,Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Orchard SG, Lockery JE, Gibbs P, Polekhina G, Wolfe R, Zalcberg J, Haydon A, McNeil JJ, Nelson MR, Reid CM, Kirpach B, Murray AM, Woods RL. Cancer history and risk factors in healthy older people enrolling in the ASPREE clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 96:106095. [PMID: 32739494 PMCID: PMC8009087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a leading cause of death globally. Given the elevated risk of cancer with age and an ageing population, it is important to understand the changing burden of cancer in older populations. The ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study randomised healthy older individuals to 100 mg aspirin or placebo, with clinical outcomes and disability-free survival endpoints. Detailed baseline data provides a rare opportunity to explore cancer burden in a uniquely healthy older population. METHODS At study enrolment (2010-2014), self-reported personal cancer history, cancer type and cancer risk factor data were sought from 19,114 participants (Australia, n = 16,703; U.S., n = 2411). Eligible participants were healthy, free of major diseases and expected to survive 5 years. RESULTS Nearly 20% of enrolling ASPREE participants reported a prior cancer diagnosis; 18% of women and 22% of men, with women diagnosed younger (16% vs 6% of diagnoses <50 years). Cancer prevalence increased with age. Prevalence of prostate and breast cancer history were higher in U.S. participants; melanoma and colorectal cancer were higher in Australian participants. Cancer history prevalence was not associated with contemporary common risk factors nor previous aspirin use, but was associated with poor health ratings in men. Blood and breast cancer history were more common with past aspirin use. CONCLUSIONS Personal cancer history in healthy older ASPREE participants was as expected for the most common cancer types in the respective populations, but was not necessarily aligned with known risk factors. We attribute this to survivor bias, likely driven by entry criteria. TRIAL REGISTRATION International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register (ISRCTN83772183) and clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01038583).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Orchard
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Jessica E Lockery
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Peter Gibbs
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne,1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Galina Polekhina
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Rory Wolfe
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - John Zalcberg
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Andrew Haydon
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - John J McNeil
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Mark R Nelson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool St (Private Bag 23), Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Christopher M Reid
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth 6102, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Brenda Kirpach
- Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI), 701 Park Avenue, Suite PP7.700, Minneapolis 55415, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Anne M Murray
- Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI), 701 Park Avenue, Suite PP7.700, Minneapolis 55415, Minnesota, USA; Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and University of Minnesota, East River Parkway, Minneapolis 55455, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Robyn L Woods
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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Gudenkauf FJ, Thrift AP. Preventable causes of cancer in Texas by race/ethnicity: Alcohol consumption. Alcohol 2020; 85:21-26. [PMID: 31605725 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption, especially at levels above 3 drinks/day, causes eight different types of cancer. We aimed to estimate the percentage and number of incident cancer cases diagnosed in Texas in 2015 that were attributable to alcohol consumption. We further examined for differences in these estimates across major population racial/ethnic subgroups. We calculated population-attributable fractions for cancers attributable to alcohol consumption using prevalence estimates of alcohol consumption from the Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and relative risks associated with alcohol consumption from the third World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research expert report. Cancer incidence data were retrieved from the Texas Cancer Registry. We estimated 2.9% of all cancers or 2974 excess cancer cases diagnosed in 2015 in Texans aged ≥25 years were attributable to alcohol consumption. Non-Hispanic Blacks (2.2%) had the lowest proportion of alcohol-attributable cancers. Despite Hispanics having the highest percent of non-consumption of alcohol (65.3%, compared with 45.5% of non-Hispanic Whites), Hispanics had a slightly higher proportion of alcohol-attributable cancers than non-Hispanic Whites (3.0% and 2.7%, respectively). Alcohol consumption is an important target for intervention by public health programs aimed toward addressing cancer prevention. Differences in alcohol-attributable cancer burden among racial/ethnic subgroups should be acknowledged to provide appropriately tailored prevention recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciska J Gudenkauf
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Aaron P Thrift
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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9
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Grevers X, Ruan Y, Poirier AE, Walter SD, Villeneuve PJ, Friedenreich CM, Brenner DR. Estimates of the current and future burden of cancer attributable to alcohol consumption in Canada. Prev Med 2019; 122:40-48. [PMID: 31078172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is associated with elevated risk of oropharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, colon, rectal, breast, liver, pancreatic and stomach cancers. The purpose of this analysis was to provide national and provincial estimates of the number and proportion of cancers attributable to alcohol consumption in Canada and to project the numbers of potentially avoidable cancers using possible intervention scenarios. We estimated the population attributable risk (PAR) for cancers associated with alcohol consumption levels (drinks/day) using: i) relative risks obtained from the World Cancer Research Fund/(WCRF) reports or meta-analyses, ii) alcohol consumption (prevalence) data from the 2003 Canadian Community Health Survey, and iii) cancer incidence data from the 2015 Canadian Cancer Registry. We used potential impact fractions (PIFs) to estimate the future avoidable cancer burden under four counterfactual scenarios: (1) lowering alcohol consumption to meet the WCRF low risk guidelines, (2) meeting the Canada's Low-Risk Drinking Guidelines, (3) reducing daily intake by one drink/day, and (4) decreasing consumption to 50% of the 2003 levels by 2032. We estimated that 3282 incident cancer cases (5.2% of alcohol-associated cancers and 1.8% of all cancers) diagnosed in Canada in 2015 were attributable to alcohol consumption. At the current consumption levels, alcohol-attributable cancers are expected to increase to 10,122 (8.8% of cases among alcohol-associated cancers) by 2042. Under the best case scenario, reducing alcohol consumption to 50% of 2003 levels by 2032, could prevent 70,261 cases by 2042. Strategies that effectively reduce alcohol consumption at a population level can have a meaningful impact on reducing the cancer burden in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Grevers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yibing Ruan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abbey E Poirier
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen D Walter
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul J Villeneuve
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine M Friedenreich
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darren R Brenner
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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10
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Meyer SB, Foley K, Olver I, Ward PR, McNaughton D, Mwanri L, Miller ER. Alcohol and breast cancer risk: Middle-aged women's logic and recommendations for reducing consumption in Australia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211293. [PMID: 30759125 PMCID: PMC6374008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to understand the factors shaping alcohol consumption patterns in middle-aged women (45-64), and to identify participant-driven population- and policy-level strategies that may be used to addresses alcohol consumption and reduce breast cancer risk. METHODS Semi-structured interviews (n = 35) were conducted with 'middle-aged' women conversant in English and living in South Australia with no history of breast cancer diagnosis. Data were deductively coded using a co-developed framework including variables relevant to our study objectives. Women were asked about their current level of awareness of the association between alcohol and breast cancer risk, and their personal recommendations for how to decrease consumption in middle-aged Australian women. RESULTS Women discussed their previous efforts to decrease consumption, which we drew on to identify preliminary recommendations for consumption reduction. We identified a low level of awareness of alcohol and breast cancer risk, and confusion related to alcohol as a risk for breast cancer, but not always causing breast cancer. Participants suggested that education and awareness, through various means, may help to reduce consumption. CONCLUSIONS Participants' description of strategies used to reduce their own consumption lead us to suggest that campaigns might focus on the more salient and immediate effects of alcohol (e.g. on physical appearance and mental health) rather than longer-term consequences. Critical considerations for messaging include addressing the personal, physical and social pleasures that alcohol provides, and how these may differ across socio-demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B. Meyer
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristen Foley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Olver
- University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul R. Ward
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Darlene McNaughton
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma R. Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Soerjomataram I, Shield K, Marant-Micallef C, Vignat J, Hill C, Rogel A, Menvielle G, Dossus L, Ormsby JN, Rehm J, Rushton L, Vineis P, Parkin M, Bray F. Cancers related to lifestyle and environmental factors in France in 2015. Eur J Cancer 2018; 105:103-113. [PMID: 30445359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a major cause of premature illness and death in France. To quantify how cancer prevention could reduce the burden, we present estimates of the contribution of lifestyle and environmental risk factors to cancer incidence in France in 2015, comparing these with other high-income countries. METHOD Prevalences of, and relative risks for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, inadequate diet, overweight and obesity, physical inactivity, exogenous hormones, suboptimal breastfeeding, infectious agents, ionising radiation, air pollution, ultraviolet exposure, occupational exposures, arsenic in drinking water and indoor benzene were obtained to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) and the number of attributable cancers by the cancer site and sex. RESULTS In 2015, 41% (or 142,000 of 346,000) of all new cancers diagnosed in France could be attributed to the aforementioned risk factors. The numbers and PAF were slightly higher in men than in women (84,000 versus 58,000 cases and 44% versus 37%, respectively). Smoking (PAF: 20%), alcohol consumption (PAF: 8%), dietary factors (PAF: 5%) and excess weight (PAF: 5%) were the most important factors. Infections and occupational exposures each contributed to an additional 4% of the cancer cases in 2015. CONCLUSION Today, two-fifths of cancers in France are attributable to preventable risk factors. The variations in the key amenable factors responsible in France relative to other economically similar countries highlight the need for tailored approaches to cancer education and prevention. Reducing smoking and alcohol consumption and the adoption of healthier diet and body weight remain important targets to reduce the increasing number of new cancer patients in France in the decades to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Soerjomataram
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
| | - Kevin Shield
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Claire Marant-Micallef
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jerome Vignat
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Agnes Rogel
- Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | | | - Laure Dossus
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Ormsby
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jurgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lesley Rushton
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Max Parkin
- Clinical Trials Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Freddie Bray
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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12
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Brenner DR, Poirier AE, Walter SD, King WD, Franco EL, Demers PA, Villeneuve PJ, Ruan Y, Khandwala F, Grevers X, Nuttall R, Smith L, De P, Volesky K, O'Sullivan D, Hystad P, Friedenreich CM. Estimating the current and future cancer burden in Canada: methodological framework of the Canadian population attributable risk of cancer (ComPARe) study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022378. [PMID: 30068623 PMCID: PMC6074628 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Canadian Population Attributable Risk of Cancer project aims to quantify the number and proportion of cancer cases incident in Canada, now and projected to 2042, that could be prevented through changes in the prevalence of modifiable exposures associated with cancer. The broad risk factor categories of interest include tobacco, diet, energy imbalance, infectious diseases, hormonal therapies and environmental factors such as air pollution and residential radon. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Using a national network, we will use population-attributable risks (PAR) and potential impact fractions (PIF) to model both attributable (current) and avoidable (future) cancers. The latency periods and the temporal relationships between exposures and cancer diagnoses will be accounted for in the analyses. For PAR estimates, historical exposure prevalence data and the most recent provincial and national cancer incidence data will be used. For PIF estimates, we will model alternative or 'counterfactual' distributions of cancer risk factor exposures to assess how cancer incidence could be reduced under different scenarios of population exposure, projecting incidence to 2042. DISSEMINATION The framework provided can be readily extended and applied to other populations or jurisdictions outside of Canada. An embedded knowledge translation and exchange component of this study with our Canadian Cancer Society partners will ensure that these findings are translated to cancer programmes and policies aimed at population-based cancer risk reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Brenner
- Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abbey E Poirier
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen D Walter
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Will D King
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eduardo L Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul A Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul J Villeneuve
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yibing Ruan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Farah Khandwala
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xin Grevers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Leah Smith
- Canadian Cancer Society, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Karena Volesky
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dylan O'Sullivan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Christine M Friedenreich
- Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Young SW, Candido E, Klein-Geltink J, Giesbrecht N. Preventing alcohol-related cancer: what if everyone drank within the guidelines? Canadian Journal of Public Health 2018; 109:70-78. [PMID: 29981063 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-018-0033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to estimate the proportion and number of cancer cases diagnosed in Ontario in 2012 that are attributable to alcohol consumption and to compare the impact of drinking within two sets of guidelines on alcohol-attributable cancer incidence. METHODS We estimated the proportion of cancers in Ontario attributable to alcohol consumption by calculating population-attributable fractions (PAFs) for six cancer types using drinking prevalence from the 2000/2001 Canadian Community Health Survey and relative risks from a meta-analysis. Each PAF was multiplied by the number of incident cancers in 2012, allowing for a 12-year latency period, to calculate the number of alcohol-attributable cases. We also estimated the number of alcohol-attributable cases under two scenarios: (1) assuming consumption had not exceeded the levels recommended by the Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines (LRADG) and (2) assuming consumption had not exceeded the recommended levels by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) guidelines. RESULTS One thousand two hundred ninety-five (95% confidence interval 1093-1499) new cases of cancer diagnosed in Ontario during 2012 are estimated to be attributed to alcohol consumption, representing approximately 1.7% (1.4-1.9%) of all new cancer cases. If no Ontario adults had exceeded the LRADG, an estimated 321 fewer cancer cases could have been diagnosed in 2012, whereas an estimated 482 fewer cancer cases could have been diagnosed if no Ontario adults had exceeded the stricter WCRF/AICR guidelines. CONCLUSION Strategies to limit alcohol consumption to the levels recommended by drinking guidelines could potentially reduce the cancer burden in Ontario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie W Young
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2L7, Canada.
| | - Elisa Candido
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2L7, Canada
| | - Julie Klein-Geltink
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2L7, Canada
| | - Norman Giesbrecht
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Jiang H, Livingston M, Room R, Chenhall R, English DR. Temporal Associations of Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption With Cancer Mortality. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e180713. [PMID: 30646024 PMCID: PMC6324312 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Understanding whether the population-level consumption of alcohol and tobacco is associated with cancer mortality is a crucial question for public health policy that has not been answered by previous studies. OBJECTIVE To examine temporal associations of alcohol and tobacco consumption with overall cancer mortality in the Australian population, looking across different sex and age groups. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based cohort study conducted a time series analysis (autoregressive integrated moving average models) using aggregate-level annual time series data from multiple sources. Data on alcohol consumption and tobacco consumption per capita between 1935 and 2014 among the Australian population aged 15 years and older were collected from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Cancer Council Victoria. Analysis was conducted from June 1, 2017, to October 30, 2017. EXPOSURES Sex- and age-specific cancer mortality rates from 1968 to 2014 were collected from the Australian Institute Health and Welfare. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Population-level cancer mortality in different sex and age groups in Australia, controlling for the effects of health expenditure. RESULTS Among the Australian total population aged 15 years and older in this study, 50.5% were women. Cancer death rates per 100 000 persons increased from 199 in 1968 to 214 in 1989 and then decreased steadily to 162 in 2014. Taking into account lagged effects, 1-L decreases in alcohol consumption per capita were associated with a decline of 3.9% in overall cancer mortality over a 20-year period, and 1-kg decreases in tobacco consumption per capita were associated with a 16% reduction. Alcohol consumption per capita was significantly associated with overall cancer mortality among men aged 50 to 69 years and women aged 50 years and older. Tobacco consumption per capita was found to be significantly associated with overall cancer mortality only among men aged 50 years and older. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, alcohol consumption per capita was positively associated with overall cancer mortality among older men and women, and tobacco consumption per capita was positively associated with overall cancer mortality among older men over a 20-year period. This study provides evidence that a decrease in population-level drinking and tobacco smoking could lead to a reduction in cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Livingston
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Chenhall
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dallas R. English
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Odutola MK, Jedy-Agba EE, Dareng EO, Adebamowo SN, Oga EA, Igbinoba F, Otu T, Ezeome E, Hassan R, Adebamowo CA. Cancers Attributable to Alcohol Consumption in Nigeria: 2012-2014. Front Oncol 2017; 7:183. [PMID: 28971062 PMCID: PMC5609586 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alcohol consumption has been identified as a risk factor for many cancers but less attention has been paid to the fraction of those cancers that are attributable to alcohol consumption. In this study, we evaluated the incidence and population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancers associated with alcohol consumption in Nigeria. Methods We obtained data on incidence of cancers from two population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) in Nigeria and identified cancer sites for which there is strong evidence of an association with alcohol consumption based on the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph 100E. We computed the PAF for each cancer site by age and sex, using prevalence and relative risk estimates from previous studies. Results Between 2012 and 2014 study period, the PBCRs reported 4,336 cancer cases of which 1,627 occurred in males, and 2,709 occurred in females. Of these, a total of 1,808 cancer cases, 339 in males and 1,469 in females, were associated with alcohol intake. The age standardized incidence rate (ASR) of alcohol associated cancers was 77.3 per 100,000. Only 4.3% (186/4,336) of all cancer cases or 10.3% (186/1,808) of alcohol associated cancers were attributable to alcohol consumption. Some 42.5% (79/186) of these cancers occurred in males while 57.5% (107/186) occurred in females. The ASR of cancers attributable to alcohol in this population was 7.2 per 100,000. The commonest cancers attributable to alcohol consumption were cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx in men and cancer of the breast in women. Conclusion Our study shows that 4.3% of incident cancers in Nigeria can be prevented by avoiding alcohol consumption. While the incidence of cancers associated with alcohol intake is high, the proportion attributable to alcohol consumption is much lower suggesting that the number of cancers that may be prevented by eliminating alcohol intake in this population is relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elima E Jedy-Agba
- Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria.,Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen O Dareng
- Center for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sally N Adebamowo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Emmanuel A Oga
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Theresa Otu
- University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Clement A Adebamowo
- Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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16
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Eliott J, Forster AJ, McDonough J, Bowd K, Crabb S. An examination of Australian newspaper coverage of the link between alcohol and cancer 2005 to 2013. BMC Public Health 2017; 18:47. [PMID: 28738890 PMCID: PMC5525277 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4569-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol is a Class-1 carcinogen but public awareness of the link between alcohol and cancer is low. The news media is a popular, readily-accessible source of health information and plays a key role in shaping public opinion and influencing policy-makers. Examination of how the link between alcohol and cancer is presented in Australian print media could inform public health advocacy efforts to raise awareness of this modifiable cancer risk factor. Method This study provides a summative qualitative content analysis of 1502 articles that included information about a link between alcohol and cancer, as reported within Australian newspaper media (2005–2013). We use descriptive statistics to examine the prominence of reports, the nature and content of claims regarding the link between alcohol and cancer, and the source of information noted in each article. Results Articles were distributed throughout newspapers, most appearing within the main (first) section. The link between alcohol and cancer tended not to appear early in articles, and rarely featured in headlines. 95% of articles included a claim that alcohol causes cancer, 5% that alcohol prevented or did not cause cancer, 1% included both. Generally, the amount of alcohol that would cause or prevent cancer was unspecified or open to subjective interpretation. Coverage increased over time, primarily within community/free papers. The claim that alcohol causes cancer often named a specific cancer, did not name a specific alcohol, was infrequently the focus of articles (typically subsumed within an article on general health issues), and cited various health-promoting (including advocacy) organisations as information sources. Articles that included the converse also tended not to focus on that point, often named a specific type of alcohol, and most cited research institutions or generic ‘research’ as sources. Half of all articles involved repetition of materials, and most confirmed that alcohol caused cancer. Conclusions Information about a link between alcohol and cancer is available in the Australian newsprint media, but may be hidden within and thus overshadowed by other health-related stories. Strategic collaboration between health promoting organisations, and exploitation of ‘churnalism’ and journalists’ preferences for ready-made ‘copy’ may facilitate increased presence and accuracy of the alcohol-cancer message.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaklin Eliott
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | | | - Joshua McDonough
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Kathryn Bowd
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Shona Crabb
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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17
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Connor J, Kydd R, Maclennan B, Shield K, Rehm J. Alcohol-attributable cancer deaths under 80 years of age in New Zealand. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017; 36:415-423. [PMID: 27306121 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Cancer deaths made up 30% of all alcohol-attributable deaths in New Zealanders aged 15-79 years in 2007, more than all other chronic diseases combined. We aimed to estimate alcohol-attributable cancer mortality and years of life lost by cancer site and identify differences between Māori and non-Māori New Zealanders. DESIGN AND METHODS We applied the World Health Organization's comparative risk assessment methodology at the level of Māori and non-Māori subpopulations. Proportions of specific alcohol-related cancers attributable to alcohol were calculated by combining alcohol consumption estimates from representative surveys with relative risks from recent meta-analyses. These proportions were applied to both 2007 and 2012 mortality data. RESULTS Alcohol consumption was responsible for 4.2% of all cancer deaths under 80 years of age in 2007. An average of 10.4 years of life was lost per person; 12.7 years for Māori and 10.1 years for non-Māori. Half of the deaths were attributable to average consumption of <4 standard drinks per day. Breast cancer comprised 61% of alcohol-attributable cancer deaths in women, and more than one-third of breast cancer deaths were attributable to average consumption of <2 standard drinks per day. Mortality data from 2012 produced very similar findings. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Alcohol is an important and modifiable cause of cancer. Risk of cancer increases with higher alcohol consumption, but there is no safe level of drinking. Reduction in population alcohol consumption would reduce cancer deaths. Additional strategies to reduce ethnic disparities in risk and outcome are needed in New Zealand. [Connor J, Kydd R, Maclennan B, Shield K, Rehm J. Alcohol-attributable cancer deaths under 80 years of age in New Zealand. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:415-423].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Connor
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robyn Kydd
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Brett Maclennan
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Shield
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian N Olver
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA
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19
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Whiteman DC, Wilson LF. The fractions of cancer attributable to modifiable factors: A global review. Cancer Epidemiol 2016; 44:203-221. [PMID: 27460784 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, the burden of cancer is rising, stimulating efforts to develop strategies to control these diseases. Primary prevention, a key control strategy, aims to reduce cancer incidence through programs directed towards reducing population exposure to known causal factors. Before enacting such strategies, it is necessary to estimate the likely effect on cancer incidence if exposures to known causal factors were reduced or eliminated. The population attributable fraction (PAF) is the epidemiological measure which quantifies this potential reduction in incidence. We surveyed the literature to document and summarise the proportions of cancers across the globe attributable to modifiable causes, specifically tobacco smoke, alcohol, overweight/obesity, insufficient physical activity, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and dietary factors (insufficient fruit, non-starchy vegetables and fibre; red/processed meat; salt). In total, we identified 55 articles that presented PAF estimates for one or more causes. Information coverage was not uniform, with many articles reporting cancer PAFs due to overweight/obesity, alcohol and tobacco, but fewer reporting PAFs for dietary factors or solar UV radiation. At all cancer sites attributable to tobacco and alcohol, median PAFs were markedly lower for women than men. Smoking contributed to very high median PAFs (>50%) for cancers of the lung and larynx. Median PAFs for men, attributable to alcohol, were high (25-50%) for cancers of the oesophagus, oral cavity/pharynx, larynx and liver. For cancers causally associated with overweight/obesity, high median PAFs were reported for oesophageal adenocarcinoma (men 29%, women 37%), gallbladder (men 11%, women 42%) and endometrium (36%). The cancer PAF literature is growing rapidly. Repeating this survey in the future should lead to more precise estimates of the potentially preventable fractions of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Whiteman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Louise F Wilson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
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20
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Whiteman DC, Webb PM, Green AC, Neale RE, Fritschi L, Bain CJ, Parkin DM, Wilson LF, Olsen CM, Nagle CM, Pandeya N, Jordan SJ, Antonsson A, Kendall BJ, Hughes MCB, Ibiebele TI, Miura K, Peters S, Carey RN. Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to modifiable factors: introduction and overview. Aust N Z J Public Health 2016; 39:403-7. [PMID: 26437722 PMCID: PMC4606764 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the approach underpinning a national project to estimate the numbers and proportions of cancers occurring in Australia in 2010 that are attributable to modifiable causal factors. METHODS We estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) (or prevented fraction) of cancers associated with exposure to causal (or preventive) factors using standard formulae. Where possible, we also estimated the potential impact on cancer incidence resulting from changes in prevalence of exposure. Analyses were restricted to factors declared causal by international agencies: tobacco smoke; alcohol; solar radiation; infectious agents; obesity; insufficient physical activity; insufficient intakes of fruits, vegetables and fibre; red and processed meat; menopausal hormone therapy (MHT); oral contraceptive pill (OCP); and insufficient breast feeding. Separately, we estimated numbers of cancers prevented by: aspirin; sunscreen; MHT; and OCP use. We discuss assumptions pertaining to latent periods between exposure and cancer onset, choices of prevalence data and risk estimates, and approaches to sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Numbers and population attributable fractions of cancer are presented in accompanying papers. CONCLUSIONS This is the first systematic assessment of population attributable fractions of cancer in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Whiteman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Penelope M Webb
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Adele C Green
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland.,Cancer Research UK, Manchester Institute and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Western Australia
| | - Christopher J Bain
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory
| | - D Max Parkin
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Catherine M Olsen
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Christina M Nagle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Nirmala Pandeya
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Susan J Jordan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | | | - Bradley J Kendall
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland
| | | | | | - Kyoko Miura
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland
| | - Susan Peters
- Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia
| | - Renee N Carey
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Western Australia
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21
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Whiteman DC, Webb PM, Green AC, Neale RE, Fritschi L, Bain CJ, Parkin DM, Wilson LF, Olsen CM, Nagle CM, Pandeya N, Jordan SJ, Antonsson A, Kendall BJ, Hughes MCB, Ibiebele TI, Miura K, Peters S, Carey RN. Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to modifiable factors: summary and conclusions. Aust N Z J Public Health 2016; 39:477-84. [PMID: 26437735 PMCID: PMC4606779 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the numbers and proportions of cancers occurring in Australia in 2010 attributable to modifiable causal factors. METHODS We estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancers associated with exposure to 13 causal factors using standard formulae incorporating exposure prevalence and relative risk data. We also calculated the potential impact of changing exposure to some factors. RESULTS A total of 32% of all cancers diagnosed in Australia in 2010 (excluding keratinocyte cancers) were attributable to the 13 factors assessed (men 33%; women 31%). Leading factors were tobacco smoke (PAF all cancers: 13.4%), solar radiation (6.2%), inadequate diet (6.1%) and overweight/obesity (3.4%). Factors conferring highest PAFs differed by sex: highest PAFs for men were tobacco smoke (15.8%), solar radiation (7.1%) and alcohol (3.0%); while highest PAFs for women were tobacco smoke (10.1%), solar radiation (5.0%) and overweight/obesity (4.5%). Sites with the highest counts of potentially preventable cancers were lung (8,569), colorectal (7,404), melanoma of the skin (7,220) and breast (3,233). CONCLUSIONS At least one in three cancers in Australia is attributable to exposure to known modifiable factors. IMPLICATIONS Up to 37,000 cancers could be prevented in Australia each year if the population avoided exposure to 13 common factors known or strongly suspected to cause cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Whiteman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Penelope M Webb
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Adele C Green
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland.,Cancer Research UK, Manchester Institute and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Western Australia
| | - Christopher J Bain
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory
| | - D Max Parkin
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Catherine M Olsen
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Christina M Nagle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Nirmala Pandeya
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Susan J Jordan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | | | - Bradley J Kendall
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland
| | | | | | - Kyoko Miura
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland
| | - Susan Peters
- Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia
| | - Renee N Carey
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Western Australia
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