1
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Stott I, Salguero-Gómez R, Jones OR, Ezard THG, Gamelon M, Lachish S, Lebreton JD, Simmonds EG, Gaillard JM, Hodgson DJ. Life histories are not just fast or slow. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:830-840. [PMID: 39003192 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Life history strategies, which combine schedules of survival, development, and reproduction, shape how natural selection acts on species' heritable traits and organismal fitness. Comparative analyses have historically ranked life histories along a fast-slow continuum, describing a negative association between time allocation to reproduction and development versus survival. However, higher-quality, more representative data and analyses have revealed that life history variation cannot be fully accounted for by this single continuum. Moreover, studies often do not test predictions from existing theories and instead operate as exploratory exercises. To move forward, we offer three recommendations for future investigations: standardizing life history traits, overcoming taxonomic siloes, and using theory to move from describing to understanding life history variation across the Tree of Life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Stott
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK; Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.
| | | | - Owen R Jones
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Thomas H G Ezard
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Marlène Gamelon
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Shelly Lachish
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | | | - Emily G Simmonds
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dave J Hodgson
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
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2
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Li XQ, Peng HW, Xiang KL, Xiang XG, Jabbour F, Ortiz RDC, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Wang W. Phylogenetic evidence clarifies the history of the extrusion of Indochina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322527121. [PMID: 39159371 PMCID: PMC11363272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322527121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The southeastward extrusion of Indochina along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone (ARSZ) is one of two of the most prominent consequences of the India-Asia collision. This plate-scale extrusion has greatly changed Southeast Asian topography and drainage patterns and effected regional climate and biotic evolution. However, little is known about how Indochina was extruded toward the southeast over time. Here, we sampled 42 plant and animal clades (together encompassing 1,721 species) that are distributed across the ARSZ and are not expected to disperse across long distances. We first assess the possible role of climate on driving the phylogenetic separations observed across the ARSZ. We then investigate the temporal dynamics of the extrusion of Indochina through a multitaxon analysis. We show that the lineage divergences across the ARSZ were most likely associated with the Indochinese extrusion rather than climatic events. The lineage divergences began at ~53 Ma and increased sharply ~35 Ma, with two peaks at ~19 Ma and ~7 Ma, and one valley at ~13 Ma. Our results suggest a two-phase model for the extrusion of Indochina, and in each phase, the extrusion was subject to periods of acceleration and decrease, in agreement with the changes of the India-Asia convergence rate and angle from the early Eocene to the late Miocene. This study highlights that a multitaxon analysis can illuminate the timing of subtle historical events that may be difficult for geological data to pinpoint and can be used to explore other tectonic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Prominent Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing100093, China
| | - Huan-Wen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Prominent Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Kun-Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Prominent Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing100093, China
| | - Xiao-Guo Xiang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecosystem Change and Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330031, China
| | - Florian Jabbour
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris75005, France
| | | | - Pamela S. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL32611
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL32611
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL32611
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Prominent Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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3
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Li Y, Moritz C, Brennan IG, Zwick A, Nicholls J, Grealy A, Slipinski A. Evolution across the adaptive landscape in a hyperdiverse beetle radiation. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3685-3697.e6. [PMID: 39067451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The extraordinary diversification of beetles on Earth is a textbook example of adaptive evolution. Yet, the tempo and drivers of this super-radiation remain largely unclear. Here, we address this problem by investigating macroevolutionary dynamics in darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), one of the most ecomorphologically diverse beetle families (with over 30,000 species). Using multiple genomic datasets and analytical approaches, we resolve the long-standing inconsistency over deep relationships in the family. In conjunction with a landmark-based dataset of body shape morphology, we show that the evolutionary history of darkling beetles is marked by ancient rapid radiations, frequent ecological transitions, and rapid bursts of morphological diversification. On a global scale, our analyses uncovered a significant pulse of phenotypic diversification proximal to the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K/Pg) mass extinction and convergence of body shape associated with recurrent ecological specializations. On a regional scale, two major Australasian radiations, the Adeliini and the Heleine clade, exhibited contrasting patterns of ecomorphological diversification, representing phylogenetic niche conservatism versus adaptive radiation. Our findings align with the Simpsonian model of adaptive evolution across the macroevolutionary landscape and highlight a significant role of ecological opportunity in driving the immense ecomorphological diversity in a hyperdiverse beetle group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Craig Moritz
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ian G Brennan
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Andreas Zwick
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - James Nicholls
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alicia Grealy
- Australian National Herbarium, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Adam Slipinski
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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4
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Berv JS, Singhal S, Field DJ, Walker-Hale N, McHugh SW, Shipley JR, Miller ET, Kimball RT, Braun EL, Dornburg A, Parins-Fukuchi CT, Prum RO, Winger BM, Friedman M, Smith SA. Genome and life-history evolution link bird diversification to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp0114. [PMID: 39083615 PMCID: PMC11290531 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Complex patterns of genome evolution associated with the end-Cretaceous [Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg)] mass extinction limit our understanding of the early evolutionary history of modern birds. Here, we analyzed patterns of avian molecular evolution and identified distinct macroevolutionary regimes across exons, introns, untranslated regions, and mitochondrial genomes. Bird clades originating near the K-Pg boundary exhibited numerous shifts in the mode of molecular evolution, suggesting a burst of genomic heterogeneity at this point in Earth's history. These inferred shifts in substitution patterns were closely related to evolutionary shifts in developmental mode, adult body mass, and patterns of metabolic scaling. Our results suggest that the end-Cretaceous mass extinction triggered integrated patterns of evolution across avian genomes, physiology, and life history near the dawn of the modern bird radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S. Berv
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sonal Singhal
- Department of Biology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA
| | - Daniel J. Field
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
- Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Nathanael Walker-Hale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Sean W. McHugh
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Population Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - J. Ryan Shipley
- Department of Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Eliot T. Miller
- Center for Avian Population Studies, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Rebecca T. Kimball
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Edward L. Braun
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - C. Tomomi Parins-Fukuchi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Richard O. Prum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Winger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matt Friedman
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1100 North University Avenue, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen A. Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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5
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Grossnickle DM, Brightly WH, Weaver LN, Stanchak KE, Roston RA, Pevsner SK, Stayton CT, Polly PD, Law CJ. Challenges and advances in measuring phenotypic convergence. Evolution 2024; 78:1355-1371. [PMID: 38771219 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Tests of phenotypic convergence can provide evidence of adaptive evolution, and the popularity of such studies has grown in recent years due to the development of novel, quantitative methods for identifying and measuring convergence. These methods include the commonly applied C1-C4 measures of Stayton (2015a), which measure morphological distances between lineages, and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model-fitting analyses, which test whether lineages converged on shared adaptive peaks. We test the performance of C-measures and other convergence measures under various evolutionary scenarios and reveal a critical issue with C-measures: they often misidentify divergent lineages as convergent. We address this issue by developing novel convergence measures-Ct1-Ct4-measures-that calculate distances between lineages at specific points in time, minimizing the possibility of misidentifying divergent taxa as convergent. Ct-measures are most appropriate when focal lineages are of the same or similar geologic ages (e.g., extant taxa), meaning that the lineages' evolutionary histories include considerable overlap in time. Beyond C-measures, we find that all convergence measures are influenced by the position of focal taxa in phenotypic space, with morphological outliers often statistically more likely to be measured as strongly convergent. Further, we mimic scenarios in which researchers assess convergence using OU models with a priori regime assignments (e.g., classifying taxa by ecological traits) and find that multiple-regime OU models with phenotypically divergent lineages assigned to a shared selective regime often outperform simpler models. This highlights that model support for these multiple-regime OU models should not be assumed to always reflect convergence among focal lineages of a shared regime. Our new Ct1-Ct4-measures provide researchers with an improved comparative tool, but we emphasize that all available convergence measures are imperfect, and researchers should recognize the limitations of these methods and use multiple lines of evidence to test convergence hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Grossnickle
- Natural Sciences Department, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, OR, United States
| | - William H Brightly
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas N Weaver
- Museum of Paleontology and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kathryn E Stanchak
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rachel A Roston
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Spencer K Pevsner
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C Tristan Stayton
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, United States
| | - P David Polly
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Chris J Law
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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6
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Kopper C, Schönenberger J, Dellinger AS. High floral disparity without pollinator shifts in buzz-bee-pollinated Melastomataceae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38634161 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Shifts among functional pollinator groups are commonly regarded as sources of floral morphological diversity (disparity) through the formation of distinct pollination syndromes. While pollination syndromes may be used for predicting pollinators, their predictive accuracy remains debated, and they are rarely used to test whether floral disparity is indeed associated with pollinator shifts. We apply classification models trained and validated on 44 functional floral traits across 252 species with empirical pollinator observations and then use the validated models to predict pollinators for 159 species lacking observations. In addition, we employ multivariate statistics and phylogenetic comparative analyses to test whether pollinator shifts are the main source of floral disparity in Melastomataceae. We find strong support for four well-differentiated pollination syndromes ('buzz-bee', 'nectar-foraging vertebrate', 'food-body-foraging vertebrate', 'generalist'). While pollinator shifts add significantly to floral disparity, we find that the most species-rich 'buzz-bee' pollination syndrome is most disparate, indicating that high floral disparity may evolve without pollinator shifts. Also, relatively species-poor clades and geographic areas contributed substantially to total disparity. Finally, our results show that machine-learning approaches are a powerful tool for evaluating the predictive accuracy of the pollination syndrome concept as well as for predicting pollinators where observations are missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Kopper
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Agnes S Dellinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
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7
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Assis R, Conant G, Holland B, Liberles DA, O'Reilly MM, Wilson AE. Models for the retention of duplicate genes and their biological underpinnings. F1000Res 2024; 12:1400. [PMID: 38173826 PMCID: PMC10762295 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.141786.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene content in genomes changes through several different processes, with gene duplication being an important contributor to such changes. Gene duplication occurs over a range of scales from individual genes to whole genomes, and the dynamics of this process can be context dependent. Still, there are rules by which genes are retained or lost from genomes after duplication, and probabilistic modeling has enabled characterization of these rules, including their context-dependence. Here, we describe the biology and corresponding mathematical models that are used to understand duplicate gene retention and its contribution to the set of biochemical functions encoded in a genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Assis
- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Gavin Conant
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Bontonou G, Saint-Leandre B, Kafle T, Baticle T, Hassan A, Sánchez-Alcañiz JA, Arguello JR. Evolution of chemosensory tissues and cells across ecologically diverse Drosophilids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1047. [PMID: 38316749 PMCID: PMC10844241 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory tissues exhibit significant between-species variability, yet the evolution of gene expression and cell types underlying this diversity remain poorly understood. To address these questions, we conducted transcriptomic analyses of five chemosensory tissues from six Drosophila species and integrated the findings with single-cell datasets. While stabilizing selection predominantly shapes chemosensory transcriptomes, thousands of genes in each tissue have evolved expression differences. Genes that have changed expression in one tissue have often changed in multiple other tissues but at different past epochs and are more likely to be cell type-specific than unchanged genes. Notably, chemosensory-related genes have undergone widespread expression changes, with numerous species-specific gains/losses including novel chemoreceptors expression patterns. Sex differences are also pervasive, including a D. melanogaster-specific excess of male-biased expression in sensory and muscle cells in its forelegs. Together, our analyses provide new insights for understanding evolutionary changes in chemosensory tissues at both global and individual gene levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaëlle Bontonou
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Bastien Saint-Leandre
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Tane Kafle
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tess Baticle
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Afrah Hassan
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - J Roman Arguello
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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9
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Zhang W, Kenney T, Ho LST. Evolutionary shift detection with ensemble variable selection. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:11. [PMID: 38245667 PMCID: PMC10800078 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02201-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Abrupt environmental changes can lead to evolutionary shifts in trait evolution. Identifying these shifts is an important step in understanding the evolutionary history of phenotypes. The detection performances of different methods are influenced by many factors, including different numbers of shifts, shift sizes, where a shift occurs on a tree, and the types of phylogenetic structure. Furthermore, the model assumptions are oversimplified, so are likely to be violated in real data, which could cause the methods to fail. We perform simulations to assess the effect of these factors on the performance of shift detection methods. To make the comparisons more complete, we also propose an ensemble variable selection method (R package ELPASO) and compare it with existing methods (R packages [Formula: see text]1ou and PhylogeneticEM). The performances of methods are highly dependent on the selection criterion. [Formula: see text]1ou+pBIC is usually the most conservative method and it performs well when signal sizes are large. [Formula: see text]1ou+BIC is the least conservative method and it performs well when signal sizes are small. The ensemble method provides more balanced choices between those two methods. Moreover, the performances of all methods are heavily impacted by measurement error, tree reconstruction error and shifts in variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensha Zhang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Toby Kenney
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lam Si Tung Ho
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
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10
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Campelo dos Santos AL, DeGiorgio M, Assis R. Predicting evolutionary targets and parameters of gene deletion from expression data. BIOINFORMATICS ADVANCES 2024; 4:vbae002. [PMID: 38282974 PMCID: PMC10812876 DOI: 10.1093/bioadv/vbae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Motivation Gene deletion is traditionally thought of as a nonadaptive process that removes functional redundancy from genomes, such that it generally receives less attention than duplication in evolutionary turnover studies. Yet, mounting evidence suggests that deletion may promote adaptation via the "less-is-more" evolutionary hypothesis, as it often targets genes harboring unique sequences, expression profiles, and molecular functions. Hence, predicting the relative prevalence of redundant and unique functions among genes targeted by deletion, as well as the parameters underlying their evolution, can shed light on the role of gene deletion in adaptation. Results Here, we present CLOUDe, a suite of machine learning methods for predicting evolutionary targets of gene deletion events from expression data. Specifically, CLOUDe models expression evolution as an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, and uses multi-layer neural network, extreme gradient boosting, random forest, and support vector machine architectures to predict whether deleted genes are "redundant" or "unique", as well as several parameters underlying their evolution. We show that CLOUDe boasts high power and accuracy in differentiating between classes, and high accuracy and precision in estimating evolutionary parameters, with optimal performance achieved by its neural network architecture. Application of CLOUDe to empirical data from Drosophila suggests that deletion primarily targets genes with unique functions, with further analysis showing these functions to be enriched for protein deubiquitination. Thus, CLOUDe represents a key advance in learning about the role of gene deletion in functional evolution and adaptation. Availability and implementation CLOUDe is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/anddssan/CLOUDe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Luiz Campelo dos Santos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States
| | - Michael DeGiorgio
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States
| | - Raquel Assis
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States
- Institute for Human Health and Disease Intervention, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States
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11
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Bastide P, Didier G. The Cauchy Process on Phylogenies: A Tractable Model for Pulsed Evolution. Syst Biol 2023; 72:1296-1315. [PMID: 37603537 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic comparative methods use random processes, such as the Brownian Motion, to model the evolution of continuous traits on phylogenetic trees. Growing evidence for non-gradual evolution motivated the development of complex models, often based on Lévy processes. However, their statistical inference is computationally intensive and currently relies on approximations, high-dimensional sampling, or numerical integration. We consider here the Cauchy Process (CP), a particular pure-jump Lévy process in which the trait increment along each branch follows a centered Cauchy distribution with a dispersion proportional to its length. In this work, we derive an exact algorithm to compute both the joint probability density of the tip trait values of a phylogeny under a CP and the ancestral trait values and branch increments posterior densities in quadratic time. A simulation study shows that the CP generates patterns in comparative data that are distinct from any Gaussian process, and that restricted maximum likelihood parameter estimates and root trait reconstruction are unbiased and accurate for trees with 200 tips or less. The CP has only two parameters but is rich enough to capture complex-pulsed evolution. It can reconstruct posterior ancestral trait distributions that are multimodal, reflecting the uncertainty associated with the inference of the evolutionary history of a trait from extant taxa only. Applied on empirical datasets taken from the Evolutionary Ecology and Virology literature, the CP suggests nuanced scenarios for the body size evolution of Greater Antilles Lizards and for the geographical spread of the West Nile Virus epidemics in North America, both consistent with previous studies using more complex models. The method is efficiently implemented in C with an R interface in package cauphy, which is open source and freely available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bastide
- IMAG, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Didier
- IMAG, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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12
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DeHaan LM, Burns MD, Egan JP, Bloom DD. Diadromy Drives Elevated Rates of Trait Evolution and Ecomorphological Convergence in Clupeiformes (Herring, Shad, and Anchovies). Am Nat 2023; 202:830-850. [PMID: 38033182 DOI: 10.1086/726894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMigration can have a profound influence on rates and patterns of phenotypic evolution. Diadromy is the migration between marine and freshwater habitats for feeding and reproduction that can require individuals to travel tens to thousands of kilometers. The high energetic demands of diadromy are predicted to select for ecomorphological traits that maximize swimming and locomotor efficiency. Intraspecific studies have shown repeated instances of divergence among diadromous and nondiadromous populations in locomotor and foraging traits, which suggests that at a macroevolutionary scale diadromous lineages may experience convergent evolution onto one or multiple adaptive optima. We tested for differences in rates and patterns of phenotypic evolution among diadromous and nondiadromous lineages in Clupeiformes, a clade that has evolved diadromy more than 10 times. Our results show that diadromous clupeiforms show convergent evolution for some locomotor traits and faster rates of evolution, which we propose are adaptive responses to the locomotor demands of migration. We also find evidence that diadromous lineages show convergence into multiple regions of multivariate trait space and suggest that these respective trait spaces are associated with differences in migration and trophic ecology. However, not all locomotor traits and no trophic traits show evidence of convergence or elevated rates of evolution associated with diadromy. Our results show that long-distance migration influences the tempo and patterns of phenotypic evolution at macroevolutionary scales, but there is not a single diadromous syndrome.
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13
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Voje KL. Fitting and evaluating univariate and multivariate models of within-lineage evolution. PALEOBIOLOGY 2023; 49:747-764. [PMID: 37859727 PMCID: PMC7615219 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2023.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The nature of phenotypic evolution within lineages is central to many unresolved questions in paleontology and evolutionary biology. Analyses of evolutionary time-series of ancestor-descendant populations in the fossil record are likely to make important contributions to many of these debates. However, the limited number of models that have been applied to these types of data may restrict our ability to interpret phenotypic evolution in the fossil record. Using uni- and multivariate models of trait evolution that make different assumptions regarding the dynamics of the adaptive landscape, I evaluate contrasting hypotheses to explain evolution of size in the radiolarian Eucyrtidium calvertense and armor in the stickleback Gaserosteus doryssus. Body size evolution in E. calvertense is best explained by a model where the lineage evolves as a consequence of a shift in the adaptive landscape that coincides with the initiation of neosympatry with its sister lineage. Multivariate evolution of armor traits in a stickleback lineage (Gasterosteus doryssus) show evidence of adaptation towards independent optima on the adaptive landscape at the same time as traits change in a correlated fashion. The fitted models are available in a the R package evoTS, which builds on the commonly used paleoTS framework.
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Stimpson CD, Smaers JB, Raghanti MA, Phillips KA, Jacobs B, Hopkins WD, Hof PR, Sherwood CC. Evolutionary scaling and cognitive correlates of primate frontal cortex microstructure. Brain Struct Funct 2023:10.1007/s00429-023-02719-7. [PMID: 37889302 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Investigating evolutionary changes in frontal cortex microstructure is crucial to understanding how modifications of neuron and axon distributions contribute to phylogenetic variation in cognition. In the present study, we characterized microstructural components of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and primary motor cortex from 14 primate species using measurements of neuropil fraction and immunohistochemical markers for fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, large pyramidal projection neuron subtypes, serotonergic innervation, and dopaminergic innervation. Results revealed that the rate of evolutionary change was similar across these microstructural variables, except for neuropil fraction, which evolves more slowly and displays the strongest correlation with brain size. We also found that neuropil fraction in orbitofrontal cortex layers V-VI was associated with cross-species variation in performance on experimental tasks that measure self-control. These findings provide insight into the evolutionary reorganization of the primate frontal cortex in relation to brain size scaling and its association with cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl D Stimpson
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- DoD/USU Brain Tissue Repository and Neuropathology Program, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeroen B Smaers
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Kimberley A Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bob Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - William D Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, M D Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Center for Discovery and Innovation, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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15
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Guillerme T, Bright JA, Cooney CR, Hughes EC, Varley ZK, Cooper N, Beckerman AP, Thomas GH. Innovation and elaboration on the avian tree of life. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg1641. [PMID: 37878701 PMCID: PMC10599619 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Widely documented, megaevolutionary jumps in phenotypic diversity continue to perplex researchers because it remains unclear whether these marked changes can emerge from microevolutionary processes. Here, we tackle this question using new approaches for modeling multivariate traits to evaluate the magnitude and distribution of elaboration and innovation in the evolution of bird beaks. We find that elaboration, evolution along the major axis of phenotypic change, is common at both macro- and megaevolutionary scales, whereas innovation, evolution away from the major axis of phenotypic change, is more prominent at megaevolutionary scales. The major axis of phenotypic change among species beak shapes at megaevolutionary scales is an emergent property of innovation across clades. Our analyses suggest that the reorientation of phenotypes via innovation is a ubiquitous route for divergence that can arise through gradual change alone, opening up further avenues for evolution to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Guillerme
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jen A. Bright
- School of Natural Science, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | | | - Emma C. Hughes
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Zoë K. Varley
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum at Tring, Tring, UK
| | - Natalie Cooper
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | | | - Gavin H. Thomas
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum at Tring, Tring, UK
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16
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Kiel CA, Manzitto-Tripp E, Fisher AE, Porter JM, McDade LA. Remarkable variation in androecial morphology is closely associated with corolla traits in Western Hemisphere Justiciinae (Acanthaceae: Justicieae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:43-60. [PMID: 37279362 PMCID: PMC10550274 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few studies of angiosperms have focused on androecial evolution in conjunction with evolutionary shifts in corolla morphology and pollinator relationships. The Western Hemisphere clade of Justiciinae (Acanthaceae) presents the rare opportunity to examine remarkable diversity in staminal morphology. We took a phylogenetically informed approach to examine staminal diversity in this hypervariable group and asked whether differences in anther thecae separation is associated with phylogenetically informed patterns of variation in corolla morphology. We further discuss evidence for associations between anther diversity and pollinators in this lineage. METHODS For the Dianthera/Sarotheca/Plagiacanthus (DSP) clade of Western Hemisphere Justiciinae, we characterized floral diversity based on a series of corolla measurements and using a model-based clustering approach. We then tested for correlations between anther thecae separation and corolla traits, and for shifts in trait evolution, including evidence for convergence. KEY RESULTS There is evolutionary vagility in corolla and anther traits across the DSP clade with little signal of phylogenetic constraint. Floral morphology clusters into four distinct groups that are, in turn, strongly associated with anther thecae separation, a novel result in Acanthaceae and, to our knowledge, across flowering plants. These cluster groups are marked by floral traits that strongly point to associations with pollinating animals. Specifically, species that are known or likely to be hummingbird pollinated have stamens with parallel thecae, whereas those that are likely bee or fly pollinated have stamens with offset, divergent thecae. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that anther thecae separation is likely under selection in concert with other corolla characters. Significant morphological shifts detected by our analyses corresponded to putative shifts from insect to hummingbird pollination. Results from this study support the hypothesis that floral structures function in an integrated manner and are likely subject to selection as a suite. Further, these changes can be hypothesized to represent adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Kiel
- California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Erin Manzitto-Tripp
- University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Amanda E Fisher
- California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90807, USA
| | - J Mark Porter
- California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Lucinda A McDade
- California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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17
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Molteni C, Forni D, Cagliani R, Bravo IG, Sironi M. Evolution and diversity of nucleotide and dinucleotide composition in poxviruses. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37792576 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses (family Poxviridae) have long dsDNA genomes and infect a wide range of hosts, including insects, birds, reptiles and mammals. These viruses have substantial incidence, prevalence and disease burden in humans and in other animals. Nucleotide and dinucleotide composition, mostly CpG and TpA, have been largely studied in viral genomes because of their evolutionary and functional implications. We analysed here the nucleotide and dinucleotide composition, as well as codon usage bias, of a set of representative poxvirus genomes, with a very diverse host spectrum. After correcting for overall nucleotide composition, entomopoxviruses displayed low overall GC content, no enrichment in TpA and large variation in CpG enrichment, while chordopoxviruses showed large variation in nucleotide composition, no obvious depletion in CpG and a weak trend for TpA depletion in GC-rich genomes. Overall, intergenome variation in dinucleotide composition in poxviruses is largely accounted for by variation in overall genomic GC levels. Nonetheless, using vaccinia virus as a model, we found that genes expressed at the earliest times in infection are more CpG-depleted than genes expressed at later stages. This observation has parallels in betahepesviruses (also large dsDNA viruses) and suggests an antiviral role for the innate immune system (e.g. via the zinc-finger antiviral protein ZAP) in the early phases of poxvirus infection. We also analysed codon usage bias in poxviruses and we observed that it is mostly determined by genomic GC content, and that stratification after host taxonomy does not contribute to explaining codon usage bias diversity. By analysis of within-species diversity, we show that genomic GC content is the result of mutational biases. Poxvirus genomes that encode a DNA ligase are significantly AT-richer than those that do not, suggesting that DNA repair systems shape mutation biases. Our data shed light on the evolution of poxviruses and inform strategies for their genetic manipulation for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Molteni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Ignacio G Bravo
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Univ Montpellier CNRS, IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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18
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Nanglu K, de Carle D, Cullen TM, Anderson EB, Arif S, Castañeda RA, Chang LM, Iwama RE, Fellin E, Manglicmot RC, Massey MD, Astudillo‐Clavijo V. The nature of science: The fundamental role of natural history in ecology, evolution, conservation, and education. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10621. [PMID: 37877102 PMCID: PMC10591213 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a contemporary trend in many major research institutions to de-emphasize the importance of natural history education in favor of theoretical, laboratory, or simulation-based research programs. This may take the form of removing biodiversity and field courses from the curriculum and the sometimes subtle maligning of natural history research as a "lesser" branch of science. Additional threats include massive funding cuts to natural history museums and the maintenance of their collections, the extirpation of taxonomists across disciplines, and a critical under-appreciation of the role that natural history data (and other forms of observational data, including Indigenous knowledge) play in the scientific process. In this paper, we demonstrate that natural history knowledge is integral to any competitive science program through a comprehensive review of the ways in which they continue to shape modern theory and the public perception of science. We do so by reviewing how natural history research has guided the disciplines of ecology, evolution, and conservation and how natural history data are crucial for effective education programs and public policy. We underscore these insights with contemporary case studies, including: how understanding the dynamics of evolutionary radiation relies on natural history data; methods for extracting novel data from museum specimens; insights provided by multi-decade natural history programs; and how natural history is the most logical venue for creating an informed and scientifically literate society. We conclude with recommendations aimed at students, university faculty, and administrators for integrating and supporting natural history in their mandates. Fundamentally, we are all interested in understanding the natural world, but we can often fall into the habit of abstracting our research away from its natural contexts and complexities. Doing so risks losing sight of entire vistas of new questions and insights in favor of an over-emphasis on simulated or overly controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karma Nanglu
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Danielle de Carle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologyRoyal Ontario MuseumTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Thomas M. Cullen
- Department of GeosciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
- Negaunee Integrative Research CenterField Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Erika B. Anderson
- The HunterianUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Department of Earth and SpaceRoyal Ontario MuseumTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Suchinta Arif
- Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Rowshyra A. Castañeda
- Ecosystems and Ocean SciencesPacific Region, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSidneyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Rafael Eiji Iwama
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Erica Fellin
- Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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19
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Brand JN. Support for a radiation of free-living flatworms in the African Great Lakes region and the description of five new Macrostomum species. Front Zool 2023; 20:31. [PMID: 37670326 PMCID: PMC10478486 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The African Great Lakes have long been recognized as an excellent location to study speciation. Most famously, cichlid fishes have radiated in Lake Tanganyika and subsequently spread into Lake Malawi and Lake Victoria, where they again radiated. Other taxa have diversified in these lakes, such as catfish, ostracods, gastropods, and Monegenean gill parasites of cichlids. However, these radiations have received less attention, and the process leading to their speciation in this unique region remains to be further explored. Here I present evidence that suggests a radiation of Macrostomum flatworms has occurred in the African Great Lakes region, offering a good opportunity for such investigations. RESULTS Recent field work has revealed a monophyletic clade of 16 Macrostomum flatworms that have, to date, only been collected from Lake Tanganyika. Additionally, a species collected from Lake Malawi was found nested within this clade. Molecular phylogenetic analysis, largely based on transcriptome data, suggests that this clade underwent rapid speciation, possibly due to a large habitat diversity in the lake. I also observed significant differences in the sperm morphology of these flatworms compared to those of species found outside Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi. These included the elongation of an anterior structure, a reduction in the size of the lateral sperm bristles, and changes in relative proportions. I propose functional hypotheses for these changes in sperm design, and formally describe Macrostomum gracilistylum sp. nov from Lake Malawi and its sister species Macrostomum crassum sp. nov., Macrostomum pellitum sp. nov., Macrostomum longispermatum sp. nov., and Macrostomum schäreri sp. nov., from Lake Tanganyika. CONCLUSIONS The available evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that Macrostomum flatworms have radiated in Lake Tanganyika and subsequently spread to Lake Malawi. However, whether this represents a bona fide adaptive radiation still needs to be determined. Therefore, the African Great Lakes are promising targets for further research into flatworm diversity and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias N Brand
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel, 4051, Switzerland.
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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20
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Kopania EEK, Thomas GWC, Hutter CR, Mortimer SME, Callahan CM, Roycroft E, Achmadi AS, Breed WG, Clark NL, Esselstyn JA, Rowe KC, Good JM. Molecular evolution of male reproduction across species with highly divergent sperm morphology in diverse murine rodents. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.555585. [PMID: 37693452 PMCID: PMC10491253 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Sperm competition can drive rapid evolution of male reproductive traits, but it remains unclear how variation in sperm competition intensity shapes phenotypic and molecular diversity across clades. Old World mice and rats (subfamily Murinae) comprise a rapid radiation and exhibit incredible diversity in sperm morphology and production. We combined phenotype and sequence data to model the evolution of reproductive traits and genes across 78 murine species. We identified several shifts towards smaller relative testes mass, a trait reflective of reduced sperm competition. Several sperm traits were associated with relative testes mass, suggesting that mating system evolution likely selects for convergent traits related to sperm competitive ability. Molecular evolutionary rates of spermatogenesis proteins also correlated with relative testes mass, but in an unexpected direction. We predicted that sperm competition would result in rapid divergence among species with large relative testes mass, but instead found that many spermatogenesis genes evolve more rapidly in species with smaller relative testes mass due to relaxed purifying selection. While some reproductive genes evolved under positive selection, relaxed selection played a greater role underlying rapid evolution in small testes species. Our work demonstrates that sexual selection can impose strong purifying selection shaping the evolution of male reproduction.
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21
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Kriebel R, Rose JP, Bastide P, Jolles D, Reginato M, Sytsma KJ. The evolution of Ericaceae flowers and their pollination syndromes at a global scale. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16220. [PMID: 37551426 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Floral evolution in large clades is difficult to study not only because of the number of species involved, but also because they often are geographically widespread and include a diversity of outcrossing pollination systems. The cosmopolitan blueberry family (Ericaceae) is one such example, most notably pollinated by bees and multiple clades of nectarivorous birds. METHODS We combined data on floral traits, pollination ecology, and geography with a comprehensive phylogeny to examine the structuring of floral diversity across pollination systems and continents. We focused on ornithophilous systems to test the hypothesis that some Old World Ericaceae were pollinated by now-extinct hummingbirds. RESULTS Despite some support for floral differentiation at a continental scale, we found a large amount of variability within and among landmasses, due to both phylogenetic conservatism and parallel evolution. We found support for floral differentiation in anther and corolla traits across pollination systems, including among different ornithophilous systems. Corolla traits show inconclusive evidence that some Old World Ericaceae were pollinated by hummingbirds, while anther traits show stronger evidence. Some major shifts in floral traits are associated with changes in pollination system, but shifts within bee systems are likely also important. CONCLUSIONS Studying the floral evolution of large, morphologically diverse, and widespread clades is feasible. We demonstrate that continent-specific radiations have led to widespread parallel evolution of floral morphology. We show that traits outside of the perianth may hold important clues to the ecological history of lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, 94118, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Rose
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Paul Bastide
- IMAG, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Jolles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University, 17 High Street, Plymouth, New Hampshire, 03264-1594, USA
| | - Marcelo Reginato
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Sytsma
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
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22
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Grabowski M, Pienaar J, Voje KL, Andersson S, Fuentes-González J, Kopperud BT, Moen DS, Tsuboi M, Uyeda J, Hansen TF. A Cautionary Note on "A Cautionary Note on the Use of Ornstein Uhlenbeck Models in Macroevolutionary Studies". Syst Biol 2023; 72:955-963. [PMID: 37229537 PMCID: PMC10405355 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Models based on the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process have become standard for the comparative study of adaptation. Cooper et al. (2016) have cast doubt on this practice by claiming statistical problems with fitting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models to comparative data. Specifically, they claim that statistical tests of Brownian motion may have too high Type I error rates and that such error rates are exacerbated by measurement error. In this note, we argue that these results have little relevance to the estimation of adaptation with Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models for three reasons. First, we point out that Cooper et al. (2016) did not consider the detection of distinct optima (e.g. for different environments), and therefore did not evaluate the standard test for adaptation. Second, we show that consideration of parameter estimates, and not just statistical significance, will usually lead to correct inferences about evolutionary dynamics. Third, we show that bias due to measurement error can be corrected for by standard methods. We conclude that Cooper et al. (2016) have not identified any statistical problems specific to Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models, and that their cautions against their use in comparative analyses are unfounded and misleading. [adaptation, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, phylogenetic comparative method.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Grabowski
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jason Pienaar
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Institutes of Environment, Florida International University Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kjetil L Voje
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Staffan Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jesualdo Fuentes-González
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Institutes of Environment, Florida International University Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bjørn T Kopperud
- GeoBio-Center LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | | | - Josef Uyeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Couto A, Young FJ, Atzeni D, Marty S, Melo-Flórez L, Hebberecht L, Monllor M, Neal C, Cicconardi F, McMillan WO, Montgomery SH. Rapid expansion and visual specialisation of learning and memory centres in the brains of Heliconiini butterflies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4024. [PMID: 37419890 PMCID: PMC10328955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the abundance and diversity of neural cell types, and their connectivity, shape brain composition and provide the substrate for behavioral evolution. Although investment in sensory brain regions is understood to be largely driven by the relative ecological importance of particular sensory modalities, how selective pressures impact the elaboration of integrative brain centers has been more difficult to pinpoint. Here, we provide evidence of extensive, mosaic expansion of an integration brain center among closely related species, which is not explained by changes in sites of primary sensory input. By building new datasets of neural traits among a tribe of diverse Neotropical butterflies, the Heliconiini, we detected several major evolutionary expansions of the mushroom bodies, central brain structures pivotal for insect learning and memory. The genus Heliconius, which exhibits a unique dietary innovation, pollen-feeding, and derived foraging behaviors reliant on spatial memory, shows the most extreme enlargement. This expansion is primarily associated with increased visual processing areas and coincides with increased precision of visual processing, and enhanced long term memory. These results demonstrate that selection for behavioral innovation and enhanced cognitive ability occurred through expansion and localized specialization in integrative brain centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Couto
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fletcher J Young
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
| | - Daniele Atzeni
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Simon Marty
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Laura Hebberecht
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
| | | | - Chris Neal
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen H Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama.
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24
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Simon MN, Moen DS. Bridging Performance and Adaptive Landscapes to Understand Long-Term Functional Evolution. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:304-320. [PMID: 37418608 DOI: 10.1086/725416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding functional adaptation demands an integrative framework that captures the complex interactions between form, function, ecology, and evolutionary processes. In this review, we discuss how to integrate the following two distinct approaches to better understand functional evolution: (1) the adaptive landscape approach (ALA), aimed at finding adaptive peaks for different ecologies, and (2) the performance landscape approach (PLA), aimed at finding performance peaks for different ecologies. We focus on the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process as the evolutionary model for the ALA and on biomechanical modeling to estimate performance for the PLA. Whereas both the ALA and the PLA have each given insight into functional adaptation, separately they cannot address how much performance contributes to fitness or whether evolutionary constraints have played a role in form-function evolution. We show that merging these approaches leads to a deeper understanding of these issues. By comparing the locations of performance and adaptive peaks, we can infer how much performance contributes to fitness in species' current environments. By testing for the relevance of history on phenotypic variation, we can infer the influence of past selection and constraints on functional adaptation. We apply this merged framework in a case study of turtle shell evolution and explain how to interpret different possible outcomes. Even though such outcomes can be quite complex, they represent the multifaceted relations among function, fitness, and constraints.
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25
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Fujiwara T, Liu H, Meza-Torres EI, Morero RE, Vega AJ, Liang Z, Ebihara A, Leitch IJ, Schneider H. Evolution of genome space occupation in ferns: linking genome diversity and species richness. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:59-70. [PMID: 34259813 PMCID: PMC9904345 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The dynamics of genome evolution caused by whole genome duplications and other processes are hypothesized to shape the diversification of plants and thus contribute to the astonishing variation in species richness among the main lineages of land plants. Ferns, the second most species-rich lineage of land plants, are highly suitable to test this hypothesis because of several unique features that distinguish fern genomes from those of seed plants. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that genome diversity and disparity shape fern species diversity by recording several parameters related to genome size and chromosome number. METHODS We conducted de novo measurement of DNA C-values across the fern phylogeny to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the genome space occupation in ferns by integrating genomic parameters such as genome size, chromosome number and average DNA amount per chromosome into a time-scaled phylogenetic framework. Using phylogenetic generalized least square methods, we determined correlations between chromosome number and genome size, species diversity and evolutionary rates of their transformation. KEY RESULTS The measurements of DNA C-values for 233 species more than doubled the taxon coverage from ~2.2 % in previous studies to 5.3 % of extant diversity. The dataset not only documented substantial differences in the accumulation of genomic diversity and disparity among the major lineages of ferns but also supported the predicted correlation between species diversity and the dynamics of genome evolution. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated substantial genome disparity among different groups of ferns and supported the prediction that alterations of reproductive modes alter trends of genome evolution. Finally, we recovered evidence for a close link between the dynamics of genome evolution and species diversity in ferns for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fujiwara
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
- Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Esteban I Meza-Torres
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Rita E Morero
- Instituto Multidiscipinario de Biologia Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Alvaro J Vega
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Zhenlong Liang
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Atsushi Ebihara
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
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26
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Vasconcelos T. A trait-based approach to determining principles of plant biogeography. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16127. [PMID: 36648370 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lineage-specific traits determine how plants interact with their surrounding environment. Unrelated species may evolve similar phenotypic characteristics to tolerate, persist in, and invade environments with certain characteristics, resulting in some traits becoming relatively more common in certain types of habitats. Analyses of these general patterns of geographical trait distribution have led to the proposal of general principles to explain how plants diversify in space over time. Trait-environment correlation analyses quantify to what extent unrelated lineages have similar evolutionary responses to a given type of habitat. In this synthesis, I give a short historical overview on trait-environment correlation analyses, from some key observations from classic naturalists to modern approaches using trait evolution models, large phylogenies, and massive data sets of traits and distributions. I discuss some limitations of modern approaches, including the need for more realistic models, the lack of data from tropical areas, and the necessary focus on trait scoring that goes beyond macromorphology. Overcoming these limitations will allow the field to explore new questions related to trait lability and niche evolution and to better identify generalities and exceptions in how plants diversify in space over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Vasconcelos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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27
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Detecting macroevolutionary genotype-phenotype associations using error-corrected rates of protein convergence. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:155-170. [PMID: 36604553 PMCID: PMC9834058 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
On macroevolutionary timescales, extensive mutations and phylogenetic uncertainty mask the signals of genotype-phenotype associations underlying convergent evolution. To overcome this problem, we extended the widely used framework of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rate ratios and developed the novel metric ωC, which measures the error-corrected convergence rate of protein evolution. While ωC distinguishes natural selection from genetic noise and phylogenetic errors in simulation and real examples, its accuracy allows an exploratory genome-wide search of adaptive molecular convergence without phenotypic hypothesis or candidate genes. Using gene expression data, we explored over 20 million branch combinations in vertebrate genes and identified the joint convergence of expression patterns and protein sequences with amino acid substitutions in functionally important sites, providing hypotheses on undiscovered phenotypes. We further extended our method with a heuristic algorithm to detect highly repetitive convergence among computationally non-trivial higher-order phylogenetic combinations. Our approach allows bidirectional searches for genotype-phenotype associations, even in lineages that diverged for hundreds of millions of years.
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28
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Kay KM, Grossenbacher DL. Evolutionary convergence on hummingbird pollination in Neotropical Costus provides insight into the causes of pollinator shifts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1572-1583. [PMID: 36068995 PMCID: PMC9826479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of hummingbird pollination is common across angiosperms throughout the Americas, presenting an opportunity to examine convergence in both traits and environments to better understand how complex phenotypes arise. Here we examine independent shifts from bee to hummingbird pollination in the Neotropical spiral gingers (Costus) and address common explanations for the prevalence of transitions from bee to hummingbird pollination. We use floral traits of species with observed pollinators to predict pollinators of unobserved species and reconstruct ancestral pollination states on a well-resolved phylogeny. We examine whether independent transitions evolve towards the same phenotypic optimum and whether shifts to hummingbird pollination correlate with elevation or climate. Traits predicting hummingbird pollination include small flower size, brightly colored floral bracts and the absence of nectar guides. We find many shifts to hummingbird pollination and no reversals, a single shared phenotypic optimum across hummingbird flowers, and no association between pollination and elevation or climate. Evolutionary shifts to hummingbird pollination in Costus are highly convergent and directional, involve a surprising set of traits when compared with other plants with analogous transitions and refute the generality of several common explanations for the prevalence of transitions from bee to hummingbird pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Kay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta CruzCA95060USA
| | - Dena L. Grossenbacher
- Department of BiologyCalifornia Polytechnic State UniversitySan Luis ObispoCA93401USA
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29
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Slater GJ. Topographically distinct adaptive landscapes for teeth, skeletons, and size explain the adaptive radiation of Carnivora (Mammalia). Evolution 2022; 76:2049-2066. [PMID: 35880607 PMCID: PMC9546082 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Models of adaptive radiation were originally developed to explain the early, rapid appearance of distinct modes of life within diversifying clades. Phylogenetic tests of this hypothesis have yielded limited support for temporally declining rates of phenotypic evolution across diverse clades, but the concept of an adaptive landscape that links form to fitness, while also crucial to these models, has received more limited attention. Using methods that assess the temporal accumulation of morphological variation and estimate the topography of the underlying adaptive landscape, I found evidence of an early partitioning of mandibulo-dental morphological variation in Carnivora (Mammalia) that occurs on an adaptive landscape with multiple peaks, consistent with classic ideas about adaptive radiation. Although strong support for this mode of adaptive radiation is present in traits related to diet, its signal is not present in body mass data or for traits related to locomotor behavior and substrate use. These findings suggest that adaptive radiations may occur along some axes of ecomorphological variation without leaving a signal in others and that their dynamics are more complex than simple univariate tests might suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Slater
- Department of the Geophysical SciencesUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois60637
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30
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Collar DC, Tremaine S, Harrington RC, Beckett HT, Friedman M. Mosaic adaptive peak shifts underlie body shape diversification in pelagiarian fishes (Acanthomorpha: Percomorpha). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Extreme body elongation in fishes is a major evolutionary transformation that extends the boundaries of morphological diversity and alters aspects of function, behaviour and ecology. Prior studies have identified features of the cranial and axial skeleton that characterize elongate fishes, but a lack of detailed reconstructions of anatomical evolution has limited inferences about factors that underlie major shifts in body shape. In this study, we fitted multi-peak adaptive (Ornstein–Uhlenbeck) evolutionary models to species body shape and anatomical dimensions in Pelagiaria, a radiation of open-ocean fishes whose species span a continuum from deep bodied to highly elongate. We inferred an ancestral fusiform adaptive peak that is retained by several major pelagiarian lineages (e.g. Scombridae) and found robust support for multiple transitions to deep-bodied optima (in the families Stromateidae, Bramidae and Caristiidae) and elongate-bodied optima (within Trichiuroidei), including two instances of sequential shifts towards increasingly elongate optima that followed distinct paths of anatomical evolution. Within Trichiuridae, initial increases in head length and the number of vertebrae were followed by changes in head and vertebral shape. Within an elongate-bodied subclade of taxa traditionally identified as ‘gempylids’, changes in head and vertebral shape and in the number of precaudal vertebrae preceded an increase in the number of caudal vertebrae. Altogether, this mosaic of anatomical peak shifts suggests that body shape transformations were associated with differing selective demands and developmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Collar
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University , Newport News, VA , USA
| | - Samantha Tremaine
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University , Newport News, VA , USA
| | - Richard C Harrington
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Hermione T Beckett
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
- Department of Biology, King’s High School for Girls , Warwick , UK
| | - Matt Friedman
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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31
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Burress ED, Muñoz MM. Functional Trade-offs Asymmetrically Promote Phenotypic Evolution. Syst Biol 2022; 72:150-160. [PMID: 35961046 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trade-offs are thought to bias evolution and are core features of many anatomical systems. Therefore, trade-offs may have far-reaching macroevolutionary consequences, including patterns of morphological, functional, and ecological diversity. Jaws, like many complex anatomical systems, are comprised of elements involved in biomechanical trade-offs. We test the impact of a core mechanical trade-off, transmission of velocity versus force (i.e., mechanical advantage), on rates of jaw evolution in Neotropical cichlids. Across 130 species representing a wide array of feeding ecologies, we find that the velocity-force trade-off impacts evolution of the surrounding jaw system. Specifically, rates of jaw evolution are faster at functional extremes than in more functionally intermediate or unspecialized jaws. Yet, surprisingly, the effect on jaw evolution is uneven across the extremes of the velocity-force continuum. Rates of jaw evolution are 4 to 10-fold faster in velocity-modified jaws, whereas force-modified jaws are 7 to 18-fold faster, compared to unspecialized jaws, depending on the extent of specialization. Further, we find that a more extreme mechanical trade-off resulted in faster rates of jaw evolution. The velocity-force trade-off reflects a gradient from specialization on capture-intensive (e.g., evasive or buried) to processing-intensive prey (e.g., attached or shelled), respectively. The velocity extreme of the trade-off is characterized by large magnitudes of trait change leading to functionally divergent specialists and ecological stasis. By contrast, the force extreme of the trade-off is characterized by enhanced ecological lability made possible by phenotypes more readily co-opted for different feeding ecologies. This asymmetry of macroevolutionary outcomes along each extreme is likely the result of an enhanced utility of the pharyngeal jaw system as force-modified oral jaws are adapted for prey that require intensive processing (e.g., algae, detritus, and molluscs). The velocity-force trade-off, a fundamental feature of many anatomical systems, promotes rapid phenotypic evolution of the surrounding jaw system in a canonical continental adaptive radiation. Considering that the velocity-force trade-off is an inherent feature of all jaw systems that involve a lower element that rotates at a joint, spanning the vast majority of vertebrates, our results may be widely applicable across the tree of life. [adaptive radiation; constraint; decoupling; jaws; macroevolution; specialization].
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Burress
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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32
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Grundler MC, Rabosky DL, Zapata F. Fast Likelihood Calculations for Automatic Identification of Macroevolutionary Rate Heterogeneity in Continuous and Discrete Traits. Syst Biol 2022; 71:1307-1318. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding phenotypic disparity across the tree of life requires identifying where and when evolutionary rates change on phylogeny. A primary methodological challenge in macroevolution is therefore to develop methods for accurate inference of among-lineage variation in rates of phenotypic evolution. Here, we describe a method for inferring among-lineage evolutionary rate heterogeneity in both continuous and discrete traits. The method assumes that the present-day distribution of a trait is shaped by a variable-rate process arising from a mixture of constant-rate processes and uses a single-pass tree traversal algorithm to estimate branch-specific evolutionary rates. By employing dynamic programming optimization techniques and approximate maximum likelihood estimators where appropriate, our method permits rapid exploration of the tempo and mode of phenotypic evolution. Simulations indicate that the method reconstructs rates of trait evolution with high accuracy. Application of the method to datasets on squamate reptile reproduction and turtle body size recovers patterns of rate heterogeneity identified by previous studies but with computational costs reduced by many orders of magnitude. Our results expand the set of tools available for detecting macroevolutionary rate heterogeneity and point to the utility of fast, approximate methods for studying large scale biodiversity dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Grundler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel L Rabosky
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Felipe Zapata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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33
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34
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Soza VL, Kriebel R, Ramage E, Hall BD, Twyford AD. The symmetry spectrum in a hybridising, tropical group of rhododendrons. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1491-1506. [PMID: 35274743 PMCID: PMC9313591 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many diverse plant clades possess bilaterally symmetrical flowers and specialised pollination syndromes, suggesting that these traits may promote diversification. We examined the evolution of diverse floral morphologies in a species-rich tropical radiation of Rhododendron. We used restriction-site associated DNA sequencing on 114 taxa from Rhododendron sect. Schistanthe to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and examine hybridisation. We then captured and quantified floral variation using geometric morphometric analyses, which we interpreted in a phylogenetic context. We uncovered phylogenetic conflict and uncertainty caused by introgression within and between clades. Morphometric analyses revealed flower symmetry to be a morphological continuum without clear transitions between radial and bilateral symmetry. Tropical Rhododendron species that began diversifying into New Guinea c. 6 million years ago expanded into novel floral morphological space. Our results showed that the evolution of tropical Rhododendron is characterised by recent speciation, recurrent hybridisation and the origin of floral novelty. Floral variation evolved via changes to multiple components of the corolla that are only recognised in geometric morphometrics with both front and side views of flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Soza
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98115USA
| | - Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | | | | | - Alex D. Twyford
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghCharlotte Auerbach RoadEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh20A Inverleith RowEdinburghEH3 5LRUK
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35
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Cruz-Laufer AJ, Pariselle A, Jorissen MWP, Muterezi Bukinga F, Al Assadi A, Van Steenberge M, Koblmüller S, Sturmbauer C, Smeets K, Huyse T, Artois T, Vanhove MPM. Somewhere I belong: phylogeny and morphological evolution in a species-rich lineage of ectoparasitic flatworms infecting cichlid fishes. Cladistics 2022; 38:465-512. [PMID: 35488795 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial portion of biodiversity has evolved through adaptive radiation. However, the effects of explosive speciation on species interactions remain poorly understood. Metazoan parasites infecting radiating host lineages could improve our knowledge because of their intimate host relationships. Yet limited molecular, phenotypic and ecological data discourage multivariate analyses of evolutionary patterns and encourage the use of discrete characters. Here, we assemble new molecular, morphological and host range data widely inferred from a species-rich lineage of parasites (Cichlidogyrus, Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) infecting cichlid fishes to address data scarcity. We infer a multimarker (28S/18S rDNA, ITS1, COI mtDNA) phylogeny of 58 of 137 species and characterize major lineages through synapomorphies inferred from mapping morphological characters. We predict the phylogenetic position of species without DNA data through shared character states, a morphological phylogenetic analysis, and a classification analysis with support vector machines. Based on these predictions and a cluster analysis, we assess the systematic informativeness of continuous characters, search for continuous equivalents for discrete characters, and suggest new characters for morphological traits not analysed to date. We also model the attachment/reproductive organ and host range evolution using the data for 136 of 137 described species and multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs). We show that discrete characters not only can mask phylogenetic signals, but also are key for characterizing species groups. Regarding the attachment organ morphology, a divergent evolutionary regime for at least one lineage was detected and a limited morphological variation indicates host and environmental parameters affecting its evolution. However, moderate success in predicting phylogenetic positions, and a low systematic informativeness and high multicollinearity of morphological characters call for a revaluation of characters included in species characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando J Cruz-Laufer
- Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Antoine Pariselle
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory "Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome", Research Centre "Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment", Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Michiel W P Jorissen
- Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium.,Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Fidel Muterezi Bukinga
- Section de Parasitologie, Département de Biologie, Centre de Recherche en Hydrobiologie, Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Anwar Al Assadi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, Nobelstraße 12, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Maarten Van Steenberge
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Operational Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, Brussels, B-1000, Belgium
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Christian Sturmbauer
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Karen Smeets
- Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Tine Huyse
- Section de Parasitologie, Département de Biologie, Centre de Recherche en Hydrobiologie, Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Tom Artois
- Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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36
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General statistical model shows that macroevolutionary patterns and processes are consistent with Darwinian gradualism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1113. [PMID: 35236836 PMCID: PMC8891346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroevolution posed difficulties for Darwin and later theorists because species’ phenotypes frequently change abruptly, or experience long periods of stasis, both counter to the theory of incremental change or gradualism. We introduce a statistical model that accommodates this uneven evolutionary landscape by estimating two kinds of historical change: directional changes that shift the mean phenotype along the branches of a phylogenetic tree, and evolvability changes that alter a clade’s ability to explore its trait-space. In mammals, we find that both processes make substantial independent contributions to explaining macroevolution, and are rarely linked. ‘Watershed’ moments of increased evolvability greatly outnumber reductions in evolutionary potentials, and large or abrupt phenotypic shifts are explicable statistically as biased random walks, allowing macroevolutionary theory to engage with the language and concepts of gradualist microevolution. Our findings recast macroevolutionary phenomena, illustrating the necessity of accounting for a variety of evolutionary processes simultaneously. ‘Macroevolution posed difficulties for Darwin and later theorists because species frequently change abruptly, or experience long periods of stasis, both counter to the theory of incremental change or gradualism. Here, the authors propose a macroevolutionary statistical model that accommodates this uneven evolutionary landscape, and shows how even abrupt macroevolutionary changes are compatible with gradualist microevolutionary processes.’
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37
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Pavón-Vázquez CJ, Brennan IG, Skeels A, Keogh JS. Competition and geography underlie speciation and morphological evolution in Indo-Australasian monitor lizards. Evolution 2022; 76:476-495. [PMID: 34816437 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
How biotic and abiotic factors act together to shape biological diversity is a major question in evolutionary biology. The recent availability of large datasets and development of new methodological approaches provide new tools to evaluate the predicted effects of ecological interactions and geography on lineage diversification and phenotypic evolution. Here, we use a near complete phylogenomic-scale phylogeny and a comprehensive morphological dataset comprising more than a thousand specimens to assess the role of biotic and abiotic processes in the diversification of monitor lizards (Varanidae). This charismatic group of lizards shows striking variation in species richness among its clades and multiple instances of endemic radiation in Indo-Australasia (i.e., the Indo-Australian Archipelago and Australia), one of Earth's most biogeographically complex regions. We found heterogeneity in diversification dynamics across the family. Idiosyncratic biotic and geographic conditions appear to have driven diversification and morphological evolution in three endemic Indo-Australasian radiations. Furthermore, incumbency effects partially explain patterns in the biotic exchange between Australia and New Guinea. Our results offer insight into the dynamic history of Indo-Australasia, the evolutionary significance of competition, and the long-term consequences of incumbency effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Pavón-Vázquez
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, 11201
| | - Ian G Brennan
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alexander Skeels
- Landscape Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8092, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - J Scott Keogh
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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38
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Mejía O, Martínez-Méndez N, Pérez-Miranda F, Matamoros WA. Climatic niche evolution of a widely distributed Neotropical freshwater fish clade. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of climate in the speciation process has been documented widely in ectotherms but poorly in freshwater fishes, which represent the richest clade among vertebrates. In this study, we have evaluated the occurrence of phylogenetic niche evolution as a promoter of diversification in the herichthyines (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) clade. We used distributional and bioclimatic data, niche modelling algorithms and phylogenetic comparative methods to study patterns of climatic niche evolution in the herichthyines clade. Our results suggested that herichthyines display signals of phylogenetic niche conservatism, but also signals of niche evolution in the last 14 Myr associated with the availability of new habitats promoting ecological opportunity within the clade. We also concluded that niche conservatism is equally strong in the fundamental and realized niches, which indicates a need to evaluate the potential role of biotic interactions in the evolution of the niche in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mejía
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norberto Martínez-Méndez
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fabian Pérez-Miranda
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Chiapas, México
| | - Wilfredo A Matamoros
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Chiapas, México
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39
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Guo L, Dai W, Xu Z, Liang Q, Miller ET, Li S, Gao X, Baldwin MW, Chai R, Li Q. Evolution of brain-expressed biogenic amine receptors into olfactory trace amine-associated receptors. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6503506. [PMID: 35021231 PMCID: PMC8890504 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) is distantly related to G protein-coupled biogenic aminergic receptors. TAARs are found in the brain as well as in the olfactory epithelium where they detect biogenic amines. However, the functional relationship of receptors from distinct TAAR subfamilies and in different species is still uncertain. Here, we perform a thorough phylogenetic analysis of 702 TAAR-like (TARL) and TAAR sequences from 48 species. We show that a clade of Tarl genes has greatly expanded in lampreys, whereas the other Tarl clade consists of only one or two orthologs in jawed vertebrates and is lost in amniotes. We also identify two small clades of Taar genes in sharks related to the remaining Taar genes in bony vertebrates, which are divided into four major clades. We further identify ligands for 61 orphan TARLs and TAARs from sea lamprey, shark, ray-finned fishes, and mammals, as well as novel ligands for two 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 orthologs, a serotonin receptor subtype closely related to TAARs. Our results reveal a pattern of functional convergence and segregation: TARLs from sea lamprey and bony vertebrate olfactory TAARs underwent independent expansions to function as chemosensory receptors, whereas TARLs from jawed vertebrates retain ancestral response profiles and may have similar functions to TAAR1 in the brain. Overall, our data provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolution and ligand recognition profiles of TAARs and TARLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Guo
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Wenxuan Dai
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhengrong Xu
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, 210008, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Eliot T Miller
- Macaulay Library, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shengju Li
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, 210008, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Maude W Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China
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40
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41
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McEntee JP, Zhelezov G, Werema C, Najar N, Peñalba JV, Mulungu E, Mbilinyi M, Karimi S, Chumakova L, Gordon Burleigh J, Bowie RCK. Punctuated evolution in the learned songs of African sunbirds. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20212062. [PMID: 34784761 PMCID: PMC8595995 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Learned traits are thought to be subject to different evolutionary dynamics than other phenotypes, but their evolutionary tempo and mode has received little attention. Learned bird song has been thought to be subject to rapid and constant evolution. However, we know little about the evolutionary modes of learned song divergence over long timescales. Here, we provide evidence that aspects of the territorial songs of Eastern Afromontane sky island sunbirds Cinnyris evolve in a punctuated fashion, with periods of stasis of the order of hundreds of thousands of years or more, broken up by evolutionary pulses. Stasis in learned songs is inconsistent with learned traits being subject to constant or frequent change, as would be expected if selection does not constrain song phenotypes over evolutionary timescales. Learned song may instead follow a process resembling peak shifts on adaptive landscapes. While much research has focused on the potential for rapid evolution in bird song, our results suggest that selection can tightly constrain the evolution of learned songs over long timescales. More broadly, these results demonstrate that some aspects of highly variable, plastic traits can exhibit punctuated evolution, with stasis over long time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P McEntee
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Gleb Zhelezov
- School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Chacha Werema
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar-es-salaam, PO Box 35064, Tanzania
| | - Nadje Najar
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA
| | - Joshua V Peñalba
- Museum für Naturkunde, Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Lyubov Chumakova
- School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - J Gordon Burleigh
- Biology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rauri C K Bowie
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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42
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Moreira MO, Qu YF, Wiens JJ. Large-scale evolution of body temperatures in land vertebrates. Evol Lett 2021; 5:484-494. [PMID: 34621535 PMCID: PMC8484719 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Body temperature is a crucial variable in animals that affects nearly every aspect of their lives. Here we analyze for the first time largescale patterns in the evolution of body temperatures across terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: including amphibians, mammals, birds and other reptiles). Despite the traditional view that endotherms (birds and mammals) have higher body temperatures than ectotherms, we find they are not significantly different. However, rates of body-temperature evolution are significantly different, with lower rates in endotherms than ectotherms, and the highest rates in amphibians. We find that body temperatures show strong phylogenetic signal and conservatism over 350 million years of evolutionary history in tetrapods, and some lineages appear to have retained similar body temperatures over time for hundreds of millions of years. Although body temperatures are often unrelated to climate in tetrapods, we find that body temperatures are significantly related to day-night activity patterns. Specifically, body temperatures are generally higher in diurnal species than nocturnal species, both across ectotherms and, surprisingly, across endotherms also. Overall, our results suggest that body temperatures are significantly linked to phylogeny and diel-activity patterns within and among tetrapod groups, rather than just climate and the endotherm-ectotherm divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Moreira
- Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Yan-Fu Qu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
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43
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Artuso S, Gamisch A, Staedler YM, Schönenberger J, Comes HP. Evidence for selectively constrained 3D flower shape evolution in a Late Miocene clade of Malagasy Bulbophyllum orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:853-867. [PMID: 34309843 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Questions concerning the evolution of complex biological structures are central to the field of evolutionary biology. Yet, still little information is known about the modes and temporal dynamics of three-dimensional (3D) flower shape evolution across the history of clades. Here, we combined high-resolution X-ray computed tomography with 3D geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to test models of whole-flower shape evolution in the orchid family, using an early Late Miocene clade (c. 50 spp.) of Malagasy Bulbophyllum as model system. Based on landmark data of 38 species, our high-dimensional model fitting decisively rejects a purely neutral mode of evolution, suggesting instead that flower shapes evolved towards a primary adaptive optimum. Only a small number of recently evolved species/lineages attained alternative shape optima, resulting in an increased rate of phenotypic evolution. Our findings provide evidence of constrained 3D flower shape evolution in a small-sized clade of tropical orchids, resulting in low rates of phenotypic evolution and uncoupled trait-diversification rates. We hypothesise that this deep imprint of evolutionary constraint on highly complex floral structures might reflect long-term (directional and/or stabilizing) selection exerted by the group's main pollinators (flies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Artuso
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
| | - Alexander Gamisch
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
| | - Yannick M Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
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44
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Arbour JH, Stanchak KE. The little fishes that could: smaller fishes demonstrate slow body size evolution but faster speciation in the family Percidae. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Body size affects numerous aspects of organismal biology and many factors have been invoked to explain body size distributions in a macroecological and macroevolutionary context. Body size in the freshwater fish family Percidae is strongly right-skewed (i.e. dominated by small sizes), with small body size potentially being associated with fast water habitats. We constructed a new species-level, multi-locus, time-calibrated phylogeny of Percidae, and used it to test for changes in the rate and pattern of maximum body size evolution. We also tested whether speciation rates varied as a function of body size. We found that Etheostomatinae evolved towards a smaller adaptive optimum in body size compared to the other subfamilies of Percidae, and that this shift was associated with a reduction in the rate of body size evolution. Speciation rates were associated with body size across percids, showing a peak around small to medium body size. Small body size appears to partially, but not fully, explain the diversity of small percids, as many darters fall well below the “optimum” body size. Reinforcement of selection for small body size via selection for novel morphologies or via sexual selection may help to fully explain the remarkable diversity of darter radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Arbour
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
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45
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McKenzie SK, Winston ME, Grewe F, Vargas Asensio G, Rodríguez-Hernández N, Rubin BER, Murillo-Cruz C, von Beeren C, Moreau CS, Suen G, Pinto-Tomás AA, Kronauer DJC. The genomic basis of army ant chemosensory adaptations. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6627-6641. [PMID: 34582590 PMCID: PMC9292994 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of mass raiding has allowed army ants to become dominant arthropod predators in the tropics. Although a century of research has led to many discoveries about behavioural, morphological and physiological adaptations in army ants, almost nothing is known about the molecular basis of army ant biology. Here we report the genome of the iconic New World army ant Eciton burchellii, and show that it is unusually compact, with a reduced gene complement relative to other ants. In contrast to this overall reduction, a particular gene subfamily (9‐exon ORs) expressed predominantly in female antennae is expanded. This subfamily has previously been linked to the recognition of hydrocarbons, key olfactory cues used in insect communication and prey discrimination. Confocal microscopy of the brain showed a corresponding expansion in a putative hydrocarbon response centre within the antennal lobe, while scanning electron microscopy of the antenna revealed a particularly high density of hydrocarbon‐sensitive sensory hairs. E. burchellii shares these features with its predatory and more cryptic relative, the clonal raider ant. By integrating genomic, transcriptomic and anatomical analyses in a comparative context, our work thus provides evidence that army ants and their relatives possess a suite of modifications in the chemosensory system that may be involved in behavioural coordination and prey selection during social predation. It also lays the groundwork for future studies of army ant biology at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K McKenzie
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Felix Grewe
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gabriel Vargas Asensio
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Molecular y Celular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Natalia Rodríguez-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Benjamin E R Rubin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Catalina Murillo-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Christoph von Beeren
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Ecological Networks, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Corrie S Moreau
- Departments of Entomology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Adrian A Pinto-Tomás
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Molecular y Celular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Escuela de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel J C Kronauer
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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46
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Phylogenomics, floral evolution, and biogeography of Lithospermum L. (Boraginaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 166:107317. [PMID: 34547439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lithospermum (Boraginaceae), a geographically cosmopolitan medium-sized genus, includes diverse floral morphology, with variation in corolla size and shape and in breeding system. Over the past decade, multiple studies have examined the evolutionary history of Lithospermum, with most utilizing DNA regions from the plastid genome and/or the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer. These studies have, in general, not resulted in well-resolved and well-supported phylogenies. In the present study, 298 nuclear DNA regions, amplified via target sequence capture, were utilized for phylogenetic reconstruction for Lithospermum and relatives in Boraginaceae, and patterns of floral evolution, species diversification, and biogeography were examined. Based on multiple phylogenetic methods, Lithospermum is resolved as monophyletic, and the New World species of the genus are also monophyletic. While minimal phylogenetic incongruence is resolved within the nuclear genome, incongruence between the nuclear and plastid genomes is recovered. This is likely due to incomplete lineage sorting during early diversification of the genus in the Americas approximately 7.8 million years ago. At least four shifts to longer corollas are identified throughout Lithospermum, and this may be due to selection for hummingbird-pollinated flowers, particularly for species in Mexico and the southwestern United States. In the New World, one clade of species of the genus diversified primarily across the United States and Canada, and another radiated throughout the mountains of Mexico.
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47
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Hierarchical correction of p-values via an ultrametric tree running Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Comput Stat 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00180-021-01148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStatistical testing is classically used as an exploratory tool to search for association between a phenotype and many possible explanatory variables. This approach often leads to multiple testing under dependence. We assume a hierarchical structure between tests via an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process on a tree. The process correlation structure is used for smoothing the p-values. We design a penalized estimation of the mean of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process for p-value computation. The performances of the algorithm are assessed via simulations. Its ability to discover new associations is demonstrated on a metagenomic dataset. The corresponding R package is available from https://github.com/abichat/zazou.
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48
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Bilbao G, Bruneau A, Joly S. Judge it by its shape: a pollinator-blind approach reveals convergence in petal shape and infers pollination modes in the genus Erythrina. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1716-1730. [PMID: 34590308 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Pollinators are thought to exert selective pressures on plants, mediating the evolution of convergent floral shape often recognized as pollination syndromes. However, little is known about the accuracy of using petal shape for inferring convergence in pollination mode without a priori pollination information. Here we studied the genus Erythrina L. as a test case to assess whether ornithophyllous pollination modes (hummingbirds, passerines, sunbirds, or mixed pollination) can be inferred based on the evolutionary analysis of petal shape. METHODS We characterized the two-dimensional dissected shape of standard, keel, and wing petals from 106 Erythrina species using geometric morphometrics and reconstructed a phylogenetic tree of 83 Erythrina species based on plastid trnL-F and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. We then used two phylogenetic comparative methods based on Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models, SURFACE and l1OU, to infer distinct morphological groups using petal shape and identify instances of convergent evolution. The effectiveness of these methods was evaluated by comparing the groups inferred to known pollinators. RESULTS We found significant petal shape differences between hummingbird- and passerine-pollinated Erythrina species. Our analyses also revealed that petal combinations generally provided better inferences of pollinator types than individual petals and that the method and optimization criterion can affect the results. CONCLUSIONS We show that model-based approaches using petal shape can detect convergent evolution of floral shape and relatively accurately infer pollination modes in Erythrina. The inference power of the keel petals argues for a deeper investigation of their role in the pollination biology of Erythrina and other bird-pollinated legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Bilbao
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Département de Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal (QC), H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Anne Bruneau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Département de Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal (QC), H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Simon Joly
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Département de Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal (QC), H1X 2B2, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal (QC), H1X 2B2, Canada
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49
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Santana SE, Kaliszewska ZA, Leiser-Miller LB, Lauterbur ME, Arbour JH, Dávalos LM, Riffell JA. Fruit odorants mediate co-specialization in a multispecies plant-animal mutualism. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210312. [PMID: 34375556 PMCID: PMC8354748 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread notion that animal-mediated seed dispersal led to the evolution of fruit traits that attract mutualistic frugivores, the dispersal syndrome hypothesis remains controversial, particularly for complex traits such as fruit scent. Here, we test this hypothesis in a community of mutualistic, ecologically important neotropical bats (Carollia spp.) and plants (Piper spp.) that communicate primarily via chemical signals. We found greater bat consumption is significantly associated with scent chemical diversity and presence of specific compounds, which fit multi-peak selective regime models in Piper. Through behavioural assays, we found Carollia prefer certain compounds, particularly 2-heptanol, which evolved as a unique feature of two Piper species highly consumed by these bats. Thus, we demonstrate that volatile compounds emitted by neotropical Piper fruits evolved in tandem with seed dispersal by scent-oriented Carollia bats. Specifically, fruit scent chemistry in some Piper species fits adaptive evolutionary scenarios consistent with a dispersal syndrome hypothesis. While other abiotic and biotic processes likely shaped the chemical composition of ripe fruit scent in Piper, our results provide some of the first evidence of the effect of bat frugivory on plant chemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - M. Elise Lauterbur
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jessica H. Arbour
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Liliana M. Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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50
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Winkelmüller TM, Entila F, Anver S, Piasecka A, Song B, Dahms E, Sakakibara H, Gan X, Kułak K, Sawikowska A, Krajewski P, Tsiantis M, Garrido-Oter R, Fukushima K, Schulze-Lefert P, Laurent S, Bednarek P, Tsuda K. Gene expression evolution in pattern-triggered immunity within Arabidopsis thaliana and across Brassicaceae species. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1863-1887. [PMID: 33751107 PMCID: PMC8290292 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognize surrounding microbes by sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Despite their significance for microbial control, the evolution of PTI responses remains largely uncharacterized. Here, by employing comparative transcriptomics of six Arabidopsis thaliana accessions and three additional Brassicaceae species to investigate PTI responses, we identified a set of genes that commonly respond to the MAMP flg22 and genes that exhibit species-specific expression signatures. Variation in flg22-triggered transcriptome responses across Brassicaceae species was incongruent with their phylogeny, while expression changes were strongly conserved within A. thaliana. We found the enrichment of WRKY transcription factor binding sites in the 5'-regulatory regions of conserved and species-specific responsive genes, linking the emergence of WRKY-binding sites with the evolution of gene expression patterns during PTI. Our findings advance our understanding of the evolution of the transcriptome during biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Winkelmüller
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Frederickson Entila
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shajahan Anver
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Present address: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Piasecka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Baoxing Song
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Present address: Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Eik Dahms
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 230-0045 Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Xiangchao Gan
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Karolina Kułak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
- Present address: Department of Computational Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aneta Sawikowska
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-628 Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruben Garrido-Oter
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kenji Fukushima
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Laurent
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Science Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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