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JERNIGAN DAVIDH. Alcohol and Public Health: Failure and Opportunity. Milbank Q 2023; 101:552-578. [PMID: 37096612 PMCID: PMC10126957 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Public health science regarding alcohol consumption and problems, alcohol's role in equity and social justice, and identification of effective policy interventions has grown steadily stronger in the past 30 years. Progress on effective alcohol policies has stalled or gone backward in the United States and much of the world. Because alcohol influences at least 14 of the 17 sustainable development goals, as well as more than 200 disease and injury conditions, reducing alcohol problems should offer a platform for collaboration across public health silos but will require that public health itself respect and follow its own science.
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Frazier EL, Esser MB, McKnight-Eily LR, Zhou W, Chavez PR. Alcohol use among HIV-positive women of childbearing age, United States, 2013-2014. AIDS Care 2021; 33:1024-1036. [PMID: 32808534 PMCID: PMC11000390 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2020.1808161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
More than one-quarter of the adults living with diagnosed HIV infection in the US are women. Binge drinking (i.e., ≥4 alcoholic drinks per occasion for women) is associated with poor HIV treatment compliance, HIV incidence, and unplanned pregnancy. However, little is known about the prevalence of binge drinking among women of childbearing age who are living with HIV (WLWH) and health risk behaviours among those who binge drink. Using the 2013-2014 data cycles of Medical Monitoring Project, we assessed the weighted prevalence of drinking patterns by socio-demographic, clinical and reproductive characteristics of 946 WLWH. Logistic regression was used to calculate unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Overall, 39% of WLWH reported current drinking and 10% reported binge drinking. Compared to non-drinkers, binge drinkers were less likely to adhere to antiretroviral therapy (ART) or be virally suppressed. In multivariate analyses, binge drinking among WLWH was associated with smoking, drug use, and reduced ART adherence compared to non-drinkers, increasing the likelihood of negative clinical outcomes. WLWH may benefit from a comprehensive approach to reducing binge drinking including alcohol screening and brief interventions and evidence-based policy strategies that could potentially improve adherence to HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Frazier
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Centers for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Marissa B Esser
- Excessive Alcohol Use Prevention Team, National Center for Chronic Disease and Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease and Prevention
| | - Lela R McKnight-Eily
- Prenatal Alcohol, Opioid, and Substance Exposure Team, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
| | - Wen Zhou
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Centers for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- ICF International, Atlanta
| | - Pollyanna R Chavez
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Centers for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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de Vlieg RA, van Empel E, Montana L, Xavier Gómez-Olivé F, Kahn K, Tollman S, Berkman L, Bärnighausen TW, Manne-Goehler J. Alcohol Consumption and Sexual Risk Behavior in an Aging Population in Rural South Africa. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:2023-2032. [PMID: 33387135 PMCID: PMC8169519 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We sought to characterize the relationship between alcohol consumption and sexual risk-taking in an aging population in rural South Africa. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using baseline data from the Health and Ageing in Africa: a Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community (HAALSI) cohort. We elicited information on sexual risk behavior and self-reported frequency of alcohol consumption among 5059 adults ≥ 40 years old. Multivariable models showed that more frequent alcohol consumption is associated with a higher number of sexual partners (β: 1.38, p < .001) and greater odds of having sex for money (OR: 42.58, p < .001) in older adults in South Africa. Additionally, daily drinkers were more likely to have sex without a condom (OR: 2.67, p = .01). Older adults who drank more alcohol were more likely to engage in sexual risk-taking. Behavioral interventions to reduce alcohol intake should be considered to reduce STI and HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A de Vlieg
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, 9 Bow Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eva van Empel
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, 9 Bow Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Livia Montana
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, 9 Bow Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - F Xavier Gómez-Olivé
- Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephen Tollman
- Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lisa Berkman
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, 9 Bow Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Till W Bärnighausen
- Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mtubatuba, South Africa
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Manne-Goehler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Trangenstein PJ, Mulia N, Lui CK, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Greenfield TK, Jones-Webb R. Support for Alcohol Policies in Marginalized Populations. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:500-509. [PMID: 33341875 PMCID: PMC8243274 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Kingdon [(2014) Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Essex. United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited] argues that windows of opportunity to pass policies emerge when problems, solutions and policy support co-occur. This study aims to identify a set of alcohol policies with the potential to reduce alcohol-related disparities given high levels of support from marginalized groups, such as racial/ethnic minorities and lower-income groups. METHODS This study used data from five US National Alcohol Surveys, which were based on household probability samples of adults in 1995 (n = 4243), 2000 (n = 5736), 2005 (n = 1445), 2010 (n = 4164) and 2015 (n = 4041). We used multiple logistic regression to determine the odds of policy support by racial/ethnic group and income level, considering price, place and marketing policies as well as individual-level interventions. RESULTS Overall a majority of Americans supported banning alcohol sales in corner stores (59.4%), banning alcohol advertisements on television (55.5%), and establishing universal health coverage for alcohol treatment (80.0%). Support was particularly high among Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos and lower-income persons. Multivariate models showed that compared with White people, foreign-born Hispanics/Latinos had the most robust levels of support, including raising alcohol taxes (aOR = 2.40, 95% CI: 2.00, 2.88, P < 0.0001), banning alcohol sales in corner stores (aOR = 2.85, 95% CI: 2.22, 3.65, P < 0.0001) and reducing retail sales hours (aOR = 2.91, 95% CI: 2.38, 3.55, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Of the policies examined, banning alcohol sales at corner stores is most likely to be in a "window of opportunity" for reducing alcohol-related disparities. By simultaneously reducing population-level consumption and harms from others' drinking, place-based policies have the potential to reduce harms experienced by marginalized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Trangenstein
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Health Behavior, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nina Mulia
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Camillia K Lui
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Katherine J Karriker-Jaffe
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Thomas K Greenfield
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Rhonda Jones-Webb
- University of Minnesota, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, 300 West Bank Office Building, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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Subbaraman MS, Mulia N, Ye Y, Greenfield TK, Kerr WC. Alcohol policy effects on 100% chronic alcohol-attributable mortality across racial/ethnic subgroups. Prev Med 2021; 145:106450. [PMID: 33549683 PMCID: PMC8631687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, some racial/ethnic minorities suffer from higher rates of chronic alcohol problems, and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality than Whites. Furthermore, state-level alcohol policies may affect racial/ethnic subgroups differentially. We investigate effects of beverage-specific taxes and government control of spirits retail on alcohol-related mortality among non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) and Hispanics using death certificate and state-level alcohol policy data for 1999-2016. Outcomes were analyzed as mortality rates (per 10,000) from 100% alcohol-attributable chronic conditions ("100% chronic AAD"). Statistical models regressed racial/ethnic-specific logged mortality rates on state-level, one-year lagged and logged beer tax, one-year lagged and logged spirits tax, and one-year lagged government-controlled spirits sales, adjusted for mortality trends, fixed effects for state, and clustering of standard errors. Government control was significantly (P < 0.05) related to 3% reductions in Overall and non-Hispanic White mortality rates, and 4% reductions in Hispanic mortality rates from 100% chronic AAD. Tax associations were not robust. Results support that government control of spirits retail is associated with significantly lower 100% AAD from chronic causes Overall and among non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics. Government control of spirits retail may reduce both population-level 100% chronic AAD as well as racial/ethnic disparities in 100% chronic AAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Mulia
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Yu Ye
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | - William C Kerr
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
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Gilmore W, Chikritzhs T, McManus H, Kaldor J, Guy R. The Association between the Australian Alcopops Tax and National Chlamydia Rates among Young People-an Interrupted Time Series Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1343. [PMID: 32093092 PMCID: PMC7068511 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A national tax increase, which became known as the "alcopops tax", was introduced in Australia on the 27th April 2008 on ready-to-drink alcoholic beverages, which are consumed predominantly by young people. The affordability of alcohol has been identified as the strongest environmental driver of alcohol consumption, and alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor in the spread of sexually transmitted infections via its association with sexual risk-taking. We conducted a study to investigate whether there was any association between the introduction of the tax and changes in national chlamydia rates: (i) notification rates (diagnoses per 100,000 population; primary outcome and standard approach in alcohol taxation studies), and (ii) test positivity rates (diagnoses per 100 tests; secondary outcome) among 15-24 and 25-34-year-olds, using interrupted time series analysis. Gender- and age-specific chlamydia trends among those 35 and older were applied as internal control series and gender- and age-specific consumer price index-adjusted per capita income trends were controlled for as independent variables. We hypothesised that the expected negative association between the tax and chlamydia notification rates might be masked due to increasing chlamydia test counts over the observation period (2000 to 2016). We hypothesised that the association between the tax and chlamydia test positivity rates would occur as an immediate level decrease, as a result of a decrease in alcohol consumption, which, in turn, would lead to a decrease in risky sexual behaviour and, hence, chlamydia transmission. None of the gender and age-specific population-based rates indicated a significant immediate or lagged association with the tax. However, we found an immediate decrease in test positivity rates for 25-34-year-old males (27% reduction-equivalent to 11,891 cases prevented post-tax) that remained detectable up to a lag of six months and a decrease at a lag of six months for 15-24-year-old males (31% reduction-equivalent to 16,615 cases prevented) following the tax. For no other gender or age combination did the change in test positivity rates reach significance. This study adds to the evidence base supporting the use of alcohol taxation to reduce health-related harms experienced by young people and offers a novel method for calculating sexually transmitted infection rates for policy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gilmore
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;
| | - Tanya Chikritzhs
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;
| | - Hamish McManus
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Level 6, Wallace Wurth Building, High Street, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia; (H.M.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - John Kaldor
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Level 6, Wallace Wurth Building, High Street, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia; (H.M.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Rebecca Guy
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Level 6, Wallace Wurth Building, High Street, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia; (H.M.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
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Den Daas C, Van Aar F, Van Benthem BHB. Evaluating the impact of health reforms in the Netherlands: Assessing the impact of an alcohol ban on sexually transmitted infections in national surveillance data. Health Policy 2019; 123:992-997. [PMID: 31399261 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On 1 January 2014, the minimum age to buy alcohol increased (16-18 years), accompanied by a public awareness campaign (NIX18). Decreases in alcohol consumption are associated with less risky sexual behaviour. This study analyzed the association between the health reforms andChlamydia trachomatis infections (chlamydia) among young heterosexual people. METHODS Chlamydia positivity rates, age, and gender from all STI-clinic attendees between 16 and 19 years old in the Netherlands of 2010 to 2016 were obtained. Interrupted time-series assessed immediate and gradual trends in chlamydia rates. RESULTS Among the control group (18-19 year olds) chlamydia rates increased 0.5% each post-ban month (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.002-1.008, p = .001). Among 16-17 year olds there was no monthly increase post-ban (Rate Ratio 1.000, 95% CI 0.993-1.007, p = .948). In terms of confounders, only controlling for partner notification dissolved these time trends. CONCLUSIONS We found that chlamydia rates after the alcohol ban differed between 16-17 year olds and 18-19 year olds. This demonstrates that the health reforms might have affected this secondary outcome, but obtaining certainty using national surveillance data is difficult. Specific studies should be designed, as now changes in chlamydia over time could be explained by STI-clinic policy changes, by changes on an individual level including reduced alcohol consumption or most likely by the combination of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Den Daas
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - F Van Aar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - B H B Van Benthem
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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Jiang H, Room R, Livingston M, Callinan S, Brennan A, Doran C, Thorn M. The effects of alcohol pricing policies on consumption, health, social and economic outcomes, and health inequality in Australia: a protocol of an epidemiological modelling study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029918. [PMID: 31175201 PMCID: PMC6589013 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol use and misuse are associated with substantial health and social issues in Australia and internationally. Pricing policy is considered as one of the most effective means to reduce risky drinking and related harms. This protocol paper describes a study that will model and estimate the effects, effectiveness and cost-benefit of alcohol pricing policy initiatives in reducing risky drinking, health and social harms, and health inequalities among subpopulations in Australia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study is a modelling and epidemiological study using data from various resources, such as survey, previous literatures and response agencies. A number of statistical procedures will be undertaken to evaluate the impact of different alcohol pricing policy initiatives on various outcomes, including alcohol consumption in population subgroups, and health and social problems, and to measure health inequalities and cost-effectiveness of those proposed pricing policies, such as a 10% tax increase on all alcohol beverages or introduction of a minimum unit price. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The ethics approval of this study was obtained from the College Human Ethics Sub-Committee of the La Trobe University on 9 November 2017 (Ref: S17-206). While examining the heterogeneous effects of price policy across population subgroups, this study will provide the first comprehensive estimates of the likely impacts of alcohol price changes on health inequalities. The study will also provide sophisticated economic analyses of the impact of price policy changes, which is critical information for policy makers and will assist policy makers in directing resources to a more efficient alcohol strategy. Results will be made available to communities and societies, health departments and other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Livingston
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Callinan
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan Brennan
- Sheffield Alcohol Research Group, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christopher Doran
- Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research, School of Health, Medicaland Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Thorn
- Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Tessler RA, Mooney SJ, Quistberg DA, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Vavilala MS, Rivara FP. State-Level Beer Excise Tax and Firearm Homicide in Adolescents and Young Adults. Am J Prev Med 2019; 56:708-715. [PMID: 30885520 PMCID: PMC7912541 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study sought to determine the association between changes in state-level beer excise tax and firearm homicide rates among individuals aged 15-34years. METHODS A time series analysis with synthetic controls was conducted for the years 2003-2015. Exposed states changed the beer excise tax during the study period. Synthetic controls were weighted mimics that combined portions of unexposed states using state-year specific demographic and firearm covariates. Average annual incidence rate differences were calculated between each exposed state and its synthetic control. Alcohol taxes were available through the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and firearm homicide rates were obtained from theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. States that changed the beer excise tax but forwhich <2years of pre-exposure data were available were excluded. Data were collected in 2017 and analyzedin 2018. RESULTS Five states met inclusion criteria, and all raised the beer excise tax: Illinois (2009), New York (2009), North Carolina (2009), Connecticut (2011), and Rhode Island (2013). The percentage increase in beer excise tax ranged from 10% to 27%. Differences in pre-exposure firearm homicide rates between exposed states and synthetic controls were minimal. The increase in beer excise tax was associated with a lower average annual firearm homicide rate in all states except Illinois (Rhode Island: incidence rate difference= -2.48, Connecticut: incidence rate difference= -2.57, New York: incidence rate difference= -1.45, North Carolina: incidence rate difference= -0.45, and Illinois: incidence rate difference=1.54 per 100,000 population). CONCLUSIONS Among individuals aged 15-34years, price-sensitive consumption of beer may representone feasible tool for policymakers seeking to reduce rates of firearm homicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Tessler
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Stephen J Mooney
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - D Alex Quistberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Drexel University Urban Health Collaborative, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Monica S Vavilala
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Frederick P Rivara
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Rossheim ME, Krall JR, Painter JE, Thombs DL, Stephenson CJ, Suzuki S, Cannell MB, Livingston MD, Gonzalez-Pons KM, Wagenaar AC. Alcohol retail sales licenses and sexually transmitted infections in Texas counties, 2008-2015. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2018; 44:678-685. [PMID: 29863903 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2018.1477944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that reduced retail alcohol outlet density may be associated with lower prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). On-premise sale of alcohol for immediate consumption is theorized as increasing social interactions that can lead to sexual encounters. OBJECTIVE We examined associations between on- and off-premise retail alcohol sales licenses and number of newly diagnosed HIV and STI cases in Texas counties. METHODS Retail alcohol sales license data were obtained from the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission. HIV and bacterial STI data were obtained from the Texas Department of State Health Services. Associations between retail alcohol sales licenses and STIs were estimated using spatial linear models and Poisson mixed effects models for over-dispersed count data. RESULTS Adjusting for county-specific confounders, there was no evidence of residual spatial correlation. In Poisson models, each additional on-premise (e.g., bar and restaurant) alcohol license per 10,000 population in a county was associated with a 1.5% increase (95% CI: 0.4%, 2.6%) in the rate of HIV and a 2.4% increase (95% CI: 1.9%, 3.0%) in the rate of bacterial STIs, adjusting for potential confounders. In contrast, number of off-premise licenses (e.g., take-out stores) was inversely associated with the incidence of STI and HIV, although the association with HIV was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the limited literature on the association between retail alcohol availability and STIs. Additional research is needed on the role of alcohol availability (and policies affecting availability) in the spread of HIV and other STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Rossheim
- a Department of Global and Community Health , George Mason University , Fairfax , VA, USA
| | - Jenna R Krall
- a Department of Global and Community Health , George Mason University , Fairfax , VA, USA
| | - Julia E Painter
- a Department of Global and Community Health , George Mason University , Fairfax , VA, USA
| | - Dennis L Thombs
- b Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems , The University of North Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health , Fort Worth , TX, USA
| | - Caroline J Stephenson
- c Department of Environmental and Global Health , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL, USA
| | - Sumihiro Suzuki
- d Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , The University of North Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health , Fort Worth , TX, USA
| | - M Brad Cannell
- d Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , The University of North Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health , Fort Worth , TX, USA
| | - Melvin D Livingston
- d Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , The University of North Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health , Fort Worth , TX, USA
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Smart MJ, Yearwood SS, Hwang S, Thorpe RJ, Furr-Holden CD. Impact of Alcohol Tax Increase on Maryland College Students' Alcohol-Related Outcomes. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:1015-1020. [PMID: 29192806 PMCID: PMC6440696 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1392978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study A) assessed whether levels of alcohol-related disciplinary actions on college campuses changed among MD college students after the 2011 Maryland (MD) state alcohol tax increase from 6% to 9%, and B) determined which school-level factors impacted the magnitude of changes detected. METHOD A quasi-experimental interrupted time series (ITS) analysis of panel data containing alcohol-related disciplinary actions on 33 MD college campuses in years 2006-2013. Negative binomial regression models were used to examine whether there was a statistically significant difference in counts of alcohol-related disciplinary actions comparing time before and after the tax increase. RESULTS The ITS anaysis showed an insignificant relationship between alcohol-related disciplinary actions and tax implementation (β = -.27; p =.257) but indicated that alcohol-related disciplinary actions decreased significantly over the time under study (β = -.05; p =.022). DISCUSSION Alcohol related disciplinary actions did decrease over time in the years of study, and this relationship was correlated with several school-level characteristics, including school price, school funding type, types of degrees awarded, and specialty. School price may serve as a proxy mediator or confounder of the effect of time on disciplinary actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieka J Smart
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Michigan State University College of Human Medicine , Flint , Michigan , USA
| | | | - Seungyoung Hwang
- c Department of Mental Health , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- d Department of Health , Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA
| | - C Debra Furr-Holden
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Michigan State University College of Human Medicine , Flint , Michigan , USA
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12
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Free will in addictive behaviors: A matter of definition. Addict Behav Rep 2018; 5:94-103. [PMID: 29450231 PMCID: PMC5800588 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain people are at risk for using alcohol or other drugs excessively and for developing problems with their use. Their susceptibility might arise from a variety of factors, including their genetic make-up, brain chemistry, family background, personality and other psychological variables, and environmental and sociocultural variables. Moreover, after substance use has become established, there are additional cognitive-motivational variables (e.g., substance-related attentional bias) that contribute to enacting behaviors consistent with the person's motivation to acquire and use the substance. People who are at such risk are likely to choose to use addictive substances even though doing so entails negative consequences. In the sense of complete freedom from being determined by causal factors, we believe that there is no such thing as free will, but defined as ability to make choices from among multiple options, even though the choices are ultimately governed by natural processes, addicted individuals are free to choose. Although they might appear unable to exercise this kind of free will in decisions about their substance use, addictive behaviors are ultimately always goal-directed and voluntary. Such goal pursuits manifest considerable flexibility. Even some severely addicted individuals can cease their use when the value of continuing the use abruptly declines or when the subjective cost of continuing the use is too great with respect to the incentives in other areas of their lives. Formal treatment strategies (e.g., contingency management, Systematic Motivational Counseling, cognitive training) can also be used to facilitate this reversal.
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Ramirez RL, Jernigan DH. Increasing Alcohol Taxes: Analysis of Case Studies From Illinois, Maryland, and Massachusetts. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 78:763-770. [PMID: 28930064 PMCID: PMC5675427 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2017.78.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effectiveness of alcohol taxes in reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related problems is well established in research, yet increases in U.S. state alcohol taxes are uncommon. This study examined how alcohol tax increases occurred recently in three U.S. states, what public health's role was, and what can be learned from those experiences. METHOD Review of available documentation and news media content analysis provided context and, along with snowball sampling, helped identify proponents, opponents, and neutral parties in each state. Thirty-five semi-structured key informant interviews (lasting approximately 1 hour) were conducted, transcribed, and analyzed for common themes. RESULTS State routes to alcohol tax increases varied, as did the role of public health research. Use of polling data, leveraging existing political champions, coalition building, drawing on past experience with legislative initiatives, deciding revenue allocation strategically, and generating media coverage were universal elements of these initiatives. Tax changes occurred when key policy makers sought new revenue sources or when proponents were able to build coalitions broader than the substance abuse field. CONCLUSIONS Translation of scientific evidence on the effectiveness of increasing alcohol taxes into public health interventions may occur if legislative leaders seek new revenue sources or if broad-based coalitions can generate support and sustained media coverage. Policy makers are generally unaware of the health impact of alcohol taxes, although public health research may play a valuable role in framing and informing discussions of state alcohol tax increases as a strategy for reducing excessive alcohol use and alcohol-related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David H. Jernigan
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society,
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland,Correspondence may be sent to David H. Jernigan
at the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of
Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Room 292, Baltimore, MD 21218, or via email at:
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14
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Owusu-Edusei K, Cramer R, Chesson HW, Gift TL, Leichliter JS. State-level gonorrhea rates and expedited partner therapy laws: insights from time series analyses. Public Health 2017; 147:101-108. [PMID: 28404485 PMCID: PMC6800101 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined state-level monthly gonorrhea morbidity and assessed the potential impact of existing expedited partner therapy (EPT) laws in relation to the time that the laws were enacted. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal study. METHODS We obtained state-level monthly gonorrhea morbidity (number of cases/100,000 for males, females and total) from the national surveillance data. We used visual examination (of morbidity trends) and an autoregressive time series model in a panel format with intervention (interrupted time series) analysis to assess the impact of state EPT laws based on the months in which the laws were enacted. RESULTS For over 84% of the states with EPT laws, the monthly morbidity trends did not show any noticeable decreases on or after the laws were enacted. Although we found statistically significant decreases in gonorrhea morbidity within four of the states with EPT laws (Alaska, Illinois, Minnesota, and Vermont), there were no significant decreases when the decreases in the four states were compared contemporaneously with the decreases in states that do not have the laws. CONCLUSION We found no impact (decrease in gonorrhea morbidity) attributable exclusively to the EPT law(s). However, these results do not imply that the EPT laws themselves were not effective (or failed to reduce gonorrhea morbidity), because the effectiveness of the EPT law is dependent on necessary intermediate events/outcomes, including sexually transmitted infection service providers' awareness and practice, as well as acceptance by patients and their partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Owusu-Edusei
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - R Cramer
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - H W Chesson
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - T L Gift
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - J S Leichliter
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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15
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Esser MB, Waters H, Smart M, Jernigan DH. Impact of Maryland's 2011 alcohol sales tax increase on alcoholic beverage sales. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 42:404-11. [PMID: 27064821 PMCID: PMC6438373 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2016.1150485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing alcohol taxes has proven effective in reducing alcohol consumption, but the effects of alcohol sales taxes on sales of specific alcoholic beverages have received little research attention. Data on sales are generally less subject to reporting biases than self-reported patterns of alcohol consumption. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the effects of Maryland's July 1, 2011 three percentage point increase in the alcohol sales tax (6-9%) on beverage-specific and total alcohol sales. METHODS Using county-level data on Maryland's monthly alcohol sales in gallons for 2010-2012, by beverage type, multilevel mixed effects multiple linear regression models estimated the effects of the tax increase on alcohol sales. We controlled for seasonality, county characteristics, and national unemployment rates in the main analyses. RESULTS In the 18 months after the tax increase, average per capita sales of spirits were 5.1% lower (p < 0.001), beer sales were 3.2% lower (p < 0.001), and wine sales were 2.5% lower (p < 0.01) relative to what would have been expected from sales trends in the 18 months prior to the tax increase. Overall, the alcohol sales tax increase was associated with a 3.8% decline in total alcohol sold relative to what would have been expected based on sales in the prior 18 months (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that increased alcohol sales taxes may be as effective as excise taxes in reducing alcohol consumption and related problems. Sales taxes also have the added advantages of rising with inflation and taxing the highest priced beverages most heavily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B. Esser
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hugh Waters
- Departments of Health Behavior and Society, and Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mieka Smart
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David H. Jernigan
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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HIV-Alcohol Risk Reduction Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Recommendations for a Way Forward. AIDS Behav 2016; 20:484-503. [PMID: 26511865 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-015-1233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa bears 69 % of the global burden of HIV, and strong evidence indicates an association between alcohol consumption, HIV risk behavior, and HIV incidence. However, characteristics of efficacious HIV-alcohol risk reduction interventions are not well known. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the characteristics and synthesize the findings of HIV-alcohol risk reduction interventions implemented in the region and reported in peer-reviewed journals. Of 644 citations screened, 19 met the inclusion criteria for this review. A discussion of methodological challenges, research gaps, and recommendations for future interventions is included. Relatively few interventions were found, and evidence is mixed about the efficacy of HIV-alcohol risk reduction interventions. There is a need to further integrate HIV-alcohol risk reduction components into HIV prevention programming and to document results from such integration. Additionally, research on larger scale, multi-level interventions is needed to identify effective HIV-alcohol risk reduction strategies.
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Staras SAS, Livingston MD, Wagenaar AC. Maryland Alcohol Sales Tax and Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Natural Experiment. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50:e73-e80. [PMID: 26683415 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexually transmitted infections are common causes of morbidity and mortality, including infertility and certain types of cancer. Alcohol tax increases may decrease sexually transmitted infection rates overall and differentially across population subgroups by decreasing alcohol consumption in general and prior to sex, thus decreasing sexual risk taking and sexually transmitted infection acquisition. This study investigated the effects of a Maryland increase in alcohol beverage sales tax on statewide gonorrhea and chlamydia rates overall and within age, gender, and race/ethnicity subpopulations. METHODS This study used an interrupted time series design, including multiple cross-state comparisons, to examine the effects of the 2011 alcohol tax increase in Maryland on chlamydia and gonorrhea cases reported to the U.S. National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System for January 2003 to December 2012 (N=120 repeated monthly observations, analyzed in 2015). Effects were assessed with Box-Jenkins autoregressive moving average models with structural parameters. RESULTS After the alcohol-specific sales tax increase, gonorrhea rates decreased 24% (95% CI=11%, 37%), resulting in 1,600 fewer statewide gonorrhea cases annually. Cohen's d indicated a substantial effect of the tax increase on gonorrhea rates (range across control group models, -1.25 to -1.42). The study did not find evidence of an effect on chlamydia or differential effects across age, race/ethnicity, or gender subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Results strengthen the evidence from prior studies of alcohol taxes influencing gonorrhea rates and extend health prevention effects from alcohol excise to sales taxes. Alcohol tax increases may be an efficient strategy for reducing sexually transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A S Staras
- Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Child Health Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
| | - Melvin D Livingston
- Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Child Health Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Alexander C Wagenaar
- Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Child Health Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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18
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Meier PS, Holmes J, Angus C, Ally AK, Meng Y, Brennan A. Estimated Effects of Different Alcohol Taxation and Price Policies on Health Inequalities: A Mathematical Modelling Study. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1001963. [PMID: 26905063 PMCID: PMC4764336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While evidence that alcohol pricing policies reduce alcohol-related health harm is robust, and alcohol taxation increases are a WHO "best buy" intervention, there is a lack of research comparing the scale and distribution across society of health impacts arising from alternative tax and price policy options. The aim of this study is to test whether four common alcohol taxation and pricing strategies differ in their impact on health inequalities. METHODS AND FINDINGS An econometric epidemiological model was built with England 2014/2015 as the setting. Four pricing strategies implemented on top of the current tax were equalised to give the same 4.3% population-wide reduction in total alcohol-related mortality: current tax increase, a 13.4% all-product duty increase under the current UK system; a value-based tax, a 4.0% ad valorem tax based on product price; a strength-based tax, a volumetric tax of £0.22 per UK alcohol unit (= 8 g of ethanol); and minimum unit pricing, a minimum price threshold of £0.50 per unit, below which alcohol cannot be sold. Model inputs were calculated by combining data from representative household surveys on alcohol purchasing and consumption, administrative and healthcare data on 43 alcohol-attributable diseases, and published price elasticities and relative risk functions. Outcomes were annual per capita consumption, consumer spending, and alcohol-related deaths. Uncertainty was assessed via partial probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) and scenario analysis. The pricing strategies differ as to how effects are distributed across the population, and, from a public health perspective, heavy drinkers in routine/manual occupations are a key group as they are at greatest risk of health harm from their drinking. Strength-based taxation and minimum unit pricing would have greater effects on mortality among drinkers in routine/manual occupations (particularly for heavy drinkers, where the estimated policy effects on mortality rates are as follows: current tax increase, -3.2%; value-based tax, -2.9%; strength-based tax, -6.1%; minimum unit pricing, -7.8%) and lesser impacts among drinkers in professional/managerial occupations (for heavy drinkers: current tax increase, -1.3%; value-based tax, -1.4%; strength-based tax, +0.2%; minimum unit pricing, +0.8%). Results from the PSA give slightly greater mean effects for both the routine/manual (current tax increase, -3.6% [95% uncertainty interval (UI) -6.1%, -0.6%]; value-based tax, -3.3% [UI -5.1%, -1.7%]; strength-based tax, -7.5% [UI -13.7%, -3.9%]; minimum unit pricing, -10.3% [UI -10.3%, -7.0%]) and professional/managerial occupation groups (current tax increase, -1.8% [UI -4.7%, +1.6%]; value-based tax, -1.9% [UI -3.6%, +0.4%]; strength-based tax, -0.8% [UI -6.9%, +4.0%]; minimum unit pricing, -0.7% [UI -5.6%, +3.6%]). Impacts of price changes on moderate drinkers were small regardless of income or socioeconomic group. Analysis of uncertainty shows that the relative effectiveness of the four policies is fairly stable, although uncertainty in the absolute scale of effects exists. Volumetric taxation and minimum unit pricing consistently outperform increasing the current tax or adding an ad valorem tax in terms of reducing mortality among the heaviest drinkers and reducing alcohol-related health inequalities (e.g., in the routine/manual occupation group, volumetric taxation reduces deaths more than increasing the current tax in 26 out of 30 probabilistic runs, minimum unit pricing reduces deaths more than volumetric tax in 21 out of 30 runs, and minimum unit pricing reduces deaths more than increasing the current tax in 30 out of 30 runs). Study limitations include reducing model complexity by not considering a largely ineffective ban on below-tax alcohol sales, special duty rates covering only small shares of the market, and the impact of tax fraud or retailer non-compliance with minimum unit prices. CONCLUSIONS Our model estimates that, compared to tax increases under the current system or introducing taxation based on product value, alcohol-content-based taxation or minimum unit pricing would lead to larger reductions in health inequalities across income groups. We also estimate that alcohol-content-based taxation and minimum unit pricing would have the largest impact on harmful drinking, with minimal effects on those drinking in moderation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra S. Meier
- Sheffield Alcohol Research Group, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - John Holmes
- Sheffield Alcohol Research Group, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Angus
- Sheffield Alcohol Research Group, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Abdallah K. Ally
- Sheffield Alcohol Research Group, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Meng
- Bresmed Health Solutions, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Brennan
- Sheffield Alcohol Research Group, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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19
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Wagenaar AC, Livingston MD, Staras SS. Effects of a 2009 Illinois Alcohol Tax Increase on Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:1880-5. [PMID: 25790414 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the effects of a 2009 increase in alcohol taxes in Illinois on alcohol-related fatal motor vehicle crashes. METHODS We used an interrupted time-series design, with intrastate and cross-state comparisons and measurement derived from driver alcohol test results, for 104 months before and 28 months after enactment. Our analyses used autoregressive moving average and generalized linear mixed Poisson models. We examined both population-wide effects and stratifications by alcohol level, age, gender, and race. RESULTS Fatal alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes declined 9.9 per month after the tax increase, a 26% reduction. The effect was similar for alcohol-impaired drivers with positive alcohol levels lower than 0.15 grams per deciliter (-22%) and drivers with very high alcohol levels of 0.15 or more (-25%). Drivers younger than 30 years showed larger declines (-37%) than those aged 30 years and older (-23%), but gender and race stratifications did not significantly differ. CONCLUSIONS Increases in alcohol excise taxes, such as the 2009 Illinois act, could save thousands of lives yearly across the United States as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce alcohol-impaired driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Wagenaar
- All of the authors are with the Department of Health Outcomes and Policy and the Institute for Child Health Policy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Melvin D Livingston
- All of the authors are with the Department of Health Outcomes and Policy and the Institute for Child Health Policy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Stephanie S Staras
- All of the authors are with the Department of Health Outcomes and Policy and the Institute for Child Health Policy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
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20
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Hess KL, Chavez PR, Kanny D, DiNenno E, Lansky A, Paz-Bailey G. Binge drinking and risky sexual behavior among HIV-negative and unknown HIV status men who have sex with men, 20 US cities. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 147:46-52. [PMID: 25555622 PMCID: PMC4579526 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men who have sex with men (MSM) represent over half of new HIV infections in the United States. It is important to understand the factors associated with engaging in risky sexual behavior to develop effective prevention interventions. Binge drinking (≥5 drinks on ≥1 occasion) is the most common form of excessive alcohol consumption. This study examines the relationship between binge drinking and sexual risk behaviors among MSM who are current drinkers and who were either HIV-negative or unaware of their HIV status. METHODS Using the 2011 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system and multivariable Poisson models with robust error estimates, we assessed the association between binge drinking and sexual risk behaviors among current drinkers. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are presented. RESULTS Overall, 85% of MSM were current drinkers, and 59% of MSM who drank reported ≥1 episode of binge drinking in the preceding 30 days. In multivariable models, binge drinking was associated with condomless anal intercourse (CAI) at last sex with an HIV-positive or unknown status partner (receptive: PR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6; insertive: PR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.4), having exchanged sex for money or drugs at last sex (PR: 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.7), having concurrent partners in the past year (PR: 1.1, 95% CI 1.1-1.2), and having more CAI partners in the past year (PR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.4) compared to non-binge drinkers. CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based strategies for reducing binge drinking could help reduce risky sexual behavior among MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Hess
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS-E46, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Pollyanna R Chavez
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS-E46, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Dafna Kanny
- Excessive Alcohol Use Prevention Team, Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS-F78, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Elizabeth DiNenno
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS-E46, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Amy Lansky
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS-D21, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Gabriela Paz-Bailey
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS-E46, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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