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Buriánek F, Gege C, Marinković P. New developments in celiac disease treatments. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104113. [PMID: 39067614 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD), an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten, affects around 1% of the global population. Standard treatment is a strict gluten-free diet (GFD), which poses significant challenges due to dietary restrictions, cross-contamination and subsequent persistent intestinal inflammation. This underscores the need for new treatment options addressing the complex pathophysiology of CeD. Recent research focuses on developing drugs that target intestinal barrier regeneration, gluten peptide modification, immune response alteration, and gut microbial ecosystem modulation. These approaches offer potential for more effective management of CeD beyond GFD. Gluten-independent treatments may be particularly relevant under the FDA's draft guidance for CeD, which emphasizes drug development as an adjunct to GFD for patients with ongoing signs and symptoms of CeD despite strict GFD.
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Schraders K, Coad J, Kruger M. Bone Health in Premenopausal Women with Coeliac Disease: An Observational Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:2178. [PMID: 39064621 PMCID: PMC11279892 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Low bone mineral density (BMD) is common in adults with coeliac disease (CD), even in individuals adhering to a gluten-free diet (GFD). Women are more likely to have low BMD and have an increased risk of osteoporosis, so women with pre-existing low BMD related to CD are at an even higher risk. BMD assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bone quality assessed through quantitative ultrasound (QUS) were investigated in 31 premenopausal women with CD consuming a GFD, and 39 matched healthy controls from the Lower North Island, New Zealand. In addition, bone metabolism and nutrient status were assessed, and four-day diet diaries were used to estimate nutrient intake. No statistically significant differences were found in BMD assessed by DXA between the two groups at the hip, lumbar spine or forearm. However, the parameters measured by the QUS were significantly lower in CD participants. Dietary data indicated significantly lower intakes of energy, dietary fibre, magnesium and phosphorus in women with CD, likely as a result of a reduced intake of wholegrain foods, and suggested that both groups had inadequate intake of calcium. No significant differences were demonstrated in biochemical parameters. BMD and bone biomarkers indicated no differences between coeliac and healthy women in New Zealand. However, these findings suggest that QUS may be more sensitive for the coeliac population, due to the disease's affect on the trabecular bone, and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Schraders
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Jane Coad
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Marlena Kruger
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
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Tye‐Din JA. Evolution in coeliac disease diagnosis and management. JGH Open 2024; 8:e13107. [PMID: 38957478 PMCID: PMC11217771 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The traditional gut-centric view of coeliac disease is evolving as immune and genetic insights underscore the central importance of a systemic, T cell immune response to gluten in disease pathogenesis. As the field increasingly recognize the limitations of small intestinal histology as the diagnostic standard, data supporting the accuracy of an immune (serologic) diagnosis of coeliac disease - well demonstrated in children - are growing for adults. Novel biomarkers such as interleukin-2 that identify the gluten-specific T cell demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity for coeliac disease and offer the potential for a diagnostic approach that avoids the need for gluten challenge. Asymptomatic disease and manifestations outside the gut pose considerable challenges for diagnosis using a case-finding strategy and enthusiasm for population screening is growing. The gluten-free diet remains a highly restrictive treatment and there is a paucity of controlled data to inform a safe gluten intake threshold. Ongoing symptoms and enteropathy are common and require systematic evaluation. Slowly-responsive disease is prevalent in the older patient diagnosed with coeliac disease, and super-sensitivity to gluten is an emerging concept that may explain many cases of nonresponsive disease. While there is great interest in developing novel therapies for coeliac disease, no drug has yet been registered. Efficacy studies are generally assessing drugs in patients with treated coeliac disease who undergo gluten challenge or in patients with nonresponsive disease; however, substantial questions remain around specific endpoints relevant for patients, clinicians and regulatory agencies and optimal trial design. Novel immune tools are providing informative readouts for clinical trials and are now shaping their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Tye‐Din
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Royal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Centre for Food & Allergy ResearchThe Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Rodríguez-Martín L, Vaquero Ayala LM, Hernando Martín M, Vivas Alegre S. Assessing mucosal recovery in celiac disease - Time to diagnosis and histological severity as determining factors. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2024; 116:356-361. [PMID: 38205704 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2024.9968/2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES there is a huge disparity in mucosal recovery among celiac patients on a gluten-free diet. We report a study to identify associated factors. METHODS celiac cases were collected that had positive celiac serology and villous atrophy at diagnosis, and had undergone a control biopsy after at least 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS seventy celiac patients were included and had experienced symptoms for 9.05 ± 9.48 years before being diagnosed. After follow-up for 2.93 ± 1.94 years, 34.3 % had complete mucosal recovery and 57.1 % had partial mucosal recovery. In the comparative analysis, there was no relationship between mucosal recovery and sex, age, clinical manifestations or follow-up time from diagnosis to the second biopsy. Time with clinical manifestations before diagnosis was associated with a worse outcome: 2.64 years in patients with full recovery, 4.61 years in patients with partial recovery, and 14.26 years in patients with persistent villous atrophy. Higher transglutaminase antibody titers both at diagnosis and during follow-up were associated with poorer histologic outcomes. We observed higher mucosal recovery rates in patients with mild atrophy versus severe atrophy at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS in spite of a gluten-free diet, a significant proportion of patients have persistent histologic changes. Time with clinical manifestations before diagnosis is key for histological severity and recovery.
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Zulfiqar S, Fiaz A, Khan WA, Hussain M, Ali A, Ahmed N, Ali B, Masood MA. Association of LPP and ZMIZ1 Gene Polymorphism with Celiac Disease in Subjects from Punjab, Pakistan. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:852. [PMID: 39062631 PMCID: PMC11275600 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a complicated autoimmune disease that is caused by gluten sensitivity. It was commonly believed that CD only affected white Europeans, but recent findings show that it is also prevailing in some other racial groups, like South Asians, Caucasians, Africans, and Arabs. Genetics plays a profound role in increasing the risk of developing CD. Genetic Variations in non-HLA genes such as LPP, ZMIZ1, CCR3, and many more influence the risk of CD in various populations. This study aimed to explore the association between LPP rs1464510 and ZMIZ1 rs1250552 and CD in the Punjabi Pakistani population. For this, a total of 70 human subjects were selected and divided into healthy controls and patients. Genotyping was performed using an in-house-developed tetra-amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between LPP rs1464510 (χ2 = 4.421, p = 0.035) and ZMIZ1 rs1250552 (χ2 = 3.867, p = 0.049) and CD. Multinomial regression analysis showed that LPP rs1464510 A allele reduces the risk of CD by ~52% (OR 0.48, CI: 0.24-0.96, 0.037), while C allele-carrying subjects are at ~2.6 fold increased risk of CD (OR 3.65, CI: 1.25-10.63, 0.017). Similarly, the ZMIZ1 rs1250552 AG genotype significantly reduces the risk of CD by 73% (OR 0.26, CI: 0.077-0.867, p = 0.028). In summary, Genetic Variations in the LPP and ZMIZ1 genes influence the risk of CD in Punjabi Pakistani subjects. LPP rs1464510 A allele and ZMIZ1 AG genotype play a protective role and reduce the risk of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Zulfiqar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40162, Pakistan (M.H.)
| | - Amna Fiaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40162, Pakistan (M.H.)
| | - Waqas Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40162, Pakistan (M.H.)
| | - Misbah Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40162, Pakistan (M.H.)
| | - Ansar Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40162, Pakistan (M.H.)
| | - Nadeem Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 42000, Pakistan
| | - Basharat Ali
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 42000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Masood
- Department of Medicine, Niazi Medical & Dental College Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
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Kurppa K, Mulder CJ, Stordal K, Kaukinen K. Celiac Disease Affects 1% of Global Population: Who Will Manage All These Patients? Gastroenterology 2024; 167:148-158. [PMID: 38290622 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a common gastrointestinal condition with an estimated global prevalence of up to 1%. Adequate long-term surveillance of patients is imperative to ensure strict adherence to treatment with a gluten-free diet and the ensuing clinical and histologic recovery. Traditionally, this has been accomplished by means of regular on-site attendance at specialist health care facilities, accompanied for most patients by follow-up endoscopic and laboratory tests. However, the rapidly increasing prevalence of celiac disease and the limited health care resources challenge the current centralized and nonindividualized follow-up strategies. The improved noninvasive surveillance tools and online health care services are further changing the landscape of celiac disease management. There is a clear need for more personalized and on-demand follow-up based on early treatment response and patient-related factors associated with long-term prognosis. Additional scientific evidence on the optimal implementation of follow-up for pediatric and adulthood celiac disease is nevertheless called for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Kurppa
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; University Consortium of Seinäjoki, Seinäjoki, Finland.
| | - Chris J Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ketil Stordal
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pediatric Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katri Kaukinen
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Anderson RP, Verma R, Schumann M. A Look Into the Future: Are We Ready for an Approved Therapy in Celiac Disease? Gastroenterology 2024; 167:183-193. [PMID: 38355059 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
As it appears that we are currently at the cusp of an era in which drugs that are new, re-purposed, or "supplements" will be introduced to the management of celiac disease, we need to reflect on whether the framework is set for celiac disease to be treated increasingly with pharmaceuticals as well as diet. This refers to reflecting on the rigor of current diagnostic practices; the limitations of the current standard of care, which is a gluten-free diet; and that we lack objective markers of disease severity. Investigating these issues will help us to identify gaps in technology and practices that could be critical for selecting patients with a well-defined need for an improved or alternative treatment. Both aspects, circumscribed limitations of the gluten-free diet and diagnostics helping to define celiac disease target groups, together with the guiding requirements by the responsible regulatory authorities, will contribute to defining the subgroups of patients with confirmed celiac disease eligible for distinct pharmacologic strategies. Because many patients with celiac disease are diagnosed in childhood, these aspects need to be differentially discussed for the pediatric setting. In this perspective, we aimed to describe these contextual issues and then looked ahead to the future. What might be the major challenges in celiac disease clinics in the coming years once drugs are an option alongside diet? And what will be the future objectives for researchers who further decipher the mucosal immunology of celiac disease? Speculating on the answers to these questions is as stimulating as it is fascinating to be part of this turning point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Anderson
- Gastroenterology Service, Mackay Base Hospital, West Mackay, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ritu Verma
- University of Chicago, Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Silvester JA, Elli L, Khosla C, Tye-Din JA. Past, Present, and Future of Noninvasive Tests to Assess Gluten Exposure, Celiac Disease Activity, and End-Organ Damage. Gastroenterology 2024; 167:159-171. [PMID: 38670279 PMCID: PMC11235091 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Although many biomarkers have been proposed, and several are in widespread clinical use, there is no single readout or combination of readouts that correlates tightly with gluten exposure, disease activity, or end-organ damage in treated patients with celiac disease. Challenges to developing and evaluating better biomarkers include significant interindividual variability-related to immune amplification of gluten exposure and how effects of immune activation are manifest. Furthermore, the current "gold standard" for assessment of end-organ damage, small intestinal biopsy, is itself highly imperfect, such that a marker that is a better reflection of the "ground truth" may indeed appear to perform poorly. The goal of this review was to analyze past and present efforts to establish robust noninvasive tools for monitoring treated patients with celiac disease and to highlight emerging tools that may prove to be useful in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn A Silvester
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Celiac Disease Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Luca Elli
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jason A Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Malamut G, Soderquist CR, Bhagat G, Cerf-Bensussan N. Advances in Nonresponsive and Refractory Celiac Disease. Gastroenterology 2024; 167:132-147. [PMID: 38556189 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Nonresponsive celiac disease (CeD) is relatively common. It is generally attributed to persistent gluten exposure and resolves after correction of diet errors. However, other complications of CeD and disorders clinically mimicking CeD need to be excluded. Novel therapies are being evaluated to facilitate mucosal recovery, which might benefit patients with nonresponsive CeD. Refractory CeD (RCeD) is rare and is divided into 2 types. The etiology of type I RCeD is unclear. A switch to gluten-independent autoimmunity is suspected in some patients. In contrast, type II RCeD represents a low-grade intraepithelial lymphoma. Type I RCeD remains a diagnosis of exclusion, requiring ruling out gluten intake and other nonmalignant causes of villous atrophy. Diagnosis of type II RCeD relies on the demonstration of a clonal population of neoplastic intraepithelial lymphocytes with an atypical immunophenotype. Type I RCeD and type II RCeD generally respond to open-capsule budesonide, but the latter has a dismal prognosis due to severe malnutrition and frequent progression to enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma; more efficient therapy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Malamut
- Department of Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Centre-Université Paris Cité, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France; Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, INSERM UMR 1163-Institut Imagine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Craig R Soderquist
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, INSERM UMR 1163-Institut Imagine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Raju SA, Shiha MG, Penny HA. Monitoring coeliac disease in 2024, time to change practice? Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2024; 40:190-195. [PMID: 38547329 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Persistent villous atrophy is associated with morbidity in coeliac disease and most commonly due to ongoing gluten ingestion. Current methods for assessing gluten exposure and persisting villous atrophy include dietary questionnaires and repeat duodenal biopsy, which have limited accuracy or are invasive. This review discusses adjunctive and/or novel tests that could be used to overcome these challenges. RECENT FINDINGS Small bowel capsule endoscopy is well tolerated and helps to evaluate for persisting villous atrophy and importantly, complications associated with coeliac disease. Testing for urinary and/or stool gluten immunogenic peptides may help identify recent gluten exposure, but further studies are still warranted to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of this approach. Measuring spikes in circulating Interleukin-2 following gluten challenge has shown promise for coeliac disease diagnosis, and thus may serve as a useful confirmatory test in those with persisting symptoms but provides no information on mucosal inflammation. No specific gut microbial signature has been identified in coeliac disease; however, studies have shown a reduced microbial diversity in active disease, which with future refinement may prove clinically useful. SUMMARY There is no evidence to support alternative methods for assessing persisting villous atrophy in coeliac disease over performing an up-to-date duodenal biopsy. Monitoring for adherence to a gluten-free diet remains clinically challenging and should be a priority for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneil A Raju
- Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mohamed G Shiha
- Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hugo A Penny
- Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Patel N, Leffler DA, Al-Toma A, Mulder CJ, Elli L, Gan G, Patil P, Atsawarungruangkit A, Kuijpers KC, Del Gobbo A, Goldsmith J, Hintze Z, Pacheco MC, Vieth M, Melcher B, Salomao M, Pai R, Hart J, Olivas A, Naini B, Meyerson C, Choi WT, Kakar S, Westerhoff M, Cheng J, Gopal P, Hammer S, Moreno Prats M, Bronner MP, Robert ME. Clinical Data Do Not Reliably Predict Duodenal Histology at Follow-up in Celiac Disease: A 13 Center Correlative Study. Am J Surg Pathol 2024; 48:212-220. [PMID: 37994653 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Validated nonbiopsy methods to assure duodenal mucosal healing in celiac disease are lacking, yet ongoing mucosal injury is associated with anemia, osteoporosis, and lymphoma. Most providers utilize clinical data as surrogates of mucosal status to avoid additional esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The reliability of such surrogates to predict mucosal recovery has been incompletely evaluated. The aim of this study was to rigorously assess patterns of histologic mucosal recovery at follow-up in celiac disease and to correlate findings with clinical data. Gastrointestinal pathologists from 13 centers evaluated initial and follow-up duodenal biopsies from 181 celiac disease patients. Marsh scores and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs)/100 enterocytes were assessed blindly. Histology at follow-up was correlated with symptoms, immunoglobulin A anti-tissue transglutaminase titers and gluten-free diet adherence. Fifty-six/181 (31%) patients had persistent villous blunting and 46/181 (25%) patients had just persistently elevated IELs at follow-up, with only 79/181 (44%) patients having complete histologic remission. IEL normalization (82/181; 45%) lagged villous recovery (125/181;69%). In a minority of patients, villous blunting was limited to proximal duodenal biopsies. No correlation was found between Marsh scores and symptoms, normalization of immunoglobulin A anti-tissue transglutaminase serology, or diet adherence. Children showed greater recovery of Marsh score ( P <0.001) and IELs ( P <0.01) than adults. Persistent mucosal injury is common in celiac disease, with discordant villous/IEL normalization. Pathologist awareness of expected findings in celiac disease follow-up biopsies, including their frequent lack of correlation with clinical data, is important for patient management, and has implications for eligibility criteria for therapeutics currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chris J Mulder
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Elli
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of celiac disease, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Alessandro Del Gobbo
- Division of Pathology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Michael Vieth
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Klinikum Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Balint Melcher
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Klinikum Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | | | - John Hart
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | - Won-Tak Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sanjay Kakar
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Jerome Cheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Purva Gopal
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Suntrea Hammer
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Mary P Bronner
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center and ARUP Labs, Salt Lake City, UT
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Schiepatti A, Maimaris S, Raju SA, Green OL, Mantica G, Therrien A, Flores-Marin D, Linden J, Fernández-Bañares F, Esteve M, Leffler D, Biagi F, Sanders DS. Persistent villous atrophy predicts development of complications and mortality in adult patients with coeliac disease: a multicentre longitudinal cohort study and development of a score to identify high-risk patients. Gut 2023; 72:2095-2102. [PMID: 37364982 PMCID: PMC10579485 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persistent villous atrophy (pVA) in coeliac disease (CD) despite a gluten-free diet (GFD) has unclear meaning. We aimed to (i) study the relationship between pVA and long-term outcomes and (ii) develop a score to identify patients at risk of pVA. DESIGN This is a multicentre retrospective-prospective study consisting of a study cohort (cohort 1) and an external validation cohort (cohort 2) of patients with biopsy-proven CD diagnosed between 2000 and 2021. Cohort 1 was used to (i) compare long-term outcomes between patients with and without pVA (Marsh ≥3a) at follow-up biopsy and (ii) to develop a score to evaluate the risk of pVA, which was validated in cohort 2. RESULTS Of 2211 patients, 694 (31%) underwent follow-up duodenal biopsy and were included in the study cohort (491F, 44±16 years). 157/694 (23%) had pVA. Risk of complications (HR 9.53, 95% CI 4.77 to 19.04, p<0.001) and mortality (HR 2.93, 95% CI 1.43 to 6.02, p<0.01) were increased in patients with pVA. A 5-point score was developed and externally validated (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve 0.78, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.89) to stratify patients by risk of pVA: low (0-1 points, 5% pVA), intermediate (2 points, 16% pVA) and high (3-5 points, 73% pVA). Predictors for pVA used in the score were age at diagnosis ≥45 years (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.34, p<0.01), classical pattern of CD (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.28 to 3.58, p<0.01), lack of clinical response to GFD (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.43 to 4.01, p<0.001) and poor GFD adherence (OR 48.9, 95% CI 26.1 to 91.8, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Risk of complications and mortality were increased in patients with pVA. We developed a score to identify patients at risk of pVA and in need of histological reassessment and closer follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Schiepatti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit of Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stiliano Maimaris
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit of Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Suneil A Raju
- Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Olivia L Green
- Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Giulia Mantica
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amelie Therrien
- Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Flores-Marin
- Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin Linden
- Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernando Fernández-Bañares
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación biomédica en red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Esteve
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación biomédica en red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Leffler
- Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Federico Biagi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit of Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - David S Sanders
- Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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13
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Mousavi Maleki MS, Aghamirza Moghim Ali Abadi H, Vaziri B, Shabani AA, Ghavami G, Madanchi H, Sardari S. Bromelain and ficin proteolytic effects on gliadin cytotoxicity and expression of genes involved in cell-tight junctions in Caco-2 cells. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1601-1619. [PMID: 37803248 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme therapy for celiac disease (CeD), which digests gliadin into non-immunogenic and non-toxic peptides, can be an appropriate treatment option for CeD. Here, we have investigated the effectiveness of bromelain and ficin on gliadin digestion using in vitro, such as SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and circular dichroism (CD). Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of gliadin and 19-mer peptide before and after digestion with these enzymes was evaluated using the MTT assay in the Caco-2 cell line. Finally, we examined the effect of these treatments along with Larazotide Acetate on the expression of genes involved in cell-tight junctions, such as Occludin, Claudin 3, tight junction protein-1, and Zonulin in the Caco-2 cell line. Our study demonstrated bromelain and ficin digestion effects on the commercial and wheat-extracted gliadin by SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and CD. Also, the cytotoxicity results on Caco-2 showed that toxicity of the gliadin and synthetic 19-mer peptide was decreased by adding bromelain and ficin. Furthermore, the proteolytic effects of bromelain and ficin on gliadin indicated the expression of genes involved in cell-tight junctions was improved. This study confirms that bromelain and ficin mixture could be effective in improving the symptoms of CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Sadat Mousavi Maleki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Behrooz Vaziri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Shabani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Ghavami
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13198, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Madanchi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13198, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soroush Sardari
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13198, Tehran, Iran.
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González MP, Ballestero-Fernández C, Fajardo V, Achón M, García-González Á, Alonso-Aperte E, Úbeda N. Gluten-Free Product Contribution to Energy and Macronutrient Intakes in Spanish Children and Adolescents with Celiac Disease. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233790. [PMID: 36496597 PMCID: PMC9736215 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluten-free products (GFP) are a good choice for the replacement of cereals when following a gluten-free diet due to celiac disease (CD). However, commercial GFP are made with highly refined flours and may contain more fat, sugar, and salt, and less fiber and micronutrients than gluten-containing analogues, thus challenging the nutritional adequacy of the diet. The aim of this study is to assess the contribution of GFP to the diets of children and adolescents with CD. Food intakes were assessed in a cross-sectional study on 70 children and adolescents with CD (aged four to 18, 50% females), using three 24-h dietary records. GFP consumption reached 165 g a day and comprised mostly bread and fine bakery ware, followed by pasta. GFP contributed with a high percentage (>25%) to total energy, carbohydrates, fiber, and salt daily intakes and, to a lesser extent (<20%), to fat (including saturated fat), sugars and protein. Contribution of homemade products was testimonial. GFP contribution to total energy intake is significant and, consequently, relevant to the nutritional adequacy of the diet. Children and adolescents with CD could benefit from fat, saturated fat, and salt reduction, and fiber enrichment of processed GFP.
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Lavine I, Seo S, Tomaino J. Development of Celiac Disease Therapeutics: The Sixth Gastroenterology Regulatory Endpoints and the Advancement of Therapeutics Workshop. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2022; 2:294-297. [PMID: 39132648 PMCID: PMC11308515 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The Gastroenterology Regulatory Endpoints and the Advancement of Therapeutics VI Workshop, held on July 22, 2021, provided a forum for patients and representatives from academia, industry, patient advocacy groups, and Food and Drug Administration to discuss drug development for celiac disease (CeD). The workshop focused on the approach of histologic assessments in clinical trials, considerations for pediatric drug development, and the use of a gluten challenge (GC) in clinical trials. Given that no histologic scoring system is widely accepted for use in clinical trials at this time, early-phase clinical trials should ideally explore a variety of histologic scales and assess the histologic findings of CeD as individual measures to inform future trials. When planning pediatric drug development in CeD, appropriate use of extrapolation of efficacy data from adequate, well-controlled studies in adults could facilitate timely access to safe and effective therapies for pediatric patients. Identification of a fit-for-purpose pediatric clinical outcome assessment could further advance pediatric drug development. Histologic responses to the GC depend on exposure, dose, and duration; short exposures do not appear to cause long-term consequences. However, the GC should be incorporated into clinical trials in a thoughtful manner to generate interpretable results and ensure patient safety. Ongoing collaboration between all stakeholders will facilitate the development of safe and effective therapeutics for CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Lavine
- Division of Gastroenterology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Suna Seo
- Division of Gastroenterology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Juli Tomaino
- Division of Gastroenterology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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16
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Ching CK, Lebwohl B. Celiac Disease in the Elderly. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2022; 20:238-249. [PMID: 36818495 PMCID: PMC9937540 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-022-00397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review This review highlights literature from the past several years and explores the impact on current understanding of celiac disease diagnosis, complications, and management in older adults. Recent findings Celiac disease in the elderly is becoming increasingly prevalent but remains underdiagnosed, with a high potential burden of downstream morbidity and modestly increased risk of mortality. Clinical presentations are often related to extraintestinal symptoms and can be subtle. Duodenal biopsy remains the gold-standard for diagnosis in older adults, along with supporting serologies. Refractory celiac disease is a particular concern in the aging population, and treatment for this rare condition remains unsatisfactory. Older adults exhibit lower rates of mucosal healing, though the reasons for this are poorly understood. Summary Current understanding of celiac disease in the elderly continues to advance, though significant knowledge gaps persist. Large, prospective studies are needed to further characterize celiac disease pathogenesis, complications, and management in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K. Ching
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Lebwohl
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Galli G, Amici G, Conti L, Lahner E, Annibale B, Carabotti M. Sex–Gender Differences in Adult Coeliac Disease at Diagnosis and Gluten-Free-Diet Follow-Up. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153192. [PMID: 35956368 PMCID: PMC9370199 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion. At CD diagnosis, gender differences have been previously reported, but data regarding follow-up are scant. We investigated gender differences in CD adult patients both at the time of diagnosis and at follow-up after the start of the gluten-free diet (GFD). This is a longitudinal cohort study on adult CD patients diagnosed between 2008 and 2019. Clinical, biochemical, and histological data were assessed and compared between males and females. At diagnosis, female gender was significantly associated with signs of malabsorption (OR 3.39; 95% CI: 1.4–7.9), longer duration of symptoms and/or signs before the diagnosis (OR 3.39; 95% CI: 1.5–7.5), heartburn (OR 2.99; 95% CI: 1.1–8.0), dyspepsia (OR 2.70; 95% CI: 1.1–6.5), nausea/vomit (OR 3.53; 95% CI: 1.1–10.9), and constipation (OR 4.84; 95% CI: 1.2–19.6) and less frequently associated to higher body mass index (OR 0.88; 95% CI: 0.8–0.9) and osteopenia/osteoporosis (OR 0.30; 95% CI: 0.1–0.7) compared to male patients. After 12–30 months, females presented lower median BMI, performed less frequently histological control, and had more frequently anaemia and hypoferritinaemia compared to males. No significant differences concerning the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, adherence to GFD, and Marsh score were found. Gender differences found at CD diagnosis mostly disappear at the follow-up, showing that these differences can be solved over time.
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Tye‐Din JA. Review article: Follow-up of coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 56 Suppl 1:S49-S63. [PMID: 35815829 PMCID: PMC9542881 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease is a lifelong immune-mediated enteropathy with systemic features associated with increased morbidity and modestly increased mortality. Treatment with a strict gluten-free diet improves symptoms and mucosal damage but is not curative and low-level gluten intake is common despite strict attempts at adherence. Regular follow-up after diagnosis is considered best-practice however this is executed poorly in the community with the problem compounded by the paucity of data informing optimal approaches. The aim of dietary treatment is to resolve symptoms, reduce complication risk and improve quality of life. It follows that the goals of monitoring are to assess dietary adherence, monitor disease activity, assess symptoms and screen for complications. Mucosal disease remission is regarded a key measure of treatment success as healing is associated with positive health outcomes. However, persistent villous atrophy is common, even after many years of a gluten-free diet. As the clinical significance of asymptomatic enteropathy is uncertain the role for routine follow-up biopsies remains contentious. Symptomatic non-responsive coeliac disease is common and with systematic follow-up a cause is usually found. Effective models of care involving the gastroenterologist, dietitian and primary care doctor will improve the consistency of long-term management and likely translate into better patient outcomes. Identifying suitable treatment targets linked to long-term health is an important goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Tye‐Din
- Immunology DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Department of GastroenterologyThe Royal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Centre for Food & Allergy ResearchMurdoch Children’s Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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19
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The global burden of coeliac disease: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:313-327. [PMID: 34980921 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coeliac disease is a systemic disorder characterized by immune-mediated enteropathy, which is caused by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. The clinical presentation of coeliac disease is highly variable and ranges from malabsorption through solely extra-intestinal manifestations to asymptomatic. As a result, the majority of patients with coeliac disease remain undiagnosed, misdiagnosed or experience a substantial delay in diagnosis. Coeliac disease is diagnosed by a combination of serological findings of disease-related antibodies and histological evidence of villous abnormalities in duodenal biopsy samples. However, variability in histological grading and in the diagnostic performance of some commercially available serological tests remains unacceptably high and confirmatory assays are not readily available in many parts of the world. Currently, the only effective treatment for coeliac disease is a lifelong, strict, gluten-free diet. However, many barriers impede patients' adherence to this diet, including lack of widespread availability, high cost, cross-contamination and its overall restrictive nature. Routine follow-up is necessary to ensure adherence to a gluten-free diet but considerable variation is evident in follow-up protocols and the optimal disease management strategy is not clear. However, these challenges in the diagnosis and management of coeliac disease suggest opportunities for future research.
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Ohara TE, Colonna M, Stappenbeck TS. Adaptive differentiation promotes intestinal villus recovery. Dev Cell 2022; 57:166-179.e6. [PMID: 35016013 PMCID: PMC9092613 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Loss of differentiated cells to tissue damage is a hallmark of many diseases. In slow-turnover tissues, long-lived differentiated cells can re-enter the cell cycle or transdifferentiate to another cell type to promote repair. Here, we show that in a high-turnover tissue, severe damage to the differentiated compartment induces progenitors to transiently acquire a unique transcriptional and morphological postmitotic state. We highlight this in an acute villus injury model in the mouse intestine, where we identified a population of progenitor-derived cells that covered injured villi. These atrophy-induced villus epithelial cells (aVECs) were enriched for fetal markers but were differentiated and lineage committed. We further established a role for aVECs in maintaining barrier integrity through the activation of yes-associated protein (YAP). Notably, loss of YAP activity led to impaired villus regeneration. Thus, we define a key repair mechanism involving the activation of a fetal-like program during injury-induced differentiation, a process we term "adaptive differentiation."
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro E Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Our understanding of the pathophysiology of celiac disease has progressed greatly over the past 25 years; however, some fallacies about the clinical characteristics and management persist. Worldwide epidemiologic data are now available showing that celiac disease is ubiquitous. An elevated body mass index is common at the time of the diagnosis. The gluten-free diet (GFD) is an imperfect treatment for celiac disease; not all individuals show a response. This diet is widely used by people without celiac disease, and symptomatic improvement on a GFD is not sufficient for diagnosis. Finally, the GFD is burdensome, difficult to achieve, and thus has an incomplete efficacy, opening exciting opportunities for novel, nondietary treatments.
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22
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Persistent Villous Atrophy in De Novo Adult Patients With Celiac Disease and Strict Control of Gluten-Free Diet Adherence: A Multicenter Prospective Study (CADER Study). Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116:1036-1043. [PMID: 33491958 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A substantial proportion of adult patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet exhibit persistent villous atrophy, and inadvertent gluten exposure may be one of the causes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate villous atrophy persistence after 2 years on a gluten-free diet in de novo adult patients with celiac disease with strict control of gluten exposure. METHODS Symptomatic de novo adult patients with celiac disease were prospectively included. Clinical visits and dietary surveillance were scheduled every 6 months during a 2-year follow-up period. At each visit, fecal samples were collected and stored at -20 °C until analysis for gluten immunogenic peptides (f-GIPs). A follow-up duodenal biopsy was performed at 2 years. We evaluated the variables associated with persistent villous atrophy. RESULTS Seventy-six patients completed the study (36.5 ± 1.6 years, 73% women); persistent villous atrophy was observed in 40 (53%), whereas 72.5% were asymptomatic and 75% had negative serology. Detectable f-GIP >0.08 μg/g in at least 1 fecal sample was seen in 69% of patients. There were no significant differences in the median f-GIP at each visit and median area under the curve over the serial measurements between patients with persistent villous atrophy and those who recovered. On multivariate analysis, only older age was associated with persistent villous atrophy (32% for 16-30 years; 67% for >30 years; P = 0.016). DISCUSSION The rate of persistent villous atrophy after 2 years was high in adult patients with celiac disease on an intentionally strict gluten-free diet. Low-level ongoing inadvertent gluten exposure could be a contributing factor to persistent villous atrophy.
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Ben Houmich T, Admou B. Celiac disease: Understandings in diagnostic, nutritional, and medicinal aspects. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 35:20587384211008709. [PMID: 33878915 PMCID: PMC8064516 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211008709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is characterized by clinical polymorphism, with classic, asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic, and extra-intestinal forms, which may lead to diagnostic delay and exposure to serious complications. CD is a multidisciplinary health concern involving general medicine, pediatric, and adult gastroenterology, among other disciplines. Immunology and pathology laboratories have a fundamental role in diagnosing and monitoring CD. The diagnosis consists of serological testing based on IgA anti-transglutaminase (TG2) antibodies combined with IgA quantification to rule out IgA deficiency, a potential misleading factor of CD diagnosis. Positive TG2 serology should be corroborated by anti-endomysium antibody testing before considering an intestinal biopsy. Owing to multiple differential diagnoses, celiac disease cannot be confirmed based on serological positivity alone, nor on isolated villous atrophy. In children with classical signs or even when asymptomatic, with high levels of CD-linked markers and positive HLA DQ2 and/or DQ8 molecules, the current trend is to confirm the diagnosis on basis of the non-systematic use of the biopsy, which remains obligatory in adults. The main challenge in managing CD is the implementation and compliance with a gluten-free diet (GFD). This explains the key role of the dietitian and the active participation of patients and their families throughout the disease-management process. The presence of the gluten in several forms of medicine requires the sensitization of physicians when prescribing, and particularly when dispensing gluten-containing formulations by pharmacists. This underlines the importance of the contribution of the pharmacist in the care of patients with CD within the framework of close collaboration with physicians and nutritionists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoufik Ben Houmich
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, University Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Brahim Admou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, University Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakech, Morocco.,Bioscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
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Chiruvella V, Cheema A, Arshad HMS, Chan JT, Yap JEL. Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency Causing Persistent Bloating and Diarrhea in an Adult Female. Cureus 2021; 13:e14349. [PMID: 33972906 PMCID: PMC8105231 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital sucrase isomaltase deficiency (CSID) is an autosomal recessive disorder which leads to chronic intestinal malabsorption of nutrients from ingested starch and sucrose. Symptoms usually present after consumption of fruits, juices, grains, and starches, leading to failure to thrive and malnutrition. Diagnosis is suspected on detailed patient history and confirmed by a disaccharidase assay using small intestinal biopsies or sucrose hydrogen breath test. Treatment of CSID consists of limiting sucrose in diet and replacement therapy with sacrosidase. Due to its nonspecific symptoms, CSID may be undiagnosed in many patients for several years. We present a case of a 50-year-old woman with persistent symptoms of bloating in spite of extensive evaluation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Chiruvella
- Internal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, USA
| | - Ayesha Cheema
- Internal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline T Chan
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, USA
| | - John Erikson L Yap
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, USA
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25
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van Wanrooij RLJ, Bontkes HJ, Neefjes-Borst EA, Mulder CJ, Bouma G. Immune-mediated enteropathies: From bench to bedside. J Autoimmun 2021; 118:102609. [PMID: 33607573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated enteropathies are caused by excessive reactions of the intestinal immune system towards non-pathogenic molecules. Enteropathy leads to malabsorption-related symptoms and include (severe) chronic diarrhea, weight loss and vitamin deficiencies. Parenteral feeding and immunosuppressive therapy are needed in severe cases. Celiac disease has long been recognized as the most common immune-mediated enteropathy in adults, but the spectrum of immune-mediated enteropathies has been expanding. Histological and clinical features are sometimes shared among these enteropathies, and therefore it may be challenging to differentiate between them. Here, we provide an overview of immune-mediated enteropathies focused on clinical presentation, establishing diagnosis, immunopathogenesis, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy L J van Wanrooij
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AGEM Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hetty J Bontkes
- Amsterdam UMC, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, AI & I Institute, AGEM Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Chris J Mulder
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AGEM Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerd Bouma
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AGEM Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Gluten content in labeled and unlabeled gluten-free food products used by patients with celiac disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:1245-1253. [PMID: 33462461 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gluten-free (GF) diet is the only reliable treatment for patients with celiac disease (CeD), but data on the extent of gluten contamination in GF food available in India is scanty. We evaluated gluten content in labeled, imported, and non-labeled GF food products currently available in the Indian market. METHODS Overall, 794 processed and commercially available packaged GF products (labeled GF (n = 360), imported GF (n = 80), and non-labeled/naturally GF (n = 354)) were collected from supermarkets of National Capital Region of India. Those unavailable in stores were purchased from e-commerce sites or directly from the manufacturers. Gluten level in them was determined by Ridascreen Gliadin sandwich R5 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R-Biopharm AG, Germany). As per Codex Alimentarius and Food Safety and Standard Authority of India, "gluten free" labeled products must not contain > 20 mg/kg of gluten. RESULTS Overall, 10.1% of 794 GF products including 38 (10.8%) of 360 labeled and 42 (11.8%) of 354 non-labeled/naturally GF food products had gluten content > 20 mg/kg (range: 24.43-355 and 23.2-463.8 mg/kg, respectively). None of the imported GF products had gluten more than the recommended limits. Contaminated products most commonly belonged to cereal and their products (flours, coarse grains, pasta/macaroni, snack foods) pulse flours, spices, and bakery items. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion (10.1%) of GF food products (both labeled and non-labeled) available in India have gluten content greater than the prescribed limits of <20 mg/kg. Physicians, dietitians, support group, and patients with CeD should be made aware of this fact and regulatory bodies should ensure quality assurance.
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27
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Society for the Study of Celiac Disease position statement on gaps and opportunities in coeliac disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:875-884. [PMID: 34526700 PMCID: PMC8441249 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progress has been made in understanding coeliac disease, a relatively frequent and underappreciated immune-mediated condition that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals. However, several gaps remain in knowledge related to diagnosis and management. The gluten-free diet, currently the only available management, is not curative or universally effective (some adherent patients have ongoing duodenal injury). Unprecedented numbers of emerging therapies, including some with novel tolerogenic mechanisms, are currently being investigated in clinical trials. In March 2020, the Celiac Disease Foundation and the Society for the Study of Celiac Disease convened a consensus workshop to identify high-yield areas of research that should be prioritized. Workshop participants included leading experts in clinical practice, academia, government and pharmaceutical development, as well as representatives from patient support groups in North America. This Roadmap summarizes key advances in the field of coeliac disease and provides information on important discussions from the consensus approach to address gaps and opportunities related to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of coeliac disease. The morbidity of coeliac disease is often underestimated, which has led to an unmet need to improve the management of these patients. Expanded research funding is needed as coeliac disease is a potentially curable disease.
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Ruiz-Carnicer Á, Garzón-Benavides M, Fombuena B, Segura V, García-Fernández F, Sobrino-Rodríguez S, Gómez-Izquierdo L, Montes-Cano MA, Rodríguez-Herrera A, Millán R, Rico MC, González-Naranjo C, Bozada-García JM, Díaz J, Coronel-Rodríguez C, Espín B, Romero-Gómez M, Cebolla Á, Sousa C, Comino I, Argüelles F, Pizarro Á. Negative predictive value of the repeated absence of gluten immunogenic peptides in the urine of treated celiac patients in predicting mucosal healing: new proposals for follow-up in celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:1240-1251. [PMID: 32692806 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of celiac disease (CD) is a lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD). The current methods for monitoring GFD conformance, such as a dietary questionnaire or serology tests, may be inaccurate in detecting dietary transgressions, and duodenal biopsies are invasive, expensive, and not a routine monitoring technique. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to determine the clinical usefulness of urine gluten immunogenic peptides (GIP) as a biomarker monitoring GFD adherence in celiac patients and to evaluate the concordance of the results with the degree of mucosal damage. METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted involving 22 de novo CD patients, 77 celiac patients consuming a GFD, and 13 nonceliac subjects. On 3 d of the week, urine samples were collected and the GIP concentrations were tested. Simultaneously, anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies, questionnaire results, clinical manifestations, and histological findings were analyzed. RESULTS Approximately 24% (18 of 76) of the celiac patients consuming a GFD exhibited Marsh II-III mucosal damage. Among this population, 94% (17 of 18) had detectable urine GIP; however, between 60% and 80% were asymptomatic and exhibited negative serology and appropriate GFD adherence based on the questionnaire. In contrast, 97% (31 of 32) of the celiac patients without duodenal damage had no detectable GIP. These results demonstrated the high sensitivity (94%) and negative predictive value (97%) of GIP measurements in relation to duodenal biopsy findings. In the de novo CD-diagnosed cohort, 82% (18 of 22) of patients had measurable amounts of GIP in the urine. CONCLUSIONS Determining GIP concentrations in several urine samples may be an especially convenient approach to assess recent gluten exposure in celiac patients and appears to accurately predict the absence of histological lesions. The introduction of GIP testing as an assessment technique for GFD adherence may help in ascertaining dietary compliance and to target the most suitable intervention during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Ruiz-Carnicer
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Garzón-Benavides
- Digestive Disease Clinical Unit, Gastroenterology Division, Virgen del Rocío Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Blanca Fombuena
- Digestive Disease Clinical Unit, Gastroenterology Division, Virgen del Rocío Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Verónica Segura
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Marcos A Montes-Cano
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Millán
- Digestive Disease Clinical Unit, Gastroenterology Division, Virgen del Rocío Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - María C Rico
- Digestive Disease Clinical Unit, Gastroenterology Division, Virgen del Rocío Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Naranjo
- Digestive Disease Clinical Unit, Gastroenterology Division, Virgen del Rocío Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan M Bozada-García
- Endoscopy of Digestive Diseases Clinical Unit, Virgen del Rocío Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Jacobo Díaz
- Clinical Analysis Service, Hospital Universitario INGESA, Ceuta, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Espín
- Pediatric, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Section, Virgen del Rocio Children's Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- Digestive Disease Clinical Unit, Gastroenterology Division, Virgen del Rocío Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Carolina Sousa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Comino
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Federico Argüelles
- Digestive Diseases Clinical Unit, Virgen Macarena Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Ángeles Pizarro
- Digestive Disease Clinical Unit, Gastroenterology Division, Virgen del Rocío Hospital, Seville, Spain
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Banaganapalli B, Mansour H, Mohammed A, Alharthi AM, Aljuaid NM, Nasser KK, Ahmad A, Saadah OI, Al-Aama JY, Elango R, Shaik NA. Exploring celiac disease candidate pathways by global gene expression profiling and gene network cluster analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16290. [PMID: 33004927 PMCID: PMC7529771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a gastrointestinal autoimmune disorder, whose specific molecular basis is not yet fully interpreted. Therefore, in this study, we compared the global gene expression profile of duodenum tissues from CeD patients, both at the time of disease diagnosis and after two years of the gluten-free diet. A series of advanced systems biology approaches like differential gene expression, protein–protein interactions, gene network-cluster analysis were deployed to annotate the candidate pathways relevant to CeD pathogenesis. The duodenum tissues from CeD patients revealed the differential expression of 106 up- and 193 down-regulated genes. The pathway enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) highlights the involvement of biological pathways related to loss of cell division regulation (cell cycle, p53 signalling pathway), immune system processes (NOD-like receptor signalling pathway, Th1, and Th2 cell differentiation, IL-17 signalling pathway) and impaired metabolism and absorption (mineral and vitamin absorptions and drug metabolism) in celiac disease. The molecular dysfunctions of these 3 biological events tend to increase the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and villous atrophy of the duodenal mucosa promoting the development of CeD. For the first time, this study highlights the involvement of aberrant cell division, immune system, absorption, and metabolism pathways in CeD pathophysiology and presents potential novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babajan Banaganapalli
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa Mansour
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Mastoor Alharthi
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Mohammed Aljuaid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalidah Khalid Nasser
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Health Information Technology, Faculty of Applied Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar I Saadah
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jumana Yousuf Al-Aama
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramu Elango
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia. .,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Noor Ahmad Shaik
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia. .,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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30
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Charlesworth RPG, Winter G. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and Celiac disease - coincidence or causation? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14:305-306. [PMID: 32295433 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1757428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gal Winter
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England , Armidale, Australia
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31
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Singh A, Verma AK, Das P, Prakash S, Pramanik R, Nayak B, Datta Gupta S, Sreenivas V, Kumar L, Ahuja V, Makharia GK. Non-immunological biomarkers for assessment of villous abnormalities in patients with celiac disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35:438-445. [PMID: 31498492 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Demonstration of villous abnormalities is an essential component of diagnosis of celiac disease (CeD) that requires duodenal biopsies. There is a need for non-invasive biomarker(s) that can predict the presence of villous abnormalities. METHODS Levels of plasma citrulline, plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), and serum regenerating gene 1α (Reg1α) were estimated in treatment naïve patients with CeD and controls. The levels of these biomarkers and their cyclical pattern were validated in a predicted model of enteropathy. Optimum diagnostic cut-off values were derived, and the results were further validated in a prospective validation cohort. RESULTS While level of plasma citrulline was significantly lower, the levels of plasma I-FABP and serum Reg1α were significantly higher in patients with CeD (n = 131) in comparison with healthy (n = 216) and disease controls (n = 133), and their levels reversed after a gluten-free diet (GFD). In the model of predicted enteropathy (n = 70), a sequential decrease and then increase in the level of plasma citrulline was observed; such a sequential change was not observed with I-FABP and Reg1α. The diagnostic accuracy for prediction of presence of villous abnormality was 89% and 78% if citrulline level was ≤ 30 μM/L and I-FABP levels were ≥ 1100 pg/mL, respectively. The results were validated in a prospective validation cohort (n = 104) with a sensitivity and specificity of 79.5% and 83.1%, respectively, for predicting villous abnormalities of modified Marsh grade > 2 at calculated cut-off values of citrulline and I-FABP. CONCLUSIONS Plasma citrulline ≤ 30 μM/L is the most consistent, highly reproducible non-invasive biomarker that can predict the presence of villous abnormality and has the potential for avoiding duodenal biopsies in 78% patients suspected to have CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil K Verma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Celiac Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Departments of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Prakash
- Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Raja Pramanik
- Department of Medical Oncology, BRA Rotary Cancer Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - B Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - V Sreenivas
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, BRA Rotary Cancer Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Govind K Makharia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Sharma N, Bhatia S, Chunduri V, Kaur S, Sharma S, Kapoor P, Kumari A, Garg M. Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease and Other Gluten Related Disorders in Wheat and Strategies for Mitigating Them. Front Nutr 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 32118025 PMCID: PMC7020197 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is a major cereal crop providing energy and nutrients to the billions of people around the world. Gluten is a structural protein in wheat, that is necessary for its dough making properties, but it is responsible for imparting certain intolerances among some individuals, which are part of this review. Most important among these intolerances is celiac disease, that is gluten triggered T-cell mediated autoimmune enteropathy and results in villous atrophy, inflammation and damage to intestinal lining in genetically liable individuals containing human leukocyte antigen DQ2/DQ8 molecules on antigen presenting cells. Celiac disease occurs due to presence of celiac disease eliciting epitopes in gluten, particularly highly immunogenic alpha-gliadins. Another gluten related disorder is non-celiac gluten-sensitivity in which innate immune-response occurs in patients along with gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms, that disappear upon removal of gluten from the diet. In wheat allergy, either IgE or non-IgE mediated immune response occurs in individuals after inhalation or ingestion of wheat. Following a life-long gluten-free diet by celiac disease and non-celiac gluten-sensitivity patients is very challenging as none of wheat cultivar or related species stands safe for consumption. Hence, different molecular biology, genetic engineering, breeding, microbial, enzymatic, and chemical strategies have been worked upon to reduce the celiac disease epitopes and the gluten content in wheat. Currently, only 8.4% of total population is affected by wheat-related issues, while rest of population remains safe and should not remove wheat from the diet, based on false media coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Sharma
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Simran Bhatia
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Venkatesh Chunduri
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Satveer Kaur
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Saloni Sharma
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Payal Kapoor
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Monika Garg
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
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Frequency and Predictors of Successful Transition of Care for Young Adults With Childhood Celiac Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2020; 70:190-194. [PMID: 31978015 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transition from pediatric to adult care for individuals with chronic conditions is important to prevent gaps in care, though this has not been well-studied in celiac disease (CD). The aim of this study was to discern rates and predictors of successful transition of care for young adults with childhood-diagnosed CD. METHODS An anonymous 21-question online survey was sent to individuals on our center's email contact list seeking responses from those ages 18 to 25 years diagnosed with CD before age 18 years. Information collected included method of diagnosis, demographics, CD-related care, reasons for not seeking care, and symptoms. RESULTS Respondents (n = 98), 70% women, had a median age of 21 years (IQR 19--23 years). The majority were full or part-time students (67%; 95% CI 59%-77%). Only 31% of respondents had successfully transitioned to an adult CD provider. Some 37% (95% CI 29%-48%) were not receiving any CD medical care. An older age at diagnosis was associated with successful transition to adult gastroenterology (P = 0.002) as well as with greater symptom scores (P = 0.002). Receiving a referral for ongoing adult CD care predicted successful transition to an adult provider (odds ratio [OR] 3.92, 95% CI 1.58-9.72). CONCLUSIONS Transition of care for young adults with CD is inconsistent, particularly among asymptomatic patients. Receipt of a referral for an adult provider significantly improves follow-up rates.
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Lahner E, Conti L, Cicone F, Capriello S, Cazzato M, Centanni M, Annibale B, Virili C. Thyro-entero-gastric autoimmunity: Pathophysiology and implications for patient management. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 34:101373. [PMID: 31864909 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The association between autoimmune atrophic gastritis and thyroid disorders has been observed since the early 1960s and the expression "thyrogastric syndrome" was coined to indicate the presence of thyroid autoantibodies or autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with pernicious anemia, a late clinical stage of autoimmune atrophic gastritis. More recently, it was confirmed that autoimmune thyroid disorders, in particular Hashimoto's thyroiditis, may be frequently associated with other organ-specific, immune-mediated disorders, such as autoimmune atrophic gastritis or celiac disease. The association of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with autoimmune atrophic gastritis or celiac disease in adult patients is currently considered part of the polyglandular autoimmune syndromes which include several autoimmune disorders associated with an autoaggressive impairment of endocrine glands. From a clinical point of view, the thyro-entero-gastric autoimmunity may lead to potentially serious consequences like anemia, micronutrients deficiencies, and drugs malabsorption, as well as to an increased risk for malignancies. These alterations may frequently present in an underhand manner, with consequent diagnostic and treatment delays. Many aspects of the association between thyroid, gastric and intestinal autoimmune diseases still await clarification. The present review focuses on the embryological, genetic and pathophysiological aspects of thyro-entero-gastric autoimmunity. In particular, the current diagnostic criteria of autoimmune thyroid disease, autoimmune atrophic gastritis, and celiac disease are reviewed, along with the evidences for their association in poly-autoimmunity syndromes. The benefits of proactive screening of autoimmune thyroid disorders in patients with autoimmune gastritis or enteropathy and viceversa are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Lahner
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, School of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, School of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cicone
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Silvia Capriello
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cazzato
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, School of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Centanni
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Annibale
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, School of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Virili
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Lee M, Betman S, Iuga A, Yang HM, Fleming J, Green PHR, Lebwohl B, Lagana SM. An association between crypt apoptotic bodies and mucosal flattening in celiac disease patients exposed to dietary gluten. Diagn Pathol 2019; 14:98. [PMID: 31472694 PMCID: PMC6717634 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-019-0878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is characterized histologically by inflammation and villous atrophy. Villous atrophy is thought to result from a disruption of epithelial cellular proliferation and death. Epithelial cells in intestinal mucosa normally proliferate in the crypts and migrate towards the lumen, eventually dying. Apoptotic bodies in crypts are usually abnormal and are associated with certain disease states. The presence of crypt apoptosis in celiac disease has not been thoroughly examined by routine histologic assessment of crypt apoptotic body count (ABC). METHODS We quantified the ABC in duodenal biopsies from celiac patients before and after initiation of a gluten-free diet (GFD). We examined twenty-three duodenal biopsies from adult patients with celiac disease at diagnosis and following GFD and determined the maximum ABC in 10 consecutive crypts. Fourteen biopsies from heartburn patients served as controls. RESULTS Mean duration between paired biopsies was 2.9 (0.5-8.5) years. Mean maximum ABC in active celiac disease was 5.44 per crypt and decreased to 2.60 with GFD (p = <.0001). The mean maximum ABC in controls was 1.79, lower than both active celiac disease and GFD (p = <.0001 and p = .019 respectively). Flat lesions with total villous atrophy (mean: 6.44) showed a higher ABC compared to non-flat lesions (mean: 4.87); p = .04. CONCLUSIONS Crypt ABC is markedly elevated in active celiac disease and decreases significantly with GFD, however it does not achieve normalcy. Total villous atrophy is associated with a higher ABC than all other lesions. Crypt apoptosis is likely a significant contributor to villous atrophy in celiac disease and can be appreciated by routine histologic examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC14-240A, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Shane Betman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC14-240A, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alina Iuga
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC14-240A, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hui-Min Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC14-240A, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jude Fleming
- Internal Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter H R Green
- Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Lebwohl
- Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen M Lagana
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC14-240A, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Micronutrients Dietary Supplementation Advices for Celiac Patients on Long-Term Gluten-Free Diet with Good Compliance: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55070337. [PMID: 31277328 PMCID: PMC6681258 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective: Often micronutrient deficiencies cannot be detected when patient is already following a long-term gluten-free diet with good compliance (LTGFDWGC). The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the most recent literature that considers blood micronutrient deficiencies in LTGFDWGC subjects, in order to prepare dietary supplementation advice (DSA). Materials and methods: A research strategy was planned on PubMed by defining the following keywords: celiac disease, vitamin B12, iron, folic acid, and vitamin D. Results: This review included 73 studies. The few studies on micronutrient circulating levels in long-term gluten-free diet (LTGFD) patients over 2 years with good compliance demonstrated that deficiency was detected in up to: 30% of subjects for vitamin B12 (DSA: 1000 mcg/day until level is normal, then 500 mcg), 40% for iron (325 mg/day), 20% for folic acid (1 mg/day for 3 months, followed by 400–800 mcg/day), 25% for vitamin D (1000 UI/day or more-based serum level or 50,000 UI/week if level is <20 ng/mL), 40% for zinc (25–40 mg/day), 3.6% of children for calcium (1000–1500 mg/day), 20% for magnesium (200–300 mg/day); no data is available in adults for magnesium. Conclusions: If integration with diet is not enough, starting with supplements may be the correct way, after evaluating the initial blood level to determine the right dosage of supplementation.
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Malamut G, Cording S, Cerf-Bensussan N. Recent advances in celiac disease and refractory celiac disease. F1000Res 2019; 8:F1000 Faculty Rev-969. [PMID: 31297187 PMCID: PMC6600866 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18701.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD), defined as gluten-induced enteropathy, is a frequent and largely underdiagnosed disease. Diagnosis relies on the detection of highly specific serum IgA anti-transglutaminase auto-antibodies and on the demonstration of duodenal villous atrophy. Treatment necessitates a strict gluten-free diet, which resolves symptoms and enables histological recovery. However, regular follow-up is necessary to assess mucosal healing, which emerges as an important prognostic factor. Recent work on CeD pathogenesis has highlighted how the cross-talk between gluten-specific CD4 + T cells and interleukin-15 can activate cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes and trigger epithelial lesions. Moreover, acquisition by a subset of intraepithelial lymphocytes of somatic gain-of-function mutations in the JAK-STAT pathway was shown to be a decisive step in the progression toward lymphomas complicating CeD, thus opening new therapeutic perspectives for these rare but life-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Malamut
- Gastroenterology, Hôpital Cochin APHP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Inserm, UMR1163 and Institut Imagine, Laboratory Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France
| | - Sascha Cording
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Inserm, UMR1163 and Institut Imagine, Laboratory Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Inserm, UMR1163 and Institut Imagine, Laboratory Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France
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Forbes GM. Gluten in "gluten-free" manufactured foods in Australia: a cross-sectional study. Med J Aust 2019; 210:429-429.e1. [PMID: 31020995 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Costa AF, Sugai E, Temprano MDLP, Niveloni SI, Vázquez H, Moreno ML, Domínguez-Flores MR, Muñoz-Suano A, Smecuol E, Stefanolo JP, González AF, Cebolla-Ramirez A, Mauriño E, Verdú EF, Bai JC. Gluten immunogenic peptide excretion detects dietary transgressions in treated celiac disease patients. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1409-1420. [PMID: 30918433 PMCID: PMC6429344 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i11.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life-long removal of gluten from the diet is currently the only way to manage celiac disease (CeD). Until now, no objective test has proven useful to objectively detect ingested gluten in clinical practice. Recently, tests that determine consumption of gluten by assessing excretion of gluten immunogenic peptides (GIP) in stool and urine have been developed. Their utility, in comparison with conventional dietary and analytical follow-up strategies, has not been fully established.
AIM To assess the performance of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and point-of-care tests (PoCTs) for GIP excretion in CeD patients on gluten-free diet (GFD).
METHODS We conducted an observational, prospective, cross-sectional study in patients following a GFD for at least two years. Using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale questionnaire, patients were classified at enrollment as asymptomatic or symptomatic. Gluten consumption was assessed twice by 3-d dietary recall and GIP excretion (by ELISA in stool and PoCTs (commercial kits for stool and urine) in two consecutive samples. These samples and dietary reports were obtained 10 day apart one from the other. Patients were encouraged to follow their usual GFD during the study period.
RESULTS Forty-four patients were enrolled, of which 19 (43.2%) were symptomatic despite being on a GFD. Overall, 83 sets of stool and/or urine samples were collected. Eleven out of 44 patients (25.0%) had at least one positive GIP test. The occurrence of at least one positive test was 32% in asymptomatic patients compared with 15.8% in symptomatic patients. GIP was concordant with dietary reports in 65.9% of cases (Cohen´s kappa: 0.317). PoCT detected dietary indiscretions. Both ELISA and PoCT in stool were concordant (concomitantly positive or negative) in 67 out of 74 (90.5%) samples. Excretion of GIP was detected in 7 (8.4%) stool and/or urine samples from patients considered to be strictly compliant with the GFD by dietary reports.
CONCLUSION GIP detects dietary transgressions in patients on long-term GFD, irrespective of the presence of symptoms. PoCT for GIP detection constitutes a simple home-based method for self-assessment of dietary indiscretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Florencia Costa
- Julio César Bai: Small Bowel Section, Department of Medicine, Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo Gastroenterology Hospital, Buenos Aires 1263, Argentina
| | - Emilia Sugai
- Julio César Bai: Small Bowel Section, Department of Medicine, Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo Gastroenterology Hospital, Buenos Aires 1263, Argentina
| | - María de la Paz Temprano
- Julio César Bai: Small Bowel Section, Department of Medicine, Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo Gastroenterology Hospital, Buenos Aires 1263, Argentina
| | - Sonia Isabel Niveloni
- Julio César Bai: Small Bowel Section, Department of Medicine, Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo Gastroenterology Hospital, Buenos Aires 1263, Argentina
| | - Horacio Vázquez
- Julio César Bai: Small Bowel Section, Department of Medicine, Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo Gastroenterology Hospital, Buenos Aires 1263, Argentina
| | - María Laura Moreno
- Julio César Bai: Small Bowel Section, Department of Medicine, Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo Gastroenterology Hospital, Buenos Aires 1263, Argentina
| | | | | | - Edgardo Smecuol
- Julio César Bai: Small Bowel Section, Department of Medicine, Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo Gastroenterology Hospital, Buenos Aires 1263, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Stefanolo
- Julio César Bai: Small Bowel Section, Department of Medicine, Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo Gastroenterology Hospital, Buenos Aires 1263, Argentina
| | - Andrea F González
- Julio César Bai: Small Bowel Section, Department of Medicine, Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo Gastroenterology Hospital, Buenos Aires 1263, Argentina
| | | | - Eduardo Mauriño
- Julio César Bai: Small Bowel Section, Department of Medicine, Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo Gastroenterology Hospital, Buenos Aires 1263, Argentina
| | - Elena F Verdú
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Julio César Bai
- Research Institutes, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires 1050, Argentina
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Abstract
Refractory celiac disease (RCD) refers to persistence of malnutrition and intestinal villous atrophy for more than 1 to 2 years despite strict gluten-free diet in patients with celiac disease. Diagnosis remains difficult and impacts treatment and follow-up. RCD has been subdivided into 2 subgroups according to the normal (RCDI) or abnormal phenotype of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) (RCDII). RCDII is considered as a low-grade intraepithelial lymphoma and has a poor prognosis due to gastrointestinal and extraintestinal dissemination of the abnormal IELs, and high risk of overt lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Malamut
- Paris Descartes University, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France; Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, 20 rue Leblanc, Paris 75015, France; UMR1163 Institute Imagine, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Christophe Cellier
- Paris Descartes University, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France; Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, 20 rue Leblanc, Paris 75015, France; UMR1163 Institute Imagine, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, Paris 75015, France
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41
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Emilsson L, Ludvigsson JF. Letter: anxiety after coeliac disease diagnosis predicts mucosal healing-a population-based study. Authors' reply. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49:620. [PMID: 30746768 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Emilsson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Health Management and Health Economy, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Clinical Research, Vårdcentralen Värmlands Nysäter, Värmland County, Sweden
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
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Choung RS, Khaleghi Rostamkolaei S, Ju JM, Marietta EV, Van Dyke CT, Rajasekaran JJ, Jayaraman V, Wang T, Bei K, Rajasekaran KE, Krishna K, Krishnamurthy HK, Murray JA. Synthetic Neoepitopes of the Transglutaminase-Deamidated Gliadin Complex as Biomarkers for Diagnosing and Monitoring Celiac Disease. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:582-591.e1. [PMID: 30342033 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease (CeD) has characteristics of an autoimmune disease, such as increased antibody levels to tissue transglutaminase (tTG). However, assays to measure these biomarkers in blood samples do not identify patients with sufficient accuracy for diagnosis or monitoring of CeD. We aimed to discover biomarkers of CeD derived from neoepitopes of deamidated gliadin peptides (DGP) and tTG fragments and to determine if immune reactivity against these epitopes can identify patients with CeD with mucosal healing. METHODS We analyzed serum samples from 90 patients with biopsy-proven CeD and 79 healthy individuals (controls) for immune reactivity against the tTG-DGP complex (discovery cohort). A fluorescent peptide microarray platform was used to estimate the antibody-binding intensity of each synthesized tTG-DGP epitope. We validated our findings in 82 patients with newly diagnosed CeD and 217 controls. We tested the ability of our peptide panel to identify patients with mucosal healing (based on the histologic analysis) using serum samples from patients with treated and healed CeD (n = 85), patients with treated but unhealed CeD (n = 81; villous atrophy despite a adhering a gluten-free diet), patients with untreated CeD (n = 82) and disease controls (n = 27), villous atrophy without CeD), and healthy controls (n = 217). Data were analyzed using principal component analysis followed by machine learning and support vector machine modeling. RESULTS We identified 172 immunogenic epitopes of the tTG-DGP complex. We found significantly increased immune reactivity against these epitopes vs controls. In the both cohort, the set of neoepitopes derived from the tTG-DGP complex identified patients with CeD with 99% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Serum samples from patients with untreated CeD had the greatest mean antibody-binding intensity against the tTG-DGP complex (32.5 ± 16.4). The average antibody-binding intensity was significantly higher in serum from patients with treated but unhealed CeD mucosa (15.1 ± 7.5) than in patients with treated and healed CeD mucosa (5.5 ± 3.4) (P < .001). The assay identified patients with mucosa healing status with 84% sensitivity and 95% specificity. CONCLUSIONS We identified immunogenic epitopes of the tTG-DGP complex, and found that an assay to measure the immune response to epitopes accurately identified patients with CeD, as well as patients with mucosal healing. This biomarker assay might be used in detection and monitoring of patients with CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Seon Choung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Josephine M Ju
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric V Marietta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Carol T Van Dyke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Kang Bei
- Vibrant Sciences LLC, San Carlos, California
| | | | | | | | - Joseph A Murray
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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43
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Rodrigo L, Pérez-Martinez I, Lauret-Braña E, Suárez-González A. Descriptive Study of the Different Tools Used to Evaluate the Adherence to a Gluten-Free Diet in Celiac Disease Patients. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111777. [PMID: 30453479 PMCID: PMC6267102 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a genetically conditioned autoimmune process that appears in susceptible people. It can affect people of any age, and slightly predominates in females. It has a fairly homogenous global distribution, with an average prevalence of 1⁻2%, the frequency having increased in recent decades. The only effective treatment is a strict and permanent gluten-free diet (GFD), although the level of compliance is poor, at about 50% of cases. To monitor the effectiveness of the GFD, several procedures involving various approaches are employed: (a) Periodic visits by expert Nutritionists; (b) Clinical follow-up; (c) Serological time controls of specific antibodies; (d) Serial endoscopies with collection of duodenal biopsies; (e) Use of structured questionnaires; and (f) Determination of gluten peptides derived from gluten in faeces and/or urine. All of these procedures are useful when applied, alone or in combination, depending on the cases. Some patients will only need to consult to their doctors, while others will require a multidisciplinary approach to assess their compliance with the GFD. In children, normalization of duodenal mucosa was achieved in 95% of cases within two years, while it is more delayed in adults, whose mucosa take longer time (3⁻5 years) to heal completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rodrigo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), CSIC, Avda. de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Isabel Pérez-Martinez
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), CSIC, Avda. de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Eugenia Lauret-Braña
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), CSIC, Avda. de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Adolfo Suárez-González
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), CSIC, Avda. de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
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44
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A Review on the Gluten-Free Diet: Technological and Nutritional Challenges. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101410. [PMID: 30279384 PMCID: PMC6213115 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumers, food manufacturers and health professionals are uniquely influenced by the growing popularity of the gluten-free diet. Consumer expectations have urged the food industry to continuously adjust and improve the formulations and processing techniques used in gluten-free product manufacturing. Health experts have been interested in the nutritional adequacy of the diet, as well as its effectiveness in managing gluten-related disorders and other conditions. In this review, we aim to provide a clear picture of the current motivations behind the use of gluten-free diets, as well as the technological and nutritional challenges of the diet as a whole. Alternative starches and flours, hydrocolloids, and fiber sources were found to play a complex role in mimicking the functional and sensory effects of gluten in gluten-free products. However, the quality of gluten-free alternatives is often still inferior to the gluten-containing products. Furthermore, the gluten-free diet has demonstrated benefits in managing some gluten-related disorders, though nutritional imbalances have been reported. As there is limited evidence supporting the use of the gluten-free diet beyond its role in managing gluten-related disorders, consumers are urged to be mindful of the sensorial limitations and nutritional inadequacies of the diet despite ongoing strategies to improve them.
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45
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All that a physician should know about gluten-free diet. Indian J Gastroenterol 2018; 37:392-401. [PMID: 30367395 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-018-0895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only definitive treatment for patients with celiac disease (CeD). Strict adherence to GFD improves the symptoms, nutritional deficiencies, and the overall well-being of the patients. The management of CeD is truly different and unique from the treatment of other medical or surgical diseases. While prescribing a GFD is easy, the key to the success lies in the dietary counseling by a nutrition specialist/physician and maintenance of adherence to the prescribed diet by the patient. When restricting gluten from all possible sources, it is pertinent to recommend a diet that is healthy and balanced for patients with celiac disease. Those following GFD must be counseled properly on the ways of balancing their diets and of avoiding cross contamination. They should be taught how to read food labels properly and given tips for dining out or during traveling. Regular follow up with patients is required for assessing the compliance and monitoring growth and the status of recovery. In this review article, we have compiled, for the physicians and gastroenterologists, the relevant information about GFD including counseling, adherence, nutritional adequacy, and many other related issues.
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46
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Abstract
The incidence of celiac disease has risen quickly and has a worldwide distribution in Europe, North and South America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa. This is attributed in part to increased availability in screening but also to the fast-rising gluten consumption and perhaps unknown environmental factors. In daily practice, this means that more subclinical cases and very young and elderly patients are diagnosed. The pathogenesis of celiac disease is a T-cell driven process initiated by gluten, leading to increased intestinal permeability and villous atrophy. The process requires HLA genotypes DQ2, DQ8 or both. Additional non-HLA alleles have been identified in genome-wide association studies. Serological testing, followed by duodenal biopsies, are still required to confirm the diagnosis. Advances are in the making for novel biomarkers to monitor disease and for pharmacological support of celiac disease. Medical costs and patient-perceived disease burden remain high in celiac disease, which point to the need for ongoing research in drug development to improve quality of daily life. Drugs undergoing phase I and phase II clinical trials include intraluminal therapies and vaccines to restore immune tolerance. These therapies aim to reduce symptoms and mucosal injuries as adjunct therapies to a gluten-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chris J J Mulder
- Celiac Center Amsterdam, Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Levinus A Dieleman
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Correspondence: Dr. Levinus Dieleman, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta Zeidler Bldg 2-24, 130 University Campus, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2X8, e-mail
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47
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Canova C, Pitter G, Zanier L, Simonato L, Michaelsson K, Ludvigsson JF. Risk of Fractures in Youths with Celiac Disease-A Population-Based Study. J Pediatr 2018; 198:117-120. [PMID: 29681452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the risk of any fracture requiring hospital care in a cohort of individuals with celiac disease diagnosed in childhood/adolescence compared with reference individuals matched by age and sex. STUDY DESIGN Our study cohort consisted of 213 635 people born and residing in Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region, Italy, in 1989-2011. We selected, through pathology reports, hospital discharge records, or co-payment exemptions, 1233 individuals with celiac disease (aged 0-17 years at diagnosis) and compared them with 6167 reference individuals matched by sex and year of birth. Fractures were identified through hospital discharge records. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for any fracture after celiac disease diagnosis (or index date for reference individuals) with Cox regression and ORs for any fracture before celiac disease diagnosis with conditional logistic regression. RESULTS During the follow-up period (maximum 23 years), 22 individuals with celiac disease (9394 person-years) and 128 reference individuals (47 308 person-years) experienced a fracture, giving an overall HR of 0.87 (95% CI 0.55-1.37). The risk was not modified by sex, age at diagnosis, or calendar period of diagnosis. We obtained similar HRs when excluding fractures occurring after the age of 18 years and adjusting for maternal education or vitamin D supplementation. The odds of previous fracture also did not differ between subjects with celiac disease and reference individuals (22 and 96 cases, respectively: OR 1.15; 95% CI 0.72-1.84). CONCLUSIONS We did not find any evidence of an increased risk of fractures during childhood and youth among patients with celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Canova
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Gisella Pitter
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Loris Zanier
- Epidemiological Service, Health Directorate, Friuli Venezia-Giulia Region, Udine, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Simonato
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Karl Michaelsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
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48
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Abstract
Celiac disease is a common autoimmune disorder of the small intestine, triggered by an immunological response to the gluten present in wheat, barley, and rye in individuals who are genetically at risk. A key to reducing the complications of this disease is early diagnosis, preferably in childhood, and consuming a lifelong gluten-free diet once diagnosis is confirmed. Yet, the diagnosis of celiac disease is often considerably delayed, exposing patients to needless suffering and morbidity. It is also difficult to confirm histologically if dietary gluten has been restricted prior to obtaining a diagnostic biopsy, a significant problem given the current growing popularity of gluten-free diets. Furthermore, failure to understand or follow current guidelines means physicians may recommend patients commence the gluten-free diet before initiating referral to a gastroenterologist. Finally, adding further confusion, pediatric guidelines in Europe support a diagnosis based on serology rather than on histology, whereas those based in North America do not. The purpose of this review is to discuss these issues and other controversies in the diagnosis of celiac disease and to consider ways to optimize diagnosis across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Turner
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
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49
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Van Buiten CB, Lambert JD, Elias RJ. Green Tea Polyphenols Mitigate Gliadin-Mediated Inflammation and Permeability in Vitro. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700879. [PMID: 29704403 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Green tea, a polyphenol-rich beverage, has been reported to mitigate a number of inflammatory and hypersensitivity disorders in laboratory models, and has been shown to moderate pathways related to food allergies in vitro. The present study investigates the impact of decaffeinated green tea extract (GTE) on the digestion of gliadin protein in vitro and the effect of physical interactions with GTE on the ability of gliadin to stimulate celiac disease-related symptoms in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Complexation of GTE and gliadin in vitro is confirmed by monitoring increases in turbidity upon titration of GTE into a gliadin solution. This phenomenon is also observed during in vitro digestion when gliadin is exposed to the digestive proteases pepsin and trypsin. SDS-PAGE and enzymatic assays reveal that GTE inhibits digestive protease activity and gliadin digestion. In differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers as a model of the small intestinal epithelium, complexation of gliadin with GTE reduces gliadin-stimulated monolayer permeability and the release of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. CONCLUSION There are potential beneficial effects of GTE as an adjuvant therapy for celiac disease through direct interaction between gliadin proteins and green tea polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene B Van Buiten
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joshua D Lambert
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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50
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Lu Z, Zhang H, Luoto S, Ren X. Gluten-free living in China: The characteristics, food choices and difficulties in following a gluten-free diet - An online survey. Appetite 2018; 127:242-248. [PMID: 29753760 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals adhering to a gluten-free diet (GFD) have been scarcely researched within a Chinese population. This present study was conducted to assess the characteristics, food choices, shopping preferences, and emotions and attitudes of individuals following a GFD. METHODS Individuals following a GFD were invited to complete an online questionnaire about their demography and geography characteristics, gluten-free food choices, shopping preferences, GFD management and subjective difficulty towards the diet. Distribution of the characteristics was described, and univariate and multivariate logistic regressions performed to explore the relationship between the above-mentioned variables and subjective difficulty in following a GFD. RESULT 209 individuals following a GFD completed the questionnaire, most of whom were young, single and well-educated females from developed provinces or municipalities in China. Multiple regression showed that age, education level, advice on starting a GFD, duration before discovering a gluten intolerance, food choices and ways of GFD management were significantly associated with the subjective difficulty in following a GFD. CONCLUSION Our findings offer a basic characteristics pattern of the population on a GFD in mainland China. Nearly one-third of GFD followers found the diet challenging to be followed. We suggest that sufficient celiac disease and gluten-induced disorder education be conducted among healthcare practitioners. Early diagnosis of gluten-induced disorders and defining an Asian-adapted GFD, as well as an increase in public awareness, may help adherence to a strict GFD in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Lu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Haoyang Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Sanna Luoto
- School of Business and Services Management, JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
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