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Audran R, Chtioui H, Thierry AC, Mayor CE, Vallotton L, Dao K, Rothuizen LE, Maghraoui A, Pennella EJ, Brunner-Ferber F, Buclin T, Spertini F. Immunomodulation profile of the biosimilar trastuzumab MYL-1401O in a bioequivalence phase I study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12872. [PMID: 38834577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The initial Phase-I single centre, single dose, randomized, double-blind, cross-over study was planned to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic bioequivalence of the trastuzumab biosimilar (MYL-1401O) compared to the reference Herceptin®. Their respective immunomodulation profile presented in this paper involved healthy males receiving a single infusion of both monoclonals, separated by a washout period. Sixty parameters were assessed in total, including serum cytokines, peripheral mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets, cell activation and response to recall antigens and mitogen, pre- and post- infusion, as well as a cytokine release assay (CRA) at baseline. Trastuzumab infusion induced a transient and weak peak of serum IL-6 at 6 h, and a modulation of mononuclear cell subset profile and activation level, notably CD16 + cells. Except for CD8 + T cells, there were no significant differences between Herceptin® and MYL-1401O. In CRA, PBMC stimulated with MYL-1401O or Herceptin® similarly secreted IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and IL-10, but no or low level of IL-2. Interestingly, some observed adverse events correlated with IL-2 and IFN-γ in CRA. MYL-1401O exhibited a very similar immunomodulation profile to Herceptin®, strongly supporting its bioequivalence. This approach may thus be included in a proof-of-concept study. CRA may be used as a predictive assay for the evaluation of clinical monoclonals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Audran
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital Lausanne, rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H Chtioui
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, CHUV- University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A C Thierry
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital Lausanne, rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C E Mayor
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital Lausanne, rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Vallotton
- Clinical Trial Unit, CHUV - University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Dao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, CHUV- University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L E Rothuizen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, CHUV- University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Maghraoui
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, CHUV- University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - T Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, CHUV- University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Spertini
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital Lausanne, rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Sam J, Hofer T, Kuettel C, Claus C, Thom J, Herter S, Georges G, Korfi K, Lechmann M, Eigenmann MJ, Marbach D, Jamois C, Lechner K, Krishnan SM, Gaillard B, Marinho J, Kronenberg S, Kunz L, Wilson S, Briner S, Gebhardt S, Varol A, Appelt B, Nicolini V, Speziale D, Bez M, Bommer E, Eckmann J, Hage C, Limani F, Jenni S, Schoenle A, Le Clech M, Vallier JBP, Colombetti S, Bacac M, Gasser S, Klein C, Umaña P. CD19-CD28: an affinity-optimized CD28 agonist for combination with glofitamab (CD20-TCB) as off-the-shelf immunotherapy. Blood 2024; 143:2152-2165. [PMID: 38437725 PMCID: PMC11143537 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023023381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Effective T-cell responses not only require the engagement of T-cell receptors (TCRs; "signal 1"), but also the availability of costimulatory signals ("signal 2"). T-cell bispecific antibodies (TCBs) deliver a robust signal 1 by engaging the TCR signaling component CD3ε, while simultaneously binding to tumor antigens. The CD20-TCB glofitamab redirects T cells to CD20-expressing malignant B cells. Although glofitamab exhibits strong single-agent efficacy, adding costimulatory signaling may enhance the depth and durability of T-cell-mediated tumor cell killing. We developed a bispecific CD19-targeted CD28 agonist (CD19-CD28), RG6333, to enhance the efficacy of glofitamab and similar TCBs by delivering signal 2 to tumor-infiltrating T cells. CD19-CD28 distinguishes itself from the superagonistic antibody TGN1412, because its activity requires the simultaneous presence of a TCR signal and CD19 target binding. This is achieved through its engineered format incorporating a mutated Fc region with abolished FcγR and C1q binding, CD28 monovalency, and a moderate CD28 binding affinity. In combination with glofitamab, CD19-CD28 strongly increased T-cell effector functions in ex vivo assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and spleen samples derived from patients with lymphoma and enhanced glofitamab-mediated regression of aggressive lymphomas in humanized mice. Notably, the triple combination of glofitamab with CD19-CD28 with the costimulatory 4-1BB agonist, CD19-4-1BBL, offered substantially improved long-term tumor control over glofitamab monotherapy and respective duplet combinations. Our findings highlight CD19-CD28 as a safe and highly efficacious off-the-shelf combination partner for glofitamab, similar TCBs, and other costimulatory agonists. CD19-CD28 is currently in a phase 1 clinical trial in combination with glofitamab. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT05219513.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sam
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hofer
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christine Kuettel
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christina Claus
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jenny Thom
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Herter
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Guy Georges
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Koorosh Korfi
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lechmann
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Miro Julian Eigenmann
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Marbach
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Candice Jamois
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Lechner
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sreenath M Krishnan
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brenda Gaillard
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Joana Marinho
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sven Kronenberg
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leo Kunz
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Wilson
- Roche Innovation Center Welwyn, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Briner
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Gebhardt
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ahmet Varol
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Birte Appelt
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Nicolini
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Dario Speziale
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Bez
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Esther Bommer
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jan Eckmann
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Carina Hage
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Florian Limani
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Jenni
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Anne Schoenle
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marine Le Clech
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Sara Colombetti
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Gasser
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
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3
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Kang J, Sun T, Zhang Y. Immunotherapeutic progress and application of bispecific antibody in cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020003. [PMID: 36341333 PMCID: PMC9630604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are artificial antibodies with two distinct antigen-binding sites that can bind to different antigens or different epitopes on the same antigen. Based on a variety of technology platforms currently developed, bsAbs can exhibit different formats and mechanisms of action. The upgrading of antibody technology has promoted the development of bsAbs, which has been effectively used in the treatment of tumors. So far, 7 bsAbs have been approved for marketing in the world, and more than 200 bsAbs are in clinical and preclinical research stages. Here, we summarize the development process of bsAbs, application in tumor treatment and look forward to the challenges in future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Kang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tonglin Sun
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Madsen NH, Gad M, Larsen J. Development of a flow cytometry-based potency assay for prediction of cytokine storms induced by biosimilar monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2022; 502:113231. [PMID: 35122772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is an undesired immune reaction that may cause dangerous side effects after the administration of novel biological therapies. In vitro cytokine release assays (CRA) are used for preclinical safety assessment prior to first-in-man dose administration of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A variety of CRA platforms has been developed where the analysis of secreted cytokines is performed. Analysis of T cell activation markers is not performed routinely in CRA platforms and few studies have described intracellular cytokine levels after stimulation with therapeutic mAbs. In the present study, we performed a CRA using intracellular cytokine staining and assessment of extracellular T cell activation markers by flow cytometry. We used commercially available reference mAbs for the stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We found that stimulation using solid phase (SP) dry coating with two different CD28 antibodies and muromonab-CD3 increased the percentage of IFN-ɣ + CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as of CD3-CD56+ NK cells compared to stimulation with antibodies in aqueous phase (AP). Expression of the T cell activation markers CD25 and CD69 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was also increased upon SP muromonab-CD3 stimulation. Using multiplex cytokine assessment, we showed that stimulation in AP using ANC28.1, CD28.2 and muromonab-CD3 led to an increase of IFN-ɣ, GM-CSF, TNF-α, and IL-2 secretion. Stimulation of PBMCs preincubated at high-density culture led to an increase in IFN-ɣ production but not in the expression of activation markers compared to low-density culture. Our findings demonstrated that flow cytometry analyses for assessing relevant T cell and NK cell markers may be used as a supplement to multiplex cytokine analysis in CRAs. The approach may be a valuable addition that enables a more precise description of the mechanisms leading to CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Gad
- Bioneer A/S, Kogle Allé 2, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Bioneer A/S, Kogle Allé 2, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark.
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5
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Ito S, Miwa K, Hattori C, Aida T, Tsuchiya Y, Mori K. Highly sensitive in vitro cytokine release assay incorporating high-density preculture. J Immunotoxicol 2021; 18:136-143. [PMID: 34644231 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2021.1984617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory effects of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) through binding to Fcγ receptors (FcγR) on immune cells are a likely cause of cytokine release syndrome. However, it is difficult to detect the potential risk of FcγR-dependent cytokine release associated with mAb in the current standard cytokine release assays (CRA), including the air-drying solid-phase method using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). To increase the sensitivity to detect FcγR-dependent cytokine release due to mAb, a high-density preculture (HDC) method was incorporated into the air-drying solid-phase CRA. Here, PBMC were exposed to panitumumab, trastuzumab, rituximab, or alemtuzumab at 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 μg/well for 24 or 48 hr under both non-HDC and HDC conditions. T-cell agonists (anti-CD3 mAb, anti-CD28 super-agonist [SA] mAb) were used as reference mAb. Panitumumab, trastuzumab, rituximab, or alemtuzumab induced cytokine release under both non-HDC and HDC conditions, and cytokine release caused by alemtuzumab was more pronounced under HDC conditions. To investigate FcγR involvement in cytokine release associated with panitumumab, trastuzumab, rituximab, and alemtuzumab, CRA of these four mAb were conducted with anti-FcγRI, -FcγRII, or -FcγRIII F(ab')2 fragments. The results showed cytokine release caused by trastuzumab, rituximab, and alemtuzumab was significantly suppressed by anti-FcγRIII F(ab')2 pretreatment, and slightly reduced by anti-FcγRI or anti-FcγRII pretreatment, indicating these mAb induced FcγR (especially FcγRIII)-dependent cytokine release from PBMC. Cytokine release caused by panitumumab was slightly suppressed by anti-FcγRIII F(ab')2 pretreatment. Anti-CD3 mAb and anti-CD28 SA mAb also induced significant release of cytokines under HDC conditions compared with that under non-HDC conditions. In conclusion, CRA incorporating HDC into the air-drying solid-phase method using human PBMC could sensitively capture the FcγR-dependent cytokine release potential of mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Ito
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Miwa
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Hattori
- Oncology Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Aida
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tsuchiya
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Transrational Research, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co, Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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La-Beck NM, Islam MR, Markiewski MM. Nanoparticle-Induced Complement Activation: Implications for Cancer Nanomedicine. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603039. [PMID: 33488603 PMCID: PMC7819852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based anticancer medications were first approved for cancer treatment almost 2 decades ago. Patients benefit from these approaches because of the targeted-drug delivery and reduced toxicity, however, like other therapies, adverse reactions often limit their use. These reactions are linked to the interactions of nanoparticles with the immune system, including the activation of complement. This activation can cause well-characterized acute inflammatory reactions mediated by complement effectors. However, the long-term implications of chronic complement activation on the efficacy of drugs carried by nanoparticles remain obscured. The recent discovery of protumor roles of complement raises the possibility that nanoparticle-induced complement activation may actually reduce antitumor efficacy of drugs carried by nanoparticles. We discuss here the initial evidence supporting this notion. Better understanding of the complex interactions between nanoparticles, complement, and the tumor microenvironment appears to be critical for development of nanoparticle-based anticancer therapies that are safer and more efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh M La-Beck
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Md Rakibul Islam
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
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7
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Stančič B, Qvarfordt B, Berglund MM, Brenden N, Sydow Bäckman M, Fransson M, Nordling S, Magnusson PU. The blood endothelial cell chamber - An innovative system to study immune responses in drug development. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107237. [PMID: 33310662 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The risk for adverse immune-mediated reactions, associated with the administration of certain immunotherapeutic agents, should be mitigated early. Infusion reactions to monoclonal antibodies and other biopharmaceuticals, known as cytokine release syndrome, can arise from the release of cytokines via the drug target cell, as well as the recruitment of immune effector cells. While several in vitro cytokine release assays have been proposed up to date, many of them lack important blood components, required for this response to occur. The blood endothelial cell chamber model is an in vitro assay, composed of freshly drawn human whole blood and cultured human primary endothelial cells. Herein, its potential to study the compatibility of immunotherapeutics with the human immune system was studied by evaluating three commercially available monoclonal antibodies and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. We demonstrate that the anti-CD28 antibody TGN1412 displayed an adaptive cytokine release profile and a distinct IL-2 response, accompanied with increased CD3+ cell recruitment. Alemtuzumab exhibited a clear cytokine response with a mixed adaptive/innate source (IFNγ, TNFα and IL-6). Its immunosuppressive nature is observed in depleted CD3+ cells. Cetuximab, associated with low infusion reactions, showed a very low or absent stimulatory effect on proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, bacterial endotoxin demonstrated a clear innate cytokine response, defined by TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β release, accompanied with a strong recruitment of CD14+CD16+ cells. Therefore, the blood endothelial cell chamber model is presented as a valuable in vitro tool to investigate therapeutic monoclonal antibodies with respect to cytokine release and vascular immune cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brina Stančič
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bodil Qvarfordt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Nina Brenden
- Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 112 76 Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Moa Fransson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nordling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peetra U Magnusson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Vessillier S, Fort M, O'Donnell L, Hinton H, Nadwodny K, Piccotti J, Rigsby P, Staflin K, Stebbings R, Mekala D, Willingham A, Wolf B. Development of the first reference antibody panel for qualification and validation of cytokine release assay platforms - Report of an international collaborative study. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100042. [PMID: 33458650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb) carry an inherent risk of undesired immune reactions. One such risk is cytokine release syndrome (CRS), a rapid systemic inflammatory response characterized by the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune cells. It is crucial for patient safety to correctly identify potential risk of CRS prior to first-in-human dose administration. For this purpose, a variety of in vitro cytokine release assays (CRA) are routinely used as part of the preclinical safety assessment of novel therapeutic mAbs. One of the challenges for the development and comparison of CRA performance is the lack of availability of standard positive and negative control mAbs for use in assay qualification. To address this issue, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) developed a reference panel of lyophilised mAbs known to induce CRS in the clinic: human anti-CD52, mouse anti-CD3 and human superagonistic (SA) anti-CD28 mAb manufactured according to the respective published sequences of Campath-1H® (alemtuzumab, IgG1) , Orthoclone OKT-3® (muromonab, IgG2a) and TGN1412 (theralizumab, IgG4), as well as three isotype matched negative controls (human IgG1, mouse IgG2a and human IgG4, respectively). The relative capacity of these control mAbs to stimulate the release of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α and IL-6 in vitro was evaluated in eleven laboratories in an international collaborative study mediated through the HESI Immuno-safety Technical Committee Cytokine Release Assay Working Group. Participants tested the NIBSC mAbs in a variety of CRA platforms established at each institution. This paper presents the results from the centralised cytokine quantification on all the plasma/supernatants corresponding to the stimulation of immune cells in the different CRA platforms by a single concentration of each mAb. Each positive control mAb induced significant cytokine release in most of the tested CRA platforms. There was a high inter-laboratory variability in the levels of cytokines produced, but similar patterns of response were observed across laboratories that replicated the cytokine release patterns previously published for the respective clinical therapeutic mAbs. Therefore, the positive and negative mAbs are suitable as a reference panel for the qualification and validation of CRAs, comparison of different CRA platforms (e.g. solid vs aqueous phase), and intra- and inter-laboratory comparison of CRA performance. Thus, the use of this panel of positive and negative control mAbs will increase the confidence in the robustness of a CRA platform to identify a potential CRS risk for novel immunomodulatory therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Vessillier
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Madeline Fort
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco CA 94080, USA
| | - Lynn O'Donnell
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Heather Hinton
- Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland. Pharmaceutical Sciences Switzerland
| | - Kimberly Nadwodny
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Joseph Piccotti
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Peter Rigsby
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Karin Staflin
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Richard Stebbings
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Divya Mekala
- Janssen R&D, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Aarron Willingham
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Babette Wolf
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
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9
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Hanson A, Elpek K, Duong E, Shallberg L, Fan M, Johnson C, Wallace M, Mabry GR, Sazinsky S, Pepper L, Shu CJ, Sathyanarayanan S, Zuerndorfer S, Simpson T, Gostissa M, Briskin M, Law D, Michaelson J, Harvey CJ. ICOS agonism by JTX-2011 (vopratelimab) requires initial T cell priming and Fc cross-linking for optimal T cell activation and anti-tumor immunity in preclinical models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239595. [PMID: 32970735 PMCID: PMC7514066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors, such as antibodies targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4, have demonstrated the potential of harnessing the immune system to treat cancer. However, despite encouraging results particularly with respect to survival, only a minority of patients benefit from these therapies. In clinical studies aimed at understanding changes in the immune system following immunotherapy treatment, ICOS (Inducible T cell CO-Stimulator) was shown to be significantly up-regulated on CD4+ T cells and this was associated with clinical activity, indicating that ICOS stimulatory activity may be beneficial in the treatment of solid tumors. In this report, we describe the generation of specific, species cross-reactive, agonist antibodies to ICOS, including the humanized clinical candidate, JTX-2011 (vopratelimab). Preclinical studies suggest that the ICOS stimulating antibodies require Fc receptor cross-linking for optimal agonistic activity. Notably, the ICOS antibodies do not exhibit superagonist properties but rather require T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated upregulation of ICOS for agonist activity. Treatment with the ICOS antibodies results in robust anti-tumor benefit and long-term protection in preclinical syngeneic mouse tumor models. Additional benefit is observed when the ICOS antibodies are administered in combination with anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapies. Based on the preclinical data, JTX-2011 is currently being developed in the clinical setting for the treatment of solid tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- CHO Cells
- Cells, Cultured
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cross-Priming
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein/immunology
- Jurkat Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Hanson
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kutlu Elpek
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ellen Duong
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Shallberg
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin Fan
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Calvin Johnson
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew Wallace
- Protein Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George R. Mabry
- Protein Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen Sazinsky
- Protein Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren Pepper
- Protein Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chengyi J. Shu
- Translational Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sriram Sathyanarayanan
- Translational Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Zuerndorfer
- Protein Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tyler Simpson
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Monica Gostissa
- Pharmacology, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Briskin
- Research, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Deborah Law
- Research, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Michaelson
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Harvey
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Azkur AK, Akdis M, Azkur D, Sokolowska M, Veen W, Brüggen M, O’Mahony L, Gao Y, Nadeau K, Akdis CA. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID-19. Allergy 2020; 75:1564-1581. [PMID: 32396996 PMCID: PMC7272948 DOI: 10.1111/all.14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 169.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a zoonotic disease that has already spread globally to several million human beings and possibly to domestic and wild animals, eradication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears practically impossible. There is a pressing need to improve our understanding of the immunology of this disease to contain the pandemic by developing vaccines and medicines for the prevention and treatment of patients. In this review, we aim to improve our understanding on the immune response and immunopathological changes in patients linked to deteriorating clinical conditions such as cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, autopsy findings and changes in acute-phase reactants, and serum biochemistry in COVID-19. Similar to many other viral infections, asymptomatic disease is present in a significant but currently unknown fraction of the affected individuals. In the majority of the patients, a 1-week, self-limiting viral respiratory disease typically occurs, which ends with the development of neutralizing antiviral T cell and antibody immunity. The IgM-, IgA-, and IgG-type virus-specific antibodies levels are important measurements to predict population immunity against this disease and whether cross-reactivity with other coronaviruses is taking place. High viral load during the first infection and repeated exposure to virus especially in healthcare workers can be an important factor for severity of disease. It should be noted that many aspects of severe patients are unique to COVID-19 and are rarely observed in other respiratory viral infections, such as severe lymphopenia and eosinopenia, extensive pneumonia and lung tissue damage, a cytokine storm leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure. Lymphopenia causes a defect in antiviral and immune regulatory immunity. At the same time, a cytokine storm starts with extensive activation of cytokine-secreting cells with innate and adaptive immune mechanisms both of which contribute to a poor prognosis. Elevated levels of acute-phase reactants and lymphopenia are early predictors of high disease severity. Prevention of development to severe disease, cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and novel approaches to prevent their development will be main routes for future research areas. As we learn to live amidst the virus, understanding the immunology of the disease can assist in containing the pandemic and in developing vaccines and medicines to prevent and treat individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kursat Azkur
- Department of Virology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Kirikkale Kirikkale Turkey
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Dilek Azkur
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine University of Kirikkale Kirikkale Turkey
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Willem Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Marie‐Charlotte Brüggen
- Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine University Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Hochgebirgsklinik Davos Davos Switzerland
| | - Liam O’Mahony
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology APC Microbiome Ireland University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Yadong Gao
- Department of Allergology Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland
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11
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Regulatory and strategic considerations for addressing immunogenicity and related responses in biopharmaceutical development programs. J Clin Transl Sci 2020; 4:547-555. [PMID: 33948231 PMCID: PMC8057416 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2020.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last three decades have seen the biotherapeutic drug market evolve from promising concept to market dominance in a range of clinical indications. This growth has been spurred by the success of established drug classes like monoclonal antibodies, but also by the introduction of biosimilars, and more recently, multiple novel cell and gene therapies. Biotherapeutic drug development presents many unique challenges, but unintended immune responses are among the most common reasons for program attrition. Anti-drug antibodies can impact the safety and efficacy of drug products, and related immune responses, like the cytokine release syndrome that occurred in the infamous TGN-1412 clinical trial, can be challenging to predict with nonclinical models. For this reason, it is important that development programs proceed with a scientifically grounded and measured approach to these responses. This process begins at the discovery stage with the application of “quality by design,” continues into the clinic with the development of quality assays and management strategies, and culminates in the effective presentation of this information in regulatory documents. This review provides an overview of some of the key strategic and regulatory considerations for biotherapeutics as they pertain to immunogenicity and related responses.
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12
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Thaventhiran T, Wong W, Alghanem AF, Alhumeed N, Aljasir MA, Ramsey S, Sethu S, Yeang HXA, Chadwick AE, Cross M, Webb SD, Djouhri L, Ball C, Stebbings R, Sathish JG. CD28 Superagonistic Activation of T Cells Induces a Tumor Cell-Like Metabolic Program. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2019; 38:60-69. [PMID: 31009338 PMCID: PMC6634261 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2018.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD28 superagonist (CD28SA), a therapeutic immunomodulatory monoclonal antibody triggered rapid and exaggerated activation of CD4+ effector memory T cells (TEMs) in humans with unwanted serious adverse effects. It is well known that distinct metabolic programs determine the fate and responses of immune cells. In this study, we show that human CD4+ TEMs stimulated with CD28SA adopt a metabolic program similar to those of tumor cells with enhanced glucose utilization, lipid biosynthesis, and proliferation in hypoxic conditions. Identification of metabolic profiles underlying hyperactive T cell activation would provide a platform to test safety of immunostimulatory antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilipan Thaventhiran
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Wong
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad F Alghanem
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Naif Alhumeed
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad A Aljasir
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simeon Ramsey
- 2 Inflammation and Remodeling, Pfizer Research Unit, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Swaminathan Sethu
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Han Xian Aw Yeang
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cross
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D Webb
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laiche Djouhri
- 3 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christina Ball
- 4 National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stebbings
- 4 National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jean G Sathish
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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13
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Yan H, Semple KM, Gonzaléz CM, Howard KE. Bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) immune humanized mice as a model to predict cytokine release syndrome. Transl Res 2019; 210:43-56. [PMID: 31082370 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication that can be associated with biological drug products. In vitro assays or in vivo tests using nonhuman primates may fail to predict CRS due to species differences and the complexity of immune system. Therefore, model species that have human-specific immune components may improve the ability to identify CRS and enhance product safety. In this study we used bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) humanized mice to test muromonab (OKT3), an anti-CD3 antibody with a black box warning for CRS. Initially, we completed pilot and dose escalation studies with muromonab and showed that when the dose was increased sufficiently, BLT-humanized mice experienced serious adverse outcomes including moribundity. Full studies compared muromonab treatment with adalimumab, saline, and a group pretreated with methylprednisolone prior to muromonab. We evaluated immune cell activation using flow cytometry and cytokine expression using a custom 10-plex cytokine assay to assess levels of human TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL12/23p40, and GM-CSF. Muromonab treated mice had significant increases in all cytokines tested with T-cell depletion and T-cell activation noted. Adalimumab (active) and saline (inactive) control groups did not demonstrate cytokine expression changes or alterations in T-cell numbers or activation. Further, pretreatment with methylprednisolone blunted or abrogated cytokine increases. This study demonstrates that BLT-humanized mice are capable of experiencing CRS, and could be used to screen biologics for this adverse event to enhance patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyi Yan
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Immunology and Hematology Devices, Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kenrick M Semple
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Gastroenterology and Inborn Errors Products, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Carlos M Gonzaléz
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Drug Quality I, Office of Compliance, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kristina E Howard
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
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14
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Trinklein ND, Pham D, Schellenberger U, Buelow B, Boudreau A, Choudhry P, Clarke SC, Dang K, Harris KE, Iyer S, Jorgensen B, Pratap PP, Rangaswamy US, Ugamraj HS, Vafa O, Wiita AP, van Schooten W, Buelow R, Force Aldred S. Efficient tumor killing and minimal cytokine release with novel T-cell agonist bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2019; 11:639-652. [PMID: 30698484 PMCID: PMC6601548 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1574521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-recruiting bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) have shown potent tumor killing activity in humans, but cytokine release-related toxicities have affected their clinical utility. The use of novel anti-CD3 binding domains with more favorable properties could aid in the creation of T-BsAbs with improved therapeutic windows. Using a sequence-based discovery platform, we identified new anti-CD3 antibodies from humanized rats that bind to multiple epitopes and elicit varying levels of T-cell activation. In T-BsAb format, 12 different anti-CD3 arms induce equivalent levels of tumor cell lysis by primary T-cells, but potency varies by a thousand-fold. Our lead CD3-targeting arm stimulates very low levels of cytokine release, but drives robust tumor antigen-specific killing in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model. This new CD3-targeting antibody underpins a next-generation T-BsAb platform in which potent cytotoxicity is uncoupled from high levels of cytokine release, which may lead to a wider therapeutic window in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duy Pham
- a Teneobio, Inc ., Menlo Park , CA , USA
| | | | - Ben Buelow
- a Teneobio, Inc ., Menlo Park , CA , USA
| | | | - Priya Choudhry
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | | | - Kevin Dang
- a Teneobio, Inc ., Menlo Park , CA , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Omid Vafa
- a Teneobio, Inc ., Menlo Park , CA , USA
| | - Arun P Wiita
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
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15
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Canter RJ, Le CT, Beerthuijzen JM, Murphy WJ. Obesity as an immune-modifying factor in cancer immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:487-497. [PMID: 29762866 PMCID: PMC6113103 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ri1017-401rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has achieved breakthrough status in many advanced stage malignancies and is rapidly becoming the fourth arm of cancer treatment. Although cancer immunotherapy has generated significant excitement because of the potential for complete and sometimes durable responses, there is also the potential for severe and occasionally life-threatening toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome and severe autoimmunity. A large body of work also points to a "metainflammatory" state in obesity associated with impairment of immune responses. Because immune checkpoint blockade (and other cancer immunotherapies) have altered the landscape of immunotherapy in cancer, it is important to understand how immune responses are shaped by obesity and how obesity may modify both immunotherapy responses and potential toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Canter
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Catherine T Le
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Johanna M.T. Beerthuijzen
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - William J. Murphy
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
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16
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Iwata Y, Harada A, Kubo C, Inoue T, Tabo M, Mishima M. Different players generate positive responses in two in vitro cytokine assay formats with aqueous and immobilized TGN1412 analog. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:91-97. [PMID: 29787754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To detect potential risk of severe cytokine release syndrome, in vitro assay formats with human cells have been developed. The two major testing platforms are a combination of whole blood with aqueous-phase test articles (whole blood cytokine assay, WBCA) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells with solid-phase articles (PBMC assay). Significant induction of cytokines was seen in both assays after treatment with a widely used control agent, TGN1412 or its analog CD28SA, but the WBCA cytokine profile differed from what was expected from clinical experience. In the WBCA, potential risk of CD28SA was detected by elevation of IL-8 whereas IL-2, a key cytokine after stimulation of CD28, was not induced in approximately 40% of donor samples. Therefore, further mechanistic understanding of the different responses in the in vitro assay was needed. In this study of donor samples treated with CD28SA, we compared the induction of cytokines and identified the cytokine-producing cells in the two assays. IL-2 was markedly elevated in all the donors in the PBMC assay but only in 1 of 3 donors in the WBCA. IL-8, the most sensitive biomarker in the WBCA, was produced by monocytes and granulocytes. T cells, the most relevant player in the PBMC assay with CD28SA, did not contribute to the positive response seen in two donors in the WBCA, which suggests that different players caused the positive cytokine responses to CD28SA in the two assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshika Iwata
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Asako Harada
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Chiyomi Kubo
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Inoue
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Tabo
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mishima
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan.
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17
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Fletcher EA, Eltahir M, Lindqvist F, Rieth J, Törnqvist G, Leja-Jarblad J, Mangsbo SM. Extracorporeal human whole blood in motion, as a tool to predict first-infusion reactions and mechanism-of-action of immunotherapeutics. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 54:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Castells M. Diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis in precision medicine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:321-333. [PMID: 28780940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is the most severe and frightening of the allergic reactions, placing patients at high risk and demanding prompt recognition and immediate management by health care providers. Yet because its symptoms imitate those of other diseases, such as asthma and urticaria, current data suggest that its diagnosis is often missed, with underuse of tryptase measurement; its treatment is delayed, with little use of epinephrine; and its underlying cause or causes are poorly investigated. Deaths from anaphylaxis are difficult to investigate because of miscoding. Surprisingly, patients treated with new and powerful chemotherapy agents and humanized mAbs present with nonclassical symptoms of anaphylaxis, and patients may present with unrecognized clonal mast cell disorders with KIT mutations may present as Hymenoptera-induced or idiopathic anaphylaxis. The goal of this review is to recognize the presentations of anaphylaxis with the description of its current phenotypes, to provide new insight and understanding of its mechanisms and causes through its endotypes, and to address its biomarkers for broad clinical use. Ultimately, the aim is to empower allergists and heath care providers with new tools that can help alleviate patients' symptoms, preventing and protecting them against anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Castells
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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19
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Safety and General Considerations for the Use of Antibodies in Infectious Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:265-294. [PMID: 29549644 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Monocolonal antibodies are valuable potential new tools for meeting unmet needs in treating infectious dieseases and to provide alternatives and supplements to antibiotics in these times of growing resistance. Especially when considering the ability to screen for antibodies reacting to very diverse target antigens and the ability to design and engineer them to work specifically to hit and overcome their strategies, like toxins and their hiding in specific cells to evade the immuneresponse and their special features enabling killing of the infectious agents and or the cells harbouring them. Antibodies are generally very safe and adverse effects of treatments with therapeutic antibodies are usually related to exaggeration of the intended pharmacology. In this chapter general safety considerations for the use of antibodies is reviewed and the general procedures for nonclinical testing to support their clinical development. Special considerations for anti-infective mAb treatments are provided including the special features that makes nonclinical safety programs for anti-infective mAbs much more simple and restricted. However at a cost since only limited information for clinical safety and modeling can be derived from such programs. Then strategies for optimally designing antibodies are discussed including the use of combination of antibodies. Finally ways to facilitate development of more than the currently only three approved mAb based treatments are discussed with a special focus on high costs and high price and how collaboration and new strategies for development in emerging markets can be a driver for this.
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20
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Malvezzi P, Jouve T, Rostaing L. Costimulation Blockade in Kidney Transplantation: An Update. Transplantation 2016; 100:2315-2323. [PMID: 27472094 PMCID: PMC5084636 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the setting of solid-organ transplantation, calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-based therapy remains the cornerstone of immunosuppression. However, long-term use of CNIs is associated with some degree of nephrotoxicity. This has led to exploring the blockade of some costimulation pathways as an efficient immunosuppressive tool instead of using CNIs. The only agent already in clinical use and approved by the health authorities for kidney transplant patients is belatacept (Nulojix), a fusion protein that interferes with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4. Belatacept has been demonstrated to be as efficient as cyclosporine-based immunosuppression and is associated with significantly better renal function, that is, no nephrotoxicity. However, in the immediate posttransplant period, significantly more mild/moderate episodes of acute rejection have been reported, favored by the fact that cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein pathway has an inhibitory effect on the alloimmune response; thereby its inhibition is detrimental in this regard. This has led to the development of antibodies that target CD28. The most advanced is FR104, it has shown promise in nonhuman primate models of autoimmune diseases and allotransplantation. In addition, research into blocking the CD40-CD154 pathway is underway. A phase II study testing ASK1240, that is, anti-CD40 antibody has been completed, and the results are pending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Malvezzi
- Clinique Universitaire de Néphrologie, Unité de Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Jouve
- Clinique Universitaire de Néphrologie, Unité de Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Rostaing
- Clinique Universitaire de Néphrologie, Unité de Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble, France
- UniversitéToulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- INSERM U563, IFR-BMT, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
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21
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Shi R, Honczarenko M, Zhang S, Fleener C, Mora J, Lee SK, Wang R, Liu X, Shevell DE, Yang Z, Wang H, Murthy B. Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, and Safety Profile of a Novel Anti-CD28 Domain Antibody Antagonist in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 57:161-172. [PMID: 27402064 PMCID: PMC5697635 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of a novel anti‐CD28 domain antibody antagonist (lulizumab pegol) in healthy subjects following single‐ or multiple‐dose administration. A minimal anticipated biological effect level approach was used to select a 0.01 mg starting dose for a single‐ascending‐dose (SAD), double‐blind, first‐in‐human study. Part 1 included 9 intravenous (IV; 0.01‐100 mg) and 3 subcutaneous (SC; 9‐50 mg) doses or placebo. In part 2, a keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) immunization was performed in 16 subjects/panel, who received 1 of 3 IV doses (9‐100 mg) or placebo. In a double‐blind, multiple‐ascending‐dose (MAD) study, subjects received SC lulizumab 6.25 mg every 2 weeks, 12.5 mg weekly, 37.5 mg weekly, or placebo. Among 180 treated subjects, 169 completed the studies. Peak concentrations and areas under the curve from time 0 to infinity increased dose proportionally. Estimated SC bioavailability was 68.2%. Receptor occupancy of approximately ≥80% was maintained for ≥2 weeks at ≥9‐mg doses (SAD) and throughout the dosing interval (MAD). IV doses ≥9 mg inhibited antibody production against KLH for 2 weeks. No significant cytokine or immune cell changes were observed. No immunogenicity responses persisted, and there was no correlation to adverse events. Headache occurred in 21 SAD and 4 MAD subjects receiving lulizumab; in the MAD study 5 lulizumab subjects experienced infections. Lulizumab IV or SC was safe at all doses studied, without evidence of cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Shi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Sean Zhang
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Sun Ku Lee
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Reena Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoni Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Zheng Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
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22
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Abstract
The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has changed dramatically over the past two decades. The combination of better insights into the pathophysiological and immunological mechanisms of RA and the possibilities offered by biotechnology led to the development and introduction into clinical practice of a new class of antirheumatic biologic therapies, which along with earlier and more aggressive treatment contributed to dramatically better outcomes for patients with RA. To date, nine biologic agents have been approved for the treatment for RA, and a first Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor has also been approved in the United States and various other countries in the world (but not by the European Medicines Agency [EMA]). Many additional molecules with distinct mechanisms of action are currently being tested in laboratories and in clinical trials. In addition, considerable improvements have been made in the optimal use of all these agents through treatment strategies such as treating-to-target, induction-maintenance, and dose individualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald F van Vollenhoven
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Unit for Clinical Research Therapy, Inflammatory Diseases (ClinTrid), D1:00, Karolinska Universitetssjukhustet 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Dobrovolskaia MA. Pre-clinical immunotoxicity studies of nanotechnology-formulated drugs: Challenges, considerations and strategy. J Control Release 2015; 220:571-83. [PMID: 26348388 PMCID: PMC4688153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Assorted challenges in physicochemical characterization, sterilization, depyrogenation, and in the assessment of pharmacology, safety, and efficacy profiles accompany pre-clinical development of nanotechnology-formulated drugs. Some of these challenges are not unique to nanotechnology and are common in the development of other pharmaceutical products. However, nanoparticle-formulated drugs are biochemically sophisticated, which causes their translation into the clinic to be particularly complex. An understanding of both the immune compatibility of nanoformulations and their effects on hematological parameters is now recognized as an important step in the (pre)clinical development of nanomedicines. An evaluation of nanoparticle immunotoxicity is usually performed as a part of a traditional toxicological assessment; however, it often requires additional in vitro and in vivo specialized immuno- and hematotoxicity tests. Herein, I review literature examples and share the experience with the NCI Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory assay cascade used in the early (discovery-level) phase of pre-clinical development to summarize common challenges in the immunotoxicological assessment of nanomaterials, highlight considerations and discuss solutions to overcome problems that commonly slow or halt the translation of nanoparticle-formulated drugs toward clinical trials. Special attention will be paid to the grand-challenge related to detection, quantification and removal of endotoxin from nanoformulations, and practical considerations related to this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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24
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Rosinski SL, Stone B, Graves SS, Fuller DH, De Rosa SC, Spies GA, Mize GJ, Fuller JT, Storb R. Development of a Minor Histocompatibility Antigen Vaccine Regimen in the Canine Model of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Transplantation 2015; 99:2083-94. [PMID: 25965411 PMCID: PMC4591091 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minor histocompatibility antigen (miHA) vaccines have the potential to augment graft-versus-tumor effects without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We used mixed hematopoietic chimerism in the canine model of major histocompatibility complex-matched allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation as a platform to develop a miHA vaccination regimen. METHODS We engineered DNA plasmids and replication-deficient human adenovirus type 5 constructs encoding large sections of canine SMCY and the entire canine SRY gene. RESULTS Priming with replication-deficient human adenovirus type 5 constructs and boosting with ex vivo plasmid-transfected dendritic cells and cutaneous delivery of plasmids with a particle-mediated epidermal delivery device (PMED) in 2 female dogs induced antigen-specific T-cell responses. Similar responses were observed after a prime-boost vaccine regimen in three female hematopoietic cell transplantation donors. Subsequent donor lymphocyte infusion resulted in a significant change of chimerism in 1 of 3 male recipients without any signs of graft-versus-host disease. The change in chimerism in the recipient occurred in association with the development of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to the same peptide pools detected in the donor. CONCLUSIONS These studies describe the first in vivo response to miHA vaccination in a large, outbred animal model without using recipient cells to sensitize the donor. This model provides a platform for ongoing experiments designed to define optimal miHA targets and develop protocols to directly vaccinate the recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lawrence Rosinski
- 1 Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. 2 Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 3 The Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 4 Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 5 The Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 6 Division of Vaccine and Infectious Disease, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. 7 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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25
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Vessillier S, Eastwood D, Fox B, Sathish J, Sethu S, Dougall T, Thorpe SJ, Thorpe R, Stebbings R. Cytokine release assays for the prediction of therapeutic mAb safety in first-in man trials--Whole blood cytokine release assays are poorly predictive for TGN1412 cytokine storm. J Immunol Methods 2015; 424:43-52. [PMID: 25960173 PMCID: PMC4768082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) TGN1412 (anti-CD28 superagonist) caused near-fatal cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in all six volunteers during a phase-I clinical trial. Several cytokine release assays (CRAs) with reported predictivity for TGN1412-induced CRS have since been developed for the preclinical safety testing of new therapeutic mAbs. The whole blood (WB) CRA is the most widely used, but its sensitivity for TGN1412-like cytokine release was recently criticized. In a comparative study, using group size required for 90% power with 5% significance as a measure of sensitivity, we found that WB and 10% (v/v) WB CRAs were the least sensitive for TGN1412 as these required the largest group sizes (n = 52 and 79, respectively). In contrast, the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) solid phase (SP) CRA was the most sensitive for TGN1412 as it required the smallest group size (n = 4). Similarly, the PBMC SP CRA was more sensitive than the WB CRA for muromonab-CD3 (anti-CD3) which stimulates TGN1412-like cytokine release (n = 4 and 4519, respectively). Conversely, the WB CRA was far more sensitive than the PBMC SP CRA for alemtuzumab (anti-CD52) which stimulates FcγRI-mediated cytokine release (n = 8 and 180, respectively). Investigation of potential factors contributing to the different sensitivities revealed that removal of red blood cells (RBCs) from WB permitted PBMC-like TGN1412 responses in a SP CRA, which in turn could be inhibited by the addition of the RBC membrane protein glycophorin A (GYPA); this observation likely underlies, at least in part, the poor sensitivity of WB CRA for TGN1412. The use of PBMC SP CRA for the detection of TGN1412-like cytokine release is recommended in conjunction with adequately powered group sizes for dependable preclinical safety testing of new therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vessillier
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - D Eastwood
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - B Fox
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - J Sathish
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - S Sethu
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - T Dougall
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - S J Thorpe
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - R Thorpe
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - R Stebbings
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom; Medimmune, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom.
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26
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Zhang W, Dong F, Ke X. [The research progress of costimulatory molecule B7 family in hematological malignancy]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2015; 36:626-30. [PMID: 26304094 PMCID: PMC7342630 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fei Dong
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ke
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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27
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Reed DM, Paschalaki KE, Starke RD, Mohamed NA, Sharp G, Fox B, Eastwood D, Bristow A, Ball C, Vessillier S, Hansel TT, Thorpe SJ, Randi AM, Stebbings R, Mitchell JA. An autologous endothelial cell:peripheral blood mononuclear cell assay that detects cytokine storm responses to biologics. FASEB J 2015; 29:2595-602. [PMID: 25746794 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-268144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent unmet need for human tissue bioassays to predict cytokine storm responses to biologics. Current bioassays that detect cytokine storm responses in vitro rely on endothelial cells, usually from umbilical veins or cell lines, cocultured with freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy adult volunteers. These assays therefore comprise cells from 2 separate donors and carry the disadvantage of mismatched tissues and lack the advantage of personalized medicine. Current assays also do not fully delineate mild (such as Campath) and severe (such as TGN1412) cytokine storm-inducing drugs. Here, we report a novel bioassay where endothelial cells grown from stem cells in the peripheral blood (blood outgrowth endothelial cells) and PBMCs from the same donor can be used to create an autologous coculture bioassay that responds by releasing a plethora of cytokines to authentic TGN1412 but only modestly to Campath and not to control antibodies such as Herceptin, Avastin, and Arzerra. This assay performed better than the traditional mixed donor assay in terms of cytokine release to TGN1412 and, thus, we suggest provides significant advancement and a definitive system by which biologics can be tested and paves the way for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Reed
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Koralia E Paschalaki
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Starke
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nura A Mohamed
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Sharp
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Fox
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Eastwood
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Bristow
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Ball
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Vessillier
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor T Hansel
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Thorpe
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Randi
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stebbings
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A Mitchell
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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28
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Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. CD28 signal blockade after T cell receptor activation is under intense investigation as a tolerance-inducing therapy for transplantation. Our goal is to produce a CD28-specific reagent as a therapy for the prevention of graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease in the canine model of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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29
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Hussain K, Hargreaves CE, Roghanian A, Oldham RJ, Chan HTC, Mockridge CI, Chowdhury F, Frendéus B, Harper KS, Strefford JC, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Williams AP, French RR. Upregulation of FcγRIIb on monocytes is necessary to promote the superagonist activity of TGN1412. Blood 2015; 125:102-10. [PMID: 25395427 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-593061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD28 superagonist antibody TGN1412 caused life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in healthy volunteers, which had not been predicted by preclinical testing. T cells in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) do not respond to soluble TGN1412 but do respond following high-density (HD) preculture. We show for the first time that this response is dependent on crystallizable fragment gamma receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) expression on monocytes. This was unexpected because, unlike B cells, circulating monocytes express little or no FcγRIIb. However, FcγRIIb expression is logarithmically increased on monocytes during HD preculture, and this upregulation is necessary and sufficient to explain TGN1412 potency after HD preculture. B-cell FcγRIIb expression is unchanged by HD preculture, but B cells can support TGN1412-mediated T-cell proliferation when added at a frequency higher than that in PBMCs. Although low-density (LD) precultured PBMCs do not respond to TGN1412, T cells from LD preculture are fully responsive when cocultured with FcγRIIb-expressing monocytes from HD preculture, which shows that they are fully able to respond to TGN1412-mediated activation. Our novel findings demonstrate that cross-linking by FcγRIIb is critical for the superagonist activity of TGN1412 after HD preculture, and this may contribute to CRS in humans because of the close association of FcγRIIb-bearing cells with T cells in lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal E Hargreaves
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdousi Chowdhury
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bjorn Frendéus
- Preclinical Research, BioInvent International AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kirsty S Harper
- Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd, Woolley Road, Alconbury, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Williams
- Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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30
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Xu H, Cheng M, Guo H, Chen Y, Huse M, Cheung NKV. Retargeting T cells to GD2 pentasaccharide on human tumors using Bispecific humanized antibody. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 3:266-77. [PMID: 25542634 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0230-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-disialoganglioside GD2 IgG antibodies have shown clinical efficacy in solid tumors that lack human leukocyte antigens (e.g., neuroblastoma) by relying on Fc-dependent cytotoxicity. However, there are pain side effects secondary to complement activation. T-cell retargeting bispecific antibodies (BsAb) also have clinical potential, but it is thus far only effective against liquid tumors. In this study, a fully humanized hu3F8-BsAb was developed, in which the anti-CD3 huOKT3 single-chain Fv fragment (ScFv) was linked to the carboxyl end of the anti-GD2 hu3F8 IgG1 light chain, and was aglycosylated at N297 of Fc to prevent complement activation and cytokine storm. In vitro, hu3F8-BsAb activated T cells through classic immunologic synapses, inducing GD2-specific tumor cytotoxicity at femtomolar EC50 with >10⁵-fold selectivity over normal tissues, releasing Th1 cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ, and IL2) when GD2⁺ tumors were present. In separate murine neuroblastoma and melanoma xenograft models, intravenous hu3F8-BsAb activated T cells in situ and recruited intravenous T cells for tumor ablation, significantly prolonging survival from local recurrence or from metastatic disease. Hu3F8-BsAb, but not control BsAb, drove T cells and monocytes to infiltrate tumor stroma. These monocytes were necessary for sustained T-cell proliferation and/or survival and contributed significantly to the antitumor effect. The in vitro and in vivo antitumor properties of hu3F8-BsAb and its safety profile support its further clinical development as a cancer therapeutic, and provide the rationale for exploring aglycosylated IgG-scFv as a structural platform for retargeting human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hongfen Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuedan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Morgan Huse
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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31
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Brady JL, Harrison LC, Goodman DJ, Cowan PJ, Hawthorne WJ, O'Connell PJ, Sutherland RM, Lew AM. Preclinical screening for acute toxicity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in a hu-SCID model. Clin Transl Immunology 2014; 3:e29. [PMID: 25587392 PMCID: PMC4282178 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been a spectacular clinical and commercial success in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Many of these mAbs (for example, OKT3, Campath-1H, rituximab and infliximab) are against surface or secreted products of lymphocytes. However, mAbs can have a variety of adverse effects including fever, chills and nausea. This is probably a result of cytokine release, which is most seriously manifested as a ‘cytokine storm' as highlighted by the TGN1412 (anti-CD28) trial. Prediction of adverse effects of mAbs would be clinically advantageous and numerous in vitro assays attempting to predict adverse effects have been reported. Here, we report an in vivo humanized mouse model to detect adverse effects in response to OKT3, Campath-1H or the polyclonal Ab preparation anti-thymocyte globulin. We found that the administration of each of these Abs to humanized mice led to acute clinical symptoms such as piloerection, hypomotility and hypothermia, particularly when delivered via the intravenous route. A cytokine storm occurred in the humanized mice receiving OKT3. This model system is a potentially useful tool to predict adverse effects and select initial doses for first-in-human trials. We would advocate this in vivo model, in addition to current in vitro preclinical testing, as a more representative and robust means of assessing potential adverse effects of mAb before their human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Brady
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonard C Harrison
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Goodman
- Department of Nephrology, St Vincent's Hospital , Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital , Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne J Hawthorne
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital , Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J O'Connell
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital , Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robyn M Sutherland
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Thaventhiran T, Alhumeed N, Yeang HXA, Sethu S, Downey JS, Alghanem AF, Olayanju A, Smith EL, Cross MJ, Webb SD, Williams DP, Bristow A, Ball C, Stebbings R, Sathish JG. Failure to upregulate cell surface PD-1 is associated with dysregulated stimulation of T cells by TGN1412-like CD28 superagonist. MAbs 2014; 6:1290-9. [PMID: 25517314 PMCID: PMC4622985 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD28 superagonist (CD28SA) TGN1412 was administered to humans as an agent that can selectively activate and expand regulatory T cells but resulted in uncontrolled T cell activation accompanied by cytokine storm. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this uncontrolled T cell activation are unclear. Physiological activation of T cells leads to upregulation of not only activation molecules but also inhibitory receptors such as PD-1. We hypothesized that the uncontrolled activation of CD28SA-stimulated T cells is due to both the enhanced expression of activation molecules and the lack of or reduced inhibitory signals. In this study, we show that anti-CD3 antibody-stimulated human T cells undergo time-limited controlled DNA synthesis, proliferation and interleukin-2 secretion, accompanied by PD-1 expression. In contrast, CD28SA-activated T cells demonstrate uncontrolled activation parameters including enhanced expression of LFA-1 and CCR5 but fail to express PD-1 on the cell surface. We demonstrate the functional relevance of the lack of PD-1 mediated regulatory mechanism in CD28SA-stimulated T cells. Our findings provide a molecular explanation for the dysregulated activation of CD28SA-stimulated T cells and also highlight the potential for the use of differential expression of PD-1 as a biomarker of safety for T cell immunostimulatory biologics.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen presenting cell
- CCR5, C-C chemokine receptor type 5
- CD28 superagonist
- CD28SA, CD28 superagonist
- CK2, casein kinase 2
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IL-2, interleukin 2
- LAG-3, Lymphocyte-activation gene 3
- LFA-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PD-1
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- S-phase, synthesis phase
- T cells
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TEMs, effector memory T cells
- TGN1412
- TIM-3, T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3
- immunostimulatory biologics
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilipan Thaventhiran
- a Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ; University of Liverpool ; Liverpool , UK
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Rossi EA, Rossi DL, Cardillo TM, Chang CH, Goldenberg DM. Redirected T-Cell Killing of Solid Cancers Targeted with an Anti-CD3/Trop-2–Bispecific Antibody Is Enhanced in Combination with Interferon-α. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2341-51. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Poirier N, Mary C, Le Bas-Bernardet S, Daguin V, Belarif L, Chevalier M, Hervouet J, Minault D, Ville S, Charpy V, Blancho G, Vanhove B. Advantages of Papio anubis for preclinical testing of immunotoxicity of candidate therapeutic antagonist antibodies targeting CD28. MAbs 2014; 6:697-707. [PMID: 24598534 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonist anti-CD28 antibodies prevent T-cell costimulation and are functionally different from CTLA4Ig since they cannot block CTLA-4 and PDL-1 co-inhibitory signals. They demonstrated preclinical efficacy in suppressing effector T cells while enhancing immunoregulatory mechanisms. Because a severe cytokine release syndrome was observed during the Phase 1 study with the superagonist anti-CD28 TGN1412, development of other anti-CD28 antibodies requires careful preclinical evaluation to exclude any potential immunotoxicity side-effects. The failure to identify immunological toxicity of TGN1412 using macaques led us to investigate more relevant preclinical models. We report here that contrary to macaques, and like in man, all baboon CD4-positive T lymphocytes express CD28 in their effector memory cells compartment, a lymphocyte subtype that is the most prone to releasing cytokines after reactivation. Baboon lymphocytes are able to release pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro in response to agonist or superagonist anti-CD28 antibodies. Furthermore, we compared the reactivity of human and baboon lymphocytes after transfer into non obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) interleukin-2rγ knockout mice and confirmed that both cell types could release inflammatory cytokines in situ after injection of agonistic anti-CD28 antibodies. In contrast, FR104, a monovalent antagonistic anti-CD28 antibody, did not elicit T cell activation in these assays, even in the presence of anti-drug antibodies. Infusion to baboons also resulted in an absence of cytokine release. In conclusion, the baboon represents a suitable species for preclinical immunotoxicity evaluation of anti-CD28 antibodies because their effector memory T cells do express CD28 and because cytokine release can be assessed in vitro and trans vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Poirier
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France; Effimune SAS; Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Mary
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France; Effimune SAS; Nantes, France
| | - Stephanie Le Bas-Bernardet
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Nantes, France
| | - Veronique Daguin
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - Lyssia Belarif
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - Melanie Chevalier
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - Jeremy Hervouet
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - David Minault
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - Simon Ville
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - Vianney Charpy
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Blancho
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Vanhove
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France; Effimune SAS; Nantes, France
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35
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Ferro A, Loke YK, Lewis LD, Somogyi A, Cohen AF, Ritter JM. Editors' pick 2013. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:228-32. [DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Ferro
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; School of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) King's College London; London UK
| | - Yoon K. Loke
- School of Medicine; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - Lionel D. Lewis
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; Dartmouth Medical School &Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon NH USA
| | - Andrew Somogyi
- Discipline of Pharmacology; School of Medical Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | - Adam F. Cohen
- Centre for Human Drug Research; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - James M. Ritter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; School of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) King's College London; London UK
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36
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Bartholomaeus P, Semmler LY, Bukur T, Boisguerin V, Römer PS, Tabares P, Chuvpilo S, Tyrsin DY, Matskevich A, Hengel H, Castle J, Hünig T, Kalinke U. Cell Contact–Dependent Priming and Fc Interaction with CD32+ Immune Cells Contribute to the TGN1412-Triggered Cytokine Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2091-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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37
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Finco D, Grimaldi C, Fort M, Walker M, Kiessling A, Wolf B, Salcedo T, Faggioni R, Schneider A, Ibraghimov A, Scesney S, Serna D, Prell R, Stebbings R, Narayanan PK. Cytokine release assays: current practices and future directions. Cytokine 2014; 66:143-55. [PMID: 24412476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the CD28 superagonist biotherapeutic monoclonal antibody (TGN 1412) "cytokine storm" incident, cytokine release assays (CRA) have become hazard identification and prospective risk assessment tools for screening novel biotherapeutics directed against targets having a potential risk for eliciting adverse pro-inflammatory clinical infusion reactions. Different laboratories may have different strategies, assay formats, and approaches to the reporting, interpretation, and use of data for either decision making or risk assessment. Additionally, many independent contract research organizations (CROs), academic and government laboratories are involved in some aspect of CRA work. As a result, while some pharmaceutical companies are providing CRA data as part of the regulatory submissions when necessary, technical and regulatory practices are still evolving to provide data predictive of cytokine release in humans and that are relevant to safety. This manuscript provides an overview of different approaches employed by the pharmaceutical industry and CROs, for the use and application of CRA based upon a survey and post survey follow up conducted by ILSI-Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Immunotoxicology Committee CRA Working Group. Also discussed is ongoing research in the academic sector, the regulatory environment, current limitations of the assays, and future directions and recommendations for cytokine release assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Finco
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.
| | - C Grimaldi
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - M Fort
- Discovery Toxicology, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Walker
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - B Wolf
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Salcedo
- Immunotoxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - R Faggioni
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune, LLC, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune, LLC, Hayward, CA, USA
| | | | - S Scesney
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - D Serna
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - R Prell
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - R Stebbings
- National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Potters Bar, UK
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Wolf B, Morgan H, Brennan F, Krieg J, Gani Z, Jones S, Kiessling A. Response to the Letter to the Editor by Susan Thorpe et al.: How predictive are in vitro assays for cytokine release syndrome in vivo? A comparison of methods reveals worrying differences in sensitivity and frequency of response. Cytokine 2013; 64:473-5; discussion 476. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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39
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Reply to the Response from Babette Wolf et al. to our Letter to the Editor: How predictive are in vitro assays for cytokine release syndrome in vivo? A comparison of methods reveals worrying differences in sensitivity and frequency of response. Cytokine 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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40
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Lee CS, Cragg M, Glennie M, Johnson P. Novel antibodies targeting immune regulatory checkpoints for cancer therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:233-47. [PMID: 23701301 PMCID: PMC3731598 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers must evade or suppress the immune system in order to develop. Better understanding of the molecular regulation governing tumour detection and effective activation of the immune system (so called immune regulatory checkpoints) has provided new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against these targets are currently undergoing clinical evaluation with more in pre-clinical development; buoyed by the recent licence approval of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody, ipilumumab, for use in melanoma. This article will review the current status of the various antibodies and target molecules being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chern Siang Lee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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41
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How predictive are in vitro assays for cytokine release syndrome in vivo? A comparison of methods reveals worrying differences in sensitivity and frequency of response. Cytokine 2013; 64:471-2. [PMID: 23910011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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42
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