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Punzo A, Silla A, Fogacci F, Perillo M, Cicero AFG, Caliceti C. Bile Acids and Bilirubin Role in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Cardiovascular Diseases. Diseases 2024; 12:103. [PMID: 38785758 PMCID: PMC11119340 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) and bilirubin, primarily known for their role in lipid metabolism and as heme catabolite, respectively, have been found to have diverse effects on various physiological processes, including oxidative stress and inflammation. Indeed, accumulating evidence showed that the interplay between BAs and bilirubin in these processes involves intricate regulatory mechanisms mediated by specific receptors and signaling pathways under certain conditions and in specific contexts. Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) due to its role in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and other risk factors. In the cardiovascular (CV) system, recent studies have suggested that BAs and bilirubin have some opposite effects related to oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms, but this area of research is still under investigation. This review aims to introduce BAs and bilirubin from a biochemical and physiological point of view, emphasizing their potential protective or detrimental effects on CVDs. Moreover, clinical studies that have assessed the association between BAs/bilirubin and CVD were examined in depth to better interpret the possible link between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Punzo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (M.P.); (C.C.)
- Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Silla
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Federica Fogacci
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgery Sciences Dept., Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Matteo Perillo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (M.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Arrigo F. G. Cicero
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgery Sciences Dept., Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, IRCCS AOU di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiana Caliceti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (M.P.); (C.C.)
- Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrofood Research—CIRI Agrofood, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
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Park SJ, Lim JH, Lee J, Lee J, Hwang S, Kim H, Jo S, Shin D, Ma SH, Kim ML, Shin YG. Investigation of pharmacokinetic properties of a PEGylated bilirubin nanoparticle in male Sprague-Dawley rats using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Xenobiotica 2023:1-36. [PMID: 37971300 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2284859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was introduced into synthetic bilirubin 3α and a PEGylated bilirubin 3α nanoparticle (BX-001N, Brixelle®) was developed for the first time.An in vitro microsomal stability study, in vivo PK studies with intravenous bolus (IV) and subcutaneous injection (SC), and a semi-mass balance study of BX-001N were investigated to evaluate its pharmacokinetic (PK) properties in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using developed liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-qTOF/MS).Following IV administration at 10 or 30 mg/kg, BX-001N showed very low clearance (0.33-0.67 mL/min/kg) with predominant distribution in the vascular system (Vd = 51.73-83.02 mL/kg). BX-001N was also very stable in vitro liver microsomal stability study.Following SC administration at 10 or 30 mg/kg, the bioavailability of BX-001N in plasma at 10 mg/kg was around 43% and showed the less dose-proportionality at 30 mg/kg dose.BX-001N was mainly excreted via the urinary pathway (86.59-92.99% of total amount of parent drug in excreta; urine and feces) not via the biliary one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Jin Park
- Institute of Drug Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Lim
- Institute of Drug Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Jiyu Lee
- Institute of Drug Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Institute of Drug Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Sangsoo Hwang
- Institute of Drug Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Bilix Co., Ltd. C-Suite 604, 338, Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Bldg. Yongin, Gyeonggi, 16942, South Korea
| | - Seunghyun Jo
- Bilix Co., Ltd. C-Suite 604, 338, Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Bldg. Yongin, Gyeonggi, 16942, South Korea
| | - Duckhyang Shin
- Bilix Co., Ltd. C-Suite 604, 338, Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Bldg. Yongin, Gyeonggi, 16942, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Ma
- Bilix Co., Ltd. C-Suite 604, 338, Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Bldg. Yongin, Gyeonggi, 16942, South Korea
| | - Myung L Kim
- Bilix Co., Ltd. C-Suite 604, 338, Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Bldg. Yongin, Gyeonggi, 16942, South Korea
| | - Young G Shin
- Institute of Drug Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
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Sist P, Tramer F, Bandiera A, Urbani R, Redenšek Trampuž S, Dolžan V, Passamonti S. Nanoscale Bilirubin Analysis in Translational Research and Precision Medicine by the Recombinant Protein HUG. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16289. [PMID: 38003479 PMCID: PMC10671013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin is a toxicological biomarker for hemolysis and liver diseases. The current automated diazo method used in clinical chemistry has limited applicability in rodent models and cannot be used in small animals relevant to toxicology, microphysiological systems, cell cultures, and kinetic studies. Here, we present a versatile fluorometric method for nanoscale analysis of bilirubin based on its highly specific binding to the recombinant bifunctional protein HELP-UnaG (HUG). The assay is sensitive (LoQ = 1.1 nM), accurate (4.5% relative standard error), and remarkably robust, allowing analysis at pH 7.4-9.5, T = 25-37 °C, in various buffers, and in the presence of 0.4-4 mg × L-1 serum albumin or 30% DMSO. It allows repeated measurements of bilirubinemia in murine models and small animals, fostering the 3Rs principle. The assay determines bilirubin in human plasma with a relative standard error of 6.7% at values that correlate and agree with the standard diazo method. Furthermore, it detects differences in human bilirubinemia related to sex and UGT1A1 polymorphisms, thus demonstrating its suitability for the uniform assessment of bilirubin at the nanoscale in translational and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sist
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (F.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Federica Tramer
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (F.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonella Bandiera
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (F.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Ranieri Urbani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Sara Redenšek Trampuž
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.R.T.); (V.D.)
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.R.T.); (V.D.)
| | - Sabina Passamonti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (F.T.); (A.B.)
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Abstract
Gilbert's syndrome, also known as benign hyperbilirubinaemia, was described more than 100 years ago. It has usually been considered a physiological abnormality characterised by a mild elevation of the systemic level of unconjugated bilirubin, in the absence of any underlying liver or overt haemolytic disease. However, since the re-discovery of the potent antioxidant effects of bilirubin in the late 1980s, as well as multiple intracellular signalling pathways affected by bilirubin, an ever-increasing body of evidence suggests that individuals with Gilbert's syndrome may benefit from the mild hyperbilirubinaemia and are actually protected from the development of a wide variety of "diseases of civilisation" such as cardiovascular diseases, certain cancers, and autoimmune or neurodegenerative diseases. This review analyses the current state of medical knowledge given recent discoveries in this rapidly developing field, as well as their possible clinical significance, and provides a new perspective on this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Vítek
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Cui Y, Wu C, Li L, shi H, Li C, Yin S. Toward nanotechnology-enabled application of bilirubin in the treatment and diagnosis of various civilization diseases. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100658. [PMID: 37214553 PMCID: PMC10196858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin, an open chain tetrapyrrole, has powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immuno-suppressive, metabolic-modulating and anti-proliferative activities. Bilirubin is a natural molecule that is produced and metabolized within the human body, making it highly biocompatible and well suited for clinical use. However, the use of bilirubin has been hampered by its poor water solubility and instability. With advanced construction strategies, bilirubin-derived nanoparticles (BRNPs) have not only overcome the disadvantages of bilirubin but also enhanced its therapeutic effects by targeting damaged tissues, passing through physiological barriers, and ensuring controlled sustained release. We review the mechanisms underlying the biological activities of bilirubin, BRNP preparation strategies and BRNP applications in various disease models. Based on their superior performance, BRNPs require further exploration of their efficacy, biodistribution and long-term biosafety in nonhuman primate models that recapitulate human disease to promote their clinical translation.
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Dorresteijn MJ, Dekker D, Zwaag J, Heemskerk S, Roelofs HM, Smits P, van der Hoeven JG, Wagener FA, Pickkers P. Atazanavir-induced unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia prevents vascular hyporeactivity during experimental human endotoxemia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1176775. [PMID: 37261364 PMCID: PMC10228648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Inflammation-induced free radical release is important in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including atherosclerosis and sepsis. Heme oxygenase (HO) breaks down heme into carbon monoxide, iron, and biliverdin. Biliverdin IXα is directly converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Unconjugated bilirubin is a powerful antioxidant, and elevated levels have beneficial effects in preclinical models and human cardiovascular disease. However, its impact during acute inflammation in humans is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the impact of atazanavir-induced (unconjugated) hyperbilirubinemia on antioxidant capacity, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction in human experimental endotoxemia. Approach and results Following double-blinded four-day treatment with atazanavir 2dd300 mg (or placebo), twenty healthy male volunteers received 2 ng/kg Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide intravenously. Blood was drawn to determine the bilirubin levels, antioxidant capacity, and cytokine response. It was demonstrated that following atazanavir treatment, total bilirubin concentrations increased to maximum values of 4.67 (95%CI 3.91-5.59) compared to 0.82 (95%CI 0.64-1.07) mg/dL in the control group (p<0.01). Furthermore, the anti-oxidant capacity, as measured by the ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), was significantly increased with 36% in hyperbilirubinemia subjects (p<0.0001), and FRAP concentrations correlated strongly to bilirubin concentrations (R2 = 0.77, p<0.001). Hyperbilirubinemia attenuated the release of interleukin-10 from 377 (95%CI 233-609) to 219 (95%CI 152-318) pg/mL (p=0.01), whereas the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines remained unaltered. In vitro, in the absence of hyperbilirubinemia, atazanavir did not influence lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine release in a whole blood assay. Vascular function was assessed using forearm venous occlusion plethysmography after intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine and nitroglycerin. Hyperbilirubinemia completely prevented the LPS-associated blunted vascular response to acetylcholine and nitroglycerin. Conclusions Atazanavir-induced hyperbilirubinemia increases antioxidant capacity, attenuates interleukin-10 release, and prevents vascular hyporesponsiveness during human systemic inflammation elicited by experimental endotoxemia. Clinical trial registration http://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT00916448.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirrin J. Dorresteijn
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Douwe Dekker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jelle Zwaag
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Heemskerk
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hennie M.J. Roelofs
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Paul Smits
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. van der Hoeven
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank A.D.T.G. Wagener
- Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Vitek L, Hinds TD, Stec DE, Tiribelli C. The physiology of bilirubin: health and disease equilibrium. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:315-328. [PMID: 36828710 PMCID: PMC10023336 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin has several physiological functions, both beneficial and harmful. In addition to reactive oxygen species-scavenging activities, bilirubin has potent immunosuppressive effects associated with long-term pathophysiological sequelae. It has been recently recognized as a hormone with endocrine actions and interconnected effects on various cellular signaling pathways. Current studies show that bilirubin also decreases adiposity and prevents metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. All in all, the physiological importance of bilirubin is only now coming to light, and strategies for increasing plasma bilirubin levels to combat chronic diseases are starting to be considered. This review discusses the beneficial effects of increasing plasma bilirubin, incorporates emerging areas of bilirubin biology, and provides key concepts to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Vitek
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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van Hoogdalem MW, Wexelblatt SL, Akinbi HT, Vinks AA, Mizuno T. A review of pregnancy-induced changes in opioid pharmacokinetics, placental transfer, and fetal exposure: Towards fetomaternal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to improve the treatment of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108045. [PMID: 34813863 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has emerged as a useful tool to study pharmacokinetics (PK) in special populations, such as pregnant women, fetuses, and newborns, where practical hurdles severely limit the study of drug behavior. PK in pregnant women is variable and everchanging, differing greatly from that in their nonpregnant female and male counterparts typically enrolled in clinical trials. PBPK models can accommodate pregnancy-induced physiological and metabolic changes, thereby providing mechanistic insights into maternal drug disposition and fetal exposure. Fueled by the soaring opioid epidemic in the United States, opioid use during pregnancy continues to rise, leading to an increased incidence of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). The severity of NOWS is influenced by a complex interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, and varies substantially between newborns, but the extent of prenatal opioid exposure is likely the primary driver. Fetomaternal PBPK modeling is an attractive approach to predict in utero opioid exposure. To facilitate the development of fetomaternal PBPK models of opioids, this review provides a detailed overview of pregnancy-induced changes affecting the PK of commonly used opioids during gestation. Moreover, the placental transfer of these opioids is described, along with their disposition in the fetus. Lastly, the implementation of these factors into PBPK models is discussed. Fetomaternal PBPK modeling of opioids is expected to provide improved insights in fetal opioid exposure, which allows for prediction of postnatal NOWS severity, thereby opening the way for precision postnatal treatment of these vulnerable infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs W van Hoogdalem
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Scott L Wexelblatt
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Addiction Research, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Henry T Akinbi
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alexander A Vinks
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Addiction Research, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Mizuno
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Addiction Research, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Yao Q, Chen R, Ganapathy V, Kou L. Therapeutic application and construction of bilirubin incorporated nanoparticles. J Control Release 2020; 328:407-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Two Faces of Heme Catabolic Pathway in Newborns: A Potential Role of Bilirubin and Carbon Monoxide in Neonatal Inflammatory Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7140496. [PMID: 32908636 PMCID: PMC7450323 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7140496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In an infant's body, all the systems undergo significant changes in order to adapt to the new, extrauterine environment and challenges which it poses. Fragile homeostasis can be easily disrupted as the defensive mechanisms are yet imperfect. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, is low; therefore, neonates are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress. Free radical burden significantly contributes to neonatal illnesses such as sepsis, retinopathy of premature, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or leukomalacia. However, newborns have an important ally-an inducible heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) which expression rises rapidly in response to stress stimuli. HO-1 activity leads to production of carbon monoxide (CO), free iron ion, and biliverdin; the latter is promptly reduced to bilirubin. Although CO and bilirubin used to be considered noxious by-products, new interesting properties of those compounds are being revealed. Bilirubin proved to be an efficient free radicals scavenger and modulator of immune responses. CO affects a vast range of processes such as vasodilatation, platelet aggregation, and inflammatory reactions. Recently, developed nanoparticles consisting of PEGylated bilirubin as well as several kinds of molecules releasing CO have been successfully tested on animal models of inflammatory diseases. This paper focuses on the role of heme metabolites and their potential utility in prevention and treatment of neonatal diseases.
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Wagener FADTG, Pickkers P, Peterson SJ, Immenschuh S, Abraham NG. Targeting the Heme-Heme Oxygenase System to Prevent Severe Complications Following COVID-19 Infections. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E540. [PMID: 32575554 PMCID: PMC7346191 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is causing a pandemic resulting in high morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are often critically ill and show lung injury and hemolysis. Heme is a prosthetic moiety crucial for the function of a wide variety of heme-proteins, including hemoglobin and cytochromes. However, injury-derived free heme promotes adhesion molecule expression, leukocyte recruitment, vascular permeabilization, platelet activation, complement activation, thrombosis, and fibrosis. Heme can be degraded by the anti-inflammatory enzyme heme oxygenase (HO) generating biliverdin/bilirubin, iron/ferritin, and carbon monoxide. We therefore postulate that free heme contributes to many of the inflammatory phenomena witnessed in critically ill COVID-19 patients, whilst induction of HO-1 or harnessing heme may provide protection. HO-activity not only degrades injurious heme, but its effector molecules possess also potent salutary anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Until a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 becomes available, we need to explore novel strategies to attenuate the pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombotic, and pro-fibrotic consequences of SARS-CoV-2 leading to morbidity and mortality. The heme-HO system represents an interesting target for novel "proof of concept" studies in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. D. T. G. Wagener
- Department of Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, 6525EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Stephan Immenschuh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Nader G. Abraham
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA;
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Bilirubin Improves the Quality and Function of Hypothermic Preserved Islets by Its Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Effect. Transplantation 2020; 103:2486-2496. [PMID: 31365475 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Islet transplantation is a promising option for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. However, the current lack of practical techniques for the isolated islets preservation still hampers the advancement of life-saving islet transplantation. Islet suffers from internal or external stimuli-induced oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation during preservation, which leads to disappointing outcomes regarding islet yield, survival, and function. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction is the primary cause of oxidative stress that induces islet loss and dysfunction. Thus, in this article, we hypothesized that an endogenous antioxidant, bilirubin, that could efficiently scavenge ROS and inhibit inflammatory reactions could be beneficial for islet preservation. METHODS Herein, we studied the effect of bilirubin on the hypothermic preserved (4°C) islets and evaluate the islets viability, insulin secretory function, oxidative stress levels, and in vivo transplantation performance. RESULTS Bilirubin could prevent cellular damages during short-term preservation and maintain the cocultured islets viability and function. The protective role of bilirubin is associated with its antioxidative ability, which dramatically increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and decreased the levels of ROS and malondialdehyde. Diabetic mice transplanted with bilirubin preserved islets were normoglycemic for 28 days, even overmatched the diabetic mouse transplanted with fresh islets. Mice receiving bilirubin cocultured islets required the least time to achieve normoglycemia among all groups and exhibited minimum inflammatory responses during the early transplantation stage. CONCLUSIONS By utilizing bilirubin, we achieved highly viable and functional islets after hypothermic preservation to reverse diabetes in mice.
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Yao Q, Jiang X, Kou L, Samuriwo AT, Xu HL, Zhao YZ. Pharmacological actions and therapeutic potentials of bilirubin in islet transplantation for the treatment of diabetes. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104256. [PMID: 31054312 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is the experimental strategy to treat type 1 diabetes by transplanting isolated islets from a donor pancreas into the recipient. While significant progress has been made in the islet transplantation field, islet loss before and after transplantation is still the major obstacle that currently precludes its widespread application. Islet must survive from possible cellular damages during the isolation procedure, storage time, islet injection process and post-transplantation immune rejection, only then the survived islets could produce insulin, actively regulating the blood glucose level. Therefore, islet protection needs to be addressed, especially regarding oxidative stress and immune response induced islet cell damages in diabetic patients. Many clinical data have shown that mildly elevated bilirubin levels in the body negatively correlate to the occurrence of an array of diseases that are related to increased oxidative stress, especially diabetes, and its complications. Recent studies confirmed that bilirubin helps receivers to suppress immune reaction and enable prolonged tolerance to islet transplantation. In this paper, we will review the pharmacological mechanism of bilirubin to modulate oxidative cellular damage and chronic inflammatory reaction in both diabetes and islet transplantation process. Also, we will present the clinical evidence of a strong correlation in bilirubin and diabetes. More importantly, we will summarize undergoing therapeutic applications of bilirubin in islet transplantation and discuss formulation approaches designed to overcome bilirubin delivery issues for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xue Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Longfa Kou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Adelaide T Samuriwo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - He-Lin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ying-Zheng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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14
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Tsai MT, Tarng DC. Beyond a Measure of Liver Function-Bilirubin Acts as a Potential Cardiovascular Protector in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010117. [PMID: 30597982 PMCID: PMC6337523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin is a well-known neurotoxin in newborn infants; however, current evidence has shown that a higher serum bilirubin concentration in physiological ranges is associated with a lower risk for the development and progression of both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults. The protective mechanisms of bilirubin in CVD, CKD, and associated mortality may be ascribed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Bilirubin further improves insulin sensitivity, reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and inhibits platelet activation in at-risk individuals. These effects are expected to maintain normal vascular homeostasis and thus reduce the incidence of CKD and the risks of cardiovascular complications and death. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the biological actions of bilirubin in the pathogenesis of CVD and CKD progression, and further propose that targeting bilirubin metabolism could be a potential approach to ameliorate morbidity and mortality in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsun Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
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15
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Dekker D, Dorresteijn MJ, Welzen MEB, Timman S, Pickkers P, Burger DM, Smits P, Wagener FADTG, Russel FGM. Parenteral bilirubin in healthy volunteers: a reintroduction in translational research. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 84:268-279. [PMID: 29068066 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Preclinical results suggest therapeutic potential of mild hyperbilirubinemia in T2DM and cardiovascular disease. Translational data are limited, because an appropriate bilirubin formulation for parenteral human use is lacking. Considering its use in both clinical practice and medical research in the past, we explored the feasibility to reintroduce parenteral bilirubin for translational experiments. METHODS We developed a preparation method in accordance with good manufacturing practice and evaluated the parenteral applicability in healthy volunteers (n = 8). Explorative pharmacokinetic and safety data were compared to the results from a literature study on the former parenteral use of bilirubin. Bilirubin was administered intra-arterially to raise the local plasma concentration in the forearm vascular bed (n = 4) and intravenously to raise the systemic plasma concentration (n = 4). Finally, pharmacokinetic characteristics were studied following a single bolus infusion (n = 3). RESULTS During parenteral application, no side effects occurred. Adverse events mentioned during the two-week observation period were in general mild and self-limiting. Three more significant adverse events (appendicitis, asymptomatic cardiac arrhythmia and atopic eczema) were judged unrelated by independent physicians. A dose-concentration relationship appeared sufficiently predictable for both intra-arterial and intravenous administration. In line with existing knowledge, bilirubin pharmacokinetics could be described best according to a two-compartment model with a volume of distribution of 9.9 (±2.0) l and a total plasma clearance of 36 (±16) ml per minute. CONCLUSIONS Supported by previous reports, our data suggest that it is both feasible and safe to perform translational experiments with parenteral albumin bound bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douwe Dekker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirrin J Dorresteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke E B Welzen
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Timman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David M Burger
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Smits
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A D T G Wagener
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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