1
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Guevara Beltran D, Ayers JD, Claessens S, Alcock J, Baciu C, Cronk L, Hudson NM, Hurmuz-Sklias H, Miller G, Tidball K, Van Horn A, Winfrey P, Zarka E, Todd PM, Aktipis A. Shared fate was associated with sustained cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307829. [PMID: 39325844 PMCID: PMC11426462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Did the COVID-19 pandemic bring people together or push them apart? While infectious diseases tend to push people apart, crises can also bring people together through positive interdependence. We studied this question by asking an international sample (N = 1,006) about their inclinations to cooperate, perceptions of interdependence (i.e., shared fate), and perceived risk as well as local prevalence of COVID-19 infection across 14 time points from March to August, 2020. While perceived interdependence with others tended to increase during this time period, inclinations to cooperate decreased over time. At the within-person level, higher local prevalence of COVID-19 attenuated increases in perceived interdependence with others, and was associated with lower inclinations to cooperate. At the between-person level, people with high perceived interdependence with others reported more stable, or increasing, inclinations to cooperate over time than people with low perceived interdependence. Establishing a high sense of perceived interdependence with others may thus allow people to maintain cooperation during crises, even in the face of challenging circumstances such as those posed by a highly transmissible virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guevara Beltran
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jessica D Ayers
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Psychological Science, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Scott Claessens
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joe Alcock
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Cristina Baciu
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lee Cronk
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nicole M Hudson
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Geoffrey Miller
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Keith Tidball
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Van Horn
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Art History, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pamela Winfrey
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Emily Zarka
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of English, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Peter M Todd
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Cognitive Science Program and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Athena Aktipis
- Zombie Apocalypse Medicine Alliance, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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2
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Nassir Y, Diesendruck G. Priming group identities affects children's resource distribution among groups. Child Dev 2024; 95:409-427. [PMID: 37596797 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The present research investigated the effect of ethnic-national identity on intergroup attitudes among Israeli children. Between 2019 and 2020, 136 Arab Muslim and 136 Jewish 5- and 10-year-olds (boys and girls) participated in one of four ethnic-national identity conditions: ingroup, outgroup, common identity, and control. In each condition, participants were described a city whose residents were defined according to the condition. Then, children were asked to "release" positive and negative animals to an ingroup city, an outgroup city, or a zoo. The results showed that highlighting a common identity improved attitudes across all children, but effect of ingroup and outgroup emphases varied between Jewish and Arab children. These results highlight the different dynamics of social identities among majority and minority children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Nassir
- Department of Psychology and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Gil Diesendruck
- Department of Psychology and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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3
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Kordoni A, Gavidia-Calderon C, Levine M, Bennaceur A, Nuseibeh B. " Are we in this together?": embedding social identity detection in drones improves emergency coordination. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1146056. [PMID: 37744604 PMCID: PMC10513421 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1146056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomous systems, such as drones, are critical for emergency mitigation, management, and recovery. They provide situational awareness and deliver communication services which effectively guide emergency responders' decision making. This combination of technology and people comprises a socio-technical system. Yet, focusing on the use of drone technology as a solely operational tool, underplays its potential to enhance coordination between the different agents involved in mass emergencies, both human and non-human. This paper proposes a new methodological approach that capitalizes on social identity principles to enable this coordination in an evacuation operation. In the proposed approach, an adaptive drone uses sensor data to infer the group membership of the survivors it encounters during the operation. A corpus of 200 interactions of survivors' talk during real-life emergencies was computationally classified as being indicative of a shared identity or personal/no identity. This classification model, then, informed a game-theoretic model of human-robot interactions. Bayesian Nash Equilibrium analysis determined the predicted behavior for the human agent and the strategy that the drone needs to adopt to help with survivor evacuation. Using linguistic and synthetic data, we show that the identity-adaptive architecture outperformed two non-adaptive architectures in the number of successful evacuations. The identity-adaptive drone can infer which victims are likely to be helped by survivors and where help from emergency teams is needed. This facilitates effective coordination and adaptive performance. This study shows decision-making can be an emergent capacity that arises from the interactions of both human and non-human agents in a socio-technical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kordoni
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Levine
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Amel Bennaceur
- School of Computing and Communications, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
- Lero – the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Bashar Nuseibeh
- School of Computing and Communications, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
- Lero – the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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4
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Tao J, Wang Z, Li J. The spatial effect of digital economy on public psychological resilience during the diffusive crisis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1156367. [PMID: 37275482 PMCID: PMC10234507 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1156367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore whether the digital economy has spatial effects and spatial heterogeneity on public psychological resilience during the diffusive crisis and to analyze the specific impact mechanisms. Methods This study is based on the Baidu Search Index from 2011 to 2020 and the provincial panel data of 30 provinces in China. It constructs measures of public psychological resilience and digital economy development level and employs the spatial Durbin model to empirically analyze the relationship between the two, revealing their spatial impact. Results (1) Public psychological resilience exhibits a spatial distribution characterized by high values in the west, medium values in the central region, and low values in the east, while the digital economy development level shows a "U"-shaped spatial structure with high levels in the eastern and western regions and low levels in the middle; (2) The digital economy development level in a local region has a negative effect on the public psychological resilience of that region, while the digital economy development level in surrounding regions has a positive spatial spillover effect on the local region's public psychological resilience. Conclusion It is essential to strengthen crisis management, focus on the coordinated development of the digital economy in different regions, share the benefits of digital society development more equitably and broadly, and further improve the psychological resilience of regions under the context of digital economy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancong Tao
- School of Economics & Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junwei Li
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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5
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Bagci SC, Yalcin FT, Turnuklu A, Vezzali L, Tercan M, Yilmaz AD. Looking for your cross-group friends after the breakout? Children's intergroup contact behaviours before and after the onset of COVID-19. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:1036-1055. [PMID: 36515077 PMCID: PMC9877674 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While COVID-19 implications for prejudice have been investigated among adults in previous research, children's intergroup reactions to the pandemic and specifically how native children's contact behaviours with refugees might have changed after the pandemic has not been examined yet. Drawing on a unique longitudinal school dataset (N = 861, 5th graders, Mage reported at T1 = 10.38, SD = 0.68) collected before the onset of the pandemic (T1, pre-lockdown), after the onset of the pandemic (T2, post-lockdown), and 6 months after the post-lockdown (T3, follow-up) in Turkey, we examined how children's contact behaviour (positive and negative contact), contact motivation (self-efficacy and volition), as well as behavioural tendencies (approach and avoidance) have shifted during this period (2.5 years). We observed a consistent pattern of improvement in contact behaviours demonstrated by increases in positive contact variables and decreases in negative contact variables particularly from T1 to T2. The change in some positive contact variables was stable for 6 months, while negative contact and avoidance rapidly regressed to the baseline during the normalization period (T3). The boosting effect of the pandemic was particularly pronounced among children who displayed greater prejudice towards refugees before the pandemic. Findings contribute to the growing research literature delineating the potential benefits of COVID-19 at the collective level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Loris Vezzali
- Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
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6
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Kossowska M, Szwed P, Szumowska E, Perek-Białas J, Czernatowicz-Kukuczka A. The role of fear, closeness, and norms in shaping help towards war refugees. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1465. [PMID: 36702839 PMCID: PMC9879956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper investigates the psychological factors associated with the unprecedented assistance that Poles have offered refugees from Ukraine since the outset of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Building on social identity theory, and examining the current social context in Poland, we focus on three social identity dimensions, i.e., a feeling of closeness towards refugees from Ukraine, anticipatory fears (of a Russian invasion), and a community norm of helping. These three dimensions predict collective helping resulting from a sense of a common fate and a feeling of togetherness with Ukrainians. We tested this hypothesis in a study (N = 1066) conducted between 11 and 17 March 2022. Participants were asked about their helping activities during the previous week; they also responded to questions on different measures of social identity processes. The results support our expectations, revealing that closeness, anticipatory fears, and social norms are associated with two forms of help: benevolent and activist. The results of the study contribute to the discussion on social identity processes underlying offers of help to people fleeing from war-zones. Thus, they enhance our understanding of the role of citizens in terms of their contribution to helping refugees, and can be used to improve responses to other humanitarian crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kossowska
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paulina Szwed
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Szumowska
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Perek-Białas
- Center for Evaluation and Public Policies Analysis, Institute of Sociology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków Poland and Warsaw School of Economics, Kraków, Poland
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7
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AI Experience Predicts Identification with Humankind. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13020089. [PMID: 36829318 PMCID: PMC9952729 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence is becoming a potential outgroup of humans, which, according to social identity theory, may make humanity more salient. To explore how identification with humankind correlates to being exposed to artificial intelligence, we developed an AI Experience Questionnaire to measure this relationship and demonstrated that AI experience positively predicted human identity (Study 1a, N = 806). This correlation held when controlling for AI threats, educational level, international mobility experience, gender, and age (Study 2, N = 981, Mage = 27.55 ± 6.74; 448 males, 533 females). Study 1a also demonstrated that AI awareness-consisting of perceived anthropomorphism and perceived proximity-mediated the relationship between AI experience and human identity. This mediation model was replicated half a year later (Study 1b, N = 886). Moreover, a moderation analysis demonstrated that for both Easterners and Westerners, the correlation between AI experience and human identity was significantly positive; however, Western culture amplified the correlation (Study 3; N = 177, Mage = 32.35 ± 10.99; 90 Easterners, 87 Westerners). To conclude, persons with more AI experience may be more inclined to perceive AI as an outgroup of humans, and therefore AI experience positively predicts identification with humankind.
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8
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Thijs J, Verkuyten M. Being considered a co-national: Social categorization and perceived acculturation of immigrant peers. J Exp Child Psychol 2023; 225:105520. [PMID: 35964447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
With increasing immigration, it is increasingly important to understand whether and when children consider immigrant peers as co-nationals. Using an experimental design, we examined among native-born preadolescents (8-13 years of age) in the Netherlands whether and when they perceive immigrant peers as co-nationals. First, and in agreement with the social categorization account, we expected that the use of dual identity (vs single ethnic identity) labels for immigrant peers leads to stronger co-nationality perceptions and a related stronger desire for close social contact. Second, and in line with the acculturation account, we expected that an early age of arrival in the country (vs a later age of arrival) leads to stronger perceived co-nationality and related contact desire. The findings support the acculturation account, especially among native-born children with higher national identification. There was no evidence for the social categorization account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Thijs
- European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations (ERCOMER), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maykel Verkuyten
- European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations (ERCOMER), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Cocco VM, Bisagno E, Bernardo GAD, Bicocchi N, Calderara S, Palazzi A, Cucchiara R, Zambonelli F, Cadamuro A, Stathi S, Crisp R, Vezzali L. Let's stay close: An examination of the effects of imagined contact on behavior toward children with disability. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Bisagno
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Palazzi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Rita Cucchiara
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Loris Vezzali
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
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10
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Nir N, Halperin E, Park J. The Dual Effect of COVID-19 on Intergroup Conflict in the Korean Peninsula. THE JOURNAL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION 2022; 66:1908-1930. [PMID: 38603278 PMCID: PMC9198559 DOI: 10.1177/00220027221107088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has fundamentally shifted the way human beings interact, both as individuals and groups, in the face of such a widespread outbreak. This paper seeks to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on intergroup emotions and attitudes within an intractable intergroup conflict, specifically, through the lens of the Korean conflict. Using a two-wave, cross-sectional design, this study was able to track the profound psychological changes in intergroup emotions and attitudes both prior to the pandemic and during its onslaught. Results of these two wave representative samples show that South Korean citizens demonstrated higher levels of fear of their neighbors in North Korea after the outbreak of COVID-19 than before. In turn, this led to increased societal support of hostile government policies towards North Koreans. Conversely, the same participants exhibited higher levels of empathy towards North Koreans during the pandemic, which led to a higher willingness to collaborate with their outgroup. This dual effect on intergroup emotions within intractable conflicts brings forth new avenues from which societies may be able to restrain the destructive influence of the COVID-19 threat on intergroup relations - as well as harvesting its constructive potential for reconciling warring intergroup relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimrod Nir
- Faculty of Social Science, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Halperin
- Faculty of Social Science, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Juhwa Park
- Korea Institute for National
Unification, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Kersten R, Greitemeyer T. Global news – global identity? The relationship between media consumption, perception of identity, and ethnocentrism. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Kersten
- Social Psychology Section University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
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12
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Chen K, Zhang J, Ao X, Ramdass J. The burden of being certain: National identity certainty predicts support for COVID-Related restrictive measures and outgroup conspiracy beliefs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 52:414-428. [PMID: 35601115 PMCID: PMC9114831 DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, government officials often encounter two concurrent concerns: they have to enforce necessary public health and safety measures to manage COVID-19. Meanwhile, they also have to mitigate conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19. To shed light on these issues, we conducted two studies to investigate national identity certainty (i.e., the extent to which people are certain about their national identity) as a predictor of (a) support for restrictive measures to curtail COVID-19 and (b) conspiracy beliefs about an outgroup as the culprit of COVID-19. Study 1 was a three-week longitudinal study (N = 301) where we investigated the relationships both on a between-person level (differences between individuals) and on a within-person level (week-by-week fluctuations of the same individual). We found that individual differences in national identity certainty predicted increased support for restrictive measures and increased outgroup conspiracy beliefs. These relationships emerged, even when we controlled for national identity positivity, that is, the extent to which people see their national identity in positive light. In Study 2 (N = 316), we used a cross-sectional correlational design and replicated the findings of Study 1. Moreover, we found that the relationships were explained by distinct threat perceptions: realistic threat explained the increased support for restrictive measures, whereas symbolic threat explained the increased outgroup conspiracy beliefs. Overall, our findings suggest that support for restrictive measures and outgroup conspiracy beliefs can be seen as attempts of people high in national identity certainty to address the distinct threats of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Chen
- Department of PsychologyClaremont Graduate UniversityClaremontCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of PsychologyClaremont Graduate UniversityClaremontCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xiang Ao
- Department of PsychologyClaremont Graduate UniversityClaremontCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeff Ramdass
- Department of PsychologyClaremont Graduate UniversityClaremontCaliforniaUSA
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13
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Frisch LK, Sebben S, Liekefett L, Shnabel N, Visintin EP, Ullrich J, Hässler T. Support for Social Change Among Members of Advantaged Groups: The Role of a Dual Identity Representation and Accepting Intergroup Contact. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2022:1461672221086380. [PMID: 35481394 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221086380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This preregistered research analyzed survey data from ethnic and religious advantaged groups in 12 countries (N = 2,304) to examine the interplay between two determinants of support for social change toward intergroup equality. Drawing on the needs-based model and the common-ingroup identity model, we hypothesized that the experience of accepting intergroup contact and the endorsement of a dual identity representation of intergroup relations would be associated with greater support for equality. Furthermore, integrating the logic of both models, we tested the novel hypothesis that the positive effect of accepting contact on support for equality would be stronger under a high (vs. low) dual identity representation. While the predicted main effects received empirical support, we found no evidence for the expected interaction. These findings suggest that interventions to foster support for social change among advantaged group members can promote accepting contact and a dual identity representation independently of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tabea Hässler
- University of Zurich, Switzerland.,University College Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Role of COVID-19 Anxiety and Community Risk Factors on Physical Distancing Practice. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12040110. [PMID: 35447682 PMCID: PMC9024643 DOI: 10.3390/bs12040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing studies have focused primarily on self-oriented anxiety (i.e., anxiety over one’s infection) in the pandemic context, and the role of community risk is largely ignored. This study addressed these gaps by examining (a) self-oriented anxiety and two forms of others-oriented anxiety (i.e., anxiety concerning others’ health and societal problems), (b) the associations between all these forms of anxiety and physical distancing practice during the COVID-19 pandemic, and (c) the hypothesized moderating role of community risk factors. The participants were 703 U.S. community-dwelling adults who completed an online survey. Geo-identifier data were extracted to identify the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and four social vulnerability indexes for the county in which each participant resided. Both forms of others-oriented anxiety were positively associated with physical distancing adoption, and the association was stronger among the participants residing in lower-risk communities (i.e., fewer confirmed COVID-19 cases, higher socioeconomic status, and better housing conditions). The study’s novel findings reveal the protective role of anxiety, particularly anxiety concerning others’ well-being, in encouraging people to adopt physical distancing during a pandemic. However, the protective role of anxiety is contingent upon certain community risk factors. Anxiety is more beneficial to residents of low- rather than high-risk communities.
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15
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Rosenfeld DL, Balcetis E, Bastian B, Berkman ET, Bosson JK, Brannon TN, Burrow AL, Cameron CD, Chen S, Cook JE, Crandall C, Davidai S, Dhont K, Eastwick PW, Gaither SE, Gangestad SW, Gilovich T, Gray K, Haines EL, Haselton MG, Haslam N, Hodson G, Hogg MA, Hornsey MJ, Huo YJ, Joel S, Kachanoff FJ, Kraft-Todd G, Leary MR, Ledgerwood A, Lee RT, Loughnan S, MacInnis CC, Mann T, Murray DR, Parkinson C, Pérez EO, Pyszczynski T, Ratner K, Rothgerber H, Rounds JD, Schaller M, Silver RC, Spellman BA, Strohminger N, Swim JK, Thoemmes F, Urganci B, Vandello JA, Volz S, Zayas V, Tomiyama AJ. Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social, Methodological, and Metascientific Considerations. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:311-333. [PMID: 34597198 PMCID: PMC8901450 DOI: 10.1177/1745691621999374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively changed the state of psychological science from what research questions psychologists can ask to which methodologies psychologists can use to investigate them. In this article, we offer a perspective on how to optimize new research in the pandemic's wake. Because this pandemic is inherently a social phenomenon-an event that hinges on human-to-human contact-we focus on socially relevant subfields of psychology. We highlight specific psychological phenomena that have likely shifted as a result of the pandemic and discuss theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations of conducting research on these phenomena. After this discussion, we evaluate metascientific issues that have been amplified by the pandemic. We aim to demonstrate how theoretically grounded views on the COVID-19 pandemic can help make psychological science stronger-not weaker-in its wake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brock Bastian
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne
| | - Elliot T. Berkman
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon
| | | | | | | | - C. Daryl Cameron
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University
- Rock Ethics Institute, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Serena Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kurt Gray
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | | - Martie G. Haselton
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Communication, University of California, Los Angeles
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Nick Haslam
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne
| | | | | | | | - Yuen J. Huo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Frank J. Kachanoff
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | | - Mark R. Leary
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | | | | | - Steve Loughnan
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh
| | | | - Traci Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | | | | | - Efrén O. Pérez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Tom Pyszczynski
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
| | | | | | | | - Mark Schaller
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
| | - Roxane Cohen Silver
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Nina Strohminger
- Department of Legal Studies and Business Ethics, Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Janet K. Swim
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Felix Thoemmes
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University
| | | | | | - Sarah Volz
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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16
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Tropp LR, White F, Rucinski CL, Tredoux C. Intergroup Contact and Prejudice Reduction: Prospects and Challenges in Changing Youth Attitudes. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10892680211046517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intergroup contact has long been lauded as a key intervention to reduce prejudice and improve intergroup attitudes among youth. In this review, we summarize classic perspectives and new developments in the intergroup contact literature, highlighting both prospects and challenges associated with achieving desired youth outcomes through contact. First, we review literature showing how positive intergroup outcomes can be facilitated through cultivating optimal conditions for contact, as well as by attending to youth’s emotional responses to contact. We then discuss how desired contact outcomes may be inhibited by limited understanding of ways in which contact strategies may affect youth across developmental stages, as well as by limited focus on societal inequalities and intergroup conflict, which require examination of outcomes beyond prejudice reduction. We also review growing bodies of research on indirect contact strategies—such as extended contact, vicarious contact, and online contact—showing many options that can be used to promote positive relations among youth from diverse backgrounds, beyond the contact literature’s traditional focus on face-to-face interaction. We conclude this review by acknowledging how understanding both prospects and challenges associated with implementing contact strategies can enhance our capacity to prepare youth to embrace group differences and build more inclusive societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R. Tropp
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Fiona White
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina L. Rucinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Colin Tredoux
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
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17
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Fight Alone or Together? The Influence of Risk Perception on Helping Behavior. JOURNAL OF RISK AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jrfm15020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Will there be a greater sense of solidarity and friendship during public crises? This study aims to determine whether risk perception influences employees’ willingness to assist in times of public crisis, taking COVID-19 as a specific research scenario and based on the theory of “tend and befriend”. This study hypothesized that risk perception will influence employees’ helping behavior via the in-group identity, with the degree of impact dependent on the COVID-19 pandemic’s severity. A questionnaire survey of 925 practitioners from various industries in the pandemic area revealed that: risk perception has a positive influence on employees’ helping behavior; in-group identity plays a certain mediating role in the process of risk perception that influences employees’ helping behavior; and the severity of a local pandemic negatively moderates the relationship between risk perception and helping behavior, but positively moderates the relationship between risk perception and in-group identity. Specifically, employees in high-risk areas are more likely to “align” (higher degree of recognition by the in-group) but demonstrate less helping behavior, compared with those in areas with moderate and low risk from the COVID-19. By contrast, employees in low-risk areas display more helping behavior but have less in-group identity, compared with those in areas with moderate and high risk from the COVID-19. This study expands the research on the relationship between risk perception and helping behavior, enriches the research results on risk management theory, and provides a practical reference for risk governance.
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18
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Cocco VM, Bisagno E, Visintin EP, Cadamuro A, Di Bernardo GA, Trifiletti E, Molinari L, Vezzali L. Fighting stigma‐based bullying in primary school children: An experimental intervention using vicarious intergroup contact and social norms. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Maglić M, Pavlović T, Franc R. Analytic Thinking and Political Orientation in the Corona Crisis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:631800. [PMID: 34366959 PMCID: PMC8341110 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With much unknown about the new coronavirus, the scientific consensus is that human hosts are crucial to its spread and reproduction-the more people behave like regular socializing beings they are, the more likely it is that the virus will propagate. Hence, many nations worldwide have mandated physical-distancing measures. In the current preregistered research, we focus on examining two factors that may help explain differences in adherence to COVID-19 preventive behaviors and policy support across different countries-political orientation and analytic thinking. We positioned our research within the dual-process framework of human reasoning and investigated the role of cognitive reflection, open-minded thinking, and political ideology in determining COVID-19 responsible behavior (physical distancing and maintaining hygiene) and support for restrictive COVID-19 policies on a sample of 12,490 participants from 17 countries. We have not been able to detect substantial relationships of political orientation with preventive behaviors and policy support, and overall found no reliable evidence of politicization, nor polarization regarding the issue. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the inclination towards COVID-19 preventive measures and their endorsement were defined primarily by the tendency of open-minded thinking. Specifically, open-minded thinking was shown to be a predictor of all three criteria-avoiding physical contact, maintaining physical hygiene, and supporting COVID-19 restrictive mitigation policies. Cognitive reflection was predictive of lesser adherence to stricter hygiene and only very weakly predictive of lesser policy support. Furthermore, there was no evidence of these effects varying across political contexts. The mediation analysis suggested a partial mediation effect of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs on the relationships of open-mindedness and cognitive reflection with physical distancing (but not adherence to stricter hygiene) and COVID-19 policy support, albeit very small and significant primarily due to sample size. There was also no evidence of these effects varying across political contexts. Finally, we have not been able to find strong evidence of political orientation modifying the relationship between analytical thinking and COVID-19 behaviors and policy support, although we explored the pattern of these effects in the US and Canadian samples for exploratory purposes and comparison with other similar studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Maglić
- Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar (IPI), Zagreb, Croatia
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20
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Celikkol G, Jasinskaja-Lahti I, Renvik TA, Vetik R, Sam DL. Do We Stand Together? The Role of Perceived Personal and Group Threats in Predicting the Majority's (Un)willingness to Confront Injustice on Behalf of a Minority. Front Psychol 2021; 12:694044. [PMID: 34349706 PMCID: PMC8327172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: By utilizing data from Estonia, Finland, and Norway, this study explores how the perceptions of personal and group realistic threats, namely perceived ethnic discrimination and economic insecurity among national majorities, predict their unwillingness to confront injustice on behalf of Russian-speaking minority groups. Background: Previous research on collective action to promote minorities’ rights and social standing has focused either on minorities’ own actions or factors promoting the willingness of majority group members to engage in collective action on behalf of minorities. In contrast, factors explaining the reluctance of majority group members to engage in collective action on behalf of minority groups have remained less explored. For example, studies have then ignored that the majority members may also feel threatened and may be economically insecure. Furthermore, the possible discrepancy between perceived personal vs. in-group’s situation may influence majority group members’ (un)willingness to confront injustice on behalf of a minority group. Method: We employed polynomial regression with response surface analysis to analyze data gathered among national majority members in three countries (N = 1,341). Results: Perceived personal and group realistic threats were associated with heightened unwillingness to confront injustice on behalf of the Russian-speaking minority. Furthermore, participants were more unwilling to confront injustice when they perceived more group than personal threat. Conclusion: We found that majority group members’ (un)willingness to confront injustice on behalf of the minority is related to how secure they perceive their own and their group status. Our results contribute to previous research by pointing out the important drawbacks of majorities’ support for minorities’ wish for social change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksu Celikkol
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Raivo Vetik
- School of Governance, Law, and Society, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - David Lackland Sam
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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21
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Weisel O, Zultan R. Perceived Level of Threat and Cooperation. Front Psychol 2021; 12:704338. [PMID: 34290655 PMCID: PMC8287250 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.704338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ori Weisel
- Coller Scool of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ro'i Zultan
- Department of Economics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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22
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Zagefka H. Prosociality during COVID-19: Globally focussed solidarity brings greater benefits than nationally focussed solidarity. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 32:73-86. [PMID: 34518751 PMCID: PMC8426876 DOI: 10.1002/casp.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many charities are appealing for donations to address problems caused by the COVID-19 crisis. Two survey studies (total N = 500) tested predictors of donation intentions of British participants to help those suffering from the crisis in Britain (ingroup donations) and overseas (outgroup donations). Perceptions of international, global common fate in our success in managing and overcoming the crisis was positively associated with prosocial intentions towards both national ingroup and outgroup targets. In contrast, a desire to 'close ranks' within the national ingroup in the face of the pandemic threat was associated with more prosocial intentions towards national ingroup targets only, but it was associated with fewer prosocial intentions towards outgroup targets. This suggests that a focus on global solidarity (in the form of global common fate and identification with all humans) has positive effects on helping both within and across group boundaries, whereas a focus on national solidarity (in the form of 'closing ranks' in the face of the pandemic threat) has positive effects on helping within the national group but negative effects on prosocial tendencies towards outgroup members. The effect of perceived global common fate on both ingroup and outgroup helping was mediated by identification with all of humanity. Findings are discussed in terms of practical implications for managing the COVID-19 crisis. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Zagefka
- Department of Psychology Royal Holloway, University of London Egham UK
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23
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The pathogen paradox: Evidence that perceived COVID-19 threat is associated with both pro- and anti-immigrant attitudes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5334/irsp.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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24
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Cadamuro A, Birtel MD, Di Bernardo GA, Crapolicchio E, Vezzali L, Drury J. Resilience in children in the aftermath of disasters: A systematic review and a new perspective on individual, interpersonal, group, and intergroup level factors. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cadamuro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | | | | | | | - Loris Vezzali
- Faculty of Medicine University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - John Drury
- School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
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25
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Liekefett L, Becker J. Compliance with governmental restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic: A matter of personal self-protection or solidarity with people in risk groups? BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 60:924-946. [PMID: 33393680 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During the coronavirus pandemic, governments across the globe ordered physical-distancing and hygiene restrictions to slow down the spread of COVID-19. The present work was conducted during the peak of restrictions in Germany (April/May 2020). In a convenient (N = 218) and representative sample (N = 715), we examined people's motivations to comply with these restrictions during the lockdown: Were they motivated by personal self-protection, or rather by solidarity with people in risk groups? Specifically, we investigated predictors of personal self-protection (compliance to protect the self against infection) and group-protection behaviours (compliance for reasons of solidarity in protecting people in risk groups). Results indicate that self- and group-protection result from different psychological processes: Whereas personal self-protection seems to be a form of coping with personal anxieties (epistemic and existential needs, personal threat), group protection is an intergroup phenomenon that is enabled by identification with a collective goal (common identity), the perception that society is capable of dealing with the virus (group efficacy), and concern for people in risk groups. We discuss potential implications for behavioural change in pandemics.
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26
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Zagefka H. Intergroup helping during the coronavirus crisis: Effects of group identification, ingroup blame and third party outgroup blame. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Radke HRM, Kutlaca M, Siem B, Wright SC, Becker JC. Beyond Allyship: Motivations for Advantaged Group Members to Engage in Action for Disadvantaged Groups. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2020; 24:291-315. [PMID: 32390573 PMCID: PMC7645619 DOI: 10.1177/1088868320918698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
White Americans who participate in the Black Lives Matter movement, men who attended the Women's March, and people from the Global North who work to reduce poverty in the Global South-advantaged group members (sometimes referred to as allies) often engage in action for disadvantaged groups. Tensions can arise, however, over the inclusion of advantaged group members in these movements, which we argue can partly be explained by their motivations to participate. We propose that advantaged group members can be motivated to participate in these movements (a) to improve the status of the disadvantaged group, (b) on the condition that the status of their own group is maintained, (c) to meet their own personal needs, and (d) because this behavior aligns with their moral beliefs. We identify potential antecedents and behavioral outcomes associated with these motivations before describing the theoretical contribution our article makes to the psychological literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maja Kutlaca
- Osnabrück University, Germany
- Durham University, UK
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28
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Taylor LK, O'Driscoll D, Dautel JB, McKeown S. Empathy to action: Child and adolescent out‐group attitudes and prosocial behaviors in a setting of intergroup conflict. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Taylor
- School of Psychology University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- School of Psychology Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
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29
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Stathi S, Pavetich M, Di Bernardo GA, Cadamuro A, Cocco VM, Vezzali L. Intergroup fears and concerns among minority and majority groups: Implications for contact and attitudes. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:1010-1027. [PMID: 32027396 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Driven by the literature on pluralistic ignorance, our research investigates fear of appearing racist, being rejected, discriminated, and disinterest in intergroup contact as antecedents of contact and outgroup attitudes, focusing on attributional differences between the majority and minority group perspectives. METHODS Questionnaires were distributed in schools in Northern Italy. Participants were 400 Italian and 141 immigrant high-school students. RESULTS The results showed that the lack of interest in contact was the strongest predictor of contact for the majority group. For the minority group, fear of rejection emerged as the strongest predictor. The majority group attributed the minority to avoid contact most strongly due to the fear that they would be rejected, and the minority group perceived it was due to the majority not being interested in contact. CONCLUSION Our research contributes to understanding the divergent concerns the majority and minority groups have in relation to intergroup contact and discusses the importance of tackling these concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Stathi
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | | | - Gian Antonio Di Bernardo
- Department of Education and Humanities, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Alessia Cadamuro
- Department of Education and Humanities, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Veronica Margherita Cocco
- Department of Education and Humanities, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Loris Vezzali
- Department of Education and Humanities, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
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30
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Taylor LK, Glen C. From empathy to action: Can enhancing host‐society children's empathy promote positive attitudes and prosocial behaviour toward refugees? JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Taylor
- School of PsychologyUniversity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- School of PsychologyQueen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Catherine Glen
- School of PsychologyQueen's University Belfast Belfast UK
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Post-traumatic stress disorder, emotional and behavioral difficulties in children and adolescents 2 years after the 2012 earthquake in Italy: an epidemiological cross-sectional study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:227-238. [PMID: 31302773 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the occurrence of several earthquakes, only a few studies were conducted in Italy on the psychological impact in children and adolescents, with data mostly collected within one year after the disaster. This cross-sectional study aimed at exploring the prevalence of both post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and emotional/behavioral difficulties, as well as at identifying their main predictors, among youths 2 years after the earthquake that hit Northern Italy in 2012. 682 children and adolescents (9-14 years) living in two districts (earthquake zone vs control zone) were administered an exposure questionnaire, the UCLA PTSD-Index for DSM-IV, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and 1162 parents were assessed through the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). The prevalence of a likely PTSD in the earthquake zone was 1.9% (4.4% near the epicenter) and the total PTSD score in the affected area was significantly higher than in the control zone. 14.9% of youths living in the earthquake zone had a borderline/abnormal SDQ total difficulties score and 87.5% of youth with a likely PTSD also had a SDQ total score in the borderline/abnormal range. Regression analysis showed that the number of lifetime traumatic events (e.g., death of a relative) was the best predictor of children/adolescents psychological difficulties 2 years after the earthquake, followed by severity of exposure (personal injuries and losses) and parental psychopathology. Despite some limitations, this study highlights that youths may exhibit PTSD symptoms years after disasters, often in comorbidity with behavioral/emotional difficulties, stressing the need for long-term surveillance and interventions in exposed populations.
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Vezzali L, Di Bernardo GA, Birtel MD, Stathi S, Brambilla M. Outgroup morality perceptions mediate secondary transfer effects from direct and extended contact: Evidence from majority and minority group members. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219879223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The secondary transfer effect (STE), defined as contact with a primary outgroup improving attitudes towards a secondary outgroup uninvolved in contact, has mainly been studied with reference to direct contact and considering attitude generalization as the main mediating mechanism. Using a majority (422 Italians) and minority (130 immigrants) adolescent sample from high schools in Italy, we examined outgroup morality perceptions as a new mediating mechanism, and tested for the first time whether the STE emerges for extended contact. Results revealed that the STE emerged for direct contact among the majority group and for extended contact among the minority group, and it was sequentially mediated by perceptions of morality towards the primary outgroup, and by attitudes towards the primary outgroup and perceptions of morality towards the secondary outgroup. The STE also emerged for direct contact among the minority group, with morality perceptions towards the secondary outgroup and attitudes towards the primary outgroup being parallel mediators. We discuss the theoretical implications of the findings, arguing that it is important to identify the conditions and underlying processes of the STE in order to reduce prejudice in the case of both majority and minority groups.
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Kaniasty K. Social support, interpersonal, and community dynamics following disasters caused by natural hazards. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 32:105-109. [PMID: 31445427 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The most essential, and possibly the most reliably present, characteristic of all disasters is that they exert strong impact on social relationships. Two very different, at times conflicting, dynamic processes emerge in their aftermath: the initial outpouring of immense mutual helping and solidarity, followed by a subsequent sense of loss in the quality of interpersonal and community relationships. This review of recent findings in the area of disaster mental health confirmed two major patterns of social support dynamics following disastrous events resulting from natural hazards: a mobilization of received social support and deterioration of perceived social support and sense of community. Social support is a critical resource helping people cope with natural disasters. Its psychologically and socially protective functions for survivors and their communities unfold in a complex matrix of benefits and liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kaniasty
- Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705, USA; Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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34
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Drury J, Carter H, Cocking C, Ntontis E, Tekin Guven S, Amlôt R. Facilitating Collective Psychosocial Resilience in the Public in Emergencies: Twelve Recommendations Based on the Social Identity Approach. Front Public Health 2019; 7:141. [PMID: 31214561 PMCID: PMC6558061 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence demonstrates the centrality of social psychology to the behavior of members of the public as immediate responders in emergencies. Such public behavior is a function of social psychological processes—in particular identities and norms. In addition, what the authorities and relevant professional groups assume about the social psychology of people in emergencies shapes policy and practice in preparedness, response, and recovery. These assumptions therefore have consequences for the public's ability to act as immediate responders. In this Policy and Practice Review, we will do three things. First, we will overview research on the behavior of survivors of emergencies and disasters, drawing out key factors known to explain the extent to which survivors cooperate in these events and contribute to safe collective outcomes. We will demonstrate the utility of the social identity approach as an overarching framework for explaining the major mechanisms of collective supportive behavior among survivors in emergencies. Second, we will critically review recent and current UK government agency guidance on emergency response, focusing particularly on what is stated about the role of survivors in emergencies and disasters. This review will suggest that the “community resilience” agenda has only been partly realized in practice, but that the social identity approach is progressing this. Third, we will derive from the research literature and from dialogue with groups involved in emergencies a set of 12 recommendations for both emergency managers and members of the public affected by emergencies and disasters. These focus on the crucial need to build shared identity and to communicate, and the connection between these two aims. Including our recommendations within emergency guidance and training will facilitate collective psychosocial resilience, which refers to the way a shared identity allows groups of survivors to express and expect solidarity and cohesion, and thereby to coordinate and draw upon collective sources of support. In sum, this evidence-base and the recommendations we derive from it will help professionals involved in emergency management to support public resilient behaviors and will help the public to develop and maintain their own capacity for such resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Drury
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Carter
- Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Health Protection Directorate, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cocking
- School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Ntontis
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, Politics, and Sociology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Selin Tekin Guven
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Health Protection Directorate, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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35
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Cheng JW, Mitomo H. Effects of media information on collective resilience in a disaster-A case study of the crisis of stranded commuters in Tokyo during the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Cheng
- School of Political Science and Economics; Waseda University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mitomo
- Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies; Waseda University; Tokyo Japan
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Drury J. The role of social identity processes in mass emergency behaviour: An integrative review. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2018.1471948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Drury
- Reader in Social Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Ntontis E, Drury J, Amlôt R, Rubin GJ, Williams R. Emergent social identities in a flood: Implications for community psychosocial resilience. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Drury
- School of Psychology; University of Sussex; Brighton UK BN1 9QH
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Emergency Response Department; Public Health England; London UK
| | - G. James Rubin
- Department of Psychological Medicine; King's College London; London UK
| | - Richard Williams
- Welsh Institute for Health and Social Care; University of South Wales; Pontypridd UK
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Eussen BGM, Schaveling J, Dragt MJ, Blomme RJ. Stimulating collaboration between human and veterinary health care professionals. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:174. [PMID: 28610617 PMCID: PMC5470326 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the need to control outbreaks of (emerging) zoonotic diseases and the need for added value in comparative/translational medicine, jointly addressed in the One Health approach [One health Initiative (n.d.a). About the One Health Initiative.http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/about.php. Accessed 13 September 2016], collaboration between human and veterinary health care professionals is limited. This study focuses on the social dilemma experienced by health care professionals and ways in which an interdisciplinary approach could be developed. Results Based on Gaertner and Dovidio’s Common Ingroup Identity Model, a number of questionnaires were designed and tested; with PROGRESS, the relation between collaboration and common goal was assessed, mediated by decategorization, recategorization, mutual differentiation and knowledge sharing. This study confirms the Common Ingroup Identity Model stating that common goals stimulate collaboration. Decategorization and mutual differentiation proved to be significant in this relationship; recategorization and knowledge sharing mediate this relation. Conclusions It can be concluded that the Common Ingroup Identity Model theory helps us to understand how health care professionals perceive the One Health initiative and how they can intervene in this process. In the One Health approach, professional associations could adopt a facilitating role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn G M Eussen
- Center for Leadership and Management Development, Nyenrode Business University, P.O. Box 130, 3620 AC, Breukelen, Netherlands.
| | - Jaap Schaveling
- Center for Leadership and Management Development, Nyenrode Business University, P.O. Box 130, 3620 AC, Breukelen, Netherlands
| | - Maria J Dragt
- Center for Leadership and Management Development, Nyenrode Business University, P.O. Box 130, 3620 AC, Breukelen, Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Blomme
- Center for Leadership and Management Development, Nyenrode Business University, P.O. Box 130, 3620 AC, Breukelen, Netherlands
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Vezzali L, Versari A, Cadamuro A, Trifiletti E, Di Bernardo GA. Out-group threats and distress as antecedents of common in-group identity among majority and minority group members in the aftermath of a natural disaster. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 53:417-425. [DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loris Vezzali
- Dipartimento di Educazione e Scienze Umane; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Annalisa Versari
- Dipartimento di Educazione e Scienze Umane; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Alessia Cadamuro
- Dipartimento di Educazione e Scienze Umane; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Elena Trifiletti
- Department of Philosophy, Education and Psychology; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Gian Antonio Di Bernardo
- Dipartimento di Educazione e Scienze Umane; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
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Vezzali L, Hewstone M, Capozza D, Trifiletti E, Bernardo GAD. Improving Intergroup Relations with Extended Contact among Young Children: Mediation by Intergroup Empathy and Moderation by Direct Intergroup Contact. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Andrighetto L, Vezzali L, Bergamini G, Nadi C, Giovannini D. Inside the earthquake: Perceived disaster exposure and helping intentions among Italian and immigrant victims of the 2012 Italian earthquakes. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430215591040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to investigate the psychological processes driving outgroup helping intentions among ethnic groups actually involved in natural disasters. We proposed that disaster exposure would be associated with different degrees of outgroup helping intentions depending on victim’s ethnic group of belonging. Specifically, based on an integration between the common ingroup identity model (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000) and the integrated threat theory (Stephan & Stephan, 2000), we hypothesized that perceived disaster exposure would be negatively associated with ethnic majorities’ altruistic intentions via increased outgroup threat, and it would be positively associated with ethnic minorities’ altruistic intentions via enhanced one-group perception. The findings of our research conducted with Italian natives (i.e., majority group) and immigrants (i.e., minority group) struck by the 2012 Northern Italian earthquakes fully supported our predictions. Implications of these findings for developing “altruistic” communities in postdisaster contexts are discussed together with the importance of considering the combined contribution of different psychological theories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chaima Nadi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Vezzali L, Andrighetto L, Di Bernardo GA, Nadi C, Bergamini G. Negative intergroup contact and support for social policies toward the minority outgroup in the aftermath of a natural disaster. The Journal of Social Psychology 2016; 157:407-415. [PMID: 27135136 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2016.1184126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this field study, we tested whether negative intergroup contact experienced by majority (Italian) survivors in the aftermath of the earthquakes that struck Northern Italy in 2012 was associated with policy attitudes toward minority (immigrant) survivors. Results revealed a negative association between negative contact and support for social policies aimed at favoring immigrant survivors. Moreover, social policies toward immigrant survivors mediated the effect of negative contact on social policy attitudes toward the minority group as a whole. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of findings.
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Blackwood L, Hopkins N, Reicher SD. ‘Flying While Muslim’: Citizenship and Misrecognition in the Airport. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.5964/jspp.v3i2.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary analyses of citizenship emphasise the importance of being able to occupy public space in a manner that does not compromise one’s sense of self. Moreover, they foreground individuals’ active engagement with others (e.g., being concerned about others) and the active exercise of one’s rights. We explore such issues through considering the psychological and social significance of having one’s various self-definitions mis-recognised in everyday social interactions. We do so through reporting interview and focus group data obtained from Scottish Muslims concerning their experience of surveillance at airports. Focussing on their accounts of how they orient to others’ assumptions about Muslim passengers, we consider what this means for our participants’ ability to act on terms that they recognise as their own and for their citizenship behaviours. Our analysis is organised in two sections. First, we examine the strategies people use to avoid painful encounters inside the airport. These include changes in micro-behaviours designed to avert contact, and where this was not possible, identity performances that are, in various ways, inauthentic. Second, we examine citizenship-related activities and how these may be curtailed in the airport. These include activities that entail the individual reaching out and making positive connections with others (e.g., through helping others) and exercising the right to criticise and complain about one’s treatment. Our analyses highlight the psychological and social consequence of identity misrecognition, and how this impacts on individuals’ abilities to act in terms of their own valued identifications and enact citizenship behaviours.
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Cadamuro A, Versari A, Vezzali L, Trifiletti E. Preventing the detrimental effect of posttraumatic stress in young children: The role of theory of mind in the aftermath of a natural disaster. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2015.1055240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Vezzali L, Drury J, Versari A, Cadamuro A. Sharing distress increases helping and contact intentions via social identification and inclusion of the other in the self: Children’s prosocial behaviour after an earthquake. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430215590492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We surveyed young children ( N = 517) affected by two major earthquakes to shed light on the role of identity processes in relation to the common observation that disasters can bring survivors closer together and enhance helping amongst them. As expected, posttraumatic stress symptoms caused by the earthquake were positively associated with intentions to have contact with and help other survivors of the earthquake, these effects being sequentially mediated by inclusion of the other in the self and by one-group representation. These findings extend previous research on both the antecedents and the behavioural effects of identity-fusion. The results are also the first quantitative test of a social identity account of collective resilience in children. We argue that these findings have practical as well as theoretical significance, as they demonstrate the adaptive function of group processes in informal responses to disasters.
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