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Kennedy S, Calaor J, Zurápiti Y, Hans J, Yoshimura M, Choo J, Andersen JC, Callaghan J, Roderick GK, Krehenwinkel H, Rogers H, Gillespie RG, Economo EP. Richness and resilience in the Pacific: DNA metabarcoding enables parallelized evaluation of biogeographic patterns. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6710-6723. [PMID: 35729790 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Islands make up a large proportion of Earth's biodiversity, yet are also some of the most sensitive systems to environmental perturbation. Biogeographic theory predicts that geologic age, area, and isolation typically drive islands' diversity patterns, and thus potentially impact non-native spread and community homogenization across island systems. One limitation in testing such predictions has been the difficulty of performing comprehensive inventories of island biotas and distinguishing native from introduced taxa. Here, we use DNA metabarcoding and statistical modelling as a high throughput method to survey community-wide arthropod richness, the proportion of native and non-native species, and the incursion of non-natives into primary habitats on three archipelagos in the Pacific - the Ryukyus, the Marianas and Hawaii - which vary in age, isolation and area. Diversity patterns largely match expectations based on island biogeography theory, with the oldest and most geographically connected archipelago, the Ryukyus, showing the highest taxonomic richness and lowest proportion of introduced species. Moreover, we find evidence that forest habitats are more resilient to incursions of non-natives in the Ryukyus than in the less taxonomically rich archipelagos. Surprisingly, we do not find evidence for biotic homogenization across these three archipelagos: the assemblage of non-native species on each island is highly distinct. Our study demonstrates the potential of DNA metabarcoding to facilitate rapid estimation of biogeographic patterns, the spread of non-native species, and the resilience of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kennedy
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Jerilyn Calaor
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Yazmín Zurápiti
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Julian Hans
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Masashi Yoshimura
- Environmental Research Support Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Juanita Choo
- Science and Technology Group, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jeremy C Andersen
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jackson Callaghan
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - George K Roderick
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Haldre Rogers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Evan P Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Tydecks L, Hernández-Agüero JA, Böhning-Gaese K, Bremerich V, Jeschke JM, Schütt B, Zarfl C, Tockner K. Oases in the Sahara Desert-Linking biological and cultural diversity. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290304. [PMID: 37590303 PMCID: PMC10434913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of life sensu lato comprises both biological and cultural diversity, described as "biocultural diversity." Similar to plant and animal species, cultures and languages are threatened by extinction. Since drylands are pivotal systems for nature and people alike, we use oases in the Sahara Desert as model systems for examining spatial patterns and trends of biocultural diversity. We identify both the underlying drivers of biodiversity and the potential proxies that are fundamental for understanding reciprocal linkages between biological and cultural diversity in oases. Using oases in Algeria as an example we test current indices describing and quantifying biocultural diversity and identify their limitations. Finally, we discuss follow-up research questions to better understand the underlying mechanisms that control the coupling and decoupling of biological and cultural diversity in oases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tydecks
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Vanessa Bremerich
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan M. Jeschke
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Zarfl
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klement Tockner
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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3
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Cutts V, Hanz DM, Barajas-Barbosa MP, Schrodt F, Steinbauer MJ, Beierkuhnlein C, Denelle P, Fernández-Palacios JM, Gaüzère P, Grenié M, Irl SDH, Kraft N, Kreft H, Maitner B, Munoz F, Thuiller W, Violle C, Weigelt P, Field R, Algar AC. Links to rare climates do not translate into distinct traits for island endemics. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:504-515. [PMID: 36740842 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current models of island biogeography treat endemic and non-endemic species as if they were functionally equivalent, focussing primarily on species richness. Thus, the functional composition of island biotas in relation to island biogeographical variables remains largely unknown. Using plant trait data (plant height, leaf area and flower length) for 895 native species in the Canary Islands, we related functional trait distinctiveness and climate rarity for endemic and non-endemic species and island ages. Endemics showed a link to climatically rare conditions that is consistent with island geological change through time. However, functional trait distinctiveness did not differ between endemics and non-endemics and remained constant with island age. Thus, there is no obvious link between trait distinctiveness and occupancy of rare climates, at least for the traits measured here, suggesting that treating endemic and non-endemic species as functionally equivalent in island biogeography is not fundamentally wrong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Cutts
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dagmar M Hanz
- Biogeography & Biodiversity Lab, Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martha Paola Barajas-Barbosa
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Manuel J Steinbauer
- Sport Ecology, Bayreuth Center for Sport Science (BaySpo) & Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Department of Biogeography, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Pierre Denelle
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - José María Fernández-Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Pierre Gaüzère
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Matthias Grenié
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Severin D H Irl
- Biogeography & Biodiversity Lab, Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nathan Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Brian Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Campus-Institut Data Science, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Field
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adam C Algar
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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The Importance of Including Spatial Autocorrelation When Modelling Species Richness in Archipelagos: A Bayesian Approach. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the aims of island biogeography theory is to explain the number of species in an archipelago. Traditionally, the variables used to explain the species richness on an island are its area and distance to the mainland. However, increasing evidence suggests that accounting for other variables is essential for better estimates. In particular, the distance between islands should play a role in determining species richness. This work uses a Bayesian framework using Gaussian processes to assess whether distance to neighbouring islands (spatial autocorrelation) can better explain arthropod species richness patterns in the Azores Archipelago and in the Canary Islands. This method is flexible and allows the inclusion of other variables, such as maximum altitude above sea level (elevation). The results show that accounting for spatial autocorrelation provides the best results for both archipelagos, but overall, spatial autocorrelation seems to be more important in the Canary archipelago. Similarly, elevation plays a more important role in determining species richness in the Canary Islands. We recommend that spatial autocorrelation should always be considered when modelling an archipelago’s species richness.
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Marzonie MR, Bay LK, Bourne DG, Hoey AS, Matthews S, Nielsen JJV, Harrison HB. The effects of marine heatwaves on acute heat tolerance in corals. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:404-416. [PMID: 36285622 PMCID: PMC10092175 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Scleractinian coral populations are increasingly exposed to conditions above their upper thermal limits due to marine heatwaves, contributing to global declines of coral reef ecosystem health. However, historic mass bleaching events indicate there is considerable inter- and intra-specific variation in thermal tolerance whereby species, individual coral colonies and populations show differential susceptibility to exposure to elevated temperatures. Despite this, we lack a clear understanding of how heat tolerance varies across large contemporary and historical environmental gradients, or the selective pressures that underpin this variation. Here we conducted standardised acute heat stress experiments to identify variation in heat tolerance among species and isolated reefs spanning a large environmental gradient across the Coral Sea Marine Park. We quantified the photochemical yield (Fv /Fm ) of coral samples in three coral species, Acropora cf humilis, Pocillopora meandrina, and Pocillopora verrucosa, following exposure to four temperature treatments (local ambient temperatures, and + 3°C, +6°C and + 9°C above local maximum monthly mean). We quantified the temperature at which Fv /Fm decreased by 50% (termed ED50) and used derived values to directly compare acute heat tolerance across reefs and species. The ED50 for Acropora was 0.4-0.7°C lower than either Pocillopora species, with a 0.3°C difference between the two Pocillopora species. We also recorded 0.9°C to 1.9°C phenotypic variation in heat tolerance among reefs within species, indicating spatial heterogeneity in heat tolerance across broad environmental gradients. Acute heat tolerance had a strong positive relationship to mild heatwave exposure over the past 35 years (since 1986) but was negatively related to recent severe heatwaves (2016-2020). Phenotypic variation associated with mild thermal history in local environments provides supportive evidence that marine heatwaves are selecting for tolerant individuals and populations; however, this adaptive potential may be compromised by the exposure to recent severe heatwaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magena R. Marzonie
- Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- AIMS@JCUTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Line K. Bay
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- AIMS@JCUTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - David G. Bourne
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Andrew S. Hoey
- Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Samuel Matthews
- Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Josephine J. V. Nielsen
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- AIMS@JCUTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Hugo B. Harrison
- Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- AIMS@JCUTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
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6
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Deng W, Yuan CL, Li N, Liu SR, Yang XY, Xiao W. Island Formation History Determines Microbial Species-Area Relationships. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:1055-1061. [PMID: 34750668 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The species-area relationship (SAR) and its mechanisms regarding microbes are not as clear as those of plants and animals; this may result from the impact of sampling effects and the confusion between SAR and distance attenuation. We hypothesize that we can find more accurate microbial SAR curve, after removing these two factors. In this study, 27 leaves of three horticultural plants were selected as island models, and microbial biodiversity assessment was done with HTS (high-throughput sequencing). The separate and small systems using leaves as islands allow us to conduct a comprehensive survey of the microbial biodiversity of the leaves, without disturbance from sampling effects and distance attenuation effects. Interestingly, we did not find microbial SAR in those 27 leaves (also not found in evergreen trees Magnolia grandiflora and Eriobotrya japonica), but we did find significant microbial SAR in deciduous tree Ficus altissima. No significant differences were found between the different trees at the alpha diversity level of microbial biodiversity, but quite different on beta diversity. The results of beta diversity partition showed that F. altissima had the highest similarity of the microbial community among the leaves compared to those of M. grandiflora and E. japonica. Since leaf genesis in deciduous plants is more simultaneous than in evergreen plants; the result suggested that inconsistent historical background of leaf islands may mask microbial SAR. Thus, intensive sampling and consistent historical background are important for understanding microbial SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Cai-Lian Yuan
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuo-Ran Liu
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
| | - Wen Xiao
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primates Conservation, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
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7
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Pavlek M, Gauthier J, Tonzo V, Bilat J, Arnedo MA, Alvarez N. Life-history traits drive spatial genetic structuring in Dinaric cave spiders. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.910084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The subterranean ecosystem exerts strong selection pressures on the organisms that thrive in it. In response, obligate cave-dwellers have developed a series of morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations, such as eye reduction, appendage elongation, low metabolic rates or intermittent activity patterns, collectively referred to as troglomorphism. Traditionally, studies on cave organisms have been hampered by the difficulty of sampling (i.e., small population sizes, temporal heterogeneity in specimen occurrence, challenges imposed by the difficult-to-access nature of caves). Here, we circumvent this limitation by implementing a museomics approach. Specifically, we aim at comparing the genetic population structures of five cave spider species demonstrating contrasting life histories and levels of troglomorphism across different caves in the northern Dinarides (Balkans, Europe). We applied a genome-wide hybridization-capture approach (i.e., HyRAD) to capture DNA from 117 historical samples. By comparing the population genetic structures among five species and by studying isolation by distance, we identified deeper population structuring and more pronounced patterns of isolation by distance in the highly troglomorphic Parastalita stygia and Stalita pretneri ground dwellers, while the three web-building Troglohyphantes species, two of which can occasionally be found in surface habitats, showed less structured populations compatible with higher dispersal ability. The spatial distribution of genetic groups revealed common phylogeographic breaks among lineages across the studied species, which hint at the importance of environmental features in driving dispersal potential and shaping underground diversity.
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8
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Olesen JM. Ego network analysis of the trophic structure of an island land bird through 300 years of climate change and invaders. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8916. [PMID: 35600677 PMCID: PMC9121045 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ego net analysis is a well‐known practice in social sciences, where an ego net (EN) consists of a focal node, the ego, and its links to other nodes, called alters, and alter–alter links may also be included. An EN describes how a focal node is embedded in its interaction context. Here, I introduce EN analysis to ecology in a study of the trophic network of a sub‐Antarctic land bird, Lesser Sheathbill (Chionis minor). Data originate from the sheathbill population on Marion Island in the Southern Ocean. The bird is ego and its enemies and food are alters. The EN is organized along three dimensions: habitat, interaction type, and time (from before human arrival in 1803 and until a future year 2100). Ten EN descriptors are defined, estimated, and used to track the 300 years of change in sheathbill EN structure. Since 1803, the EN has passed two major, but reversible shifts—seal exploitation in the 19th century and presence of cats from 1949 to 1991. These shifts can be read as structural changes in the sheathbill EN. In the future, a third, perhaps irreversible change is predicted, driven by climate change and a surprising, recent shift to seabird predation by House Mouse, the most detrimental of all extant invaders on Marion. In a warmer and drier future, the mouse will proliferate, and if this forces seabirds to abandon the island, their accumulation of detritus runs dry, starving a rich invertebrate detritivore fauna, which also is a key food source to sheathbills. These detritivores together with plants have also constituted the main food sources of mice. The EN descriptors quantify that story. In the future, these events may lead to a collapse of the island ecosystem, including extinction of the sheathbill—unless plans for mouse eradication are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M. Olesen
- Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
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9
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Yamaguchi R. Intermediate dispersal hypothesis of species diversity: New insights. Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yamaguchi
- Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
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10
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Linan AG, Lowry Ii PP, Miller AJ, Schatz GE, Sevathian JC, Edwards CE. Interspecific hybridization and island colonization history, not rarity, most strongly affect the genetic diversity in a clade of Mascarene-endemic trees. J Hered 2022; 113:336-352. [PMID: 35192705 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many factors shape the genetic diversity of island-endemic trees, with important implications for conservation. Oceanic island-endemic lineages undergo an initial founding bottleneck during the colonization process and subsequently accumulate diversity following colonization. Moreover, many island endemics occur in small populations and are further threatened by anthropogenic factors that cause population declines, making them susceptible to losses in genetic diversity through genetic drift, inbreeding, and bottlenecks. However, life-history traits commonly found in trees, such as outcrossing mechanisms, long lifespans, and a propensity for interspecific hybridization, may help buffer against losses of genetic variation. To assess the relative importance of colonization history, rarity, and distribution in shaping genetic diversity of island-endemic trees, we conducted a comparative population genomic analysis of 13 species of Diospyros (Ebenaceae) endemic to the Mascarene Islands that differ in island colonization history, distribution, population size, and IUCN threat status. We genotyped 328 individuals across the islands using 2b-RADseq, compared genetic diversity both among and within species, and assessed patterns of genetic structure. Genetic diversity did not vary significantly by IUCN status, but we found that species that co-occur with others on the same intermediate-aged island (Mauritius) had much greater genetic diversity than those that occur solitarily on an island (Réunion and Rodrigues), likely because of greater interspecific hybridization among species with overlapping distributions and processes related to time since island colonization. Results presented here were used to determine priority localities for in situ and ex situ conservation efforts to maximize the genetic diversity of each Mascarene Diospyros species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Linan
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Macelwane Hall, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Porter P Lowry Ii
- Africa and Madagascar Program, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Institut de Systématique, Évolution et Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université des Antilles, C.P. 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Allison J Miller
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Macelwane Hall, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.,Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - George E Schatz
- Africa and Madagascar Program, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jean Claude Sevathian
- Botanist, Sustainability Consultant and Landscape Care and Maintenance Service, 20 Bis Morcellement La Confiance, Beau Bassin 71504, Mauritius
| | - Christine E Edwards
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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11
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Abstract
Integration of ecological and evolutionary features has begun to understand the interplay of tumor heterogeneity, microenvironment, and metastatic potential. Developing a theoretical framework is intrinsic to deciphering tumors' tremendous spatial and longitudinal genetic variation patterns in patients. Here, we propose that tumors can be considered evolutionary island-like ecosystems, that is, isolated systems that undergo evolutionary and spatiotemporal dynamic processes that shape tumor microenvironments and drive the migration of cancer cells. We examine attributes of insular systems and causes of insularity, such as physical distance and connectivity. These properties modulate migration rates of cancer cells through processes causing spatial and temporal isolation of the organs and tissues functioning as a supply of cancer cells for new colonizations. We discuss hypotheses, predictions, and limitations of tumors as islands analogy. We present emerging evidence of tumor insularity in different cancer types and discuss their relevance to the islands model. We suggest that the engagement of tumor insularity into conceptual and mathematical models holds promise to illuminate cancer evolution, tumor heterogeneity, and metastatic potential of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Chroni
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, USA
- Department of Biology, Temple University, USA
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, USA
- Department of Biology, Temple University, USA
- Center for Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Do Invasive Mammal Eradications from Islands Support Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation? CLIMATE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cli9120172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change represents a planetary emergency that is exacerbating the loss of native biodiversity. In response, efforts promoting climate change adaptation strategies that improve ecosystem resilience and/or mitigate climate impacts are paramount. Invasive Alien Species are a key threat to islands globally, where strategies such as preventing establishment (biosecurity), and eradication, especially invasive mammals, have proven effective for reducing native biodiversity loss and can also advance ecosystem resilience and create refugia for native species at risk from climate change. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that successful eradications may also contribute to mitigating climate change. Given the cross-sector potential for eradications to reduce climate impacts alongside native biodiversity conservation, we sought to understand when conservation managers and funders explicitly sought to use or fund the eradication of invasive mammals from islands to achieve positive climate outcomes. To provide context, we first summarized available literature of the synergistic relationship between invasive species and climate change, including case studies where invasive mammal eradications served to meet climate adaptation or mitigation solutions. Second, we conducted a systematic review of the literature and eradication-related conference proceedings to identify when these synergistic effects of climate and invasive species were explicitly addressed through eradication practices. Third, we reviewed projects from four large funding entities known to support climate change solutions and/or native biodiversity conservation efforts and identified when eradications were funded in a climate change context. The combined results of our case study summary paired with systematic reviews found that, although eradicating invasive mammals from islands is an effective climate adaptation strategy, island eradications are poorly represented within the climate change adaptation and mitigation funding framework. We believe this is a lost opportunity and encourage eradication practitioners and funders of climate change adaptation to leverage this extremely effective nature-based tool into positive conservation and climate resilience solutions.
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Florencio M, Patiño J, Nogué S, Traveset A, Borges PAV, Schaefer H, Amorim IR, Arnedo M, Ávila SP, Cardoso P, de Nascimento L, Fernández-Palacios JM, Gabriel SI, Gil A, Gonçalves V, Haroun R, Illera JC, López-Darias M, Martínez A, Martins GM, Neto AI, Nogales M, Oromí P, Rando JC, Raposeiro PM, Rigal F, Romeiras MM, Silva L, Valido A, Vanderpoorten A, Vasconcelos R, Santos AMC. Macaronesia as a Fruitful Arena for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.718169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in Macaronesia has led to substantial advances in ecology, evolution and conservation biology. We review the scientific developments achieved in this region, and outline promising research avenues enhancing conservation. Some of these discoveries indicate that the Macaronesian flora and fauna are composed of rather young lineages, not Tertiary relicts, predominantly of European origin. Macaronesia also seems to be an important source region for back-colonisation of continental fringe regions on both sides of the Atlantic. This group of archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary Islands, and Cabo Verde) has been crucial to learn about the particularities of macroecological patterns and interaction networks on islands, providing evidence for the development of the General Dynamic Model of oceanic island biogeography and subsequent updates. However, in addition to exceptionally high richness of endemic species, Macaronesia is also home to a growing number of threatened species, along with invasive alien plants and animals. Several innovative conservation and management actions are in place to protect its biodiversity from these and other drivers of global change. The Macaronesian Islands are a well-suited field of study for island ecology and evolution research, mostly due to its special geological layout with 40 islands grouped within five archipelagos differing in geological age, climate and isolation. A large amount of data is now available for several groups of organisms on and around many of these islands. However, continued efforts should be made toward compiling new information on their biodiversity, to pursue various fruitful research avenues and develop appropriate conservation management tools.
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14
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Schrader J, Wright IJ, Kreft H, Westoby M. A roadmap to plant functional island biogeography. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2851-2870. [PMID: 34423523 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Island biogeography is the study of the spatio-temporal distribution of species, communities, assemblages or ecosystems on islands and other isolated habitats. Island diversity is structured by five classes of process: dispersal, establishment, biotic interactions, extinction and evolution. Classical approaches in island biogeography focused on species richness as the deterministic outcome of these processes. This has proved fruitful, but species traits can potentially offer new biological insights into the processes by which island life assembles and why some species perform better at colonising and persisting on islands. Functional traits refer to morphological and phenological characteristics of an organism or species that can be linked to its ecological strategy and that scale up from individual plants to properties of communities and ecosystems. A baseline hypothesis is for traits and ecological strategies of island species to show similar patterns as a matched mainland environment. However, strong dispersal, environmental and biotic-interaction filters as well as stochasticity associated with insularity modify this baseline. Clades that do colonise often embark on distinct ecological and evolutionary pathways, some because of distinctive evolutionary forces on islands, and some because of the opportunities offered by freedom from competitors or herbivores or the absence of mutualists. Functional traits are expected to be shaped by these processes. Here, we review and discuss the potential for integrating functional traits into island biogeography. While we focus on plants, the general considerations and concepts may be extended to other groups of organisms. We evaluate how functional traits on islands relate to core principles of species dispersal, establishment, extinction, reproduction, biotic interactions, evolution and conservation. We formulate existing knowledge as 33 working hypotheses. Some of these are grounded on firm empirical evidence, others provide opportunities for future research. We organise our hypotheses under five overarching sections. Section A focuses on plant functional traits enabling species dispersal to islands. Section B discusses how traits help to predict species establishment, successional trajectories and natural extinctions on islands. Section C reviews how traits indicate species biotic interactions and reproduction strategies and which traits promote intra-island dispersal. Section D discusses how evolution on islands leads to predictable changes in trait values and which traits are most susceptible to change. Section E debates how functional ecology can be used to study multiple drivers of global change on islands and to formulate effective conservation measures. Islands have a justified reputation as research models. They illuminate the forces operating within mainland communities by showing what happens when those forces are released or changed. We believe that the lens of functional ecology can shed more light on these forces than research approaches that do not consider functional differences among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schrader
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Holger Kreft
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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15
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Kaup M, Trull S, Hom EFY. On the move: sloths and their epibionts as model mobile ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2638-2660. [PMID: 34309191 PMCID: PMC9290738 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sloths are unusual mobile ecosystems, containing a high diversity of epibionts living and growing in their fur as they climb slowly through the canopies of tropical forests. These epibionts include poorly studied algae, arthropods, fungi, and bacteria, making sloths likely reservoirs of unexplored biodiversity. This review aims to identify gaps and eliminate misconceptions in our knowledge of sloths and their epibionts, and to identify key questions to stimulate future research into the functions and roles of sloths within a broader ecological and evolutionary context. This review also seeks to position the sloth fur ecosystem as a model for addressing fundamental questions in metacommunity and movement ecology. The conceptual and evidence-based foundation of this review aims to serve as a guide for future hypothesis-driven research into sloths, their microbiota, sloth health and conservation, and the coevolution of symbioses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kaup
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Conservation Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677-1848, U.S.A
| | - Sam Trull
- The Sloth Institute, Tulemar Gardens, Provincia de Puntarenas, Manuel Antonio, 60601, Costa Rica
| | - Erik F Y Hom
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Conservation Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677-1848, U.S.A
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16
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Reilly SB, Stubbs AL, Arida E, Karin BR, Arifin U, Kaiser H, Bi K, Iskandar DT, McGuire JA. Phylogenomic Analysis Reveals Dispersal-Driven Speciation and Divergence with Gene Flow in Lesser Sunda Flying Lizards (Genus Draco). Syst Biol 2021; 71:221-241. [PMID: 34117769 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lesser Sunda Archipelago offers exceptional potential as a model system for studying the dynamics of dispersal-driven diversification. The geographic proximity of the islands suggests the possibility for successful dispersal, but this is countered by the permanence of the marine barriers and extreme intervening currents that are expected to hinder gene flow. Phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses of flying lizards (genus Draco) using single mitochondrial genes, complete mitochondrial genomes, and exome-capture data sets identified 9-11 deeply divergent lineages including single-island endemics, lineages that span multiple islands, and parapatrically-distributed non-sister lineages on the larger islands. Population clustering and PCA confirmed these genetic boundaries with isolation-by-distance playing a role in some islands or island sets. While gdi estimates place most candidate species comparisons in the ambiguous zone, migration estimates suggest 9 or 10 species exist with nuclear introgression detected across some intra-island contact zones. Initial entry of Draco into the archipelago occurred at 5.5-7.5 Ma, with most inter-island colonization events having occurred between 1-3 Ma. Biogeographical model testing favors scenarios integrating geographic distance and historical island connectivity, including an initial stepping-stone dispersal process from the Greater Sunda Shelf through the Sunda Arc as far eastward as Lembata Island. However, rather than reaching the adjacent island of Pantar by dispersing over the 15-km wide Alor Strait, Draco ultimately reached Pantar (and much of the rest of the archipelago) by way of a circuitous route involving at least five over-water dispersal events. These findings suggest that historical geological and oceanographic conditions heavily influenced dispersal pathways and gene flow, which in turn drove species formation and shaped species boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean B Reilly
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexander L Stubbs
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Evy Arida
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Benjamin R Karin
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Umilaela Arifin
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hinrich Kaiser
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany; and Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, Victorville, California 92395, USA
| | - Ke Bi
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Computational Genomics Resource Laboratory, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Jimmy A McGuire
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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17
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Linan AG, Lowry PP, Miller AJ, Schatz GE, Sevathian JC, Edwards CE. RAD-sequencing reveals patterns of diversification and hybridization, and the accumulation of reproductive isolation in a clade of partially sympatric, tropical island trees. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:4520-4537. [PMID: 33210759 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A common pattern observed in temperate tree clades is that species are often morphologically distinct and partially interfertile but maintain species cohesion despite ongoing hybridization where ranges overlap. Although closely related species commonly occur in sympatry in tropical ecosystems, little is known about patterns of hybridization within a clade over time, and the implications of this hybridization for the maintenance of species boundaries. In this study, we focused on a clade of sympatric trees in the genus Diospyros in the Mascarene islands and investigated whether species are genetically distinct, whether they hybridize, and how patterns of hybridization are related to the time since divergence among species. We sampled multiple populations from each of 12 Mascarene Diospyros species, generated genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data using 2bRADseq, and conducted population genomic and phylogenomic analyses. We found that Mascarene Diospyros species diverged millions of years ago and are today largely genetically distinct from one another. Although hybridization was observed between closely related species belonging to the same subclade, more distantly related species showed little evidence of interspecific hybridization. Phylogenomic analyses also suggested that introgression has occurred during the evolutionary history of the clade. This suggests that, as diversification progressed, interspecific hybridization occurred among species, but became infrequent as lineages diverged from one another and evolved reproductive barriers. Species now coexist in partial sympatry, and experience limited hybridization between close relatives. Additional research is needed to better understand the role that introgression may have played in adaptation and diversification of Mascarene Diospyros, and its relevance for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Linan
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Porter P Lowry
- Africa and Madagascar Program, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Institut de Systématique, Évolution et Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Allison J Miller
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - George E Schatz
- Africa and Madagascar Program, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Sevathian
- Botanist, Sustainability Consultant and Landscape Care and Maintenance Service, Beau Bassin-Rose Hill, Mauritius
| | - Christine E Edwards
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA
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18
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Trethowan LA, Eiserhardt WL, Girmansyah D, Kintamani E, Utteridge TM, Brearley FQ. Floristics of forests across low nutrient soils in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam A. Trethowan
- Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew London UK
| | | | - Deden Girmansyah
- Herbarium Bogoriense Indonesian Institute of Sciences Cibinong Indonesia
| | - Endang Kintamani
- Herbarium Bogoriense Indonesian Institute of Sciences Cibinong Indonesia
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19
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Bodner K, Fortin M, Molnár PK. Making predictive modelling ART: accurate, reliable, and transparent. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Korryn Bodner
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Laboratory of Quantitative Global Change Ecology Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Marie‐Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Péter K. Molnár
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Laboratory of Quantitative Global Change Ecology Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Ontario Canada
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20
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Nürk NM, Linder HP, Onstein RE, Larcombe MJ, Hughes CE, Piñeiro Fernández L, Schlüter PM, Valente L, Beierkuhnlein C, Cutts V, Donoghue MJ, Edwards EJ, Field R, Flantua SGA, Higgins SI, Jentsch A, Liede‐Schumann S, Pirie MD. Diversification in evolutionary arenas-Assessment and synthesis. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6163-6182. [PMID: 32607221 PMCID: PMC7319112 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how and why rates of evolutionary diversification vary is a key issue in evolutionary biology, ecology, and biogeography. Evolutionary rates are the net result of interacting processes summarized under concepts such as adaptive radiation and evolutionary stasis. Here, we review the central concepts in the evolutionary diversification literature and synthesize these into a simple, general framework for studying rates of diversification and quantifying their underlying dynamics, which can be applied across clades and regions, and across spatial and temporal scales. Our framework describes the diversification rate (d) as a function of the abiotic environment (a), the biotic environment (b), and clade-specific phenotypes or traits (c); thus, d ~ a,b,c. We refer to the four components (a-d) and their interactions collectively as the "Evolutionary Arena." We outline analytical approaches to this framework and present a case study on conifers, for which we parameterize the general model. We also discuss three conceptual examples: the Lupinus radiation in the Andes in the context of emerging ecological opportunity and fluctuating connectivity due to climatic oscillations; oceanic island radiations in the context of island formation and erosion; and biotically driven radiations of the Mediterranean orchid genus Ophrys. The results of the conifer case study are consistent with the long-standing scenario that low competition and high rates of niche evolution promote diversification. The conceptual examples illustrate how using the synthetic Evolutionary Arena framework helps to identify and structure future directions for research on evolutionary radiations. In this way, the Evolutionary Arena framework promotes a more general understanding of variation in evolutionary rates by making quantitative results comparable between case studies, thereby allowing new syntheses of evolutionary and ecological processes to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai M. Nürk
- Department of Plant SystematicsBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - H. Peter Linder
- Department of Systematic & Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Renske E. Onstein
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Colin E. Hughes
- Department of Systematic & Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Laura Piñeiro Fernández
- Department of Systematic & Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of BotanyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | | - Luis Valente
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterUnderstanding Evolution GroupLeidenThe Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Department of BiogeographyBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Vanessa Cutts
- School of GeographyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Michael J. Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Erika J. Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Richard Field
- School of GeographyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | | | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance EcologyBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Sigrid Liede‐Schumann
- Department of Plant SystematicsBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Michael D. Pirie
- Johannes Gutenberg‐UniversitätMainzGermany
- University MuseumUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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21
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Rivero-Guerra AO. Diversidad y distribución de los endemismos de Asteraceae (Compositae) en la Flora del Ecuador. COLLECTANEA BOTANICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3989/collectbot.2020.v39.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
La familia Asteraceae está representada en la Flora de Ecuador por un total de 310 táxones endémicos. Están agrupadas en 4 subfamilias (Asteroideae, Barnadesioideae, Cichorioideae y Mutisioideae), 16 tribus y 89 géneros. Doscientas setenta y dos táxones (87,74%) restringen su hábitat a la región andina. Los niveles más altos de endemismos están asociados a los Andes, mayoritariamente desde el bosque andino alto hasta el páramo, y a las Islas Galápagos. Los géneros con mayor riqueza de endemismos son Mikania (26), Pentacalia (23), y Gynoxys (20). Tres géneros monotípicos son endémicos: Cyathomone, Idiopappus y Trigonopterum. Los géneros Darwiniothamnus, Kingianthus, Lecocarpus, y Scalesia también son endémicos. La diversidad de la familia se incrementa desde los 2000 m a 3000 m, alcanzando su mayor riqueza entre los 2900-3000 m, con dominancia de las plantas arbustivas (195 especies, 1 subespecie, 2 variedades) y herbáceas (97 especies). Ciento veinteseis especies tienen categoría de vulnerable, 90 están en peligro de extinción y 24 están en estado crítico de amenaza. Las temperaturas y precipitaciones medias anuales varían significativamente entre los sectores biogeográficos.
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22
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Salces‐Castellano A, Patiño J, Alvarez N, Andújar C, Arribas P, Braojos‐Ruiz JJ, Arco‐Aguilar M, García‐Olivares V, Karger DN, López H, Manolopoulou I, Oromí P, Pérez‐Delgado AJ, Peterman WE, Rijsdijk KF, Emerson BC. Climate drives community‐wide divergence within species over a limited spatial scale: evidence from an oceanic island. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:305-315. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Salces‐Castellano
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
- School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies University of La Laguna 38200 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Jairo Patiño
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
- Plant Conservation and Biogeography Group Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology University of La Laguna C/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 38206La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Nadir Alvarez
- Natural History Museum of Geneva 1 route de Malagnou 1208 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Carmelo Andújar
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
| | - Paula Arribas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
| | - Juan José Braojos‐Ruiz
- Tenerife Insular Water Council (CIATF) C/ Leoncio Rodríguez 2 38003 Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain
| | - Marcelino Arco‐Aguilar
- Plant Conservation and Biogeography Group Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology University of La Laguna C/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 38206La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Víctor García‐Olivares
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
- School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies University of La Laguna 38200 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Dirk N. Karger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Zürcherstrasse 1118903Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Heriberto López
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
| | | | - Pedro Oromí
- Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology University of Laguna C/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Antonio J. Pérez‐Delgado
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
- School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies University of La Laguna 38200 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - William E. Peterman
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Kenneth F. Rijsdijk
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
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23
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Dissecting macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of forest biodiversity across the Hawaiian archipelago. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16436-16441. [PMID: 31358626 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901954116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity patterns emerge as a consequence of evolutionary and ecological processes. Their relative importance is frequently tested on model ecosystems such as oceanic islands that vary in both. However, the coarse-scale data typically used in biogeographic studies have limited inferential power to separate the effects of historical biogeographic factors (e.g., island age) from the effects of ecological ones (e.g., island area and habitat heterogeneity). Here, we describe local-scale biodiversity patterns of woody plants using a database of more than 500 forest plots from across the Hawaiian archipelago, where these volcanic islands differ in age by several million years. We show that, after controlling for factors such as island area and heterogeneity, the oldest islands (Kaua'i and O'ahu) have greater native species diversity per unit area than younger islands (Maui and Hawai'i), indicating an important role for macroevolutionary processes in driving not just whole-island differences in species diversity, but also local community assembly. Further, we find that older islands have a greater number of rare species that are more spatially clumped (i.e., higher within-island β-diversity) than younger islands. When we included alien species in our analyses, we found that the signal of macroevolutionary processes via island age was diluted. Our approach allows a more explicit test of the question of how macroevolutionary factors shape not just regional-scale biodiversity, but also local-scale community assembly patterns and processes in a model archipelago ecosystem, and it can be applied to disentangle biodiversity drivers in other systems.
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Abstract
The increase in species richness with island area (ISAR) is a well-established global pattern, commonly described by the power model, the parameters of which are hypothesized to vary with system isolation and to be indicative of ecological process regimes. We tested a structural equation model of ISAR parameter variation as a function of taxon, isolation, and archipelago configuration, using a globally distributed dataset of 151 ISARs encompassing a range of taxa and archipelago types. The resulting models revealed a negative relationship between ISAR intercept and slope as a function of archipelago species richness, in turn shaped by taxon differences and by the amount and disposition of archipelago area. These results suggest that local-scale (intra-archipelago) processes have a substantial role in determining ISAR form, obscuring the diversity patterns predicted by island theory as a function of archipelago isolation. These findings have implications for the use and interpretation of ISARs as a tool within biogeography, ecology, and conservation.
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25
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O’Connell MA, Hallett JG. Community ecology of mammals: deserts, islands, and anthropogenic impacts. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - James G Hallett
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, USA
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26
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Spruch L, Hellwig J, Zotz G, Blasius B. Modeling community assembly on growing habitat “islands”: a case study on trees and their vascular epiphyte communities. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-019-0425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Vieira PE, Desiderato A, Holdich DM, Soares P, Creer S, Carvalho GR, Costa FO, Queiroga H. Deep segregation in the open ocean: Macaronesia as an evolutionary hotspot for low dispersal marine invertebrates. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1784-1800. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro E. Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM — Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Universidade de Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, CBMA — Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental Universidade do Minho Braga Portugal
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences Bangor University Bangor UK
| | - Andrea Desiderato
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia (PGZOO) Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
- Department of Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven Germany
| | | | - Pedro Soares
- Departamento de Biologia, CBMA — Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental Universidade do Minho Braga Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio‐Sustainability (IB‐S) University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Simon Creer
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences Bangor University Bangor UK
| | - Gary R. Carvalho
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences Bangor University Bangor UK
| | - Filipe O. Costa
- Departamento de Biologia, CBMA — Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental Universidade do Minho Braga Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio‐Sustainability (IB‐S) University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Henrique Queiroga
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM — Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Universidade de Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
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28
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Bellard C, Englund G, Hugueny B. Biotic and abiotic drivers of species loss rate in isolated lakes. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:881-891. [PMID: 30896043 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Today, anthropogenic impacts are causing a serious crisis for global biodiversity, with rates of extinction increasing at an unprecedented rate. Extinctions typically occur after a certain delay, and understanding the mechanisms causing delays is a key challenge for both fundamental and applied perspectives. Here, we make use of natural experiments, the isolation of lakes by land uplift in Northern Scandinavia, to examine how yearly extinction rates are affected by time since isolation and a range of abiotic and biotic factors. In this aim, we adapted a model of delayed species loss within isolated communities to test the effects of time since isolation, area, pH, depth and the presence/absence of piscivores on extinction rates. As expected, we found that small and/or young lakes experience a higher annual rate of extinctions per species than larger and/or older ones. Compared to previous studies that were conducted for either young (few thousand years ago) or very old (>10,000 years ago) isolates, we demonstrated over a large and continuous temporal scales (50-5,000 years), similar relationship between extinction rates and age. We also show that extinction rates are modified by local environmental factors such as a strong negative effect of increasing pH. Our results urge for the need to consider the time since critical environmental changes occurred when studying extinction rates. In a wider perspective, our study demonstrates the need to consider extinction debts when modelling future effects of climate change, land-use changes or biological invasions on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bellard
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA UMR 7208), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, CNRS, IRD, Paris, France
| | - Göran Englund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernard Hugueny
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
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29
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Delavaux CS, Weigelt P, Dawson W, Duchicela J, Essl F, van Kleunen M, König C, Pergl J, Pyšek P, Stein A, Winter M, Schultz P, Kreft H, Bever JD. Mycorrhizal fungi influence global plant biogeography. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:424-429. [PMID: 30804519 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Island biogeography has traditionally focused primarily on abiotic drivers of colonization, extinction and speciation. However, establishment on islands could also be limited by biotic drivers, such as the absence of symbionts. Most plants, for example, form symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi, whose limited dispersal to islands could act as a colonization filter for plants. We tested this hypothesis using global-scale analyses of ~1.4 million plant occurrences, including ~200,000 plant species across ~1,100 regions. We find evidence for a mycorrhizal filter (that is, the filtering out of mycorrhizal plants on islands), with mycorrhizal associations less common among native island plants than native mainland plants. Furthermore, the proportion of native mycorrhizal plants in island floras decreased with isolation, possibly as a consequence of a decline in symbiont establishment. We also show that mycorrhizal plants contribute disproportionately to the classic latitudinal gradient of plant species diversity, with the proportion of mycorrhizal plants being highest near the equator and decreasing towards the poles. Anthropogenic pressure and land use alter these plant biogeographical patterns. Naturalized floras show a greater proportion of mycorrhizal plant species on islands than in mainland regions, as expected from the anthropogenic co-introduction of plants with their symbionts to islands and anthropogenic disturbance of symbionts in mainland regions. We identify the mycorrhizal association as an overlooked driver of global plant biogeographical patterns with implications for contemporary island biogeography and our understanding of plant invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille S Delavaux
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA. .,Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wayne Dawson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Jessica Duchicela
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Franz Essl
- Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Christian König
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Pergl
- Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Stein
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peggy Schultz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Holger Kreft
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - James D Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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30
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Kraemer AC, Philip CW, Rankin AM, Parent CE. Trade-offs direct the evolution of coloration in Galápagos land snails. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182278. [PMID: 30963863 PMCID: PMC6367191 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, multiple selective factors are recognized as jointly contributing to the evolution of morphology. What is not clear is how these forces vary across communities to promote morphological diversification among related species. In this study of Galápagos endemic snails (genus Naesiotus), we test several hypotheses of colour evolution. We observe mockingbirds (genus Mimus) predating live snails and find that avian predation selects against conspicuous shells. The evolutionary outcome of this selection is a diversity of shell colours across snails of the archipelago, each closely matching local backgrounds. We also find that snails more regularly exposed to the hot, equatorial sun reflect more light than shells of species from shadier habitats, suggesting a role for thermoregulatory constraints directing colour evolution. The signature of thermoregulatory selection is most clear in comparatively young communities (on the youngest islands), while the signature of selection from predators is most evident in older communities (on the older islands). Together, our findings point to a scenario of shifting selective forces along island ontogeny and community maturity that lead to the distribution of snail coloration we observe in Galápagos. Complex selective regimes such as these may have more responsibility for morphological diversity than is currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Kraemer
- Department Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - C. W. Philip
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - A. M. Rankin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - C. E. Parent
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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31
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Ávila SP, Melo C, Berning B, Sá N, Quartau R, Rijsdijk KF, Ramalho RS, Cordeiro R, De Sá NC, Pimentel A, Baptista L, Medeiros A, Gil A, Johnson ME. Towards a 'Sea-Level Sensitive' dynamic model: impact of island ontogeny and glacio-eustasy on global patterns of marine island biogeography. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1116-1142. [PMID: 30609249 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic model is presented to enlarge the evolutionary framework of the General Dynamic Model (GDM) and the Glacial Sensitive Model (GSM) of oceanic island biogeography from the terrestrial to the marine realm. The proposed 'Sea-Level Sensitive' dynamic model (SLS) of marine island biogeography integrates historical and ecological biogeography with patterns of glacio-eustasy, merging concepts from areas as diverse as taxonomy, biogeography, marine biology, volcanology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, palaeontology, geochronology and geomorphology. Fundamental to the SLS model is the dynamic variation of the littoral area of volcanic oceanic islands (defined as the area between the intertidal and the 50-m isobath) in response to sea-level oscillations driven by glacial-interglacial cycles. The following questions are considered by means of this revision: (i) what was the impact of (global) glacio-eustatic sea-level oscillations, particularly those of the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial episodes, on the littoral marine fauna and flora of volcanic oceanic islands? (ii) What are the main factors that explain the present littoral marine biodiversity on volcanic oceanic islands? (iii) How can differences in historical and ecological biogeography be reconciled, from a marine point of view? These questions are addressed by compiling the bathymetry of 11 Atlantic archipelagos/islands to obtain quantitative data regarding changes in the littoral area based on Pleistocene sea-level oscillations, from 150 thousand years ago (ka) to the present. Within the framework of a model sensitive to changing sea levels, we discuss the principal factors affecting the geographical range of marine species; the relationships between modes of larval development, dispersal strategies and geographical range; the relationships between times of speciation, modes of larval development, ecological zonation and geographical range; the influence of sea-surface temperatures and latitude on littoral marine species diversity; the effect of eustatic sea-level changes and their impact on the littoral marine biota; island marine species-area relationships; and finally, the physical effects of island ontogeny and its associated submarine topography and marine substrate on littoral biota. Based on the SLS dynamic model, we offer a number of predictions for tropical, subtropical and temperate volcanic oceanic islands on how rates of immigration, colonization, in-situ speciation, local disappearance, and extinction interact and affect the marine biodiversity around islands during glacials and interglacials, thus allowing future testing of the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio P Ávila
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,MPB-Marine PalaeoBiogeography Working Group of the University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal
| | - Carlos Melo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,MPB-Marine PalaeoBiogeography Working Group of the University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Björn Berning
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Geowissenschaftliche Sammlungen, Leonding 4060, Austria
| | - Nuno Sá
- Departamento de Ciências Tecnológicas e do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal
| | - Rui Quartau
- Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Divisão de Geologia Marinha, Instituto Hidrográfico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kenneth F Rijsdijk
- Theoretical and Computational Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo S Ramalho
- Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal.,Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K
| | - Ricardo Cordeiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,MPB-Marine PalaeoBiogeography Working Group of the University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal
| | - Nuno C De Sá
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Adriano Pimentel
- Centro de Informação e Vigilância Sismovulcânica dos Açores, Rua Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada, 9501-801, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação em Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, 9501-801, Portugal
| | - Lara Baptista
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,MPB-Marine PalaeoBiogeography Working Group of the University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal
| | - António Medeiros
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal
| | - Artur Gil
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,Ce3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, 9501-801, Portugal
| | - Markes E Johnson
- Department of Geosciences, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, U.S.A
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32
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Phylogeography of freshwater planorbid snails reveals diversification patterns in Eurasian continental islands. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:164. [PMID: 30400816 PMCID: PMC6219199 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Islands have traditionally been the centre of evolutionary biological research, but the dynamics of immigration and differentiation at continental islands have not been well studied. Therefore, we focused on the Japanese archipelago, the continental islands located at the eastern end of the Eurasian continent. While the Japanese archipelago is characterised by high biodiversity and rich freshwater habitats, the origin and formation mechanisms of its freshwater organisms are not clear. In order to clarify the history of the planorbid gastropod fauna, we conducted phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimation, ancestral state reconstruction, and lineage diversity estimations. Results Our analyses revealed the formation process of the planorbid fauna in the Japanese archipelago. Most lineages in the Japanese archipelago have closely related lineages on the continent, and the divergence within the Japanese lineages presumably occurred after the late Pliocene. In addition, each lineage is characterised by different phylogeographical patterns, suggesting that immigration routes from the continent to the Japanese archipelago differ among lineages. Furthermore, a regional lineage diversity plot showed that the present diversity in the Japanese archipelago potentially reflects the differentiation of lineages within the islands after the development of the Japanese archipelago. Conclusions Although additional taxon sampling and genetic analysis focused on each lineage are needed, our results suggest that immigration from multiple routes just prior to the development of the Japanese archipelago and subsequent diversification within the islands are major causes of the present-day diversity of the Japanese planorbid fauna. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1273-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
One of the best-known general patterns in island biogeography is the species-isolation relationship (SIR), a decrease in the number of native species with increasing island isolation that is linked to lower rates of natural dispersal and colonization on remote oceanic islands. However, during recent centuries, the anthropogenic introduction of alien species has increasingly gained importance and altered the composition and richness of island species pools. We analyzed a large dataset for alien and native plants, ants, reptiles, mammals, and birds on 257 (sub) tropical islands, and showed that, except for birds, the number of naturalized alien species increases with isolation for all taxa, a pattern that is opposite to the negative SIR of native species. We argue that the reversal of the SIR for alien species is driven by an increase in island invasibility due to reduced diversity and increased ecological naiveté of native biota on the more remote islands.
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34
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Heads M. Metapopulation vicariance explains old endemics on young volcanic islands. Cladistics 2018; 34:292-311. [PMID: 34645077 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial plants and animals on oceanic islands occupy zones of volcanism found at intraplate localities and along island arcs at subduction zones. The organisms often survive as metapopulations, or populations of separate sub-populations connected by dispersal. Although the individual islands and their local subpopulations are ephemeral and unstable, the ecosystem dynamism enables metapopulations to persist in a region, more or less in situ, for periods of up to tens of millions of years. As well as surviving on systems of young volcanic islands, metapopulations can also evolve there; tectonic changes can break up widespread insular metapopulations and produce endemics restricted to fewer islands or even a single island. These processes explain the presence of old endemic clades on young islands, which is often reported in molecular clock studies, and the many distribution patterns in island life that are spatially correlated with tectonic features. Metapopulations can be ruptured by sea floor subsidence, and this occurs with volcanic loading in zones of active volcanism and with sea floor cooling following its production at mid-ocean ridges. Metapopulation vicariance will also result if an active zone of volcanism is rifted apart. This can be caused by the migration of an arc (by slab rollback) away from a continent or from another subduction zone, by the offset of an arc at transform faults and by sea floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges. These mechanisms are illustrated with examples from islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific. Endemism on oceanic islands has usually been attributed to chance, long-distance dispersal, but the processes discussed here will generate endemism on young volcanic islands by vicariance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heads
- Buffalo Museum of Science, 1020 Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, NY, 14211-1293, USA
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35
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Rowsey DM, Heaney LR, Jansa SA. Diversification rates of the "Old Endemic" murine rodents of Luzon Island, Philippines are inconsistent with incumbency effects and ecological opportunity. Evolution 2018; 72:1420-1435. [PMID: 29845633 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diversity-dependent cladogenesis occurs when a colonizing lineage exhibits increasing interspecific competition as it ecologically diversifies. Repeated colonization of a region by closely related taxa may cause similar effects as species within each lineage compete with one another. This may be particularly relevant for secondary colonists, which could experience limited diversification due to competition with earlier, incumbent colonists over evolutionary time. We tested the hypothesis that an incumbent lineage may diminish the diversification of secondary colonists in two speciose clades of Philippine "Old Endemic" murine rodents-Phloeomyini and Chrotomyini-on the relatively old oceanic island of Luzon. Although phylogenetic analyses confirm the independent, noncontemporaneous colonization of Luzon by the ancestors of these two clades, we found no support for arrested diversification in either. Rather, it appears that diversification of both clades resulted from constant-rate processes that were either uniform or favored the secondary colonists (Chrotomyini), depending on the method used. Our results suggest that ecological incumbency has not played an important role in determining lineage diversification among Luzon murines, despite sympatric occurrence by constituent species within each lineage, and a substantial head start for the primary colonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota M Rowsey
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Lawrence R Heaney
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - Sharon A Jansa
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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36
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Emerson BC, Patiño J. Anagenesis, Cladogenesis, and Speciation on Islands. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:488-491. [PMID: 29731151 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anagenesis and cladogenesis are fundamental evolutionary concepts, but are increasingly being adopted as speciation models in the field of island biogeography. Here, we review the origin of the terms 'anagenetic' and 'cladogenetic' speciation, critique their utility, and finally suggest alternative terminology that better describes the geographical relationships of insular sister species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent C Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, IPNA-CSIC, C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Jairo Patiño
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, IPNA-CSIC, C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38071, Spain.
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37
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Velasquez E, Bryan SE, Ekins M, Cook AG, Hurrey L, Firn J. Age and area predict patterns of species richness in pumice rafts contingent on oceanic climatic zone encountered. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5034-5046. [PMID: 29876079 PMCID: PMC5980578 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The theory of island biogeography predicts that area and age explain species richness patterns (or alpha diversity) in insular habitats. Using a unique natural phenomenon, pumice rafting, we measured the influence of area, age, and oceanic climate on patterns of species richness. Pumice rafts are formed simultaneously when submarine volcanoes erupt, the pumice clasts breakup irregularly, forming irregularly shaped pumice stones which while floating through the ocean are colonized by marine biota. We analyze two eruption events and more than 5,000 pumice clasts collected from 29 sites and three climatic zones. Overall, the older and larger pumice clasts held more species. Pumice clasts arriving in tropical and subtropical climates showed this same trend, where in temperate locations species richness (alpha diversity) increased with area but decreased with age. Beta diversity analysis of the communities forming on pumice clasts that arrived in different climatic zones showed that tropical and subtropical clasts transported similar communities, while species composition on temperate clasts differed significantly from both tropical and subtropical arrivals. Using these thousands of insular habitats, we find strong evidence that area and age but also climatic conditions predict the fundamental dynamics of species richness colonizing pumice clasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Velasquez
- School of EarthEnvironmental and Biological SciencesFaculty of Science and EngineeringQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Scott E. Bryan
- School of EarthEnvironmental and Biological SciencesFaculty of Science and EngineeringQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | | | - Alex G. Cook
- School of EarthEnvironmental and Biological SciencesFaculty of Science and EngineeringQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQldAustralia
- Queensland MuseumBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Lucy Hurrey
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Jennifer Firn
- School of EarthEnvironmental and Biological SciencesFaculty of Science and EngineeringQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQldAustralia
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Tomé B, Pereira A, Jorge F, Carretero MA, Harris DJ, Perera A. Along for the ride or missing it altogether: exploring the host specificity and diversity of haemogregarines in the Canary Islands. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:190. [PMID: 29554983 PMCID: PMC5859493 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Host-parasite relationships are expected to be strongly shaped by host specificity, a crucial factor in parasite adaptability and diversification. Because whole host communities have to be considered to assess host specificity, oceanic islands are ideal study systems given their simplified biotic assemblages. Previous studies on insular parasites suggest host range broadening during colonization. Here, we investigate the association between one parasite group (haemogregarines) and multiple sympatric hosts (of three lizard genera: Gallotia, Chalcides and Tarentola) in the Canary Islands. Given haemogregarine characteristics and insular conditions, we hypothesized low host specificity and/or occurrence of host-switching events. Methods A total of 825 samples were collected from the three host taxa inhabiting the seven main islands of the Canarian Archipelago, including locations where the different lizards occurred in sympatry. Blood slides were screened to assess prevalence and parasitaemia, while parasite genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships were inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences. Results Infection levels and diversity of haplotypes varied geographically and across host groups. Infections were found in all species of Gallotia across the seven islands, in Tarentola from Tenerife, La Gomera and La Palma, and in Chalcides from Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro. Gallotia lizards presented the highest parasite prevalence, parasitaemia and diversity (seven haplotypes), while the other two host groups (Chalcides and Tarentola) harbored one haplotype each, with low prevalence and parasitaemia levels, and very restricted geographical ranges. Host-sharing of the same haemogregarine haplotype was only detected twice, but these rare instances likely represent occasional cross-infections. Conclusions Our results suggest that: (i) Canarian haemogregarine haplotypes are highly host-specific, which might have restricted parasite host expansion; (ii) haemogregarines most probably reached the Canary Islands in three colonization events with each host genus; and (iii) the high number of parasite haplotypes infecting Gallotia hosts and their restricted geographical distribution suggest co-diversification. These findings contrast with our expectations derived from results on other insular parasites, highlighting how host specificity depends on parasite characteristics and evolutionary history. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2760-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Tomé
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal. .,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Pereira
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Miguel A Carretero
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - D James Harris
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana Perera
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
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Chalmandrier L, Albouy C, Descombes P, Sandel B, Faurby S, Svenning JC, Zimmermann NE, Pellissier L. Comparing spatial diversification and meta-population models in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171366. [PMID: 29657753 PMCID: PMC5882677 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructing the processes that have shaped the emergence of biodiversity gradients is critical to understand the dynamics of diversification of life on Earth. Islands have traditionally been used as model systems to unravel the processes shaping biological diversity. MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeographic model predicts diversity to be based on dynamic interactions between colonization and extinction rates, while treating islands themselves as geologically static entities. The current spatial configuration of islands should influence meta-population dynamics, but long-term geological changes within archipelagos are also expected to have shaped island biodiversity, in part by driving diversification. Here, we compare two mechanistic models providing inferences on species richness at a biogeographic scale: a mechanistic spatial-temporal model of species diversification and a spatial meta-population model. While the meta-population model operates over a static landscape, the diversification model is driven by changes in the size and spatial configuration of islands through time. We compare the inferences of both models to floristic diversity patterns among land patches of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Simulation results from the diversification model better matched observed diversity than a meta-population model constrained only by the contemporary landscape. The diversification model suggests that the dynamic re-positioning of islands promoting land disconnection and reconnection induced an accumulation of particularly high species diversity on Borneo, which is central within the island network. By contrast, the meta-population model predicts a higher diversity on the mainlands, which is less compatible with empirical data. Our analyses highlight that, by comparing models with contrasting assumptions, we can pinpoint the processes that are most compatible with extant biodiversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Chalmandrier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Camille Albouy
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Descombes
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Soren Faurby
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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The role of environment, dispersal and competition in explaining reduced co-occurrence among related species. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185493. [PMID: 29099852 PMCID: PMC5669447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of ecological assemblages depends on a variety of factors including environmental filtering, biotic interactions and dispersal limitation. By evaluating the phylogenetic pattern of assemblages, we gain insight into the relative contribution of these mechanisms to generating observed assemblages. We address some limitations in the field of community phylogenetics by using simulations, biologically relevant null models, and cost distance analysis to evaluate simultaneous mechanisms leading to observed patterns of co-occurrence. Building from past studies of phylogenetic community structure, we applied our approach to hummingbird assemblages in the Northern Andes. We compared the relationship between relatedness and co-occurrence among predicted assemblages, based on estimates of suitable habitat and dispersal limitation, and observed assemblages. Hummingbird co-occurrence peaked at intermediate relatedness and decreased when a closely-related species was present. This result was most similar to simulations that included simultaneous effects of phylogenetic conservatism and repulsion. In addition, we found older sister taxa were only weakly more separated by geographic barriers, suggesting that time since dispersal is unlikely to be the sole factor influencing co-occurrence of closely related species. Our analysis highlights the role of multiple mechanisms acting simultaneously, and provides a hypothesis for the potential importance of competition at regional scales.
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Connolly SR, Keith SA, Colwell RK, Rahbek C. Process, Mechanism, and Modeling in Macroecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:835-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Leppard TP. The Biophysical Effects of Neolithic Island Colonization: General Dynamics and Sociocultural Implications. HUMAN ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2017; 45:555-568. [PMID: 29170588 PMCID: PMC5680384 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-017-9939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Does anthropogenic environmental change constrain long-term sociopolitical outcomes? It is clear that human colonization of islands radically alters their biological and physical systems. Despite considerable contextual variability in local specificities of this alteration, I argue that these processes are to some extent regular, predictable, and have socio-political implications. Reviewing the data for post-colonization ecodynamics, I show that Neolithic colonization of previously insulated habitats drives biotic homogenization. I argue that we should expect such homogenization to promote regular types of change in biophysical systems, types of change that can be described in sum as environmentally convergent. Such convergence should have significant implications for human social organization over the long term, and general dynamics of this sort are relevant in the context of understanding remarkably similar social evolutionary trajectories towards wealth-inequality not only islands, but also more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Leppard
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER UK
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Whittaker RJ, Fernández-Palacios JM, Matthews TJ, Borregaard MK, Triantis KA. Island biogeography: Taking the long view of nature’s laboratories. Science 2017; 357:357/6354/eaam8326. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Pinheiro HT, Bernardi G, Simon T, Joyeux JC, Macieira RM, Gasparini JL, Rocha C, Rocha LA. Island biogeography of marine organisms. Nature 2017; 549:82-85. [DOI: 10.1038/nature23680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Biodiversity Dynamics on Islands: Explicitly Accounting for Causality in Mechanistic Models. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/d9030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Valente L, Illera JC, Havenstein K, Pallien T, Etienne RS, Tiedemann R. Equilibrium Bird Species Diversity in Atlantic Islands. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1660-1666.e5. [PMID: 28528903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Half a century ago, MacArthur and Wilson proposed that the number of species on islands tends toward a dynamic equilibrium diversity around which species richness fluctuates [1]. The current prevailing view in island biogeography accepts the fundamentals of MacArthur and Wilson's theory [2] but questions whether their prediction of equilibrium can be fulfilled over evolutionary timescales, given the unpredictable and ever-changing nature of island geological and biotic features [3-7]. Here we conduct a complete molecular phylogenetic survey of the terrestrial bird species from four oceanic archipelagos that make up the diverse Macaronesian bioregion-the Azores, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, and Madeira [8, 9]. We estimate the times at which birds colonized and speciated in the four archipelagos, including many previously unsampled endemic and non-endemic taxa and their closest continental relatives. We develop and fit a new multi-archipelago dynamic stochastic model to these data, explicitly incorporating information from 91 taxa, both extant and extinct. Remarkably, we find that all four archipelagos have independently achieved and maintained a dynamic equilibrium over millions of years. Biogeographical rates are homogeneous across archipelagos, except for the Canary Islands, which exhibit higher speciation and colonization. Our finding that the avian communities of the four Macaronesian archipelagos display an equilibrium diversity pattern indicates that a diversity plateau may be rapidly achieved on islands where rates of in situ radiation are low and extinction is high. This study reveals that equilibrium processes may be more prevalent than recently proposed, supporting MacArthur and Wilson's 50-year-old theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Valente
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Katja Havenstein
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tamara Pallien
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, Groningen 9700 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph Tiedemann
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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The true tempo of evolutionary radiation and decline revealed on the Hawaiian archipelago. Nature 2017; 543:710-713. [DOI: 10.1038/nature21675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Recent extinctions disturb path to equilibrium diversity in Caribbean bats. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:26. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weigelt P, Steinbauer MJ, Cabral JS, Kreft H. Late Quaternary climate change shapes island biodiversity. Nature 2016; 532:99-102. [DOI: 10.1038/nature17443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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