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Hanimann J, Raschle N, Schmid NE, Bruhin B, Frey WO, Scherr J, de Bruin ED, Spörri J. Jump performance and movement quality in 7- to 15-year-old competitive alpine skiers: a cross-sectional study. Ann Med 2024; 56:2361254. [PMID: 38833367 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2361254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injury rates in competitive alpine skiing are high. With current methods, identifying people at risk is expensive and thus often not feasible at the youth level. The aims of this study were (1) to describe the jump performance and movement quality of youth competitive alpine skiers according to age and sex, (2) to compare the jump distance among skiers of different sexes and movement quality grades, and (3) to assess the inter-rater grading reliability of the qualitative visual movement quality classification of such jumps and the agreement between live and video-based post-exercise grading. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study is based on an anonymized dataset of 301 7- to 15-year-old competitive alpine skiers. The skiers performed two-legged forward triple jumps, whereby the jump distance was measured, and grades were assigned by experienced raters from the frontal and sagittal perspectives depending on the execution quality of the jumps. Furthermore, jumps were filmed and ultimately rated post-exercise. Differences in jump distance between various groups were assessed by multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs). Reliability was determined using Kendall's coefficient of concordance. RESULTS The jump distance was significantly greater in U16 skiers than in U11 skiers of both sexes and in skiers with good execution quality than in those with reduced or poor execution quality. Overall, jump distance in U16 skiers significantly differed between female (5.37 m with 95% CI [5.21, 5.53]) and male skiers (5.90 m with 95%CI [5.69, 6.10]). Slightly better inter-rater grading reliability was observed for video-based post-exercise (strong agreement) ratings than for live ratings (moderate agreement). CONCLUSION In competitive alpine skiers aged 7 to 15 years, jump performance increases with age, and around puberty, sex differences start to manifest. Our results highlight the importance of evaluating both jump distance and movement quality in youth skiers. To improve test-retest reliability, however, a video-based post-exercise evaluation is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hanimann
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Raschle
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan E Schmid
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Johannes Scherr
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D de Bruin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health, OST - Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hunter SK, Senefeld JW. Sex differences in human performance. J Physiol 2024; 602:4129-4156. [PMID: 39106346 DOI: 10.1113/jp284198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex as a biological variable is an underappreciated aspect of biomedical research, with its importance emerging in more recent years. This review assesses the current understanding of sex differences in human physical performance. Males outperform females in many physical capacities because they are faster, stronger and more powerful, particularly after male puberty. This review highlights key sex differences in physiological and anatomical systems (generally conferred via sex steroids and puberty) that contribute to these sex differences in human physical performance. Specifically, we address the effects of the primary sex steroids that affect human physical development, discuss insight gained from an observational study of 'real-world data' and elite athletes, and highlight the key physiological mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in several aspects of physical performance. Physiological mechanisms discussed include those for the varying magnitude of the sex differences in performance involving: (1) absolute muscular strength and power; (2) fatigability of limb muscles as a measure of relative performance; and (3) maximal aerobic power and endurance. The profound sex-based differences in human performance involving strength, power, speed and endurance, and that are largely attributable to the direct and indirect effects of sex-steroid hormones, sex chromosomes and epigenetics, provide a scientific rationale and framework for policy decisions on sex-based categories in sports during puberty and adulthood. Finally, we highlight the sex bias and problem in human performance research of insufficient studies and information on females across many areas of biology and physiology, creating knowledge gaps and opportunities for high-impact studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Movement Science Program, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Cai X, Zhang H, Sun T, Yu J, Jia X. Association between BMI and health-related physical fitness in adolescents with hearing impairment in China: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17995. [PMID: 39224821 PMCID: PMC11368083 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This cross-sectional study aimed to address a critical gap in the understanding of the association between body mass index (BMI) and physical fitness levels in adolescents with hearing impairment (HI) in China. This study investigated how different BMI levels impact the physical fitness index (PFI) of HI adolescents. Methods This study employed a physical fitness test for HI adolescents attending special education schools. The test included eight components: height, weight, 50-m sprint, standing long jump, sit and reach, endurance run, bent-knee sit-up (for girls), and pull-up (for boys). Test scores for each student were standardized by age and gender. Individual Z-scores were then calculated, and the sum of these Z-scores constituted the PFI. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between BMI and PFI across different gender and age groups. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results The linear regression model showed an inverted U-shaped relationship between BMI and PFI. At the same BMI level, boys exhibited superior physical fitness compared to girls with the same BMI (P < 0.05). Statistically significant differences in PFI levels were observed between normal-weight and obese males, as well as between underweight and obese boys (P < 0.05). In the 13-15 and 16-18 age groups, the increase in BMI has a greater impact on boys PFI than on girls. Conclusions Adolescents with HI generally demonstrated good physical fitness. Compared to individuals with normal weight, those who were underweight, overweight, or obese exhibited lower levels of physical fitness. Future interventions should focus on adolescents with HI with abnormal BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowan Cai
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Jia
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Bascharon R, Sethi NK, Estevez R, Gordon M, Guevara C, Twohey E, deWeber K. Transgender competition in combat sports: Position statement of the Association of ringside physicians. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:317-324. [PMID: 38038979 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2286943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The Association of Ringside Physicians (ARP) is committed to the concept of fair competition. It advocates for two equally skilled and matched athletes to keep bouts fair, competitive, entertaining, and, most importantly, safe for all combatants. Numerous studies have proven that transgender women may have a competitive athletic advantage against otherwise matched cis-gender women. Likewise, transgender men may suffer a competitive disadvantage against cis-gender men. These differences - both anatomic and physiologic - persist despite normalization of sex hormone levels and create disparities in competitive abilities that are not compatible with the spirit of fair competition. More importantly, allowing transgender athletes to compete against cisgender athletes in combat sports, which already involve significant risk of serious injury, unnecessarily raises the risk of injury due to these differences. Hence the ARP does not support transgender athlete competition against cisgender athletes in combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Bascharon
- Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Institute of Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, US
| | - Nitin K Sethi
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Estevez
- Lakeland Regional Health Medical Center, Lakeland, FL, US
| | - Mark Gordon
- Memorial Hospital Pembroke, Pembroke Pines, FL, US
| | - Carlo Guevara
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Broward Health , Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Eric Twohey
- Mayo Clinic Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rochester, MN, US
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Atkinson MA, James JJ, Quinn ME, Senefeld JW, Hunter SK. Sex Differences in Track and Field Elite Youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1390-1397. [PMID: 38595163 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand athletic performance before and after puberty, this study determined 1) the age at which the sex difference increases among elite youth track and field athletes for running and jumping events, and 2) whether there is a sex difference in performance before ages associated with puberty among elite youth athletes. METHODS Track and field records of elite US male and female youth (7-18 yr) across 3 yr (2019, 2021, and 2022) were collected from an online database ( athletic.net ). The top 50 performances were recorded for 100-, 200-, 400-, and 800-m track running, long jump, and high jump. RESULTS Males ran faster than females at every age in the 100, 200, 400 and 800 m ( P < 0.001). When combining all running events, the sex difference (%) was 4.0% ± 1.7% between 7 and 12 yr and increased to 6.3% ± 1.1% at 13 yr and 12.6% ± 1.8% at 18 yr ( P < 0.001). Similarly, males jumped higher and farther than females at every age ( P < 0.001). For long jump, the sex difference was 6.8% ± 2.8% between 7 and 12 yr, increasing to 8.5% ± 1.7% at 13 yr and 22.7% ± 1.4% at 18 yr ( P < 0.001). For high jump, the sex difference was 5.3% ± 5.2% between 7 and 12 yr, increasing to 12.4% ± 2.9% at 15 yr and 18.4% ± 2.04% at 18 yr ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Before 12 yr of age in elite youth track and field athletes, there was a consistent and significant sex difference of ~5%, such that males ran faster and jumped higher and farther than females. The magnitude of the sex difference in performance increased markedly at 12-13 yr for running and long jump and 14 yr for high jump and thus was more pronounced after ages associated with puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira A Atkinson
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Jessica J James
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Meagan E Quinn
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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Molinari T, Radaelli R, Rech A, Brusco CM, Markarian AM, Lopez P. Moderators of Resistance Training Effects in Healthy Young Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:804-814. [PMID: 38090747 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Molinari, T, Radaelli, R, Rech, A, Brusco, CM, Markarian, AM, and Lopez, P. Moderators of resistance training effects in healthy young women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 804-814, 2024-To systematically review and analyze the effects of resistance-based exercise programs and potential moderators of change in body fat percentage, whole-body fat and lean mass, muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength, and muscle power/rapid force in healthy young women (between 18 and 35 years). A systematic search was undertaken in 7 databases from inception to May 2022. Eligible randomized controlled trials examined the effects of resistance-based exercise programs on outcomes of interest in healthy young women. Meta-analysis was undertaken with a 3-level mixed-effects model. Associations between standardized mean difference (SMD) and potential moderators (number of sessions, weekly volume, and intensity) were tested by meta-regression models. Statistical significance was set at an α level of 0.05, whereas an α level of 0.05-0.10 was also considered for potential moderators of resistance training effects. Forty articles ( n = 1,312) were included. Resistance-based exercise programs resulted in a significant improvement of 0.4 SMD (95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 0.2 to 0.5, p < 0.001) in lean mass/muscle hypertrophy and 1.2 SMD (95% CI: 0.9 to 1.5, p < 0.001) in muscle strength. A higher number of sessions was associated with changes in lean mass/muscle hypertrophy ( β = 0.01 ± 0.00, p = 0.009), whereas a higher weekly volume approached statistical significance to moderate changes in muscle strength ( β = 0.01 ± 0.01, p = 0.053). Body fat percentage (-0.4 SMD, 95% CI: -0.6 to -0.1, p = 0.006) and muscle power/rapid force (0.6 SMD, 95% CI: 0.2 to 1.1, p = 0.011) were significantly improved. In conclusion, a higher resistance training volume was associated with greater improvements in lean mass/muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength, and body fat percentage, whereas muscle power/rapid force improvements were observed irrespective of prescription characteristics. These findings may help in designing resistance training programs for muscle hypertrophy, strength and power, and body fat percentage in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Molinari
- Sport and Exercise Neuromechanics Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Régis Radaelli
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - Anderson Rech
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
- Research Group on Exercise for Clinical Populations (GPCLIN), Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Clarissa M Brusco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Markarian
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Pedro Lopez
- Research Group on Exercise for Clinical Populations (GPCLIN), Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
- Pleural Medicine Unit, Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, Australia; and
- Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Senefeld JW, Hunter SK. Hormonal Basis of Biological Sex Differences in Human Athletic Performance. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae036. [PMID: 38563597 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic human performance involving strength, power, speed, and aerobic endurance and is more predictive of athletic performance than gender. This perspective article highlights 3 key medical and physiological insights related to recent evolving research into the sex differences in human physical performance: (1) sex and gender are not the same; (2) males and females exhibit profound differences in physical performance with males outperforming females in events and sports involving strength, power, speed, and aerobic endurance; (3) endogenous testosterone underpins sex differences in human physical performance with questions remaining on the roles of minipuberty in the sex differences in performance in prepubescent youth and the presence of the Y chromosome (SRY gene expression) in males, on athletic performance across all ages. Last, females are underrepresented as participants in biomedical research, which has led to a historical dearth of information on the mechanisms for sex differences in human physical performance and the capabilities of the female body. Collectively, greater effort and resources are needed to address the hormonal mechanisms for biological sex differences in human athletic performance before and after puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
- Athletic and Human Performance Research Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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Comfort P, McMahon JJ, Lake JP, Ripley NJ, Triplett NT, Haff GG. Relative strength explains the differences in multi-joint rapid force production between sexes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296877. [PMID: 38359039 PMCID: PMC10868802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to determine whether relative strength explains the differences in the rapid force production (force developed during first 150-, 200-, and 250 ms) of females and males, and to evaluate the relationships between peak force and rapid force production. Sixty-three team sport athletes (females: n = 25, age = 21.5 ± 1.3 years, stature = 166 ± 5 cm, body mass = 60.65 ± 10.04 kg; males: n = 38, age = 21.9 ± 1.1 years, stature = 178 ± 7 cm, body mass = 76.55 ± 12.88 kg) performed a series of isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) trials, with all participants' data used for correlational analysis. After testing, females and males were divided into 20 strength-matched pairs, based on their relative peak force (peak force ∙ body mass). There were no meaningful differences between sexes for relative force at 150 ms (g = 0.007 [95% CI -0.627, 0.648]), 200 ms (g = -0.059 [95% CI -0.695, 0.588]) and 250 ms (g = -0.156 [95% CI -0.778, 0.473]). Similarly, when expressed as a percentage of peak force there were no meaningful differences in force at 150 ms (g = -0.015 [95.0%CI -0.650, 0.680]), 200 ms (g = -0.099 [95.0%CI -0.714, 0.559]) or 250 ms (g = -0.272 [95.0%CI -0.856, 0.328]) between strength-matched females and males. Based on the correlations, there were very large to nearly perfect relationships (r = 0.77-0.94, p <0.001) between peak force and rapid force production, with peak force explaining 59%, 77% and 89% of the variance in force at 150-, 200- and 250 ms, respectively. When comparing females and males, relative strength (based on body weight or a percentage of peak force) should be considered, and practitioners should be aware of the role of peak force in rapid force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - John J. McMahon
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jason P. Lake
- Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Chichester Institute of Sport, Nursing, and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Ripley
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - N. Travis Triplett
- Department of Public Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Rivera-Brown AM, Pagán-Lassalle P. Hydration and Performance in Young Triathletes During a Competition in Tropical Climate. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024; 36:8-14. [PMID: 37604485 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2022-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined fluid intake, the relation between body mass (BM) loss and performance, and core temperature in young triathletes during a competition in tropical climate. METHODS Fluid intake and pre and post BM were measured in 35 adolescent athletes, and core temperature was measured in one female and one male. RESULTS Mean urine specific gravity (1.024 [0.007]) indicated that athletes were in suboptimal state of hydration upon waking. Race time was 73.2 (8.0) minutes. BM decreased by 0.6 (0.3) kg (P < .05). Fluid intake (528.5 [221.6] mL) replaced 47% of the fluid loss (1184.9 [256.4] mL) and was higher during run (11.5 [6.6] mL·min-1) compared to bike (7.3 [3.1] mL·min-1), P < .01. Loss in BM was ≥1.0% in 66% and ≥1.5% in 29% of the athletes. Males showed a moderate association between percentage loss in BM and finishing time (r = -.52), higher sweat rates (1.0 [0.3] L·h-1), and faster times (69.4 [7.5] min; P < .05). Core temperature rose to 40.1 °C in the female and 39.6 °C in the male. CONCLUSION Young triathletes competing in a hot/humid climate became mildly to moderately dehydrated and hyperthermic even when water and sports drinks were available but did not show symptoms of heat illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M Rivera-Brown
- Center for Sports Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan,Puerto Rico
| | - Patricia Pagán-Lassalle
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,USA
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Cheung AS, Zwickl S, Miller K, Nolan BJ, Wong AFQ, Jones P, Eynon N. The Impact of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on Physical Performance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e455-e465. [PMID: 37437247 PMCID: PMC10795902 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The inclusion of transgender people in elite sport has been a topic of debate. This narrative review examines the impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on physical performance, muscle strength, and markers of endurance. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION MEDLINE and Embase were searched using terms to define the population (transgender), intervention (GAHT), and physical performance outcomes. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Existing literature comprises cross-sectional or small uncontrolled longitudinal studies of short duration. In nonathletic trans men starting testosterone therapy, within 1 year, muscle mass and strength increased and, by 3 years, physical performance (push-ups, sit-ups, run time) improved to the level of cisgender men. In nonathletic trans women, feminizing hormone therapy increased fat mass by approximately 30% and decreased muscle mass by approximately 5% after 12 months, and steadily declined beyond 3 years. While absolute lean mass remains higher in trans women, relative percentage lean mass and fat mass (and muscle strength corrected for lean mass), hemoglobin, and VO2 peak corrected for weight was no different to cisgender women. After 2 years of GAHT, no advantage was observed for physical performance measured by running time or in trans women. By 4 years, there was no advantage in sit-ups. While push-up performance declined in trans women, a statistical advantage remained relative to cisgender women. CONCLUSION Limited evidence suggests that physical performance of nonathletic trans people who have undergone GAHT for at least 2 years approaches that of cisgender controls. Further controlled longitudinal research is needed in trans athletes and nonathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada S Cheung
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia
| | - Sav Zwickl
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia
| | | | - Brendan J Nolan
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia
| | - Alex Fang Qi Wong
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia
| | - Patrice Jones
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray 3011, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray 3011, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
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Barsky ST, Monks DA. Lifespan Effects of Muscle-Specific Androgen Receptor Overexpression on Body Composition of Male and Female Rats. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae012. [PMID: 38301268 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Androgenic actions of gonadal testosterone are thought to be a major mechanism promoting sex differences in body composition across the lifespan. However, this inference is based on studies of androgen receptor (AR) function in late adolescent or emerging adult rodents. Here we assess body composition and AR expression in skeletal muscle of rats at defined ages, comparing wild-type (WT) to transgenic human skeletal actin-driven AR overexpression (HSAAR) rats which overexpress AR in skeletal muscle. Male and female HSAAR and WT Sprague Dawley rats (N = 288) underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning and tissue collection at postnatal day (PND) 1, 10, 21, 42, 70, 183, 243, and 365. Expected sex differences in body composition and muscle mass largely onset with puberty (PND-21), with no associated changes to skeletal muscle AR protein. In adulthood, HSAAR increased tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus mass in males, and reduced the expected gain in gonadal fat mass in both sexes. In WT rats, AR protein was reduced in soleus, but not TA, throughout life. Nonetheless, soleus AR protein expression was greater in male rats than female rats at all ages of sexual development, yet only at PND-70 in TA. Overall, despite muscle AR overexpression effects, results are inconsistent with major sex differences in body composition during sexual development being driven by changes in muscle AR, rather suggesting that changes in ligand promote sexual differentiation of body composition during pubertal timing. Nonetheless, increased skeletal muscle AR in adulthood can be sufficient to increase muscle mass in males, and reduce adipose in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tzivia Barsky
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Douglas Ashley Monks
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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12
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Bowman-Smart H, Savulescu J, O’Connell M, Sinclair A. World Athletics regulations unfairly affect female athletes with differences in sex development. JOURNAL OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF SPORT 2024; 51:29-53. [PMID: 39015654 PMCID: PMC7616231 DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2024.2316294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
World Athletics have introduced regulations preventing female athletes with certain differences in sex development from competing in the female category. We argue these regulations are not justified and should be removed. Firstly, we examine the reasoning and evidence underlying the position that these athletes have a substantial mean difference in performance from other female athletes such that it constitutes an advantage, and argue it is not sufficient. Secondly, if an advantage does exist, it needs to be demonstrated it is unfair. We argue the advantage would not be unfair because to say otherwise relies on a presupposition about whether these athletes are female, which involves contradictory and inconsistent definitions of sex. Thirdly, we contend that even if it is established that there is an advantage and it is unfair, the response of requiring athletes to take testosterone-suppressing medication is not appropriate and is unfair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Bowman-Smart
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics and Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics and Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michele O’Connell
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Sinclair
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Yamada Y, Song JS, Seffrin A, Kang A, Spitz RW, Wong V, Loenneke JP. The Plateau in Muscle Growth with Resistance Training: An Exploration of Possible Mechanisms. Sports Med 2024; 54:31-48. [PMID: 37787845 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that there is likely a finite ability for muscular adaptation. While it is difficult to distinguish between a true plateau following a long-term training period and short-term stalling in muscle growth, a plateau in muscle growth has been attributed to reaching a genetic potential, with limited discussion on what might physiologically contribute to this muscle growth plateau. The present paper explores potential physiological factors that may drive the decline in muscle growth after prolonged resistance training. Overall, with chronic training, the anabolic signaling pathways may become more refractory to loading. While measures of anabolic markers may have some predictive capabilities regarding muscle growth adaptation, they do not always demonstrate a clear connection. Catabolic processes may also constrain the ability to achieve further muscle growth, which is influenced by energy balance. Although speculative, muscle cells may also possess cell scaling mechanisms that sense and regulate their own size, along with molecular brakes that hinder growth rate over time. When considering muscle growth over the lifespan, there comes a point when the anabolic response is attenuated by aging, regardless of whether or not individuals approach their muscle growth potential. Our goal is that the current review opens avenues for future experimental studies to further elucidate potential mechanisms to explain why muscle growth may plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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14
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Tingelstad LM, Raastad T, Till K, Luteberget LS. The development of physical characteristics in adolescent team sport athletes: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296181. [PMID: 38128047 PMCID: PMC10735042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical development during adolescence is crucial for athletes in team sports, as it prepares them for the high sport demands at the senior level. While physical development in non-athletes are well-documented, a comprehensive understanding of adolescent athletes' development, including the potential effects of team sports participation and training load, is lacking. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to investigate the development of physical characteristics in team sport athletes during adolescence (12-20 years) and explore the impact of training load. METHODS A systematic search of the databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science were conducted combining keywords related to physical characteristics, youth athletes, team sport and study design. Criteria for inclusion were: (1) team sport athletes aged 12-20 years, (2) cross-sectional or longitudinal designs investigating physical characteristics, (3) comparisons across different age groups, (4) peer-reviewed original article, (5) written in English, and (6) available results from physical testing. Results were normalized and weighted based on sample size. RESULTS 176 eligible articles were identified. The results showed consistent annual improvement in most physical characteristics from 12 to 16 years for both sexes (e.g., boys: lower body strength 14.3%; intermittent endurance 11%; countermovement jump height 6.7%; change of direction 2.8%; 30 m sprint 3.6%, and girls: lower body strength 9.4%; intermittent endurance 12.1%; countermovement jump 4.7%; change of direction 3.3%; 30 m sprint 1.9%). Only 4 studies investigated the effect of training load on physical development. CONCLUSIONS Although both sexes consistently improved through adolescence, girls tended to have less pronounced physical development compared to boys, likely due to lower increase in lean mass and limb length. The existing evidence do not definitively establish whether team sports participation, compared to studies examining non-athletes, or training load have an additive effect on physical development during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M. Tingelstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England
| | - Live S. Luteberget
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Hunter SK, S Angadi S, Bhargava A, Harper J, Hirschberg AL, D Levine B, L Moreau K, J Nokoff N, Stachenfeld NS, Bermon S. The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2328-2360. [PMID: 37772882 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, and Athletic and Human Performance Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joanna Harper
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco and the LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, FRANCE
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16
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Bezuglov E, Ahmetov II, Lazarev A, Mskhalaya G, Talibov O, Ustinov V, Shoshorina M, Bogachko E, Azimi V, Morgans R, Hackney AC. The relationship of testosterone levels with sprint performance in young professional track and field athletes. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114344. [PMID: 37689381 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that higher testosterone levels may provide an athletic advantage. Therefore, it is of practical interest to examine the association between testosterone levels and power- and strength-related traits in young professional track and field athletes, and to consider the factors that determine testosterone levels. The study involved 68 young professional athletes (45 females, 17.3 ± 2.6 years; 23 males, 18.2 ± 1.9 years). Testosterone levels were assessed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All subjects performed two 20 m and two 30 m sprint trials, and countermovement jump without arm-swing. A bioimpedance analysis of body composition was carried out and biological maturity was examined using the Khamis-Roche method. The average testosterone levels were 26.4 ± 9.6 nmol/l and 1.5 ± 0.7 nmol/l in males and females, respectively. In female athletes, testosterone levels did not correlate with any of traits. Males with the highest testosterone levels were significantly faster in the 20 m (p = 0.033) and 30 m (p = 0.014) sprint trials compared to males with lower testosterone levels. Testosterone levels in males were positively associated with fat mass (p = 0.027), and degree of biological maturation (p = 0.003). In conclusion, we found a positive relationship between testosterone levels and sprint performance in young male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia; Academy of Talents, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Artemii Lazarev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - George Mskhalaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, European Medical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Talibov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia; Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vjacheslav Ustinov
- International Medical Center for Processing and Cryostorage of Biomaterials, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Shoshorina
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta Bogachko
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Violetta Azimi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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17
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Oberlin DJ. Sex differences and athletic performance. Where do trans individuals fit into sports and athletics based on current research? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1224476. [PMID: 37964771 PMCID: PMC10641525 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1224476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There are well known sex differences in parameters of physical fitness/performance due to changes occurring during sexual development. Thus, many sport and athletic events have regulations separating male and female participants. However, the inclusion or exclusion of transgender individuals in athletics has recently received outsized attention despite relatively few cases of transgender athletes. When determining which athletic gender category trans individuals should be permitted to compete in, it is important to understand the level of physical fitness/performance these individuals possess relative to their cisgender counterparts. Unfortunately, there are few studies investigating this topic, and several complications that confound this research. The current review seeks to discuss sex and gender as concepts, review sex differences in fitness/performance and how they develop, and then, consider how current evidence suggests that trans individuals compare to cis individuals. Finally, this review seeks to offer considerations for whether trans individuals should be excluded from sports and athletics, and how future research should proceed to better understand this marginalized population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Oberlin
- Department of Exercise Sciences and Recreation, City University of New York, Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
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18
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Mateo-Orcajada A, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Abenza-Cano L. Influence of Pokémon Go Playing Style on Physical Activity and Its Effect on Kinanthropometry Variables and Body Composition in Adolescents. J Phys Act Health 2023; 20:934-947. [PMID: 37433524 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2023-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pokémon Go is a mobile app that offers both continuous and intermittent (gamified) gameplay, but no previous research in adolescents is known to have addressed changes in physical activity and body composition according to playing style. For this reason, the aims of the present investigation were (1) to establish the differences in the level of physical activity, and its influence on the kinanthropometric and body composition, of the adolescent population, considering their Pokémon Go playing style; and (2) to analyze whether the practice of previous physical activity has an influence on the effects of the use of Pokémon Go on the level of physical activity and changes in kinanthropometric and body composition variables. METHODS A total of 94 adolescents (50 males and 44 females; mean age: 13.66 [1.17] years-old; mean body mass index: 20.82 [4.03] kg/m2) whose physical activity level and body composition were measured, participated in the investigation. Two groups of adolescents completed a 10-week intervention using Pokémon Go continuously (n = 30) or intermittently (n = 31), while the control group (n = 33) did not use any after-school app. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), a multivariate analysis of variance, and 2 repeated-measures ANOVA were performed to analyze the data. RESULTS Inactive adolescents in the continuous use group increased their physical activity between the pretest and posttest (P = .038), but this did not occur in the active group. Regarding body composition variables, the increase in body mass (P < .001) and body mass index (P = .006) in the control group was significantly higher than in the continuous use group of adolescents who were inactive, but not in the active group, while the decrease in fat mass (P < .001-.036) and sum of 3 skinfolds (P < .001-.003) was significantly higher in both Pokémon Go use groups as compared to the control group, regardless of the previous physical activity level. CONCLUSIONS The continuous style of play seems to be more effective in increasing physical activity in adolescents, but the changes in body composition and kinanthropometric variables occur similarly with continuous and intermittent gameplay. Therefore, the playful use of Pokémon Go can be used in educational and health fields to produce changes in body composition in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucía Abenza-Cano
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia,Spain
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19
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Barsky ST, Monks DA. Androgen action on myogenesis throughout the lifespan; comparison with neurogenesis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 71:101101. [PMID: 37669703 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgens' pleiotropic actions in promoting sex differences present not only a challenge to providing a comprehensive account of their function, but also an opportunity to gain insights by comparing androgenic actions across organ systems. Although often overlooked by neuroscientists, skeletal muscle is another androgen-responsive organ system which shares with the nervous system properties of electrochemical excitability, behavioral relevance, and remarkable capacity for adaptive plasticity. Here we review androgenic regulation of mitogenic plasticity in skeletal muscle with the goal of identifying areas of interest to those researching androgenic mechanisms mediating sexual differentiation of neurogenesis. We use an organizational-activational framework to relate broad areas of similarity and difference between androgen effects on mitogenesis in muscle and brain throughout the lifespan, from early organogenesis, through pubertal organization, adult activation, and aging. The focus of the review is androgenic regulation of muscle-specific stem cells (satellite cells), which share with neural stem cells essential functions in development, plasticity, and repair, albeit with distinct, muscle-specific features. Also considered are areas of paracrine and endocrine interaction between androgen action on muscle and nervous system, including mediation of neural plasticity of innervating and distal neural populations by muscle-produced trophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tzivia Barsky
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Douglas Ashley Monks
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Bezuglov E, Malyakin G, Emanov A, Malyshev G, Shoshorina M, Savin E, Lazarev A, Morgans R. Are Late-Born Young Soccer Players Less Mature Than Their Early-Born Peers, Although No Differences in Physical and Technical Performance Are Evident? Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:179. [PMID: 37755856 PMCID: PMC10536659 DOI: 10.3390/sports11090179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the status of somatic maturity, anthropometry, strength, speed, and soccer-specific technical skills of players from leading youth soccer academies born in different quarters of the same calendar year. A total of 678 young male soccer players from eight leading Russian soccer academies took part in the study. The following anthropometric measures and physical characteristics were measured: height, weight, body mass index, countermovement jumps (CMJ), 5, 10, and 20 m sprints, speed dribbling, foot and body ball juggling, and short and long pass accuracy. The determination of somatic maturity as a percentage of projected adult height was collected. All subject dates of birth were divided into four quartiles according to the month of birth. The analysis of all data obtained was conducted both within the total sample and by quartiles of birth, according to the age group categories of 12-13 years, 14-15 years, and 16-17 years and the degree of somatic maturity. There was a widespread relative age effect, with 43.5% of early-born players and only 9.6% of late-born players representing the sample. Early-born players were more mature than late-born players (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001) but had no statistically significant differences in strength, speed, or soccer-specific skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (M.S.)
- High Performance Sports Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgiy Malyakin
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (M.S.)
- High Performance Sports Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Emanov
- High Performance Sports Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigory Malyshev
- High Performance Sports Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Shoshorina
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Evgeny Savin
- High Performance Sports Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artemii Lazarev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL 60608, USA;
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (M.S.)
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21
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Schneider C, Rothschild J, Uthoff A. Change-of-Direction Speed Assessments and Testing Procedures in Tennis: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1888-1895. [PMID: 37616539 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Schneider, C, Rothschild, J, and Uthoff, A. Change-of-direction speed assessments and testing procedures in tennis: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1888-1895, 2023-Change-of-direction speed (CODS) plays an essential role in tennis match play, and CODS performance is, therefore, commonly assessed and monitored in tennis players. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to describe test characteristics, performance metrics, test-retest reliability, construct validity, and test outcomes of tests that are used to assess CODS in tennis players. A literature search conducted on PubMed and SPORTDiscus yielded 563 results. After applying the eligibility criteria, a total of 27 studies were included in the present review. Ten unique CODS tests were identified. 505 test variations were most frequently used across all studies, and total time required to complete the test was the predominant performance metric investigated. Intrasession test-retest reliability ranged from "moderate" to "excellent." Intersession test-retest reliability as well as the effects of tennis performance, sex, and age on CODS performance were unclear given the subject demographics and the limited number of studies that investigated these aspects. In conclusion, most studies included CODS tests that exhibit longer COD entry and total distances but similar COD angles to those seen during tennis match play. All CODS tests have at least "moderate" intrasession test-retest reliability. However, to improve CODS assessment methods and to increase our current understanding of CODS performance in tennis players, there is a need to conduct more research on the intersession test-retest reliability, construct validity, and the effects of sex, age, and tennis performance and to investigate other performance metrics that might provide additional insights into CODS (e.g., phase-specific performance variables).
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Schneider
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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Tidmas V, Halsted C, Cohen M, Bottoms L. The Participation of Trans Women in Competitive Fencing and Implications on Fairness: A Physiological Perspective Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:133. [PMID: 37505620 PMCID: PMC10385998 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Debate has surrounded whether the participation of trans women in female sporting categories is fair, specifically the retained male physiological advantage due to increased testosterone compared to cisgender females. Recently, individual sporting organisations have been investigating and assessing policies regarding trans women athlete participation in female categories, resulting in several banning participation. This review aims to discuss the scientific evidence and provide appropriate guidance for the inclusion of trans women in elite competitive female fencing categories. Fencing is an intermittent sport, where competitions can span 1 to 3 days. The lunge is the most common movement used to attack opponents, where a successful hit relies on the speed of the action. Male puberty induced increased circulating testosterone promotes a greater stature, cardiovascular function, muscle mass, and strength compared to cisgender females, culminating in a ~12-40% sport performance advantage. Elite cisgender male fencers perform significantly higher, ~17-30%, jump heights and leg power measures compared to elite cisgender female fencers, resulting in faster lunges. Trans women receiving androgen-suppression therapy for 12 months showed significant reductions in strength, lean body mass, and muscle surface area, but even after 36 months, the measurements of these three indices remained above those for cisgender females. Previous male muscle mass and strength can be retained through continuation of resistance training. The literature reviewed shows that there is a retained physiological advantage for trans women who have undergone male puberty when participating in the elite competitive female fencing category. A proposed solution of an open or third gender category for elite fencing competition promotes fair competition, while allowing trans women to compete in their chosen sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tidmas
- Centre for Research in Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK;
| | | | - Mary Cohen
- British Fencing, London W4 5HT, UK; (C.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Lindsay Bottoms
- Centre for Research in Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK;
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Nokoff NJ, Senefeld J, Krausz C, Hunter S, Joyner M. Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Perspectives on Transgender Athletes. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2023; 51:85-95. [PMID: 37057897 PMCID: PMC10330580 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormone concentrations, particularly testosterone, are primary determinants of sex-based differences in athletic and sports performance, and this relationship may inform fair competition and participation for athletes. This article describes the sex-based dichotomy in testosterone and the implications for sex-based differences in individual sports performance, including factors that relate to athletic performance for transgender individuals, and areas of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Nokoff
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Jonathon Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine and Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Csilla Krausz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, and Athletic & Human Performance Research Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Michael Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine and Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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24
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Nikolaidis PT, Son’kin VD. Sports Physiology in Adolescent Track-and-Field Athletes: A Narrative Review. Open Access J Sports Med 2023; 14:59-68. [PMID: 37404686 PMCID: PMC10317547 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s417612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to review the physiological aspects of adolescent track-and-field (TAF) athletes. A search of Scopus on 27/12/2022 using the syntax ABS (track-and-field) AND ABS (children) OR ABS (adolescent) showed 121 documents, and 45 were considered for further analysis. In addition, handsearching was conducted to identify Russian literature missing in Scopus. Differences were shown in performance characteristics among disciplines, especially between throwers and the other athletes. The sex difference in performance (ie, a better performance in boys than in girls) started in early adolescence. A relative age effect was more pronounced in athletes under 13 years old. Despite the wide use of nutritional supplements, an insufficient intake of vitamins has been found. The age of training onset and body weight were identified as risk factors for problems with menarche. The inclusion of track-and-field training programs in physical education was beneficial for health and physical fitness. The need to collaborate closely with parents and coaches was identified, especially, regarding education in topics such as the age of training onset, relative age effect, and doping. In conclusion, the existence of many disciplines with different anthropometric and physiological characteristics highlighted the need for a discipline-specific approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentine D Son’kin
- Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism (SCOLIPE), Moscow, Russia
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25
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Moreland E, Cheung AS, Hiam D, Nolan BJ, Landen S, Jacques M, Eynon N, Jones P. Implications of gender-affirming endocrine care for sports participation. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2023; 14:20420188231178373. [PMID: 37323162 PMCID: PMC10262668 DOI: 10.1177/20420188231178373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many transgender (trans) individuals utilize gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) to promote changes in secondary sex characteristics to affirm their gender. Participation rates of trans people in sport are exceedingly low, yet given high rates of depression and increased cardiovascular risk, the potential benefits of sports participation are great. In this review, we provide an overview of the evidence surrounding the effects of GAHT on multiple performance-related phenotypes, as well as current limitations. Whilst data is clear that there are differences between males and females, there is a lack of quality evidence assessing the impact of GAHT on athletic performance. Twelve months of GAHT leads to testosterone concentrations that align with reference ranges of the affirmed gender. Feminizing GAHT in trans women increases fat mass and decreases lean mass, with opposite effects observed in trans men with masculinizing GAHT. In trans men, an increase in muscle strength and athletic performance is observed. In trans women, muscle strength is shown to decrease or not change following 12 months of GAHT. Haemoglobin, a measure of oxygen transport, changes to that of the affirmed gender within 6 months of GAHT, with very limited data to suggest possible reductions in maximal oxygen uptake as a result of feminizing GAHT. Current limitations of this field include a lack of long-term studies, adequate group comparisons and adjustment for confounding factors (e.g. height and lean body mass), and small sample sizes. There also remains limited data on endurance, cardiac or respiratory function, with further longitudinal studies on GAHT needed to address current limitations and provide more robust data to inform inclusive and fair sporting programmes, policies and guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Moreland
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Ada S. Cheung
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan J. Nolan
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrice Jones
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Footscray, VIC 3011, Australia
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Peek K, Versteegh T, Veith S, Whalan M, Edwards S, McKay M, Gardner AJ. Injury-Reduction Programs Containing Neuromuscular Neck Exercises and the Incidence of Soccer-Related Head and Neck Injuries. J Athl Train 2023; 58:519-527. [PMID: 36645836 PMCID: PMC10496449 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0340.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Concern is growing among soccer players, coaches, and parents regarding head and neck injuries, including concussion, particularly from heading a ball. Thus, we need to explore soccer-specific head injury risk-reduction initiatives. One such initiative is to condition the neck musculature of young players by adding neuromuscular neck exercises to existing injury-reduction exercise programs. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of neuromuscular neck exercises completed as part of an injury risk-reduction exercise program on the incidence of soccer-related head and neck injuries in adolescent soccer players. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Two sports high schools and 6 soccer clubs during the 2021 soccer season. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 364 male and female soccer players, aged 12 to 18 years. INTERVENTION(S) Members of 1 sports high school and 2 soccer clubs performed neuromuscular neck exercises as part of an injury-reduction program during training (neck training group). Members of another sports high school and 4 soccer clubs performed an injury-reduction program but without neck exercises (comparison group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Self-reported injury data were collected from each player at the end of the season and used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% CIs. RESULTS In total, 364 players completed the study, including 146 players in the neck training group and 218 players in the comparison group. Despite players in the neck training group being less likely to self-report a concussion (IRR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.03, 1.04) and pain on heading a ball (IRR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.34, 1.07), only a lower incidence of possible concussive events (IRR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.14, 0.90; P < .05) was significant. CONCLUSIONS Integrating neuromuscular neck exercises into injury-reduction exercise programs has the potential to reduce the risk of adolescent soccer players sustaining a possible concussive event, concussion, or pain on heading a ball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Peek
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Stella Veith
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matt Whalan
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzi Edwards
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marnee McKay
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew John Gardner
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Jaguri A, Al Thani AA, Elrayess MA. Exercise Metabolome: Insights for Health and Performance. Metabolites 2023; 13:694. [PMID: 37367852 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise has many benefits for physical and mental well-being. Metabolomics research has allowed scientists to study the impact of exercise on the body by analyzing metabolites released by tissues such as skeletal muscle, bone, and the liver. Endurance training increases mitochondrial content and oxidative enzymes, while resistance training increases muscle fiber and glycolytic enzymes. Acute endurance exercise affects amino acid metabolism, fat metabolism, cellular energy metabolism, and cofactor and vitamin metabolism. Subacute endurance exercise alters amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. Chronic endurance exercise improves lipid metabolism and changes amino acid metabolism. Acute resistance exercise changes several metabolic pathways, including anaerobic processes and muscular strength. Chronic resistance exercise affects metabolic pathways, resulting in skeletal muscle adaptations. Combined endurance-resistance exercise alters lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, increasing anaerobic metabolic capacity and fatigue resistance. Studying exercise-induced metabolites is a growing field, and further research can uncover the underlying metabolic mechanisms and help tailor exercise programs for optimal health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayami Jaguri
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24811, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Asmaa A Al Thani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohamed A Elrayess
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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28
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Sudlow A, Galantine P, Vercruyssen F, Peyrot N, Raymond JJ, Duché P. Which Factors Influence Running Gait in Children and Adolescents? A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20054621. [PMID: 36901631 PMCID: PMC10001902 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, running has dramatically increased in children and adolescents, creating a need for a better understanding of running gait in this population; however, research on this topic is still limited. During childhood and adolescence multiple factors exist that likely influence and shape a child's running mechanics and contribute to the high variability in running patterns. The aim of this narrative review was to gather together and assess the current evidence on the different factors that influence running gait throughout youth development. Factors were classified as organismic, environmental, or task-related. Age, body mass and composition, and leg length were the most researched factors, and all evidence was in favour of an impact on running gait. Sex, training, and footwear were also extensively researched; however, whereas the findings concerning footwear were all in support of an impact on running gait, those concerning sex and training were inconsistent. The remaining factors were moderately researched with the exception of strength, perceived exertion, and running history for which evidence was particularly limited. Nevertheless, all were in support of an impact on running gait. Running gait is multifactorial and many of the factors discussed are likely interdependent. Caution should therefore be taken when interpreting the effects of different factors in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sudlow
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
| | - Paul Galantine
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
| | - Fabrice Vercruyssen
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Mouvement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR 4334, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Le Mans University, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Raymond
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
- Unité de Médecine et de traumatologie du Sport, CHITS Hôpital Sainte Musse, 83100 Toulon, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
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Warneke K, Wagner CM, Konrad A, Kadlubowski B, Sander A, Wirth K, Keiner M. The influence of age and sex on speed-strength performance in children between 10 and 14 years of age. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1092874. [PMID: 36895629 PMCID: PMC9989187 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1092874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Speed-strength performance is important during human movements such as jumping, sprinting, and change of direction (COD) tasks, which are a substantial part of sports practice. Sex and age seem to influence performance output in young persons; however, few studies have focused on the influence of sex and age measured via standard protocols of performance diagnostics. Method: Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of age and sex on linear sprint (LS), COD sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, squat-jump (SJ) height, and drop-jump (DJ) height performance in untrained children and adolescents via a cross-sectional analysis. This study comprised 141 untrained male and female participants 10-14 years of age. Results: The results showed the influence of age in male participants on speed-strength performance, while in female participants, age did not significantly influence performance parameters. Moderate to high correlations between sprint and jump performance (r = 0.69-0.72), sprint and COD sprint performance (r = 0.58-0.72), and jump and COD sprint performance (r = 0.56-0.58) were found. Discussion: Based on the data from this study, it appears that the growth phase of age 10-14 does not necessarily lead to improvements in athletic performance. To ensure holistic motor development, female subjects in particular should be provided with specific training interventions with a focus on strength and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Carl Maximilian Wagner
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Björn Kadlubowski
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andre Sander
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
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McLarnon M, Thornton J, Knudson G, Jones N, Glover D, Murray A, Cummings M, Heron N. A Scoping Review of Transgender Policies in the 15 Most Commonly Played UK Professional Sports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3568. [PMID: 36834264 PMCID: PMC9964021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been much debate recently on the participation of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) athletes in sport, particularly in relation to fairness, safety and inclusion. The 2021 IOC Framework on Fairness, Inclusion and Non-discrimination acknowledges the central role that eligibility criteria play in ensuring fairness, particularly in the female category, and states that athletes should not be excluded solely on the basis of their TGD identity. AIMS To identify policies that address TGD athlete participation in the 15 major United Kingdom (UK) sporting organisations and to summarise the evidence for each of these policies. METHODS A scoping review of TGD policies from the 15 major UK sporting organisations. RESULTS Eleven of the governing bodies had publicly available TGD policies. Most of the sporting associations drew guidance from the official 2015 IOC Consensus Meeting on Sex Reassignment and Hyperandrogenism, particularly with regard to physiological testosterone levels. Many organisations referenced their policies as a guide for decision making but stated that they ultimately made case-by-case decisions on an athlete's eligibility. Relevant considerations not addressed in most policies included pre- versus post-pubertal athletes, justification for testosterone thresholds, the length of time out of competitive action (if any) for transitioning athletes, the irreversible advantage from male puberty (if any), the responsibility for and frequency of follow up for hormonal testing and the consequences for athletes outside set testosterone limits. CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of consensus among the top 15 UK sporting organizations relating to elite sport participation for TGD athletes. It would be useful for sport organizations to work together to develop greater standardization/consensus for TGD athlete policies, taking into consideration fairness, safety and inclusion in each sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McLarnon
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Jane Thornton
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Gail Knudson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nigel Jones
- Medical Department, British Cycling, Manchester M11 4DQ, UK
| | - Danny Glover
- Medical and Scientific Department, Ladies European Tour (Various), Denham UB9 5PG, UK
| | - Andrew Murray
- Sport and Exercise, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Michael Cummings
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Neil Heron
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
- Medical Department, British Cycling, Manchester M11 4DQ, UK
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
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31
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Di Luigi L, Greco EA, Fossati C, Aversa A, Sgrò P, Antinozzi C. Clinical Concerns on Sex Steroids Variability in Cisgender and Transgender Women Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:81-94. [PMID: 36174581 DOI: 10.1055/a-1909-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In the female athletic community, there are several endogenous and exogenous variables that influence the status of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis and serum sex steroid hormones concentrations (e. g., 17β-estradiol, progesterone, androgens) and their effects. Moreover, female athletes with different sex chromosome abnormalities exist (e. g., 46XX, 46XY, and mosaicism). Due to the high variability of sex steroid hormones serum concentrations and responsiveness, female athletes may have different intra- and inter-individual biological and functional characteristics, health conditions, and sports-related health risks that can influence sports performance and eligibility. Consequently, biological, functional, and/or sex steroid differences may exist in the same and in between 46XX female athletes (e. g., ovarian rhythms, treated or untreated hypogonadism and hyperandrogenism), between 46XX and 46XY female athletes (e. g., treated or untreated hyperandrogenism/disorders of sexual differentiation), and between transgender women and eugonadal cisgender athletes. From a healthcare perspective, dedicated physicians need awareness, knowledge, and an understanding of sex steroid hormones' variability and related health concerns in female athletes to support physiologically healthy, safe, fair, and inclusive sports participation. In this narrative overview, we focus on the main clinical relationships between hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis function, endogenous sex steroids and health status, health risks, and sports performance in the heterogeneous female athletic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Di Luigi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela A Greco
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy.,Department of Science of Movement, Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fossati
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Sgrò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Antinozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
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Gundersen H, Riiser A, Algroy E, Vestbøstad M, Saeterbakken AH, Clemm HH, Grendstad H, Hafstad A, Kristoffersen M, Rygh CB. Associations between biological maturity level, match locomotion, and physical capacities in youth male soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1592-1601. [PMID: 36004501 PMCID: PMC9804799 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biological maturity level has shown to affect sport performance in youths. However, most previous studies have used noninvasive methods to estimate maturity level. Thus, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the association between skeletal age (SA) as a measure of biological maturation level, match locomotion, and physical capacity in male youth soccer players. METHOD Thirty-eight Norwegian players were followed during two consecutive seasons (U14 and U15). Match locomotion was assessed with GPS-tracking in matches. SA, assessed by x-ray, physical capacities (speed, strength and endurance) and anthropometrics were measured in the middle of each season. Analysis of associations between SA, match locomotion, and physical capacities were adjusted for the potential confounding effect of body height and weight. RESULTS In matches, positive associations were found between SA and maximal speed and running distance in the highest speed zones. Further, SA was associated with 40 m sprint time and countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and with intermittent-endurance capacity after adjusting for body height (U14). Associations between SA and leg strength and power, and between SA and absolute VO2max were not significant after adjusting for body weight. There was no association between SA and total distance covered in matches. CONCLUSION Biological maturity level influence match locomotion and performance on physical capacity tests. It is important that players, parents and coaches are aware of the advantages more mature players have during puberty, and that less mature players also are given attention, appropriate training and match competition to ensure proper development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Gundersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
| | - Amund Riiser
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus SogndalSogndalNorway
| | | | - Mona Vestbøstad
- Department of Health and FunctioningWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
| | - Atle H. Saeterbakken
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus SogndalSogndalNorway
| | - Hege Havstad Clemm
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway,Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Halvard Grendstad
- Department of Physical PerformanceNorwegian School of Sport SciencesOsloNorway
| | - Arild Hafstad
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
| | - Morten Kristoffersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
| | - Cecilie Brekke Rygh
- Department of Health and FunctioningWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
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33
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Barsky ST, Monks DA. Myocytic androgen receptor overexpression does not affect sex differences in adaptation to chronic endurance exercise. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:59. [PMID: 36274144 PMCID: PMC9590152 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-specific androgen receptor (AR) overexpression (HSAAR transgene) in sedentary male rats results in reduced adiposity, increased mitochondrial enzyme activity, and selective increase in Type 2b myofiber size. Here, we tested chronic endurance exercise interactions with this phenotype in both sexes. Across 9 weeks, rats ran 5×/week on motorized running wheels at increasing speeds and durations. Exercise reduced fat mass in all groups, but sex affected endurance exercise outcomes such that absolute lean mass increased only in females and total body mass decreased only in males. Expected sex differences were observed with males exhibiting greater total body and lean mass; absolute and relative fat mass; bone mineral density; extensor digitorum longus (EDL) myofiber size and glycolytic proportion; but lesser Type 2a and Type 1 myosin expression in tibialis anterior. Observed HSAAR outcomes were not altered by sex, with transgenic rats having greater lean mass, Type 2a myosin expression in soleus, and glycolytic myofiber size in EDL. Tibialis AR content was independently affected by sex, HSAAR, and exercise. No sex differences were observed in tibialis AR expression in wild-type rats, although HSAAR males had greater AR content than HSAAR females. We identified a moderate correlation between AR expression and glycolytic myofiber size, but not whole-body composition. Overall, results suggest myocytic AR overexpression and chronic exercise, despite sharing a similar phenotype to adaptation, are mediated by distinct mechanisms. Further, this study illustrates sex differences in adaptation to chronic endurance exercise, and suggests sex-similarity in the relationship between muscle AR and exercise response. Adaptations in bone, lean, and total mass after forced endurance exercise are sex-dependent in rats. Sex differences in muscle fiber-type size and proportion, lean body mass, and bone density are independent of exercise in rats. Myocytic AR overexpression promotes lean body mass and glycolytic myofiber size in both sexes. Skeletal muscle AR protein is elevated by chronic endurance exercise in rats, and these changes in AR content are correlated with improved glycolytic myofiber size.
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Hackett DA, He W, Fleeton JRM, Orr R, Sanders RH. Effects of Age and Sex on Aerobic Fitness, Sprint Performance, and Change of Direction Speed in High School Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 37:e325-e331. [PMID: 36227221 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hackett, DA, He, W, Fleeton, JRM, Orr, R, and Sanders, RH. Effects of age and sex on aerobic fitness, sprint performance, and change of direction speed in high school athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sex and age on aerobic fitness, sprinting performance, and change of direction speed (CODS) in high school athletes, with consideration for maturity. This cross-sectional study involved 2,132 adolescents (1,415 male and 717 female athletes) aged 12.0-15.9 years. Assessment of aerobic fitness using the 20-m multistage fitness test (20MSFT) and 20-m sprint and CODS using the 505 test was performed. For the analysis of data, subjects were separated into 4 age groups: U/13 years, U/14 years, U/15 years, and U/16 years. Estimated age at peak height velocity was a covariate in the data analysis to control for maturity status. Compared with female athletes, male athletes had superior performances at all age groups in 10-m sprint (p < 0.001, effect size [ES] = >-0.44), 20-m sprint (p < 0.001, ES = >-0.55), and 505 test (p < 0.001, ES = >-0.41). Female athletes performed better than male athletes in 20MSFT at U/13 (p < 0.01, ES = -0.22); however, male athletes had better performances at U/15 (p < 0.01, ES = 0.27) and U/16 (p < 0.001, ES = 0.67). At each consecutive age group, male athletes improve their performances in 20MSFT and sprints and at U/14 and U/16 in the 505 test (p < 0.001, ES > -0.37). Female athletes showed no improvement in the 20MSFT and 505 test between U/13-U/16 but showed improved sprint performance at U/15 compared with U/13 and at U/16 compared with U/14 (p < 0.05). This study shows that adolescent male athletes perform consistently better than female athletes in running-related field-based tests and display continuous improvements across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackett
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; and
| | - Wu He
- School of Physical Education, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Jennifer R M Fleeton
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; and
| | - Rhonda Orr
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; and
| | - Ross H Sanders
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; and
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Gundersen H, Harris A, Grendstad H, Kristoffersen M, Guttormsen A, Dalen T, Rygh CB. Performance in youth track and field is associated with birth quartile. A register-based study among athletes in Norway from 10 years to senior level. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273472. [PMID: 36067169 PMCID: PMC9447911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Earlier studies have demonstrated that the oldest in a competition class are more likely to succeed than the youngest, a phenomenon called relative age effect (RAE). Track and field give us an opportunity to investigate the advantage of being born early in the year based upon actual performance, since objective criteria are the performance indicators. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of RAE in Norwegian track and field athletes in events where physical capacity is important for success. Methods All individual season best results from the register of The Norwegian Athletics Federation (n = 28 999) obtained in all competition classes from the age of 10 years to senior in both sexes on 60m and 600m from 2011 to 2020 were downloaded. One-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc analyses were used to analyze performance differences according to birth quartiles between athletes. Further, odds ratios (OR) were used to calculate the odds of being among the top-100 for athletes for those born in the first quartile of the year compared to the last. Results The RAE was present in several of the competition classes in sprint compared to middle-distance running, and in more male than female competition classes. Overall, the OR of being among the top-100 in one of the competition classes on 60m sprint when born in first quartile compared to last quartile was 2.88 [2.30–3.62] for males and 1.54 [1.26–1.89] for females. Conclusion Being born early in the year in events with high demand for specific physical capacities is an advantage in both sexes in most of the youngest competition classes. In males, the advantage of being born early in the year lasted longer in sprint than in middle-distance running, indicating that puberty affects performance in sprint and middle-distance running differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Gundersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Anette Harris
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Halvard Grendstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Kristoffersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Atle Guttormsen
- NMBU School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Terje Dalen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Teacher Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Cecilie Brekke Rygh
- Department of Health and Functioning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
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GENÇOĞLU C, GÜMÜŞ H, MANCI E, ÖZDALYAN F, KOSOVA S. Position-Specific Comparison of the Player Loads and High-Intensity Events During Match in Male and Female Handball Players. İSTANBUL GELIŞIM ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.38079/igusabder.1037354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amaç: Kısa süreli yüksek şiddetli aktiviteler içeren hentbolda fiziksel ve fizyolojik özellikler ile atış hızı parametrelerinde cinsiyet farkı açıkça gösterilmiştir. Bu tür performans parametreleri dışında branşa ait gerçek zamanlı maç verisi elde etmek metodolojik kısıtlılıklar içermektedir. Ancak, son dönemde giyilebilir teknolojilerle kapalı alan takım sporlarında oyuncu yükünü daha detaylı incelemek mümkündür. Bu çalışmanın amacı hentbolda maç sırasında oyuncu yükünü kadın ve erkek oyuncularda pozisyonlara göre karşılaştırmaktır.Yöntem: Çalışmaya hazırlık turnuvasına katılan 2 erkek ve 2 kadın toplam 4 Türkiye Hentbol Süper Lig takımından 42 saha oyuncusu (20 kadın ve 22 erkek) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Kaleciler ve toplam oyun süresi 10 dakikanın altında kalan saha oyuncuları analize dahil edilmemiştir. Müsabaka öncesi kişiye tanımlanmış İnersiyal Ölçüm Ünitesi (IMU) sensörleri (OptimEye S5, Catapult Sports, Avustralya) firmanın özel yeleği ile üst gövde arkasına sabitlenmiş ve kalp atım hızı monitörizasyonu için göğüs bandı (Polar T31 Coded, Finlandiya) takılmıştır. Toplanan verilerde sporcu değişimi (yedek bankında geçen süre) ve oyun duraksamaları (aktif oyun süresi) firmanın yazılımıyla (OpenField, Catapult Sports, Avustralya) işaretlenerek filtrelenmiştir.Bulgular: Her iki cinsiyet için aktif oyun süreleri benzer olmasına rağmen oyuncu yükü ve kalp atım hızı yanıtları arasında anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Kadın hentbolcularda toplam oyuncu yükü ve ortalama oyuncu yükü erkeklere göre daha yüksek iken erkek hentbolcularda pik oyuncu yükü istatistiksel olarak daha yüksek bulunmuştur (265.50±93.06 PL total, 255.80±81.59 PL total; 8.30±1.27 PL/dak, 8.07±1.64 PL/dak). Benzer olarak oyuncu yükü yoğunluk bölgelerinde erkekler kadınlara göre düşük seviye bölgelerde daha az, yüksek seviye bölgelerde daha çok oyuncu yükü eforu göstermiştir. İç yük yanıtları kadın hentbolcuların kalp atım hızı tükenme parametresinde erkeklere göre anlamlı yüksek bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Bu araştırma bulguları hentbol branşındaki çoğu anahtar performans belirteçlerindeki cinsiyet farkının maç sırasında oyuncu yükünde de literatürle uyumlu olarak anlamlı farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak, daha yüksek sayıda maçın dahil edildiği ve rekabetin daha yüksek olduğu lig düzeyindeki maçlardan toplanacak verilere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hikmet GÜMÜŞ
- DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SPOR BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ
| | - Egemen MANCI
- DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SPOR BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ
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Kraemer MB, Garbuio ALP, Kaneko LO, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB, dos Reis IGM, Messias LHD. Associations among sleep, hematologic profile, and aerobic and anerobic capacity of young swimmers: A complex network approach. Front Physiol 2022; 13:948422. [PMID: 36091363 PMCID: PMC9448919 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.948422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the link between sleep and hematological parameters is well-described, it is unclear how this integration affects the swimmer’s performance. The parameters derived from the non-invasive critical velocity protocol have been extensively used to evaluate these athletes, especially the aerobic capacity (critical velocity—CV) and the anaerobic work capacity (AWC). Thus, this study applied the complex network model to verify the influence of sleep and hematological variables on the CV and AWC of young swimmers. Thirty-eight swimmers (male, n = 20; female, n = 18) completed five experimental evaluations. Initially, the athletes attended the laboratory facilities for venous blood collection, anthropometric measurements, and application of sleep questionnaires. Over the 4 subsequent days, athletes performed randomized maximal efforts on distances of 100, 200, 400, and 800-m. The aerobic and anerobic parameters were determined by linear function between distance vs. time, where CV relates to the slope of regression and AWC to y-intercept. Weighted but untargeted networks were generated based on significant (p < 0.05) correlations among variables regardless of the correlation coefficient. Betweenness and eigenvector metrics were used to highlight the more important nodes inside the complex network. Regardless of the centrality metric, basophils and red blood cells appeared as influential nodes in the networks with AWC or CV as targets. The role of other hematologic components was also revealed in these metrics, along with sleep total time. Overall, these results trigger new discussion on the influence of sleep and hematologic profile on the swimmer’s performance, and the relationships presented by this targeted complex network can be an important tool throughout the athlete’s development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Beitia Kraemer
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza Paula Garbuio
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Luisa Oliveira Kaneko
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | | | - Ivan Gustavo Masseli dos Reis
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Messias
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Messias,
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Sefiani A, Rusyn I, Geoffroy CG. Novel adult cortical neuron processing and screening method illustrates sex- and age-dependent effects of pharmaceutical compounds. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13125. [PMID: 35908049 PMCID: PMC9338961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and neurotraumatic injuries are typically age-associated disorders that can reduce neuron survival, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity leading to loss of cognitive capacity, executive function, and motor control. In pursuit of reducing the loss of said neurological functions, novel compounds are sought that promote neuron viability, neuritogenesis, and/or synaptic plasticity. Current high content in vitro screenings typically use cells that are iPSC-derived, embryonic, or originate from post-natal tissues; however, most patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases and neurotrauma are of middle-age and older. The chasm in maturity between the neurons used in drug screens and those in a target population is a barrier for translational success of in vitro results. It has been historically challenging to culture adult neurons let alone conduct screenings; therefore, age-appropriate drug screenings have previously not been plausible. We have modified Miltenyi's protocol to increase neuronal yield, neuron purity, and neural viability at a reduced cost to expand our capacity to screen compounds directly in primary adult neurons. To our knowledge, we developed the first morphology-based screening system using adult cortical neurons and the first to incorporate age and sex as biological variables in a screen using adult cortical neurons. By using primary adult cortical neurons from mice that were 4 to 48 weeks old for screening pharmaceutical agents, we have demonstrated age- and sex-dependent effects on neuritogenesis and neuron survival in vitro. Utilizing age- and sex-appropriate in vitro models to find novel compounds increasing neuron survival and neurite outgrowth, made possible by our modified adult neuron processing method, will greatly increase the relevance of in vitro screening for finding neuroprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Sefiani
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Cédric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
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Transwoman Elite Athletes: Their Extra Percentage Relative to Female Physiology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159103. [PMID: 35897465 PMCID: PMC9331831 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing debate as to whether transwoman athletes should be included in the elite female competition. Most elite sports are divided into male and female divisions because of the greater athletic performance displayed by males. Without the sex division, females would have little chance of winning because males are faster, stronger, and have greater endurance capacity. Male physiology underpins their better athletic performance including increased muscle mass and strength, stronger bones, different skeletal structure, better adapted cardiorespiratory systems, and early developmental effects on brain networks that wires males to be inherently more competitive and aggressive. Testosterone secreted before birth, postnatally, and then after puberty is the major factor that drives these physiological sex differences, and as adults, testosterone levels are ten to fifteen times higher in males than females. The non-overlapping ranges of testosterone between the sexes has led sports regulators, such as the International Olympic Committee, to use 10 nmol/L testosterone as a sole physiological parameter to divide the male and female sporting divisions. Using testosterone levels as a basis for separating female and male elite athletes is arguably flawed. Male physiology cannot be reformatted by estrogen therapy in transwoman athletes because testosterone has driven permanent effects through early life exposure. This descriptive critical review discusses the inherent male physiological advantages that lead to superior athletic performance and then addresses how estrogen therapy fails to create a female-like physiology in the male. Ultimately, the former male physiology of transwoman athletes provides them with a physiological advantage over the cis-female athlete.
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Sex Differences in Physiological Determinants of Performance in Elite Adolescent, Junior, and Senior Cross-Country Skiers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1304-1311. [PMID: 35894954 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare sex differences in physiological determinants of skiing performance in elite adolescent, junior, and senior cross-country skiers matched for within-age-group performance level. METHODS Eight male and 12 female adolescent (15 [1] y), 8 male and 7 female junior (18 [1] y), and 7 male and 6 female senior (28 [5] y) skiers participated. Gross efficiency was calculated during submaximal uphill treadmill roller skiing (approximately 84% of peak oxygen uptake [V˙O2peak]) using the G2 ski-skating technique. Distance covered, V˙O2peak, and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit were established from a 3-minute time-trial. Fifteen-second maximal skiing power was calculated from an incremental treadmill speed test. Finally, upper- and lower-body maximal strength tests were conducted. RESULTS The 3-minute time-trial distance and maximal skiing power were, respectively, 23% and 15% (adolescent), 24% and 19% (junior), and 17% and 14% (senior) greater for men than women (all groups, P ≤ .01, effect size [ES] = 2.43-4.18; very large). V˙O2peak relative to body mass was 17% (adolescent, P = .002, ES = 1.66, large), 21% (junior, P < .01, ES = 2.60, very large), and 19% (senior, P < .01, ES = 2.35, very large) greater for men than women. The within-age-group sex differences in gross efficiency, relative accumulated oxygen deficit, and strength were not significant, with the exception of greater lower-body strength in male than female juniors (P = .01, ES = 1.26, large). CONCLUSION The within-age-group sex difference in skiing performance is of similar magnitude for adolescent, junior, and senior skiers. This difference can likely be attributed to the large to very large sex difference in V˙O2peak within all age-groups.
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Kirkeberg A, Roaas TV, Gundersen H, Dalen T. Relative Age Effect Among the Best Norwegian Track and Field Athletes of All Time: Comparisons of Explosive and Endurance Events. Front Psychol 2022; 13:858095. [PMID: 35903745 PMCID: PMC9315261 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.858095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of relative age effect (RAE) among the best Norwegian track and field athletes of all time, aged 13 years to senior, as well as to investigate the differences between athletes in events that impose different demands on their physical characteristics, categorised in endurance and explosiveness. The degree of RAE was investigated by examining the difference between the sample’s (N = 21,711) quarterly birth distribution and the quarterly distribution of birth of the Norwegian population as a whole from 1966 to 2019. To determine whether or not an RAE was present, chi-square tests (χ2) were conducted against an even distribution, with Cramer’s V (phi or ɸ) as a measure of effect size. The study’s results show a strong RAE in the two youngest age groups in both genders. RAE decreases with increasing age, but the effect is still present at the senior level in both men and women. Furthermore, the degree of RAE was strongest in explosive events in both boys (ɸ = 0.46) and girls (ɸ = 0.30), while in endurance events it was strong in boys (ɸ = 0.38) but not in girls (ɸ = 0.13). Prominent effect of RAE in the 13- and 14-year-old classes can be explained by the fact that in the youngest age groups impose the highest relative age difference. In addition, this is an age group where there are large differences in growth spurts, physical characteristics and training experience. Elimination of RAE with increasing age may be due to the fact that after puberty inherent physical advantages as a result of the month of birth are evened out. The prominent RAE in explosive events and in boys may be due to the fact that puberty and growth spurts make boys faster, stronger and larger, while puberty and growth spurts in girls are not always beneficial for girls in track and field events. The practical significance of the results relates to athletes developmental opportunities. Irrespective of whether young track and field athletes are relatively older or younger they should be met with patience and dedication from coaches. Superficial short-term categorization of young athletes potential do more harm than good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kirkeberg
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Teacher Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
- *Correspondence: Alexander Kirkeberg,
| | - Truls Valland Roaas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Teacher Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Hilde Gundersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Terje Dalen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Teacher Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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Bezuglov E, Emanov A, Waśkiewicz Z, Semeniuk N, Butovsky M, Shoshorina M, Baranova D, Volodina K, Morgans R. Successful Young Athletes Have Low Probability of Being Ranked Among the Best Senior Athletes, but This Is Higher When Compared to Their Less Successful Peers. Front Psychol 2022; 13:869637. [PMID: 35719603 PMCID: PMC9202474 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Contemporary research has shown that only a small proportion of high achieving young athletes continue to become successful senior athletes. However, there is a lack of empirical literature tracking the success of senior male and female athletes who were considered high achieving as a youth. Hypothesis Athletes of both sexes who are successful in youth categories (U18 and U20) are more likely to be successful senior athletes. Conclusion Data from 67,600 athletes were collated from the tilastopaja.org platform. The inclusion criteria for both genders were determined by top-100 ranking in the U18 and U20 age groups and progression to the top-100 as a senior athlete. Only 23.5% of successful track and field athletes (ranked in top-100) at U18 became a successful senior athlete, while 35.4% were from the U20 group. Girls ranked in the top-100 U18 and U20 categories are significantly more likely to be ranked in the top-100 as a senior when compared to boys. Although, being ranked in the top-50 at U18 and U20 significantly increases the probability of becoming a successful senior athlete when compared with less successful athletes at these age groups (p < 0.001). Notably, the majority (68.5%) of the most successful senior athletes were not ranked in the top-100 when in the U18 or U20 age groups. Only a small group of track and field athletes that are successful at U18 and U20 become successful at senior level. The most successful track and field youth athletes are significantly more likely to succeed as a senior athlete than their less successful peers, while girls are more likely to be successful than boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia.,High Performance Sport Laboratory, Moscow Witte University, Moscow, Russia.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Professional Football Club CSKA, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Emanov
- "Smart Recovery" Sports Medicine Clinic LLC, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Sport Science, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Maria Shoshorina
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Baranova
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina Volodina
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Mancini A, Martone D, Vitucci D, Capobianco A, Alfieri A, Buono P, Orrù S. Influence of Sport Practice and Body Weight on Physical Fitness in Schoolchildren Living in the Campania Region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127412. [PMID: 35742659 PMCID: PMC9223406 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Physical fitness (PF) levels correlate with health hallmarks at all ages. In this study, w aimed to determine the PF level of schoolchildren from the Campania Region (Italy) through health-related PF (HRPF) components, taking into account body weight and sport practice (SP). Methods: PF level was determined in 565 schoolchildren aged 10−13 (11.7 ± 1.0 yrs; m: 353, f: 212) using some of the Eurofit battery tests. Results: 77% children practiced sport, boys more than girls (86% vs. 63%, respectively; p < 0.05). Boys performed better than girls (p < 0.05) in the Plate Tapping, Standing Broad Jump, Bent-Arm Hang, and 10 × 5 m Shuttle Run tests; girls performed better in the Sit-and-Reach Test (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Overweight/obese status negatively affects the muscular strength of lower limbs, even if it progressively improves during growth. SP was revealed to be a determinant in performance only in some PF tests, likely due to the heterogeneous training level among boys and girls who practice sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.); (D.V.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.B.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologia Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Martone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.); (D.V.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.B.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologia Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Vitucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.); (D.V.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.B.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologia Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Capobianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.); (D.V.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.B.)
| | - Andreina Alfieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.); (D.V.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.B.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologia Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.); (D.V.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.B.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologia Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.); (D.V.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.B.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologia Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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O'Bryan SM, Connor KR, Drummer DJ, Lavin KM, Bamman MM. Considerations for Sex-Cognizant Research in Exercise Biology and Medicine. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:903992. [PMID: 35721874 PMCID: PMC9204149 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.903992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the fields of kinesiology, exercise science, and human movement developed, the majority of the research focused on male physiology and extrapolated findings to females. In the medical sphere, basing practice on data developed in only males resulted in the removal of drugs from the market in the late 1990s due to severe side effects (some life-threatening) in females that were not observed in males. In response to substantial evidence demonstrating exercise-induced health benefits, exercise is often promoted as a key modality in disease prevention, management, and rehabilitation. However, much like the early days of drug development, a historical literature knowledge base of predominantly male studies may leave the exercise field vulnerable to overlooking potentially key biological differences in males and females that may be important to consider in prescribing exercise (e.g., how exercise responses may differ between sexes and whether there are optimal approaches to consider for females that differ from conventional approaches that are based on male physiology). Thus, this review will discuss anatomical, physiological, and skeletal muscle molecular differences that may contribute to sex differences in exercise responses, as well as clinical considerations based on this knowledge in athletic and general populations over the continuum of age. Finally, this review summarizes the current gaps in knowledge, highlights the areas ripe for future research, and considerations for sex-cognizant research in exercise fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia M. O'Bryan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kathleen R. Connor
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Devin J. Drummer
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kaleen M. Lavin
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcas M. Bamman
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Sember V, Jurak G, Starc G, Morrison SA. Can Primary School Mathematics Performance Be Predicted by Longitudinal Changes in Physical Fitness and Activity Indicators? Front Psychol 2022; 13:796838. [PMID: 35211065 PMCID: PMC8860831 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.796838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine to what extent physical fitness indicators and/or moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may account for final mathematics academic performance (APmath) awarded at the end of primary school. Methods School-aged youth were sampled in a repeated-measures, longitudinal design in Grade 6 (∼11 years), and again in Grade 9 (∼14 years). The youth (N = 231, 111 girls) completed a fitness test battery consisting of: flamingo balance test, standing long jump, backward obstacle course, plate tapping, sit ups, sit and reach, handgrip, and 20-m shuttle run. APmath scores were obtained for all children at the end of Grade 5, end of Grade 8, and end of Grade 9 (their final year of primary school). In a sub-sample of Grade 6 youth (N = 50, 29 girls), MVPA was measured objectively via SenseWear Pro Armbands (MVPAOB) for seven consecutive days, with measurements repeated in Grade 9. Results Math scores decreased from Grade 6 to 9 for both boys and girls (95%CI: −0.89 to −0.53, p < 0.001). MVPAOB was reduced by ∼45.7 min (−33%) from Grade 6 to 9 (p < 0.01). Significant main and interaction effects are noted for each fitness indicator (p < 0.05). A backward stepwise multiple regression analysis determined significant shared variance in final APmath grade to the change scores from Grade 6 to Grade 9 in: ΔAPmath, Δbackward obstacle course, Δsit and reach, and Δsit-ups [R2 = 0.494, F(4,180) = 43.67, p < 0.0001]. A second regression was performed only for the youth who completed MVPAOB measurements. In this sub-sample, MVPAOB did not significantly contribute to the model. Conclusion Longitudinal changes in youth fitness and their delta change in APmath score accounted for 49.4% of the variance in the final math grade awarded at the end of Grade 9. Aerobic power, upper body strength, and muscular endurance share more common variance to final math grade in boys, whereas whole-body coordination was the more relevant index in girls; this finding suggests that future research exploring the relationship of AP and PF should not be limited to cardiorespiratory fitness, instead encompassing muscular and neuro-muscular components of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Pinto G, Militello R, Amoresano A, Modesti PA, Modesti A, Luti S. Relationships between Sex and Adaptation to Physical Exercise in Young Athletes: A Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020358. [PMID: 35206972 PMCID: PMC8871996 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the redox, hormonal, metabolic, and lipid profiles of female and male basketball players during the seasonal training period, compared to their relative sedentary controls. 20 basketball players (10 female and 10 male) and 20 sedentary controls (10 female and 10 male) were enrolled in the study. Oxidative stress, adiponectin level, and metabolic profile were determined. Male and female athletes showed an increased antioxidant capacity (27% for males; 21% for females) and lactate level (389% for males; 460% for females) and reduced salivary cortisol (25% for males; 51% for females) compared to the sedentary controls. Moreover, a peculiar metabolite (in particular, amino acids and urea), hormonal, and lipidic profile were highlighted in the two groups of athletes. Female and male adaptations to training have several common traits, such as antioxidant potential enhancement, lactate increase, and activation of detoxifying processes, such as the urea cycle and arachidonic pathways as a response to inflammation. Moreover, we found different lipid and amino acid utilization related to sex. Deeper investigation could help coaches in developing training programs based on the athletes’ sex in order to reduce the drop-out rate of sporting activity by girls and fight the gender stereotypes in sport that also have repercussions in social fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Pinto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
- INBB, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Consorzio Interuniversitario, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Militello
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
- INBB, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Consorzio Interuniversitario, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Amedeo Modesti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (A.M.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Nyhus Hagum C, Tønnessen E, A. I. Shalfawi S. Progression in training volume and perceived psychological and physiological training distress in Norwegian student athletes: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263575. [PMID: 35120187 PMCID: PMC8815906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined self-reported weekly training volume and perceived training distress in Norwegian student athletes according to gender, type of sport, school program, and school year. The Norwegian version of the Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS-N) was completed by 608 student athletes (M age = 17.29 ± .94). Univariate and multivariate techniques were used in data analyses. Results revealed significant differences in weekly training volume between sport types. No significant differences in weekly training volume were found for gender, school year, or school program. However, a multivariate effect was found for gender, with females perceiving higher levels of training distress than males. A multivariate interaction effect between school year and training volume was also observed. We recommend that practitioners use a conceptual framework to periodize training and monitor training distress in student athletes, particularly in females, to preserve physiological and psychological well-being and ensure a progressive training overload leading to positive performance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Nyhus Hagum
- Department of Education and Sports Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Espen Tønnessen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shaher A. I. Shalfawi
- Department of Education and Sports Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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Hallam LC, Amorim FT. Expanding the Gap: An Updated Look Into Sex Differences in Running Performance. Front Physiol 2022; 12:804149. [PMID: 35058806 PMCID: PMC8764368 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.804149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Males consistently outperform females in athletic endeavors, including running events of standard Olympic distances (100 m to Marathon). The magnitude of this percentage sex difference, i.e., the sex gap, has evolved over time. Two clear trends in sex gap evolution are evident; a narrowing of the gap during the 20th century, followed by a period of stability thereafter. However, an updated perspective on the average sex gap from top 20 athlete performances over the past two decades reveals nuanced trends over time, indicating the sex gap is not fixed. Additionally, the sex gap varies with performance level; the difference in absolute running performance between males and females is lowest for world record/world lead performances and increases in lower-ranked elite athletes. This observation of an increased sex gap with world rank is evident in events 400 m and longer and indicates a lower depth in female competitive standards. Explanations for the sex difference in absolute performance and competition depth include physical (physiological, anatomical, neuromuscular, biomechanical), sociocultural, psychological, and sport-specific factors. It is apparent that females are the disadvantaged sex in sport; therefore, measures should be taken to reduce this discrepancy and enable both sexes to reach their biological performance potential. There is scope to narrow the sex performance gap by addressing inequalities between the sexes in opportunities, provisions, incentives, attitudes/perceptions, research, and media representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia C Hallam
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Fabiano T Amorim
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Koopmann T, Lath F, Büsch D, Schorer J. Predictive Value of Technical Throwing Skills on Nomination Status in Youth and Long-Term Career Attainment in Handball. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:6. [PMID: 35029778 PMCID: PMC8760367 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on talent in sports aims to identify predictors of future performance. This study retrospectively investigated 1) relationships between young handball field players' technical throwing skills and (a) their potential nomination to youth national teams and (b) their long-term career attainment 10 years later, and 2) associations between nomination status and career attainment. RESULTS Results from retrospectively predicting nomination status and career attainment using logistic regression analyses show that technical throwing skills were partly able to explain players' nomination status (Nagelkerke R2: females 9.2%, males 13.1%) and career attainment (Nagelkerke R2: 9.8% for female players). Here, variables throwing velocity and time on exercise showed statistically significant effects. In addition, nomination status and career attainment were shown to be associated using chi-square tests (w of .37 and .23 for female and male players, respectively) and nomination status as a predictor increased the prediction of career attainment remarkably (Nagelkerke R2: females 20.3%, males 12.7%). CONCLUSIONS Given these results, basic technical throwing skills may serve rather as a prerequisite in this age group on national level, emphasizing its importance already on lower levels and in younger age groups. Furthermore, advantages from entering the national TID system early especially for females are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Koopmann
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Lath
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Büsch
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schorer
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Albaladejo-Saura M, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, García-Roca JA, Esparza-Ros F. The Effect of Age, Biological Maturation and Birth Quartile in the Kinanthropometric and Physical Fitness Differences between Male and Female Adolescent Volleyball Players. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9010058. [PMID: 35053683 PMCID: PMC8774601 DOI: 10.3390/children9010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in kinanthropometric and physical fitness performance between boys and girls usually start during adolescence, as a result of the changes in the hormonal environment that occur with the advance of age and biological maturation; Methods: A total of 96 1st Regional Division players adolescent volleyball players, 48 males, (age = 14.17 ± 1.00 years-old) and 48 females (age = 14.41 ± 1.21 years-old) underwent a kinanthropometric assessment, were asked to perform different physical fitness test and to complete a questionnaire. Chronological age, maturity offset, age at peak height velocity (APHV), and birth quartile were calculated; Results: Statistical differences were observed between male and female players in the APHV (p < 0.001). Male players showed higher values in the bone and muscle-related variables (p < 0.001-0.040), as well as in the strength and power production-related physical tests (p < 0.001-0.012), while the female showed higher values in the fat-related variables (p = 0.003-0.013), and performed better in the flexibility tests. Age, maturity offset, and birth quartile showed to have statistical influence in the differences found between sex groups; Conclusions: There is a clear influence of age and biological maturation on the differences found between sexes in adolescent volleyball players that could be taken into account regarding grouping in early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Albaladejo-Saura
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM, Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain; (M.A.-S.); (F.E.-R.)
| | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM, Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain; (M.A.-S.); (F.E.-R.)
- Faculty of Sport Science, UCAM, Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Francisco Esparza-Ros
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM, Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain; (M.A.-S.); (F.E.-R.)
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