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De-La-Borda-Prazak G, Mendez-Guerra C, Huertas-Campos F, Herrera-Añazco P, Benites-Zapata VA. Ethnicity and refractive errors in Peruvian children aged 7-11 years: A five-year analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2024; 17:100486. [PMID: 38713932 PMCID: PMC11091506 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2023.100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between ethnicity and self-reported refractive errors (REs) among Peruvian children aged 7-11 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study incorporating a secondary data analysis of 2017-2021 data from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). REs and ethnicity were obtained from focal child's mother's report. Four outcomes were assessed: hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism and any RE. We included potential confounders, such as age, sex, wealth index, area of residence, region of origin, frequency of watching TV and watching screens at less than 30 cm distance. Generalised linear models with the Poisson family and log link function were used to calculate crude prevalence ratio and adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS Data from a total of 52,753 children were included. The prevalence of RE in children aged 7-11 years was 10.90% (95% CI 10.49-11.33), of which 5.19% were hyperopia, 3.35% myopia and 2.36% astigmatism. Those of the Aymara ethnicity were less likely to suffer from any RE and astigmatism (aPR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.46-0.99, p = 0.046; aPR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.53-0.92, p = 0.012, respectively), Members of Amazon groups were more likely to have hyperopia (aPR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.14-3.36, p = 0.015) and Quechuas were more likely to have myopia (aPR =1.29, 95% CI 1.02-1.62, p = 0.028), where all were compared to Mestizos. CONCLUSION About 1 in 10 Peruvian children suffer from a RE. The most frequent RE in this study was hyperopia. Ethnic differences were seen in the frequency of RE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vicente A Benites-Zapata
- Unidad de Investigación para la Generación de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru.
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Musolf AM, Haarman AEG, Luben RN, Ong JS, Patasova K, Trapero RH, Marsh J, Jain I, Jain R, Wang PZ, Lewis DD, Tedja MS, Iglesias AI, Li H, Cowan CS, Biino G, Klein AP, Duggal P, Mackey DA, Hayward C, Haller T, Metspalu A, Wedenoja J, Pärssinen O, Cheng CY, Saw SM, Stambolian D, Hysi PG, Khawaja AP, Vitart V, Hammond CJ, van Duijn CM, Verhoeven VJM, Klaver CCW, Bailey-Wilson JE. Rare variant analyses across multiethnic cohorts identify novel genes for refractive error. Commun Biol 2023; 6:6. [PMID: 36596879 PMCID: PMC9810640 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive error, measured here as mean spherical equivalent (SER), is a complex eye condition caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Individuals with strong positive or negative values of SER require spectacles or other approaches for vision correction. Common genetic risk factors have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but a great part of the refractive error heritability is still missing. Some of this heritability may be explained by rare variants (minor allele frequency [MAF] ≤ 0.01.). We performed multiple gene-based association tests of mean Spherical Equivalent with rare variants in exome array data from the Consortium for Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM). The dataset consisted of over 27,000 total subjects from five cohorts of Indo-European and Eastern Asian ethnicity. We identified 129 unique genes associated with refractive error, many of which were replicated in multiple cohorts. Our best novel candidates included the retina expressed PDCD6IP, the circadian rhythm gene PER3, and P4HTM, which affects eye morphology. Future work will include functional studies and validation. Identification of genes contributing to refractive error and future understanding of their function may lead to better treatment and prevention of refractive errors, which themselves are important risk factors for various blinding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Annechien E G Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Luben
- MRC Epidemiology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Jue-Sheng Ong
- Statistical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karina Patasova
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rolando Hernandez Trapero
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joseph Marsh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ishika Jain
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Riya Jain
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul Zhiping Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deyana D Lewis
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milly S Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana I Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hengtong Li
- Data Science Unit, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cameron S Cowan
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alison P Klein
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- The Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Myopia Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- MRC Epidemiology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Virginie J M Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Bai Y, Qu A, Liu Y, Chen X, Wang J, Zhao J, Ke Q, Chen L, Chi H, Gong H, Zhou T, Xu P. Integrative analysis of GWAS and transcriptome reveals p53 signaling pathway mediates resistance to visceral white-nodules disease in large yellow croaker. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:350-358. [PMID: 36150409 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Visceral white-nodules disease (VWND), caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality in large yellow croaker aquaculture. Host disease resistance is a heritable trait that involves complex regulatory processes. However, the regulatory mechanism of bacterial resistance in large yellow croaker is still unclear. This study attempted to systematically evaluate the major genetic loci and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms associated with the resistance to VWND in large yellow croaker by crossover method studies. A large population of large yellow croaker was challenged with P. plecoglossicida, with survival time recorded and samples were taken for genotyping. Meanwhile, spleen samples that were used for RNA-seq to compare their transcriptomic profiles before and after infection were taken from resistant populations (RS) and susceptible control populations (CS) bred using the genomic selection (GS) technique. Genome-wide association analyses using 46 K imputed SNP genotypes highlighted that resistance is a polygenic trait. The integrative analysis results show the co-localization of the cd82a gene between disease resistance-related genetic loci and comparative transcriptional analysis. And functional enrichment analysis showed differential enrichment of the p53 signaling pathway in RS and CS groups, suggesting that there may be cd82a-mediated p53 signaling pathway activation for VWND resistance. This large-scale study provides further evidence for the heritability and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of host inheritance of VWND resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Bai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ang Qu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xintong Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ji Zhao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qiaozhen Ke
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Limited, Ningde, 352130, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hongshu Chi
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Limited, Ningde, 352130, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Limited, Ningde, 352130, China.
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Kunceviciene E, Muskieta T, Sriubiene M, Liutkeviciene R, Smalinskiene A, Grabauskyte I, Insodaite R, Juoceviciute D, Kucinskas L. Association of CX36 Protein Encoding Gene GJD2 with Refractive Errors. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071166. [PMID: 35885949 PMCID: PMC9319995 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the associations of GJD2 (rs634990, rs524952) and RASGRF1 (rs8027411, rs4778879, rs28412916) gene polymorphisms with refractive errors. Methods: The study included 373 subjects with refractive errors (48 myopia, 239 myopia with astigmatism, 14 hyperopia, and 72 hyperopia with astigmatism patients) and 104 ophthalmologically healthy subjects in the control group. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was chosen for genotyping. Statistical calculations and analysis of results were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 27 software. Results: The correlations in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs were higher compared to DZ pairs, indicating genetic effects on hyperopia and astigmatism. The heritability (h2) of hyperopia and astigmatism was 0.654 for the right eye and 0.492 for the left eye. The GJD2 rs634990 TT genotype increased the incidence of hyperopia with astigmatism by 2.4-fold and the CT genotype decreased the incidence of hyperopia with astigmatism by 0.51-fold (p < 0.05). The GJD2 rs524952 AT genotype reduced the incidence of hyperopia with astigmatism by 0.53-fold (p < 0.05). Haplotype analysis of SNPs in the GJD2 gene revealed two statistically significant haplotypes: ACTAGG for rs634990 and TTTAGA for rs524952, which statistically significantly reduced the incidence of hyperopia and hyperopia with astigmatism by 0.41-fold (95% CI: 0.220−0.765) and 0.383-fold (95% CI: 0.199−0.737), respectively (p < 0.05). It was also found that, in the presence of haplotypes ACTAGG for rs634990 and TATAGA for rs524952, the possibility of hyperopia was reduced by 0.4-fold (p < 0.05). Conclusions: the heritability of hyperopia and hyperopia with astigmatism was 0.654−0.492, according to different eyes in patients between 20 and 40 years. The GJD2 rs634990 was identified as an SNP, which has significant associations with the co-occurrence of hyperopia and astigmatism. Patients with the GJD2 gene rs634990 TT genotype were found to have a 2.4-fold higher risk of develop hyperopia with astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Kunceviciene
- Institute of Biology Systems and Genetic Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (R.I.); (D.J.); (L.K.)
- The Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu 17, 50157 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomas Muskieta
- Institute of Biology Systems and Genetic Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (R.I.); (D.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Margarita Sriubiene
- Institute of Biology Systems and Genetic Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (R.I.); (D.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alina Smalinskiene
- Institute of Biology Systems and Genetic Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (R.I.); (D.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Ingrida Grabauskyte
- Department of Physics, Mathematics and Biophysics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Ruta Insodaite
- Institute of Biology Systems and Genetic Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (R.I.); (D.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Dovile Juoceviciute
- Institute of Biology Systems and Genetic Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (R.I.); (D.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Laimutis Kucinskas
- Institute of Biology Systems and Genetic Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (R.I.); (D.J.); (L.K.)
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Wei S, Sun Y, Li SM, Hu JP, Cao K, An W, Guo JY, Li H, Wang N. Effect of body stature on refraction and ocular biometry in Chinese young adults: The Anyang University Students Eye Study. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 104:201-206. [PMID: 32869355 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Large-scale data on the association between body stature with biometry parameters and refraction in young adults facilitates an understanding of myopia development. Taller persons have eyes with more negative refractions, longer axial lengths, deeper anterior chambers, flatter corneas, and higher axial length-corneal radius ratio. BACKGROUND To determine the relationship between body stature with ocular biometry and refraction in young adults. METHODS This was a cross-sectional university-based study of 16- to 26-year-old students in China. Cycloplegic refraction and corneal curvature were measured using an autorefractor. Ocular parameters, including axial length, anterior chamber depth and lens thickness, were measured using a Lenstar LS900. Data on height and weight were acquired from an annual standardised physical examination and body mass index was calculated. RESULTS Of 7,971 participants examined in the school clinics, 5,657 (71.0 per cent) were available in the analysis. After adjusting for age, gender, parental myopia, time outdoors, near work and weight, each centimetre of height increase was associated with more negative refraction of -0.023-D, a 0.032-mm increase in axial length, a 0.003-mm increase in anterior chamber depth, a 0.008-mm increase in corneal curvature, and a 0.001 increase in axial length-corneal radius ratio. With regard to weight, a 1-kg heavier person was more likely to have less negative refraction of 0.011-D, a 0.001-mm increase in anterior chamber depth and a 0.002-mm increase in corneal curvature. A similar pattern of significant associations was also found in body mass index. CONCLUSION Taller, young adults tended to have longer eyes, deeper anterior chambers, flatter corneas, higher axial length-corneal radius ratio, and more negative refraction, adjusted for potential confounders. In contrast, heavier and higher body mass index persons are more hyperopic. The differences in stature may partially explain the variation in refraction and ocular biometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifei Wei
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Sun
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming Li
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Hu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Cao
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzai An
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - He Li
- Anyang Eye Hospital, Anyang, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Haarman AEG, Enthoven CA, Tedja MS, Polling JR, Tideman JWL, Keunen JEE, Boon CJF, Felix JF, Raat H, Geerards AJM, Luyten GPM, van Rijn GA, Verhoeven VJM, Klaver CCW. Phenotypic Consequences of the GJD2 Risk Genotype in Myopia Development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:16. [PMID: 34406332 PMCID: PMC8375003 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the relatively high effect of the refractive error gene GJD2 in human myopia, and to assess its relationship with refractive error, ocular biometry and lifestyle in various age groups. Methods The population-based Rotterdam Study (RS), high myopia case-control study MYopia STudy, and the birth-cohort study Generation R were included in this study. Spherical equivalent (SER), axial length (AL), axial length/corneal radius (AL/CR), vitreous depth (VD), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured using standard ophthalmologic procedures. Biometric measurements were compared between GJD2 (rs524952) genotype groups; education and environmental risk score (ERS) were calculated to estimate gene-environment interaction effects, using the Synergy index (SI). Results RS adults carrying two risk alleles had a lower SER and longer AL, ACD and VD (AA versus TT, 0.23D vs. 0.70D; 23.79 mm vs. 23.52 mm; 2.72 mm vs. 2.65 mm; 16.12 mm vs. 15.87 mm; all P < 0.001). Children carrying two risk alleles had larger AL/CR at ages 6 and 9 years (2.88 vs. 2.87 and 3.00 vs. 2.96; all P < 0.001). Education and ERS both negatively influenced myopia and the biometric outcomes, but gene-environment interactions did not reach statistical significance (SI 1.25 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.85-1.85] and 1.17 [95% CI, 0.55-2.50] in adults and children). Conclusions The elongation of the eye caused by the GJD2 risk genotype follows a dose-response pattern already visible at the age of 6 years. These early effects are an example of how a common myopia gene may drive myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annechien E G Haarman
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clair A Enthoven
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Center, the Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milly S Tedja
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan R Polling
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Optometry and Orthoptics, Hogeschool Utrecht, University of Applied Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Willem L Tideman
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan E E Keunen
- University Medical Center St Radboud, Department of Ophthalmology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine F Felix
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Center, the Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Raat
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Department of Public Health, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gwyneth A van Rijn
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie J M Verhoeven
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center St Radboud, Department of Ophthalmology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
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Simpson CL, Musolf AM, Cordero RY, Cordero JB, Portas L, Murgia F, Lewis DD, Middlebrooks CD, Ciner EB, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D. Myopia in African Americans Is Significantly Linked to Chromosome 7p15.2-14.2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:16. [PMID: 34241624 PMCID: PMC8287048 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to perform genetic linkage analysis and association analysis on exome genotyping from highly aggregated African American families with nonpathogenic myopia. African Americans are a particularly understudied population with respect to myopia. Methods One hundred six African American families from the Philadelphia area with a family history of myopia were genotyped using an Illumina ExomePlus array and merged with previous microsatellite data. Myopia was initially measured in mean spherical equivalent (MSE) and converted to a binary phenotype where individuals were identified as affected, unaffected, or unknown. Parametric linkage analysis was performed on both individual variants (single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] and microsatellites) as well as gene-based markers. Family-based association analysis and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis modified for rare variants was also performed. Results Genetic linkage analysis identified 2 genomewide significant variants at 7p15.2 and 7p14.2 (in the intergenic region between MIR148A and NFE2L3 and in the noncoding RNA LOC401324) and 2 genomewide significant genes (CRHR2 and AVL9) both at 7p14.3. No genomewide results were found in the association analyses. Conclusions This study identified a significant linkage peak in African American families for myopia at 7p15.2 to 7p14.2, the first potential risk locus for myopia in African Americans. Interesting candidate genes are located in the region, including PDE1C, which is highly expressed in the eyes, and known to be involved in retinal development. Further identification of the causal variants at this linkage peak will help elucidate the genetics of myopia in this understudied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Simpson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Anthony M. Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Roberto Y. Cordero
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jennifer B. Cordero
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Laura Portas
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Federico Murgia
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Deyana D. Lewis
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Candace D. Middlebrooks
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Elise B. Ciner
- The Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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8
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Ramamurthy D, Lin chua SY, Saw S. A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 98:497-506. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dharani Ramamurthy
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore,
| | | | - Seang‐mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore,
- Myopia Unit, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore,
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9
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Diress M, Yeshaw Y, Bantihun M, Dagnew B, Ambelu A, Seid MA, Akalu Y. Refractive error and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care unit at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246174. [PMID: 33577552 PMCID: PMC7880455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Refractive error is one of the commonly encountered problems during pregnancy and being the cause of deleterious effects on health. Despite its impacts, there is no evidence on the magnitude and associated factors of refractive error among pregnant women in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of refractive error and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care unit at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was employed. An ocular examination was performed using Retinoscope and Snellen’s illiterate “E” chart. The required data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire which comprised socio-demographic, clinical and pregnancy-related variables. EpiData 3.02 and STATA 14 were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Both bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were executed to identify factors associated with refractive error. Variables with a p-value ≤ 0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis were declared as significantly associated factors with refractive error. Results A total of 401 pregnant women with a median age of 27 (IQR = 24–31) years participated in this study. The overall prevalence of refractive error among the study participants was 35.66% (95% CI: 30.95–40.37). Of the total study participants, ninety-two (22.90%) of them were myopic, forty-five (11.22%) were hyperopic and the rest were antimetropic. Increased maternal age (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.16–1.48)), increased parity (AOR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.92–5.25), increased gestational age (AOR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.08–1.22), and regular use of computers/ watching television (AOR = 6.19, 95% CI: 2.46–15.59) were significantly associated with refractive error. Conclusion The prevalence of refractive error among pregnant women was high where myopia was the most common variety. Advanced maternal age, increased gestational age, increased parity and regular use of computer or watching television were significantly associated with refractive error among pregnant women. Therefore, apart from providing other maternal health services, routine screening and evaluation of pregnant women for refractive error during antenatal care visit is recommended to avoid its negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistie Diress
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yigizie Yeshaw
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Minychil Bantihun
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Baye Dagnew
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adugnaw Ambelu
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Abdu Seid
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Akalu
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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10
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Zhan X, Zhu ZC, Sun SQ, Wen YC. Dynamic changes of activator protein 1 and collagen I expression in the sclera of myopia guinea pigs. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1272-1276. [PMID: 31456916 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.08.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the dynamic changes of activator protein 1 (AP1) and collagen I expression in the sclera of form-deprivation myopic model in guinea pigs. METHODS A form-deprivation myopic model in guinea pigs were established with the left eye covered for 2 to 6wk (FDM group). Normal control group (n=25) were untreated. Changes in refractive power and axial length (AL) were measured and recorded at different time points. Expressions of AP1 and collagen 1 of the sclera were measured with Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The relationship between AP1 and collagen I levels was analyzed. RESULTS After 0, 2, 4, 6wk, and 4/-1wk of form-deprivation, the diopter in the FDM group was gradually changed (2.08±0.31, -1.23±0.68, -4.17±0.58, -7.07±0.55, and -2.67±0.59 D, respectively, P<0.05), and the AL was gradually increased (5.90±0.38, 6.62±0.37, 7.30±0.35, 7.99±0.31, and 6.97±0.32 mm, respectively, P<0.05). With the prolongation of covered time, the protein expressions of AP1 and collagen I in the FDM group were gradually down-regulated (all P<0.05); the mRNA expressions of them were also gradually down-regulated (all P<0.05); and there was positive correlation between them. The control group had no obvious change in each index (all P>0.05). CONCLUSION AP1 may be an important transcription factor involved in the regulation of collagen I synthesis and degradation during myopic scleral remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zi-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Si-Qin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yue-Chun Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
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11
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Sanz Diez P, Yang LH, Lu MX, Wahl S, Ohlendorf A. Growth curves of myopia-related parameters to clinically monitor the refractive development in Chinese schoolchildren. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:1045-1053. [PMID: 30903312 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To produce a clinical model for the prediction of myopia development based on the creation of percentile curves of axial length in school-aged children from Wuhan in central China. METHODS Data of 12,554 children (6054 girls and 6500 boys) were collected and analyzed for the generation of the axial length growth curves. A second data set with 226 children and three yearly successive measurements was used to verify the predictive power of the axial length growth percentile curves. Percentile curves were calculated for both gender groups and four age groups (6, 9, 12, and 15 years). The second data set was used to verify the efficacy of identifying the refractive error of the children using the axial length curves, based on their spherical refractive error from the third visit. RESULTS From 6 to 15 years of age, all percentiles showed a growth trend in axial length, except for the percentiles below the first quartile, which appear to stabilize after the age of 12 (- 0.10; 95%CI, - 0.36-0.16; P = 0.23 for girls; - 0.16; 95%CI, - 0.70-0.39; P = 0.34 for boys); however, the growth continued for the remaining 75% of cases. The second data set showed that the likelihood of suffering high myopia (spherical refractive error ≤- 5.00D) during adolescent years increased when axial length values were above the first quartile, for both genders. CONCLUSIONS The data from the current study provide a tool to observe the annual growth rates of axial length and can be considered as an approach to predict the refractive development at school ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanz Diez
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology and Innovation, Turnstraße 27, 73430, Aalen, Germany. .,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Wuhan Center for Adolescent Poor Vision Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Mei-Xia Lu
- Wuhan Commission of Experts for the Prevention and Control of Adolescent Poor Vision, Wuhan, 430015, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology and Innovation, Turnstraße 27, 73430, Aalen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Arne Ohlendorf
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology and Innovation, Turnstraße 27, 73430, Aalen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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12
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Musolf AM, Simpson CL, Alexander TA, Portas L, Murgia F, Ciner EB, Stambolian D, Bailey-Wilson JE. Genome-wide scans of myopia in Pennsylvania Amish families reveal significant linkage to 12q15, 8q21.3 and 5p15.33. Hum Genet 2019; 138:339-354. [PMID: 30826882 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is one of the most common ocular disorders in the world, yet the genetic etiology of the disease remains poorly understood. Specialized founder populations, such as the Pennsylvania Amish, provide the opportunity to utilize exclusive genomic architecture, like unique haplotypes, to better understand the genetic causes of myopia. We perform genetic linkage analysis on Pennsylvania Amish families that have a strong familial history of myopia to map any potential causal variants and genes for the disease. 293 individuals from 25 extended families were genotyped on the Illumina ExomePlus array and merged with previous microsatellite data. We coded myopia affection as a binary phenotype; myopia was defined as having a mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of less than or equal to - 1 D (diopters). Two-point and multipoint parametric linkage analyses were performed under an autosomal dominant model. When allowing for locus heterogeneity, we identified two novel genome-wide significantly linked variants at 12q15 (heterogeneity LOD, HLOD = 3.77) in PTPRB and at 8q21.3 (HLOD = 3.35) in CNGB3. We identified further three genome-wide significant variants within a single family. These three variants were located in exons of SLC6A18 at 5p15.33 (LODs ranged from 3.51 to 3.37). Multipoint analysis confirmed the significant signal at 5p15.33 with six genome-wide significant variants (LODs ranged from 3.6 to 3.3). Further suggestive evidence of linkage was observed in several other regions of the genome. All three novel linked regions contain strong candidate genes, especially CNGB3 on 8q21.3, which has been shown to affect photoreceptors and cause complete color blindness. Whole genome sequencing on these regions is planned to conclusively elucidate the causal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Claire L Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.,Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theresa A Alexander
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Laura Portas
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Federico Murgia
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Elise B Ciner
- The Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Elkins Park, PA, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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13
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Tedja MS, Haarman AEG, Meester-Smoor MA, Kaprio J, Mackey DA, Guggenheim JA, Hammond CJ, Verhoeven VJM, Klaver CCW. IMI - Myopia Genetics Report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:M89-M105. [PMID: 30817828 PMCID: PMC6892384 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge on the genetic background of refractive error and myopia has expanded dramatically in the past few years. This white paper aims to provide a concise summary of current genetic findings and defines the direction where development is needed. We performed an extensive literature search and conducted informal discussions with key stakeholders. Specific topics reviewed included common refractive error, any and high myopia, and myopia related to syndromes. To date, almost 200 genetic loci have been identified for refractive error and myopia, and risk variants mostly carry low risk but are highly prevalent in the general population. Several genes for secondary syndromic myopia overlap with those for common myopia. Polygenic risk scores show overrepresentation of high myopia in the higher deciles of risk. Annotated genes have a wide variety of functions, and all retinal layers appear to be sites of expression. The current genetic findings offer a world of new molecules involved in myopiagenesis. As the missing heritability is still large, further genetic advances are needed. This Committee recommends expanding large-scale, in-depth genetic studies using complementary big data analytics, consideration of gene-environment effects by thorough measurement of environmental exposures, and focus on subgroups with extreme phenotypes and high familial occurrence. Functional characterization of associated variants is simultaneously needed to bridge the knowledge gap between sequence variance and consequence for eye growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milly S. Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annechien E. G. Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - for the CREAM Consortium
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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14
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Simpson CL, Musolf AM, Li Q, Portas L, Murgia F, Cordero RY, Cordero JB, Moiz BA, Holzinger ER, Middlebrooks CD, Lewis DD, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D. Exome genotyping and linkage analysis identifies two novel linked regions and replicates two others for myopia in Ashkenazi Jewish families. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:27. [PMID: 30704416 PMCID: PMC6357511 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is one of most common eye diseases in the world and affects 1 in 4 Americans. It is a complex disease caused by both environmental and genetics effects; the genetics effects are still not well understood. In this study, we performed genetic linkage analyses on Ashkenazi Jewish families with a strong familial history of myopia to elucidate any potential causal genes. METHODS Sixty-four extended Ashkenazi Jewish families were previously collected from New Jersey. Genotypes from the Illumina ExomePlus array were merged with prior microsatellite linkage data from these families. Additional custom markers were added for candidate regions reported in literature for myopia or refractive error. Myopia was defined as mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of -1D or worse and parametric two-point linkage analyses (using TwoPointLods) and multi-point linkage analyses (using SimWalk2) were performed as well as collapsed haplotype pattern (CHP) analysis in SEQLinkage and association analyses performed with FBAT and rv-TDT. RESULTS Strongest evidence of linkage was on 1p36(two-point LOD = 4.47) a region previously linked to refractive error (MYP14) but not myopia. Another genome-wide significant locus was found on 8q24.22 with a maximum two-point LOD score of 3.75. CHP analysis also detected the signal on 1p36, localized to the LINC00339 gene with a maximum HLOD of 3.47, as well as genome-wide significant signals on 7q36.1 and 11p15, which overlaps with the MYP7 locus. CONCLUSIONS We identified 2 novel linkage peaks for myopia on chromosomes 7 and 8 in these Ashkenazi Jewish families and replicated 2 more loci on chromosomes 1 and 11, one previously reported in refractive error but not myopia in these families and the other locus previously reported in the literature. Strong candidate genes have been identified within these linkage peaks in our families. Targeted sequencing in these regions will be necessary to definitively identify causal variants under these linkage peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Simpson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Room 417, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Anthony M Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Laura Portas
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Federico Murgia
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Roberto Y Cordero
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Room 417, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jennifer B Cordero
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Room 417, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Bilal A Moiz
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Emily R Holzinger
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Candace D Middlebrooks
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Deyana D Lewis
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Rm. 313, Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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15
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Molecular genetic aspects of complicated myopia pathogenesis. OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.17816/ov11348-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Complicated myopia (CM) is not only a refractive error but a complex, multifactorial disorder characterized by a mismatch between the optical power of the eye and the axial length that causes the image to be focused off the retina. Genetic factors in progressive myopia play a key role in determining the impact of ecologic factors on refraction development. The majority of genetic variants underlying CM are characterized by modest effect and/or low frequency, which makes them difficult to identify using classic genetic approaches. The genes identified to date account for less than 10% of all myopia cases, suggesting the existence of a large number of yet unidentified low-frequency and/or small-effect variants, which underlie the majority of myopia cases. Genome analysis revealed dozens of loci associated with non-syndromic myopia, and showed that refractive errors are associated with mutations in genes that are involved in the growth and development of the eye by regulating ion transport, neurotransmission, remodeling of extracellular matrix of the retina and other ocular structures. Genetic study of refractive error provides a unique opportunity to detect key molecules that may play important roles in the development of refractive error. Identifying the molecular basis of refractive error helps to understand mechanisms, and subsequently to design rational therapeutic intervention for this condition.
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16
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The Coherence Problem: Finding Meaning in GWAS Complexity. Behav Genet 2018; 49:187-195. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-018-9935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Frequent mutations of RetNet genes in eoHM: Further confirmation in 325 probands and comparison with late-onset high myopia based on exome sequencing. Exp Eye Res 2018; 171:76-91. [PMID: 29453956 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, potential pathological mutations of RetNet genes were detected in 23.8% (71/298) of probands with early-onset high myopia (eoHM), based on whole exome sequencing (WES). The current study aimed to confirm this finding in an additional 325 probands with eoHM and to clarify its specificity by comparison of 195 probands with late-onset high myopia (loHM). Variants in the 234 RetNet genes were selected from whole-exome sequencing data and were filtered using multistep bioinformatics analyses. Potential pathological variants in 33 genes were detected in 76 of 325 (23.4%) probands with eoHM and 14 of 195 (7.2%) probands with loHM. Thirty-five of the 76 (46.1%) probands with eoHM had mutations in COL2A1, COL11A1, RPGR, and CACNAIF, while only 2/14 (14.3%) probands with eoHM were detected. The mutation frequency and spectrum of RetNet genes in the 325 probands with eoHM were similar to our previous study but were significantly different in 195 probands with loHM (P = 2 × 10-6 and 0.04). Data from eoHM and loHM strongly suggest that a significant proportion of eoHM is caused by mutations in RetNet genes. These results also provide initial genetic evidence that eoHM is different from loHM. The presence of mutations in 7.2% probands with loHM raises questions about pathogenicity and the variable manifestation of some mutations. The functional studies of the mutations in question and more extensive investigations of related phenotypes in the mutation carriers and their family members may provide valuable information to address these questions.
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Musolf AM, Simpson CL, Long KA, Moiz BA, Lewis DD, Middlebrooks CD, Portas L, Murgia F, Ciner EB, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D. Myopia in Chinese families shows linkage to 10q26.13. Mol Vis 2018; 24:29-42. [PMID: 29383007 PMCID: PMC5767476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine genetic linkage between myopia and Han Chinese patients with a family history of the disease. Methods One hundred seventy-six Han Chinese patients from 34 extended families were given eye examinations, and mean spherical equivalent (MSE) in diopters (D) was calculated by adding the spherical component of the refraction to one-half the cylindrical component and taking the average of both eyes. The MSE was converted to a binary phenotype, where all patients with an MSE of -1.00 D or less were coded as affected. Unaffected individuals had an MSE greater than 0.00 D (ages 21 years and up), +1.50 (ages 11-20), or +2.00 D (ages 6-10 years). Individuals between the given upper threshold and -1.00 were coded as unknown. Patients were genotyped on an exome chip. Three types of linkage analyses were performed: single-variant two-point, multipoint, and collapsed haplotype pattern (CHP) variant two-point. Results The CHP variant two-point results identified a significant peak (heterogeneity logarithm of the odds [HLOD] = 3.73) at 10q26.13 in TACC2. The single-variant two-point and multipoint analyses showed highly suggestive linkage to the same region. The single-variant two-point results identified 25 suggestive variants at HTRA1, also at 10q26.13. Conclusions We report a significant genetic linkage between myopia and Han Chinese patients at 10q26.13. 10q26.13 contains several good candidate genes, such as TACC2 and the known age-related macular degeneration gene HTRA1. Targeted sequencing of the region is planned to identify the causal variant(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Claire L. Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Kyle A. Long
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bilal A. Moiz
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Deyana D. Lewis
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Candace D. Middlebrooks
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics, CNR, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
| | - Federico Murgia
- Institute of Population Genetics, CNR, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elise B. Ciner
- The Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Elkins Park, PA
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Hendriks M, Verhoeven VJ, Buitendijk GH, Polling JR, Meester-Smoor MA, Hofman A, Kamermans M, Ingeborgh van den Born L, Klaver CC, van Huet RA, Klevering BJ, Bax NM, Lambertus S, Klaver CC, Hoyng CB, Oomen CJ, van Zelst-Stams WA, Cremers FP, Plomp AS, van Schooneveld MJ, van Genderen MM, Schuil J, Boonstra FN, Schlingemann RO, Bergen AA, Pierrache L, Meester-Smoor M, van den Born LI, Boon CJ, Pott JW, van Leeuwen R, Kroes HY, de Jong-Hesse Y. Development of Refractive Errors-What Can We Learn From Inherited Retinal Dystrophies? Am J Ophthalmol 2017; 182:81-89. [PMID: 28751151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is unknown which retinal cells are involved in the retina-to-sclera signaling cascade causing myopia. As inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) are characterized by dysfunction of a single retinal cell type and have a high risk of refractive errors, a study investigating the affected cell type, causal gene, and refractive error in IRDs may provide insight herein. DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Study Population: Total of 302 patients with IRD from 2 ophthalmogenetic centers in the Netherlands. Reference Population: Population-based Rotterdam Study-III and Erasmus Rucphen Family Study (N = 5550). Distributions and mean spherical equivalent (SE) were calculated for main affected cell type and causal gene; and risks of myopia and hyperopia were evaluated using logistic regression. RESULTS Bipolar cell-related dystrophies were associated with the highest risk of SE high myopia 239.7; odds ratio (OR) mild hyperopia 263.2, both P < .0001; SE -6.86 diopters (D) (standard deviation [SD] 6.38), followed by cone-dominated dystrophies (OR high myopia 19.5, P < .0001; OR high hyperopia 10.7, P = .033; SE -3.10 D [SD 4.49]); rod dominated dystrophies (OR high myopia 10.1, P < .0001; OR high hyperopia 9.7, P = .001; SE -2.27 D [SD 4.65]), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-related dystrophies (OR low myopia 2.7; P = .001; OR high hyperopia 5.8; P = .025; SE -0.10 D [SD 3.09]). Mutations in RPGR (SE -7.63 D [SD 3.31]) and CACNA1F (SE -5.33 D [SD 3.10]) coincided with the highest degree of myopia and in CABP4 (SE 4.81 D [SD 0.35]) with the highest degree of hyperopia. CONCLUSIONS Refractive errors, in particular myopia, are common in IRD. The bipolar synapse and the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor may serve as critical sites for myopia development.
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Riddell N, Crewther SG. Novel evidence for complement system activation in chick myopia and hyperopia models: a meta-analysis of transcriptome datasets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9719. [PMID: 28852117 PMCID: PMC5574905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia (short-sightedness) and hyperopia (long-sightedness) occur when the eye grows too long or short, respectively, for its refractive power. There are currently approximately 1.45 billion myopes worldwide and prevalence is rising dramatically. Although high myopia significantly increases the risk of developing a range of sight-threatening disorders, the molecular mechanisms underlying ocular growth regulation and its relationship to these secondary complications remain poorly understood. Thus, this study meta-analyzed transcriptome datasets collected in the commonly used chick model of optically-induced refractive error. Fifteen datasets (collected across five previous studies) were obtained from GEO, preprocessed in Bioconductor, and divided into 4 conditions representing early (≤1 day) and late (>1 day) myopia and hyperopia induction. Differentially expressed genes in each condition were then identified using Rank Product meta-analysis. The results provide novel evidence for transcriptional activation of the complement system during both myopia and hyperopia induction, and confirm existing literature implicating cell signaling, mitochondrial, and structural processes in refractive error. Further comparisons demonstrated that the meta-analysis results also significantly improve concordance with broader omics data types (i.e., human genetic association and animal proteomics studies) relative to previous transcriptome studies, and show extensive similarities with the genes linked to age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, and cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Riddell
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
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21
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Kloss BA, Tompson SW, Whisenhunt KN, Quow KL, Huang SJ, Pavelec DM, Rosenberg T, Young TL. Exome Sequence Analysis of 14 Families With High Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1982-1990. [PMID: 28384719 PMCID: PMC5382835 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify causal gene mutations in 14 families with autosomal dominant (AD) high myopia using exome sequencing. Methods Select individuals from 14 large Caucasian families with high myopia were exome sequenced. Gene variants were filtered to identify potential pathogenic changes. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm variants in original DNA, and to test for disease cosegregation in additional family members. Candidate genes and chromosomal loci previously associated with myopic refractive error and its endophenotypes were comprehensively screened. Results In 14 high myopia families, we identified 73 rare and 31 novel gene variants as candidates for pathogenicity. In seven of these families, two of the novel and eight of the rare variants were within known myopia loci. A total of 104 heterozygous nonsynonymous rare variants in 104 genes were identified in 10 out of 14 probands. Each variant cosegregated with affection status. No rare variants were identified in genes known to cause myopia or in genes closest to published genome-wide association study association signals for refractive error or its endophenotypes. Conclusions Whole exome sequencing was performed to determine gene variants implicated in the pathogenesis of AD high myopia. This study provides new genes for consideration in the pathogenesis of high myopia, and may aid in the development of genetic profiling of those at greatest risk for attendant ocular morbidities of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Kloss
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart W Tompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kristina N Whisenhunt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Krystina L Quow
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Samuel J Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Derek M Pavelec
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Thomas Rosenberg
- The National Eye Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Kennedy Center, Glostrup, Denmark 5Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terri L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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22
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Different roles of retinal dopamine in albino Guinea pig myopia. Neurosci Lett 2017; 639:94-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wielkiewicz RM. Myopia is an Adaptive Characteristic of Vision: Not a Disease or Defect. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This article proposes that myopia (nearsightedness) is an adaptive characteristic of human vision. Most theories of the evolution of vision assume myopia is a disease or defect that would have resulted in decreased reproductive fitness in the absence of modern corrective lenses. In contrast, the present article argues that myopic individuals may have played important roles in hunter–gatherer groups such as making tools and weapons, and identifying medicinal plants, contributing to individual and group survival. This idea is called the “adaptive myopia hypothesis.” Evidence favoring this hypothesis is reviewed in the context of the metatheory of evolutionary psychology.
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Zhou L, Li T, Xing YQ, Li Y, Wu QS, Zhang MJ. Novel TRPM1 mutations in two Chinese families with early-onset high myopia, with or without complete congenital stationary night blindness. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1396-1402. [PMID: 27803854 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.10.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the relationship between high myopia [with or without complete congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1)] and TRPM1 and NYX. METHODS Two unrelated families with early-onset high myopia (eoHM) and 96 normal controls were recruited. Sanger sequencing or clone sequencing were used for mutation screening. Further analyses of the available family members and the 96 normal controls were subsequently conducted to obtain additional evidence of the pathogenicity of these variants. The initial diagnosis of the probands was eoHM. We performed a further comprehensive examination of the available family members after mutations were detected in TRPM1 or NYX. RESULTS Two novel compound heterozygous mutations in TRPM1 were detected in the recruited families. The proband in family A with eoHM carried a c.2594C>T missense mutation in exon 19 and a c.669+3_669+6delAAGT splicing mutation, which was co-segregated with CSNB1 in this family. A patient in family B with a compound heterozygous missense mutation (c.3262G>A and c.3250T>C) was detected. No mutations were found in NYX. These two identified compound heterozygous mutations were not found in the 96 normal controls. After further examination of the family members, the patients in family A could be diagnosed as eoHM with CSNB1. However due to the limited clinic data, the patient in family B cloud not clearly diagnosed as CSNB1. CONCLUSION This study has expanded the mutation spectrum of TRPM1 for CSNB1 and additional studies are needed to elucidate the association between isolated high myopia and TRPM1 and NYX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University, Enshi 445000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tuo Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University, Enshi 445000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yi-Qiao Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University, Enshi 445000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qing-Song Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University, Enshi 445000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mao-Ju Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University, Enshi 445000, Hubei Province, China
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Aghai G, Dibajnia P, Ashkesh E, Nazari M, Falavarjani KG. Behavior disorders in children with significant refractive errors. J Curr Ophthalmol 2016; 28:223-225. [PMID: 27830208 PMCID: PMC5093771 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the frequency of behavioral disorders in children with significant refractive error and to compare the results with those of emmetropic children. Methods In this prospective, comparative study from January to September 2013, refractive errors of all 5–12-year-old children who referred to a general eye clinic were recorded. A validated Persian version of the Rutter A scale was filled out by the parents for the evaluation of the child's behavioral disorders. The Rutter A scale scores of children with significant refractive error were compared with those of emmetropic eyes. Student t test, Chi square test, and Fisher's exact test were used for analysis. Differences with a P value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results One hundred eighty-three patients, including 101 patients with significant refractive error and 82 emmetropic subjects, were studied. Overall, 44 patients (24%) had behavioral disorders, according to the Rutter A scale scores. Thirty patients (29.7%) with significant refractive error and 14 emmetropic subjects (16.9%) had behavioral disorders (P = 0.043). The prevalence of behavioral disorders were 37.5% in hyperopia, 35.7% in hyperopia-astigmatism, 21.4% in simple astigmatism, 16.7% in myopia-astigmatism, and 14.3% in myopia. Compared with emmetropic subjects, the prevalence of behavioral disorders was statistically significantly higher only in patients with hyperopia and hyperopia-astigmatism (P = 0.019 and P = 0.040). Conclusion The prevalence of behavioral disorders is higher in children with hyperopia and hyperopia-astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvin Dibajnia
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmat Ashkesh
- Islamic Azad University, Kish International Branch, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nazari
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Chen F, Duggal P, Klein BEK, Lee KE, Truitt B, Klein R, Iyengar SK, Klein AP. Variation in PTCHD2, CRISP3, NAP1L4, FSCB, and AP3B2 associated with spherical equivalent. Mol Vis 2016; 22:783-96. [PMID: 27440996 DOI: pmid/27440996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ocular refraction is measured in spherical equivalent as the power of the external lens required to focus images on the retina. Myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness) are the most common refractive errors, and the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness in the world. The goal of this study is to identify rare and low-frequency variants that influence spherical equivalent. METHODS We conducted variant-level and gene-level quantitative trait association analyses for mean spherical equivalent, using data from 1,560 individuals in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Genotyping was conducted using the Illumina exome array. We analyzed 34,976 single nucleotide variants and 11,571 autosomal genes across the genome, using single-variant tests as well as gene-based tests. RESULTS Spherical equivalent was significantly associated with five genes in gene-based analysis: PTCHD2 at 1p36.22 (p = 3.6 × 10(-7)), CRISP3 at 6p12.3 (p = 4.3 × 10(-6)), NAP1L4 at 11p15.5 (p = 3.6 × 10(-6)), FSCB at 14q21.2 (p = 1.5 × 10(-7)), and AP3B2 at 15q25.2 (p = 1.6 × 10(-7)). The variant-based tests identified evidence suggestive of association with two novel variants in linkage disequilibrium (pairwise r(2) = 0.80) in the TCTE1 gene region at 6p21.1 (rs2297336, minor allele frequency (MAF) = 14.1%, β = -0.62 p = 3.7 × 10(-6); rs324146, MAF = 16.9%, β = -0.55, p = 1.4 × 10(-5)). In addition to these novel findings, we successfully replicated a previously reported association with rs634990 near GJD2 at 15q14 (MAF = 47%, β = -0.29, p=1.8 × 10(-3)). We also found evidence of association with spherical equivalent on 2q37.1 in PRSS56 at rs1550094 (MAF = 31%, β = -0.33, p = 1.7 × 10(-3)), a region previously associated with myopia. CONCLUSIONS We identified several novel candidate genes that may play a role in the control of spherical equivalent. However, further studies are needed to replicate these findings. In addition, our results contribute to the increasing evidence that variation in the GJD2 and PRSS56 genes influence the development of refractive errors. Identifying that variation in these genes is associated with spherical equivalent may provide further insight into the etiology of myopia and consequent vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Barbara E K Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Kristine E Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Barbara Truitt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Alison P Klein
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Polling JR, Verhoeven VJ, Tideman JWL, Klaver CC. Duke-Elder’s Views on Prognosis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment of Myopia: Way Ahead of His Time. Strabismus 2016; 24:40-3. [DOI: 10.3109/09273972.2015.1137706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Tideman JWL, Polling JR, Voortman T, Jaddoe VWV, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Vingerling JR, Franco OH, Klaver CCW. Low serum vitamin D is associated with axial length and risk of myopia in young children. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 31:491-9. [PMID: 26955828 PMCID: PMC4901111 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-016-0128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and axial length (AL) and myopia in 6-year-old children. A total of 2666 children aged 6 years participating in the birth-cohort study Generation R underwent a stepwise eye examination. First, presenting visual acuity (VA) and AL were performed. Second, automated cycloplegic refraction was measured if LogMAR VA > 0.1. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was determined from blood using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Vitamin D related SNPs were determined with a SNP array; outdoor exposure was assessed by questionnaire. The relationships between 25(OH)D and AL or myopia were investigated using linear and logistic regression analysis. Average 25(OH)D concentration was 68.8 nmol/L (SD ± 27.5; range 4–211); average AL 22.35 mm (SD ± 0.7; range 19.2–25.3); and prevalence of myopia 2.3 % (n = 62). After adjustment for covariates, 25(OH)D concentration (per 25 nmol/L) was inversely associated with AL (β −0.043; P < 0.01), and after additional adjusting for time spent outdoors (β −0.038; P < 0.01). Associations were not different between European and non-European children (β −0.037 and β −0.039 respectively). Risk of myopia (per 25 nmol/L) was OR 0.65 (95 % CI 0.46–0.92). None of the 25(OH)D related SNPs showed an association with AL or myopia. Lower 25(OH)D concentration in serum was associated with longer AL and a higher risk of myopia in these young children. This effect appeared independent of outdoor exposure and may suggest a more direct role for 25(OH)D in myopia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Willem L Tideman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, NA2808, PO Box 5201, 3008 AE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Roelof Polling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, NA2808, PO Box 5201, 3008 AE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthoptics and Optometry, Faculty of Health, University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, NA2808, PO Box 5201, 3008 AE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, NA2808, PO Box 5201, 3008 AE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Meng B, LI SM, Yang Y, Yang ZR, Sun F, Kang MT, Sun YY, Ran AR, Wang JN, Yan R, BaI YW, Wang NL, Zhan SY. The association of TGFB1 genetic polymorphisms with high myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:20355-20367. [PMID: 26884952 PMCID: PMC4723797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The TGFB1 gene is among the most studied genes in high myopia due to its role in scleral remodeling. But reported findings of association on TGFB1 and high myopia are inconsistent. This present study is to evaluate the association of TGFB1 polymorphisms and high myopia. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted on studies published up to April 5, 2015. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were analyzed. Heterogeneity across studies was evaluated by Cochran Q statistic test and the I(2) index. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by the approach of one-study remove to assess the influence of single study on the combined effect. RESULTS Eight studies were included in this study for meta-analysis. Rs1982073 was associated with high myopia in dominant model (OR=1.64; 95% CI=1.04~2.58; P<0.05), heterozygous model (OR=1.54; 95% CI=1.02~2.33; P<0.05), homozygous model (OR=1.90; 95% CI=1.01~3.55; P=0.05) and allelic model (OR=1.36; 95% CI=1.01~1.84; P=0.05). However, there was no statistical significance when Bonferroni correction was considered. Rs4803455 was associated with high myopia in recessive model (OR=0.40; 95% CI=0.25~0.64; P<0.01) and homozygous model (OR=0.42; 95% CI=0.26~0.68; P<0.01). Rs1800469 was associated with high myopia in allelic model (OR=0.78; 95% CI=0.64~0.96; P<0.05). And the associations can withstand Bonferroni correction in models mentioned above when referring to rs4803455 (P<0.01) and rs1800469 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Meta-analysis of existing data revealed a suggestive association of TGFB1 rs1982073 and rs4803455 with high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CentreBeijing 100191, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Shi-Ming LI
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CentreBeijing 100191, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CentreBeijing 100191, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CentreBeijing 100191, China
| | - Meng-Tian Kang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Yun-Yun Sun
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - An-Ran Ran
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Jia-Nan Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Ran Yan
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Ya-Wen BaI
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Ning-Li Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Si-Yan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CentreBeijing 100191, China
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Sanfilippo PG, Yazar S, Kearns L, Sherwin JC, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA. Distribution of astigmatism as a function of age in an Australian population. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:e377-e385. [PMID: 25585855 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Astigmatism is a common cause of refractive error and is known to vary in prevalence with age. Although the search for genes associated with spherical refractive errors (especially myopia) has met with limited success, current efforts to identify genetic variants implicated in astigmatism development have been less rewarding. We aimed to assess the association between astigmatism and age to identify appropriate age cut-offs for maximizing power in genetic studies of astigmatism. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of right eye astigmatism data from four Australian-based eye studies comprising 3841 participants aged 5-90 years. Measurements were performed under cycloplegia using an autorefractor, and individuals with a history of cataract, refractive surgery or corneal pathology were excluded from the analysis. In addition to the magnitude and type (against-the-rule, with-the-rule, and oblique) of astigmatism, we calculated the vector components (J0 , J45 ) and evaluated the association of these outcome measures with age. RESULTS The magnitude of refractive astigmatism (RA) remained relatively stable [mean ± SD (-0.44 D ± 0.50)] until individuals reached the age of 50, thereafter increasing in average magnitude by approximately 1.00 D for those subjects aged 90. In contrast, corneal astigmatism (CA) remained relatively stable from childhood until the age of 80 (-0.76 D ± 0.61). The prevalence of clinically significant RA (≥1.00 D) increased with age and was highest in those aged >70 years [55.1% (47.2-62.7%)]. Age was significantly associated with RA in adults [odds ratio (OR) = 1.04 per 1 year, p < 0.001]. A weaker relationship was observed between CA and age (OR = 1.007 per 1 year, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS We have confirmed the previously documented association between RA and age. Our results indicate that most of the observed change occurs after the age of 50, providing a recommended cut-off for participants in genetic studies of this refractive condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Sanfilippo
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science; Lions Eye Institute; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia; Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science; Lions Eye Institute; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Lisa Kearns
- Centre for Eye Research Australia; Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Justin C. Sherwin
- Centre for Eye Research Australia; Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science; Lions Eye Institute; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia; Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- School of Medicine; Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science; Lions Eye Institute; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia; Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- School of Medicine; Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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31
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Zhang Q. Genetics of Refraction and Myopia. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:269-79. [PMID: 26310160 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors play roles in the development of refractive errors. Identification of genes involved in refractive errors may help in elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism related to both genetic defects and environmental pressure. Recent development of techniques for genome wide analysis provides unique opportunity in dissecting the genetic basis related to refractive errors. This chapter tries to give a brief overview on the recent progress of genetic study of refractive errors, especially myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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32
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Recko M, Stahl ED. Childhood myopia: epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2015; 112:116-121. [PMID: 25958656 PMCID: PMC6170055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the dynamic interaction between the eye's growth and its ability to adapt to maintain vision has shown that childhood myopia is a significant prediction of progressive myopia and the potentially severe ocular comorbidities associated with it. It is important for us to better understand this process and its risk factors in order to better develop a prevention and treatment strategy. This article will discuss the epidemiology, risk factors and current therapeutic regimens for reducing myopic progression.
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33
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Simpson CL, Wojciechowski R, Oexle K, Murgia F, Portas L, Li X, Verhoeven VJM, Vitart V, Schache M, Hosseini SM, Hysi PG, Raffel LJ, Cotch MF, Chew E, Klein BEK, Klein R, Wong TY, van Duijn CM, Mitchell P, Saw SM, Fossarello M, Wang JJ, Polašek O, Campbell H, Rudan I, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Amin N, Karssen LC, Vingerling JR, Döring A, Bettecken T, Bencic G, Gieger C, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Venturini C, Fleck B, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS, Hammond CJ, Hayward C, Wright AF, Paterson AD, Baird PN, Klaver CCW, Rotter JI, Pirastu M, Meitinger T, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D. Genome-wide meta-analysis of myopia and hyperopia provides evidence for replication of 11 loci. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107110. [PMID: 25233373 PMCID: PMC4169415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive error (RE) is a complex, multifactorial disorder characterized by a mismatch between the optical power of the eye and its axial length that causes object images to be focused off the retina. The two major subtypes of RE are myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness), which represent opposite ends of the distribution of the quantitative measure of spherical refraction. We performed a fixed effects meta-analysis of genome-wide association results of myopia and hyperopia from 9 studies of European-derived populations: AREDS, KORA, FES, OGP-Talana, MESA, RSI, RSII, RSIII and ERF. One genome-wide significant region was observed for myopia, corresponding to a previously identified myopia locus on 8q12 (p = 1.25×10(-8)), which has been reported by Kiefer et al. as significantly associated with myopia age at onset and Verhoeven et al. as significantly associated to mean spherical-equivalent (MSE) refractive error. We observed two genome-wide significant associations with hyperopia. These regions overlapped with loci on 15q14 (minimum p value = 9.11×10(-11)) and 8q12 (minimum p value 1.82×10(-11)) previously reported for MSE and myopia age at onset. We also used an intermarker linkage- disequilibrium-based method for calculating the effective number of tests in targeted regional replication analyses. We analyzed myopia (which represents the closest phenotype in our data to the one used by Kiefer et al.) and showed replication of 10 additional loci associated with myopia previously reported by Kiefer et al. This is the first replication of these loci using myopia as the trait under analysis. "Replication-level" association was also seen between hyperopia and 12 of Kiefer et al.'s published loci. For the loci that show evidence of association to both myopia and hyperopia, the estimated effect of the risk alleles were in opposite directions for the two traits. This suggests that these loci are important contributors to variation of refractive error across the distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Simpson
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Federico Murgia
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Schache
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S. Mohsen Hosseini
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and DCCT/EDIC Research Group, The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Follow-up Study, The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie J. Raffel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emily Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maurizio Fossarello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Clinica Oculistica Universita' degli studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - DCCT/EDIC Research Group
- The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Follow-up Study, The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennart C. Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bettecken
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Goran Bencic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Fleck
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Phillippa M. Cumberland
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and DCCT/EDIC Research Group, The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Follow-up Study, The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Li M, Jia C, Kazmierkiewicz KL, Bowman AS, Tian L, Liu Y, Gupta NA, Gudiseva HV, Yee SS, Kim M, Dentchev T, Kimble JA, Parker JS, Messinger JD, Hakonarson H, Curcio CA, Stambolian D. Comprehensive analysis of gene expression in human retina and supporting tissues. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4001-14. [PMID: 24634144 PMCID: PMC7297232 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the influence of gene expression on the molecular mechanisms underpinning human phenotypic diversity is fundamental to being able to predict health outcomes and treat disease. We have carried out whole transcriptome expression analysis on a series of eight normal human postmortem eyes by RNA sequencing. Here we present data showing that ∼80% of the transcriptome is expressed in the posterior layers of the eye and that there is significant differential expression not only between the layers of the posterior part of the eye but also between locations of a tissue layer. These differences in expression also extend to alternative splicing and splicing factors. Differentially expressed genes are enriched for genes associated with psychiatric, immune and cardiovascular disorders. Enrichment categories for gene ontology included ion transport, synaptic transmission and visual and sensory perception. Lastly, allele-specific expression was found to be significant forCFH,C3 andCFB, which are known risk genes for age-related macular degeneration. These expression differences should be useful in determining the underlying biology of associations with common diseases of the human retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid and in guiding the analysis of the genomic regions involved in the control of normal gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
| | - Cheng Jia
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
| | | | | | | | - Yichuan Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
| | - Neel A Gupta
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James A Kimble
- Retina Specialists of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - John S Parker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Messinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Division of Pulmonary Medicine and The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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