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Broadbent LM, Rothnie AJ, Simms J, Bill RM. Classifying tetraspanins: A universal system for numbering residues and a proposal for naming structural motifs and subfamilies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184265. [PMID: 38154528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
All tetraspanins have four transmembrane domains (TMs). The large extracellular loop (LEL) that connects the third and fourth TMs contains multiple secondary structures together with the family's signature Cys-Cys-Gly motif. These intriguing membrane proteins are involved in diverse and incompletely understood cellular processes including cell adhesion, tissue differentiation, immune cell maturation and host-parasite interactions. Here we present a classification system that accurately describes the position of each amino acid within its primary sequence based on both sequence and topological conservation of the TMs and LEL. This builds on the numbering systems that have been used in the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) field for nearly three decades and which have aided the understanding of GPCR structure/activity relationships and ligand interactions. The high-resolution structures of the tetraspanins CD81, CD9, CD53 and Tspan15 were used to validate the structural relevance of our new tetraspanin classification system. Modelling of all tetraspanin LELs highlighted flexibility in LEL disulfide bonding across the family and suggests that the structural arrangement of tetraspanin LELs is more complex than previously thought. We therefore propose a new subfamily naming system that addresses this added complexity and facilitates the systematic classification of human tetraspanins, shedding light on all structural motifs within the family. We anticipate that our universal tetraspanin classification system will enable progress in defining how sequence and structure inform function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M Broadbent
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Alice J Rothnie
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - John Simms
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Roslyn M Bill
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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2
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Wang X, Shen Z, Li C, Bai Y, Li Y, Zhang W, Li Z, Jiang C, Cheng L, Yang A, Liu D. Fine mapping and identification of two NtTOM2A homeologs responsible for tobacco mosaic virus replication in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:67. [PMID: 38262958 PMCID: PMC10807211 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a widely distributed viral disease that threatens many vegetables and horticultural species. Using the resistance gene N which induces a hypersensitivity reaction, is a common strategy for controlling this disease in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). However, N gene-mediated resistance has its limitations, consequently, identifying resistance genes from resistant germplasms and developing resistant cultivars is an ideal strategy for controlling the damage caused by TMV. RESULTS Here, we identified highly TMV-resistant tobacco germplasm, JT88, with markedly reduced viral accumulation following TMV infection. We mapped and cloned two tobamovirus multiplication protein 2A (TOM2A) homeologs responsible for TMV replication using an F2 population derived from a cross between the TMV-susceptible cultivar K326 and the TMV-resistant cultivar JT88. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated loss-of-function mutations of two NtTOM2A homeologs almost completely suppressed TMV replication; however, the single gene mutants showed symptoms similar to those of the wild type. Moreover, NtTOM2A natural mutations were rarely detected in 577 tobacco germplasms, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated variation of NtTOM2A led to shortened plant height, these results indicating that the natural variations in NtTOM2A were rarely applied in tobacco breeding and the NtTOM2A maybe has an impact on growth and development. CONCLUSIONS The two NtTOM2A homeologs are functionally redundant and negatively regulate TMV resistance. These results deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying TMV resistance in tobacco and provide important information for the potential application of NtTOM2A in TMV resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China
- Tobacco Science Research Institute of Guangdong Province, Shaoguan, Guangdong, 512029, China
| | - Zhan Shen
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Caiyue Li
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yalin Bai
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Hunan Tobacco Research Institute, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
- Philippine Christian University Center for International Education, Manila, 1004, Philippines
| | - Zunqiang Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Mudanjiang, Harbin, 150076, China.
| | - Caihong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Lirui Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, China.
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3
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So CW, Sourisseau M, Sarwar S, Evans MJ, Randall G. Roles of epidermal growth factor receptor, claudin-1 and occludin in multi-step entry of hepatitis C virus into polarized hepatoma spheroids. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011887. [PMID: 38157366 PMCID: PMC10756512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The multi-step process of hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry is facilitated by various host factors, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the tight junction proteins claudin-1 (CLDN1) and occludin (OCLN), which are thought to function at later stages of the HCV entry process. Using single particle imaging of HCV infection of polarized hepatoma spheroids, we observed that EGFR performs multiple functions in HCV entry, both phosphorylation-dependent and -independent. We previously observed, and in this study confirmed, that EGFR is not required for HCV migration to the tight junction. EGFR is required for the recruitment of clathrin to HCV in a phosphorylation-independent manner. EGFR phosphorylation is required for virion internalization at a stage following the recruitment of clathrin. HCV entry activates the RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway downstream of EGFR phosphorylation. This signaling pathway regulates the sorting and maturation of internalized HCV into APPL1- and EEA1-associated early endosomes, which form the site of virion uncoating. The tight junction proteins, CLDN1 and OCLN, function at two distinct stages of HCV entry. Despite its appreciated function as a "late receptor" in HCV entry, CLDN1 is required for efficient HCV virion accumulation at the tight junction. Huh-7.5 cells lacking CLDN1 accumulate HCV virions primarily at the initial basolateral surface. OCLN is required for the late stages of virion internalization. This study produced further insight into the unusually complex HCV endocytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui-Wa So
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marion Sourisseau
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shamila Sarwar
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Evans
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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4
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Bailly C, Thuru X. Targeting of Tetraspanin CD81 with Monoclonal Antibodies and Small Molecules to Combat Cancers and Viral Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072186. [PMID: 37046846 PMCID: PMC10093296 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD81 plays major roles in cell-cell interactions and the regulation of cellular trafficking. This cholesterol-embarking transmembrane protein is a co-receptor for several viruses, including HCV, HIV-1 and Chikungunya virus, which exploits the large extracellular loop EC2 for cell entry. CD81 is also an anticancer target implicated in cancer cell proliferation and mobility, and in tumor metastasis. CD81 signaling contributes to the development of solid tumors (notably colorectal, liver and gastric cancers) and has been implicated in the aggressivity of B-cell lymphomas. A variety of protein partners can interact with CD81, either to regulate attachment and uptake of viruses (HCV E2, claudin-1, IFIM1) or to contribute to tumor growth and dissemination (CD19, CD44, EWI-2). CD81-protein interactions can be modulated with molecules targeting the extracellular domain of CD81, investigated as antiviral and/or anticancer agents. Several monoclonal antibodies anti-CD81 have been developed, notably mAb 5A6 active against invasion and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer cells. CD81-EC2 can also be targeted with natural products (trachelogenin and harzianoic acids A-B) and synthetic compounds (such as benzothiazole-quinoline derivatives). They are weak CD81 binders but offer templates for the design of new compounds targeting the open EC2 loop. There is no anti-CD81 compound in clinical development at present, but this structurally well-characterized tetraspanin warrants more substantial considerations as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, F-59290 Lille, France
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, F-59006 Lille, France
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institut, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Thuru
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institut, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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5
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Li HC, Yang CH, Lo SY. Cellular factors involved in the hepatitis C virus life cycle. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4555-4581. [PMID: 34366623 PMCID: PMC8326260 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV), an obligatory intracellular pathogen, highly depends on its host cells to propagate successfully. The HCV life cycle can be simply divided into several stages including viral entry, protein translation, RNA replication, viral assembly and release. Hundreds of cellular factors involved in the HCV life cycle have been identified over more than thirty years of research. Characterization of these cellular factors has provided extensive insight into HCV replication strategies. Some of these cellular factors are targets for anti-HCV therapies. In this review, we summarize the well-characterized and recently identified cellular factors functioning at each stage of the HCV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Hing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yen Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
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6
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Alberione MP, Moeller R, Kirui J, Ginkel C, Doepke M, Ströh LJ, Machtens JP, Pietschmann T, Gerold G. Single-nucleotide variants in human CD81 influence hepatitis C virus infection of hepatoma cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:499-514. [PMID: 32322956 PMCID: PMC7176029 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An estimated number of 71 million people are living with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection worldwide and 400,000 annual deaths are related to the infection. HCV entry into the hepatocytes is complex and involves several host factors. The tetraspanin human CD81 (hCD81) is one of the four essential entry factors and is composed of one large extracellular loop, one small extracellular loop, four transmembrane domains, one intracellular loop and two intracellular tails. The large extracellular loop interacts with the E2 glycoprotein of HCV. Regions outside the large extracellular loop (backbone) of hCD81 have a critical role in post-binding entry steps and determine susceptibility of hepatocytes to HCV. Here, we investigated the effect of five non-synonymous single-nucleotide variants in the backbone of hCD81 on HCV susceptibility. We generated cell lines that stably express the hCD81 variants and infected the cells using HCV pseudoparticles and cell culture-derived HCV. Our results show that all the tested hCD81 variants support HCV pseudoparticle entry with similar efficiency as wild-type hCD81. In contrast, variants A54V, V211M and M220I are less supportive to cell culture-derived HCV infection. This altered susceptibility is HCV genotype dependent and specifically affected the cell entry step. Our findings identify three hCD81 genetic variants that are impaired in their function as HCV host factors for specific viral genotypes. This study provides additional evidence that genetic host variation contributes to inter-individual differences in HCV infection and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pía Alberione
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Moeller
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jared Kirui
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Corinne Ginkel
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mandy Doepke
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luisa J Ströh
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan-Philipp Machtens
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1), Molekular- und Zellphysiologie, and JARA-HPC, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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7
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Mailly L, Baumert TF. Hepatitis C virus infection and tight junction proteins: The ties that bind. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183296. [PMID: 32268133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases ranging from liver inflammation to advanced liver diseases like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV infection is restricted to the liver, and more specifically to hepatocytes, which represent around 80% of liver cells. The mechanism of HCV entry in human hepatocytes has been extensively investigated since the discovery of the virus 30 years ago. The entry mechanism is a multi-step process relying on several host factors including heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), tetraspanin CD81, Scavenger Receptor class B type I (SR-BI), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1). Moreover, in order to establish a persistent infection, HCV entry is dependent on the presence of tight junction (TJ) proteins Claudin-1 (CLDN1) and Occludin (OCLN). In the liver, tight junction proteins play a role in architecture and homeostasis including sealing the apical pole of adjacent cells to form bile canaliculi and separating the basolateral domain drained by sinusoidal blood flow. In this review, we will highlight the role of liver tight junction proteins in HCV infection, and we will discuss the potential targeted therapeutic approaches to improve virus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mailly
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, UMR-S1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, UMR-S1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Institut Universitaire de France, F-75231 Paris, France.
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8
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Bergsma A, Ganguly SS, Wiegand ME, Dick D, Williams BO, Miranti CK. Regulation of cytoskeleton and adhesion signaling in osteoclasts by tetraspanin CD82. Bone Rep 2019; 10:100196. [PMID: 30788390 PMCID: PMC6369370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2019.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a myeloid-specific Cre to conditionally delete CD82 in mouse osteoclasts and their precursors. In contrast to global loss of CD82 (gKO), conditional loss of CD82 (cKO) in osteoclasts does not affect cortical bone, osteoblasts, or adipocytes. CD82 loss results in greater trabecular volume and trabecular number but reduced trabecular space in 6-month old male mice. Though this trend is present in females it did not reach significance; whereas there was an increase in osteoclast numbers and eroded surface area only in female cKO mice. In vitro, there is an increase in osteoclast fusion and defects in actin assembly in both gKO and cKO mice, irrespective of sex. This is accompanied by altered osteoclast morphology and decreased release of CTX in vitro. Integrin αvβ3 expression is reduced, while integrin β1 is increased. Signaling to Src, Syk, and Vav are also compromised. We further discovered that expression of Clec2 and its ligand, Podoplanin, molecules that also signal to Syk and Vav, are increased in differentiated osteoclasts. Loss of CD82 reduces their expression. Thus, CD82 is required for correct assembly of the cytoskeleton and to limit osteoclast fusion, both needed for normal osteoclast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bergsma
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sourik S Ganguly
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mollie E Wiegand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel Dick
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Bart O Williams
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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9
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Hashimoto Y, Okada Y, Shirakura K, Tachibana K, Sawada M, Yagi K, Doi T, Kondoh M. Anti-Claudin Antibodies as a Concept for Development of Claudin-Directed Drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:179-186. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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10
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Guest JD, Pierce BG. Computational Modeling of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Structure and Recognition. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1117. [PMID: 29892287 PMCID: PMC5985375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major global health concern, and though therapeutic options have improved, no vaccine is available despite decades of research. As HCV can rapidly mutate to evade the immune response, an effective HCV vaccine must rely on identification and characterization of sites critical for broad immune protection and viral neutralization. This knowledge depends on structural and mechanistic insights of the E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins, which assemble as a heterodimer on the surface of the virion, engage coreceptors during host cell entry, and are the primary targets of antibodies. Due to the challenges in determining experimental structures, structural information on E1 and E2 and their interaction is relatively limited, providing opportunities to model the structures, interactions, and dynamics of these proteins. This review highlights efforts to model the E2 glycoprotein structure, the assembly of the functional E1E2 heterodimer, the structure and binding of human coreceptors, and recognition by key neutralizing antibodies. We also discuss a comparison of recently described models of full E1E2 heterodimer structures, a simulation of the dynamics of key epitope sites, and modeling glycosylation. These modeling efforts provide useful mechanistic hypotheses for further experimental studies of HCV envelope assembly, recognition, and viral fitness, and underscore the benefit of combining experimental and computational modeling approaches to reveal new insights. Additionally, computational design approaches have produced promising candidates for epitope-based vaccine immunogens that specifically target key epitopes, providing a possible avenue to optimize HCV vaccines versus using native glycoproteins. Advancing knowledge of HCV envelope structure and immune recognition is highly applicable toward the development of an effective vaccine for HCV and can provide lessons and insights relevant to modeling and characterizing other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan D Guest
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Brian G Pierce
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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11
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CD81 Receptor Regions outside the Large Extracellular Loop Determine Hepatitis C Virus Entry into Hepatoma Cells. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040207. [PMID: 29677132 PMCID: PMC5923501 DOI: 10.3390/v10040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) enters human hepatocytes using four essential entry factors, one of which is human CD81 (hCD81). The tetraspanin hCD81 contains a large extracellular loop (LEL), which interacts with the E2 glycoprotein of HCV. The role of the non-LEL regions of hCD81 (intracellular tails, four transmembrane domains, small extracellular loop and intracellular loop) is poorly understood. Here, we studied the contribution of these domains to HCV susceptibility of hepatoma cells by generating chimeras of related tetraspanins with the hCD81 LEL. Our results show that non-LEL regions in addition to the LEL determine susceptibility of cells to HCV. While closely related tetraspanins (X. tropicalis CD81 and D. rerio CD81) functionally complement hCD81 non-LEL regions, distantly related tetraspanins (C. elegans TSP9 amd D. melanogaster TSP96F) do not and tetraspanins with intermediate homology (hCD9) show an intermediate phenotype. Tetraspanin homology and susceptibility to HCV correlate positively. For some chimeras, infectivity correlates with surface expression. In contrast, the hCD9 chimera is fully surface expressed, binds HCV E2 glycoprotein but is impaired in HCV receptor function. We demonstrate that a cholesterol-coordinating glutamate residue in CD81, which hCD9 lacks, promotes HCV infection. This work highlights the hCD81 non-LEL regions as additional HCV susceptibility-determining factors.
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12
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Riad SE, Elhelw DS, Shawer H, El-Ekiaby N, Salah A, Zekri A, Esmat G, Amleh A, Abdelaziz AI. Disruption of Claudin-1 Expression by miRNA-182 Alters the Susceptibility to Viral Infectivity in HCV Cell Models. Front Genet 2018; 9:93. [PMID: 29616082 PMCID: PMC5869927 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV entry involves a complex interplay between viral and host molecules. During post-binding interactions, the viral E2 complexes with CD81 receptor for delivery to the tight junction proteins CLDN1 and OCLN, which aid in viral internalization. Targeting HCV entry receptors represents an appealing approach to inhibit viral infectivity. This study aimed at investigating the impact of targeting CLDN1 by microRNAs on HCV infectivity. miR-155 was previously shown to target the 3′UTR of CLDN1 mRNA. Therefore, miR-155 was used as a control in this study. In-silico analysis and luciferase reporter assay were utilized to identify potential targeting miRNAs. The impact of the identified miRNAs on CLDN1 mRNA and protein expression was examined by qRT-PCR, indirect immunofluorescence and western blotting, respectively. The role of the selected miRNAs on HCV infectivity was assessed by measuring the viral load following the ectopic expression of the selected miRNAs. miR-182 was identified in-silico and by experimental validation to target CLDN1. Both miR-155 and miR-182 inhibited CLDN1 mRNA and protein expression in infected Huh7 cells. Ectopic expression of miR-155 increased, while miR-182 reduced the viral load. In conclusion, despite repressing CLDN1, the impact of miR-155 and miR-182 on HCV infectivity is contradictory. Ectopic miR-182 expression is suggested as an upstream regulator of the entry factor CLDN1, harnessing HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Riad
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia S Elhelw
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Shawer
- Biology Department, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nada El-Ekiaby
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.,School of Medicine, NewGiza University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman Salah
- Department of Surgery, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman Zekri
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gamal Esmat
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asma Amleh
- Biology Department, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abdelaziz
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.,School of Medicine, NewGiza University, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Regulated Entry of Hepatitis C Virus into Hepatocytes. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050100. [PMID: 28486435 PMCID: PMC5454413 DOI: 10.3390/v9050100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a model for the study of virus–host interaction and host cell responses to infection. Virus entry into hepatocytes is the first step in the HCV life cycle, and this process requires multiple receptors working together. The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and claudin-1 (CLDN1), together with human cluster of differentiation (CD) 81 and occludin (OCLN), constitute the minimal set of HCV entry receptors. Nevertheless, HCV entry is a complex process involving multiple host signaling pathways that form a systematic regulatory network; this network is centrally controlled by upstream regulators epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transforming growth factor β receptor (TGFβ-R). Further feedback regulation and cell-to-cell spread of the virus contribute to the chronic maintenance of HCV infection. A comprehensive and accurate disclosure of this critical process should provide insights into the viral entry mechanism, and offer new strategies for treatment regimens and targets for HCV therapeutics.
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14
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Hashimoto Y, Fukasawa M, Kuniyasu H, Yagi K, Kondoh M. Claudin-targeted drug development using anti-claudin monoclonal antibodies to treat hepatitis and cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1397:5-16. [PMID: 28415141 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The 27-member family of tetraspan membrane proteins known as claudins (CLDNs) is a major component of tight junctions. A series of studies elucidating the relationship between CLDNs and various pathological conditions has provided new insights into drug development. For instance, CLDN-1 may be a potent target for epidermal absorption of drugs and for treating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. CLDN-4 may be a target for treating cancer. Because CLDNs are also expressed in various normal tissues, safety and efficacy evaluations are critical for translational research. We previously developed several anti-CLDN antibodies and have established proof of concept for CLDN-targeted drug development using these reagents. Here, we provide an overview of CLDN-1 as a target for improving epidermal drug absorption and preventing HCV infection and of CLDN-4 as a target for anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Colpitts CC, Baumert TF. Claudins in viral infection: from entry to spread. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:27-34. [PMID: 27885488 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions are critically important for many physiological functions, including the maintenance of cell polarity, regulation of paracellular permeability, and involvement in signal transduction pathways to regulate integral cellular processes. Furthermore, tight junctions enable epithelial cells to form physical barriers, which act as an innate immune mechanism that can impede viral infection. Viruses, in turn, have evolved mechanisms to exploit tight junction proteins to gain access to cells or spread through tissues in an infected host. Claudin family proteins are integral components of tight junctions and are thought to play crucial roles in regulating their permeability. Claudins have been implicated in the infection process of several medically important human pathogens, including hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, and human immunodeficiency virus, among others. In this review, we summarize the role of claudins in viral infections and discuss their potential as novel antiviral targets. A better understanding of claudins during viral infection may provide insight into physiological roles of claudins and uncover novel therapeutic antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che C Colpitts
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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16
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Florian PE, Rouillé Y, Ruta S, Nichita N, Roseanu A. Recent advances in human viruses imaging studies. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:591-607. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ecaterina Florian
- Department of ; Ligand-Receptor Interactions; Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Yves Rouillé
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL); Inserm U1019; CNRS UMR8204; Institut Pasteur de Lille; Université Lille Nord de France; Lille France
| | - Simona Ruta
- Department of Emergent Diseases; Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology; Bucharest 030304 Romania
| | - Norica Nichita
- Department of Viral Glycoproteins; Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Anca Roseanu
- Department of ; Ligand-Receptor Interactions; Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
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17
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Interaction of human tumor viruses with host cell surface receptors and cell entry. Viruses 2015; 7:2592-617. [PMID: 26008702 PMCID: PMC4452921 DOI: 10.3390/v7052592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, seven viruses, namely Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), have been described to be consistently associated with different types of human cancer. These oncogenic viruses belong to distinct viral families, display diverse cell tropism and cause different malignancies. A key to their pathogenicity is attachment to the host cell and entry in order to replicate and complete their life cycle. Interaction with the host cell during viral entry is characterized by a sequence of events, involving viral envelope and/or capsid molecules as well as cellular entry factors that are critical in target cell recognition, thereby determining cell tropism. Most oncogenic viruses initially attach to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, followed by conformational change and transfer of the viral particle to secondary high-affinity cell- and virus-specific receptors. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the host cell surface factors and molecular mechanisms underlying oncogenic virus binding and uptake by their cognate host cell(s) with the aim to provide a concise overview of potential target molecules for prevention and/or treatment of oncogenic virus infection.
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18
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Tawar RG, Colpitts CC, Lupberger J, El-Saghire H, Zeisel MB, Baumert TF. Claudins and pathogenesis of viral infection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:39-46. [PMID: 25960372 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the roles of claudins in tight junction physiology. In addition, interactions between claudins and other cellular proteins have highlighted their novel roles in cell physiology. Moreover, the importance of claudins is becoming apparent in the pathophysiology of several diseases, including viral infections. Notable is the discovery of CLDN1 as an essential host factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry, which led to detailed characterization of CLDN1 and its association with tetraspanin CD81 for the initiation of HCV infection. CLDN1 has also been shown to facilitate dengue virus entry. Furthermore, owing to the roles of claudins in forming anatomical barriers, several viruses have been shown to alter claudin expression at the tight junction. This review summarizes the role of claudins in viral infection, with particular emphasis on HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv G Tawar
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Che C Colpitts
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hussein El-Saghire
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mirjam B Zeisel
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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19
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The mechanism of HCV entry into host cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:63-107. [PMID: 25595801 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped, positive strand RNA virus classified within the Flaviviridae family and is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. HCV life cycle and propagation are tightly linked to several aspects of lipid metabolism. HCV propagation depends on and also shapes several aspects of lipid metabolism such as cholesterol uptake and efflux through different lipoprotein receptors during its entry into cells, lipid metabolism modulating HCV genome replication, lipid droplets acting as a platform for recruitment of viral components, and very low density lipoprotein assembly pathway resulting in incorporation of neutral lipids and apolipoproteins into viral particles. During the first steps of infection, HCV enters hepatocytes through a multistep and slow process. The initial capture of HCV particles by glycosaminoglycans and/or lipoprotein receptors is followed by coordinated interactions with the scavenger receptor class B type I, a major receptor of high-density lipoprotein, the CD81 tetraspanin, and the tight junction proteins Claudin-1 and Occludin. This tight concert of receptor interactions ultimately leads to uptake and cellular internalization of HCV through a process of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Over the years, the identification of the HCV entry receptors and cofactors has led to a better understanding of HCV entry and of the narrow tropism of HCV for the liver. Yet, the role of the two HCV envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2, remains ill-defined, particularly concerning their involvement in the membrane fusion process. Here, we review the current knowledge and advances addressing the mechanism of HCV cell entry within hepatocytes and we highlight the challenges that remain to be addressed.
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20
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Grove J. Super-resolution microscopy: a virus' eye view of the cell. Viruses 2014; 6:1365-78. [PMID: 24651030 PMCID: PMC3970155 DOI: 10.3390/v6031365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to observe the molecular choreography between viruses and host cell components, as they exist on a spatial scale beyond the reach of conventional microscopy. However, novel super-resolution microscopy techniques have cast aside technical limitations to reveal a nanoscale view of virus replication and cell biology. This article provides an introduction to super-resolution imaging; in particular, localisation microscopy, and explores the application of such technologies to the study of viruses and tetraspanins, the topic of this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Grove
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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21
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Douam F, Dao Thi VL, Maurin G, Fresquet J, Mompelat D, Zeisel MB, Baumert TF, Cosset FL, Lavillette D. Critical interaction between E1 and E2 glycoproteins determines binding and fusion properties of hepatitis C virus during cell entry. Hepatology 2014; 59:776-88. [PMID: 24038151 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are important mediators for productive cell entry. However, knowledge about their structure, intra- or intermolecular dialogs, and conformational changes is scarce, limiting the design of therapeutic strategies targeting E1E2. Here we sought to investigate how certain domains of E1 and E2 have coevolved to optimize their interactions to promote efficient HCV entry. For this purpose we generated chimeric E1E2 heterodimers derived from two HCV 1a strains to identify and characterize crosstalk between their domains. We found an E1E2 combination that drastically impaired the infectivity of cell culture-derived HCV particles, whereas the reciprocal E1E2 combination led to increased infectivity. Using HCV pseudoparticle assays, we confirmed the opposing entry phenotypes of these heterodimers. By mutagenesis analysis, we identified a particular crosstalk between three amino acids of E1 and the domain III of E2. Its modulation leads to either a full restoration of the functionality of the suboptimal heterodimer or a destabilization of the functional heterodimer. Interestingly, we found that this crosstalk modulates E1E2 binding to HCV entry receptors SR-BI and CD81. In addition, we found for the first time that E1E2 complexes can interact with the first extracellular loop of Claudin-1, whereas soluble E2 did not. These results highlight the critical role of E1 in the modulation of HCV binding to receptors. Finally, we demonstrated that this crosstalk is involved in membrane fusion. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal a multifunctional and crucial interaction between E1 and E2 for HCV entry into cells. Our study highlights the role of E1 as a modulator of HCV binding to receptors and membrane fusion, underlining its potential as an antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Douam
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
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22
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CD81-receptor associations--impact for hepatitis C virus entry and antiviral therapies. Viruses 2014; 6:875-92. [PMID: 24553110 PMCID: PMC3939486 DOI: 10.3390/v6020875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are integral transmembrane proteins organized in microdomains displaying specific and direct interactions with other tetraspanins and molecular partners. Among them, CD81 has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. CD81 also plays a crucial role in pathogen entry into host cells, including hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry into hepatocytes. HCV is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV entry into hepatocytes is a complex process that requires the coordinated interaction of viral and host factors for the initiation of infection, including CD81, scavenger receptor BI, claudin-1, occludin, membrane-bound host cell kinases, Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1, Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (HRas), CD63 and transferrin receptor 1. Furthermore, recent data in HCV model systems have demonstrated that targeting critical components of tetraspanins and associated cell membrane proteins open new avenues to prevent and treat viral infection.
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23
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Fénéant L, Levy S, Cocquerel L. CD81 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Viruses 2014; 6:535-72. [PMID: 24509809 PMCID: PMC3939471 DOI: 10.3390/v6020535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a global public health problem affecting over 160 million individuals worldwide. Its symptoms include chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus mainly targeting liver cells and for which the initiation of infection occurs through a complex multistep process involving a series of specific cellular entry factors. This process is likely mediated through the formation of a tightly orchestrated complex of HCV entry factors at the plasma membrane. Among HCV entry factors, the tetraspanin CD81 is one of the best characterized and it is undoubtedly a key player in the HCV lifecycle. In this review, we detail the current knowledge on the involvement of CD81 in the HCV lifecycle, as well as in the immune response to HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Fénéant
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS-UMR8204, Inserm-U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 rue du Pr Calmette, CS50447, 59021 Lille Cedex, France.
| | - Shoshana Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, CCSR, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS-UMR8204, Inserm-U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 rue du Pr Calmette, CS50447, 59021 Lille Cedex, France.
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24
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Baumert TF, Meredith L, Ni Y, Felmlee DJ, McKeating JA, Urban S. Entry of hepatitis B and C viruses - recent progress and future impact. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 4:58-65. [PMID: 24418809 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections are major causes of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Although both viruses infect hepatocytes, the molecular virology and cellular biology of their respective replication cycles differ. Viral entry is the first step of the life cycle and recent developments in functional genomic and proteomic methodologies have increased our understanding of the entry pathways for these two important human pathogens. In this review we provide a comparative analysis of the internalization routes for these viruses and highlight differences and how they impact the viral life cycle, immune responses and development of antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm U1110, University of Strasbourg and Center for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Strasbourg University Hospitals, 3 Rue Koeberlé, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Luke Meredith
- Centre for Human Virology, NIHR Centre for Liver Disease, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yi Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, ImNeuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Felmlee
- Inserm U1110, University of Strasbourg and Center for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Strasbourg University Hospitals, 3 Rue Koeberlé, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Centre for Human Virology, NIHR Centre for Liver Disease, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, ImNeuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Vipperla B, Dass JFP, Jayanthi S. Insilico modeling and molecular dynamic simulation of claudin-1 point mutations in HCV infection. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:1443-55. [PMID: 23914916 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2013.823624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Claudin-1 (CLDN1) in association with envelope glycoprotein (CD81) mediates the fusion of HCV into the cytosol. Recent studies have indicated that point mutations in CLDN1 are important for the entry of hepatitis C virus (HCV). To validate these findings, we employed a computational platform to investigate the structural effect of two point mutations (I32M and E48K). Initially, three-dimensional co-ordinates for CLDN1 receptor sequence were generated. Then, three mutant models were built using the point mutation including a double mutant (I32M/E48K) model from the native model structure. Finally, all the four model structures including the native and three mutant models were subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for a period of 25 ns to appreciate their dynamic behavior. The MD trajectory files were analyzed using cluster and principal component method. The analysis suggested that either of the single mutation has negligible effect on the overall structure of CLDN1 compared to the double mutant form. However, the double mutant model of CLDN1 shows significant negative impact through the impairment of H-bonds and the simultaneous increase in solvent accessible surface area. Our simulation results are visibly consistent with the experimental report suggesting that the CLDN1 receptor distortion is prominent due to the double mutation with large surface accessibility. This increase in accessible surface area due to the coexistence of double mutation may be presumed as one of the key factor that results in permissive action of HCV attachment and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavaniprasad Vipperla
- a School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Bioinformatics Division , VIT University , Vellore , Tamilnadu , 632014 , India
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26
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Bonander N, Jamshad M, Oberthür D, Clare M, Barwell J, Hu K, Farquhar MJ, Stamataki Z, Harris HJ, Dierks K, Dafforn TR, Betzel C, McKeating JA, Bill RM. Production, purification and characterization of recombinant, full-length human claudin-1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64517. [PMID: 23704991 PMCID: PMC3660353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane domain proteins of the claudin superfamily are the major structural components of cellular tight junctions. One family member, claudin-1, also associates with tetraspanin CD81 as part of a receptor complex that is essential for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection of the liver. To understand the molecular basis of claudin-1/CD81 association we previously produced and purified milligram quantities of functional, full-length CD81, which binds a soluble form of HCV E2 glycoprotein (sE2). Here we report the production, purification and characterization of claudin-1. Both yeast membrane-bound and detergent-extracted, purified claudin-1 were antigenic and recognized by specific antibodies. Analytical ultracentrifugation demonstrated that extraction with n-octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside yielded monodispersed, dimeric pools of claudin-1 while extraction with profoldin-8 or n-decylphosphocholine yielded a dynamic mixture of claudin-1 oligomers. Neither form bound sE2 in line with literature expectations, while further functional analysis was hampered by the finding that incorporation of claudin-1 into proteoliposomes rendered them intractable to study. Dynamic light scattering demonstrated that claudin-1 oligomers associate with CD81 in vitro in a defined molar ratio of 1∶2 and that complex formation was enhanced by the presence of cholesteryl hemisuccinate. Attempts to assay the complex biologically were limited by our finding that claudin-1 affects the properties of proteoliposomes. We conclude that recombinant, correctly-folded, full-length claudin-1 can be produced in yeast membranes, that it can be extracted in different oligomeric forms that do not bind sE2 and that a dynamic preparation can form a specific complex with CD81 in vitro in the absence of any other cellular components. These findings pave the way for the structural characterization of claudin-1 alone and in complex with CD81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Bonander
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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27
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Li J, Angelow S, Linge A, Zhuo M, Yu ASL. Claudin-2 pore function requires an intramolecular disulfide bond between two conserved extracellular cysteines. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C190-6. [PMID: 23677799 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00074.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Claudins constitute a family of tight junction transmembrane proteins whose first extracellular loop (ECL1) determines the paracellular permeability and ion selectivity in epithelia. There are two cysteines in the ECL1 that are conserved among all claudins. We hypothesized that these extracellular cysteines are linked by an intramolecular disulfide bond that is necessary for correct pore folding and function. To test this, we mutated C54 and C64 in claudin-2, either individually or together to alanine or serine, and generated stable Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) I Tet-off cell lines. Immunoblotting showed a higher molecular mass band in the mutants with a single cysteine mutation, consistent with a claudin-2 dimer, suggesting that the two conserved cysteines normally form an intramolecular disulfide bond in wild-type claudin-2. By immunofluorescent staining, the alanine mutants were mislocalized intracellularly, while the serine mutants were expressed at the tight junction. Thus dimerization of both C54A and C64A did not require tight junction expression, suggesting that C54 and C64 are located near an intermolecular interface involved in cis-interaction. The conductance and Na(+) permeability of the serine mutants were markedly lower than the wild type, but there was no difference between the single mutants and the double mutant. We conclude that the disulfide bond between the conserved extracellular cysteines in claudin-2 is necessary for pore formation, probably by stabilizing the ECL1 fold, but is not required for correct protein trafficking. We further speculate that this role is generalizable to other claudin family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Temporal analysis of hepatitis C virus cell entry with occludin directed blocking antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003244. [PMID: 23555257 PMCID: PMC3605286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. A better understanding of its life cycle, including the process of host cell entry, is important for the development of HCV therapies and model systems. Based on the requirement for numerous host factors, including the two tight junction proteins claudin-1 (CLDN1) and occludin (OCLN), HCV cell entry has been proposed to be a multi-step process. The lack of OCLN-specific inhibitors has prevented a comprehensive analysis of this process. To study the role of OCLN in HCV cell entry, we created OCLN mutants whose HCV cell entry activities could be inhibited by antibodies. These mutants were expressed in polarized HepG2 cells engineered to support the complete HCV life cycle by CD81 and miR-122 expression and synchronized infection assays were performed to define the kinetics of HCV cell entry. During these studies, OCLN utilization differences between HCV isolates were observed, supporting a model that HCV directly interacts with OCLN. In HepG2 cells, both HCV cell entry and tight junction formation were impaired by OCLN silencing and restored by expression of antibody regulatable OCLN mutant. Synchronized infection assays showed that glycosaminoglycans and SR-BI mediated host cell binding, while CD81, CLDN1 and OCLN all acted sequentially at a post-binding stage prior to endosomal acidification. These results fit a model where the tight junction region is the last to be encountered by the virion prior to internalization. HCV is a serious public health problem. Although new treatments have recently become available, it is clear that effective therapies will require combinations of inhibitors targeting diverse stages of the viral life cycle. While the HCV cell entry process is considered a suitable antiviral target, a lack of understanding of this process has hampered the development of inhibitors. It is widely accepted that HCV cell entry requires many cellular proteins that are used in a nonredundant and sequential manner. However, a critical piece of information supporting this model – the determination of when OCLN is used during this process – could not be addressed due to a lack of reagents that specifically target this protein. In this study, we derive mutant OCLN proteins whose HCV cell entry activity can be blocked by incubation with an antibody. These mutants allowed us to show that OCLN is used very late in the HCV cell entry process, which fits a model in which tight junction components are required later in the process than more exposed factors. Furthermore, our studies suggest that HCV virions may interact directly with OCLN, which has thus far not been demonstrated experimentally.
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