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Fang Y, Fu M, Li X, Zhang B, Wan C. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli effector EspF triggers oxidative DNA lesions in intestinal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0000124. [PMID: 38415639 PMCID: PMC11003234 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00001-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Attaching/effacing (A/E) pathogens induce DNA damage and colorectal cancer by injecting effector proteins into host cells via the type III secretion system (T3SS). EspF is one of the T3SS-dependent effector proteins exclusive to A/E pathogens, which include enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. The role of EspF in the induction of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and the phosphorylation of the repair protein SMC1 has been demonstrated previously. However, the process of damage accumulation and DSB formation has remained enigmatic, and the damage response is not well understood. Here, we first showed a compensatory increase in the mismatch repair proteins MutS homolog 2 (MSH2) and MSH6, as well as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, followed by a dramatic decrease, threatening cell survival in the presence of EspF. Flow cytometry revealed that EspF arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase to facilitate DNA repair. Subsequently, 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) lesions, a marker of oxidative damage, were assayed by ELISA and immunofluorescence, which revealed the accumulation of 8-oxoG from the cytosol to the nucleus. Furthermore, the status of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and DSBs was confirmed. We observed that EspF accelerated the course of DNA lesions, including 8-oxoG and unrepaired ssDNA, which were converted into DSBs; this was accompanied by the phosphorylation of replication protein A 32 in repair-defective cells. Collectively, these findings reveal that EspF triggers various types of oxidative DNA lesions with impairment of the DNA damage response and may result in genomic instability and cell death, offering novel insight into the tumorigenic potential of EspF.IMPORTANCEOxidative DNA lesions play causative roles in colitis-associated colon cancer. Accumulating evidence shows strong links between attaching/effacing (A/E) pathogens and colorectal cancer (CRC). EspF is one of many effector proteins exclusive to A/E pathogens with defined roles in the induction of oxidative stress, double-strand breaks (DSBs), and repair dysregulation. Here, we found that EspF promotes reactive oxygen species generation and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) lesions when the repair system is activated, contributing to sustained cell survival. However, infected cells exposed to EspF presented 8-oxoG, which results in DSBs and ssDNA accumulation when the cell cycle is arrested at the G2/M phase and the repair system is defective or saturated by DNA lesions. In addition, we found that EspF could intensify the accumulation of nuclear DNA lesions through oxidative and replication stress. Overall, our work highlights the involvement of EspF in DNA lesions and DNA damage response, providing a novel avenue by which A/E pathogens may contribute to CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Fang
- BSL-3 Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Muqing Fu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- BSL-3 Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- BSL-3 Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- BSL-3 Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Chen Z, Guan D, Wang Z, Li X, Dong S, Huang J, Zhou W. Microbiota in cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e417. [PMID: 37937304 PMCID: PMC10626288 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The diverse bacterial populations within the symbiotic microbiota play a pivotal role in both health and disease. Microbiota modulates critical aspects of tumor biology including cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. This regulation occurs through mechanisms like enhancing genomic damage, hindering gene repair, activating aberrant cell signaling pathways, influencing tumor cell metabolism, promoting revascularization, and remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment. These microbiota-mediated effects significantly impact overall survival and the recurrence of tumors after surgery by affecting the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy. Moreover, leveraging the microbiota for the development of biovectors, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, in addition to utilizing antibiotics, dietary adjustments, defensins, oncolytic virotherapy, and fecal microbiota transplantation, offers promising alternatives for cancer treatment. Nonetheless, due to the extensive and diverse nature of the microbiota, along with tumor heterogeneity, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of microbiota in cancer remain a subject of intense debate. In this context, we refocus on various cancers, delving into the molecular signaling pathways associated with the microbiota and its derivatives, the reshaping of the tumor microenvironmental matrix, and the impact on tolerance to tumor treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This exploration aims to shed light on novel perspectives and potential applications in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- The First Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Defeng Guan
- The First Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Zhengfeng Wang
- The First Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Xin Li
- The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
- The Department of General SurgeryLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Shi Dong
- The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
- The Department of General SurgeryLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Junjun Huang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Wence Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
- The Department of General SurgeryLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuChina
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3
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Mao W, Wang Z, Wen S, Lin Y, Gu J, Sun J, Wang H, Cao Q, Xu Y, Xu X, Cai X. LRRC8A promotes Glaesserella parasuis cytolethal distending toxin-induced p53-dependent apoptosis in NPTr cells. Virulence 2023; 14:2287339. [PMID: 38018865 PMCID: PMC10732598 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2287339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is an early colonizer of the swine upper respiratory tract and can break through the respiratory barrier for further invasion. However, the mechanisms underlying G. parasuis increases epithelial barrier permeability remain unclear. This study demonstrates that G. parasuis cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) induces p53-dependent apoptosis in new-born piglet tracheal (NPTr) cells. Moreover, we report for the first time that leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8A (LRRC8A), an essential subunit of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC), involves in apoptosis of NPTr cells mediated by G. parasuis CDT. Pharmacological inhibition of VRAC with either PPQ-102 or NS3728 largely attenuated CDT-induced apoptosis in NPTr cells. Additionally, experiments with cells knocked down for LRRC8A using small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) or knocked out LRRC8A using CRISPR/Cas9 technology showed a significant reduction in CDT-induced apoptosis. Conversely, re-expression of Sus scrofa LRRC8A in LRRC8A-/- NPTr cells efficiently complemented the CDT-induced apoptosis. In summary, these findings suggest that LRRC8A is pivotal for G. parasuis CDT-induced apoptosis, providing novel insights into the mechanism of apoptosis caused by CDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siting Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayun Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Ju Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yindi Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuwang Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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4
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He J, Li H, Jia J, Liu Y, Zhang N, Wang R, Qu W, Liu Y, Jia L. Mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota affects gastrointestinal tumours and therapeutic effects. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:45. [PMID: 38032415 PMCID: PMC10689341 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is considered to be a forgotten organ in human health and disease. It maintains intestinal homeostasis through various complex mechanisms. A significant body of research has demonstrated notable differences in the gut microbiota of patients with gastrointestinal tumours compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, the dysregulation of gut microbiota, metabolites produced by gut bacteria, and related signal pathways can partially explain the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal tumours. Therefore, this article summarizes the latest research progress on the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal tumours. Firstly, we provide an overview of the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota and discuss the mechanisms by which the intestinal flora directly or indirectly affects the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal tumours by regulating the immune system, producing bacterial toxins, secreting metabolites. Secondly, we present a detailed analysis of the differences of intestinal microbiota and its pathogenic mechanisms in colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc. Lastly, in terms of treatment strategies, we discuss the effects of the intestinal microbiota on the efficacy and toxic side effects of chemotherapy and immunotherapy and address the role of probiotics, prebiotics, FMT and antibiotic in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumours. In summary, this article provides a comprehensive review of the pathogenic mechanisms of and treatment strategies pertaining to the intestinal microbiota in patients with gastrointestinal tumours. And provide a more comprehensive and precise scientific basis for the development of microbiota-based treatments for gastrointestinal tumours and the prevention of such tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikai He
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiaqi Jia
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Chengcheng Road, Youjiang District, Baise City, 533000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rumeng Wang
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenhao Qu
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Chengcheng Road, Youjiang District, Baise City, 533000, China
| | - Yanqi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Lizhou Jia
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China.
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5
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Sharma S, Sharma H, Gogoi H. Bacterial immunotherapy: is it a weapon in our arsenal in the fight against cancer? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277677. [PMID: 38090593 PMCID: PMC10711065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding the genetic basis of cancer have driven alternative treatment approaches. Recent findings have demonstrated the potential of bacteria and it's components to serve as robust theranostic agents for cancer eradication. Compared to traditional cancer therapies like surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, bacteria mediated tumor therapy has exhibited superior cancer suppressing property which is attributed a lot to it's tumor proliferating and accumulating characteristics. Genetically modified bacteria has reduced inherent toxicity and enhanced specificity towards tumor microenvironment. This anti- tumor activity of bacteria is attributed to its toxins and other active components from the cell membrane, cell wall and spores. Furthermore, bacterial genes can be regulated to express and deliver cytokines, antibodies and cancer therapeutics. Although there is less clinical data available, the pre- clinical research clearly indicates the feasibility and potential of bacteria- mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Himani Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Himanshu Gogoi
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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6
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Carter MQ, Quiñones B, He X, Pham A, Carychao D, Cooley MB, Lo CC, Chain PSG, Lindsey RL, Bono JL. Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia albertii Strains Isolated from Wild Birds in a Major Agricultural Region in California. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2803. [PMID: 38004814 PMCID: PMC10673567 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging foodborne pathogen. To better understand the pathogenesis and health risk of this pathogen, comparative genomics and phenotypic characterization were applied to assess the pathogenicity potential of E. albertii strains isolated from wild birds in a major agricultural region in California. Shiga toxin genes stx2f were present in all avian strains. Pangenome analyses of 20 complete genomes revealed a total of 11,249 genes, of which nearly 80% were accessory genes. Both core gene-based phylogenetic and accessory gene-based relatedness analyses consistently grouped the three stx2f-positive clinical strains with the five avian strains carrying ST7971. Among the three Stx2f-converting prophage integration sites identified, ssrA was the most common one. Besides the locus of enterocyte effacement and type three secretion system, the high pathogenicity island, OI-122, and type six secretion systems were identified. Substantial strain variation in virulence gene repertoire, Shiga toxin production, and cytotoxicity were revealed. Six avian strains exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity than that of stx2f-positive E. coli, and three of them exhibited a comparable level of cytotoxicity with that of enterohemorrhagic E. coli outbreak strains, suggesting that wild birds could serve as a reservoir of E. albertii strains with great potential to cause severe diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Qiu Carter
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
| | - Antares Pham
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Diana Carychao
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Michael B. Cooley
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Chien-Chi Lo
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, U.S. Department of Energy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe, NM 87545, USA; (C.-C.L.); (P.S.G.C.)
| | - Patrick S. G. Chain
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, U.S. Department of Energy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe, NM 87545, USA; (C.-C.L.); (P.S.G.C.)
| | - Rebecca L. Lindsey
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - James L. Bono
- Meat Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA;
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7
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Reyes A, Ortiz G, Duarte LF, Fernández C, Hernández-Armengol R, Palacios PA, Prado Y, Andrade CA, Rodriguez-Guilarte L, Kalergis AM, Simon F, Carreño LJ, Riedel CA, Cáceres M, González PA. Contribution of viral and bacterial infections to senescence and immunosenescence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1229098. [PMID: 37753486 PMCID: PMC10518457 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1229098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a key biological process characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest. The accumulation of senescent cells creates a pro-inflammatory environment that can negatively affect tissue functions and may promote the development of aging-related diseases. Typical biomarkers related to senescence include senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, histone H2A.X phosphorylation at serine139 (γH2A.X), and senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) with heterochromatin protein 1γ (HP-1γ protein) Moreover, immune cells undergoing senescence, which is known as immunosenescence, can affect innate and adaptative immune functions and may elicit detrimental effects over the host's susceptibility to infectious diseases. Although associations between senescence and pathogens have been reported, clear links between both, and the related molecular mechanisms involved remain to be determined. Furthermore, it remains to be determined whether infections effectively induce senescence, the impact of senescence and immunosenescence over infections, or if both events coincidently share common molecular markers, such as γH2A.X and p53. Here, we review and discuss the most recent reports that describe cellular hallmarks and biomarkers related to senescence in immune and non-immune cells in the context of infections, seeking to better understand their relationships. Related literature was searched in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases with search terms related to the sections and subsections of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Reyes
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerardo Ortiz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luisa F. Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Fernández
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosario Hernández-Armengol
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. Palacios
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yolanda Prado
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Linmar Rodriguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Cáceres
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Leszczyńska K, Święcicka I, Daniluk T, Lebensztejn D, Chmielewska-Deptuła S, Leszczyńska D, Gawor J, Kliber M. Escherichia albertii as a Potential Enteropathogen in the Light of Epidemiological and Genomic Studies. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1384. [PMID: 37510288 PMCID: PMC10379040 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is a new enteropathogen of humans and animals. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and pathogenicity of E. albertii strains isolated in northeastern Poland using epidemiological and genomic studies. In 2015-2018, a total of 1154 fecal samples from children and adults, 497 bird droppings, 212 food samples, 92 water samples, and 500 lactose-negative E. coli strains were tested. A total of 42 E. albertii strains were isolated. The PCR method was suitable for their rapid identification. In total, 33.3% of E. albertii isolates were resistant to one antibiotic, and 16.7% to two. Isolates were sensitive to cefepime, imipenem, levofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and did not produce ESBL β-lactamases. High genetic variability of E. albertii has been demonstrated. In the PFGE method, 90.5% of the strains had distinct pulsotypes. In MLST typing, 85.7% of strains were assigned distinct sequence types (STs), of which 64% were novel ST types. Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) and Paa toxin genes were found in 100% of E. albertii isolates. Genes encoding toxins, IbeA, CdtB type 2, Tsh and Shiga (Stx2f), were found in 26.2%, 9.7%, 1.7%, and 0.4% of E. albertii isolates, respectively. The chromosome size of the tested strains ranged from 4,573,338 to 5,141,010 bp (average 4,784,003 bp), and at least one plasmid was present in all strains. The study contributes to a more accurate assessment of the genetic diversity of E. albertii and the potential threat it poses to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Leszczyńska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Święcicka
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Bialystok, ul. Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Tamara Daniluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dariusz Lebensztejn
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, Allergology and Pulmonology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sylwia Chmielewska-Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dorota Leszczyńska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jan Gawor
- DNA Sequecing and Synthesis Facility, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kliber
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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9
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Genotoxins: The Mechanistic Links between Escherichia coli and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041152. [PMID: 36831495 PMCID: PMC9954437 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates bacterial infections contribute to the formation of cancers. Bacterial genotoxins are effectors that cause DNA damage by introducing single- and double-strand DNA breaks in the host cells. The first bacterial genotoxin cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) was a protein identified in 1987 in a pathogenic strain in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from a young patient. The peptide-polyketide genotoxin colibactin is produced by the phylogenetic group B2 of E. coli. Recently, a protein produced by attaching/effacing (A/E) pathogens, including enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EPEC and EHEC) and their murine equivalent Citrobacter rodentium (CR), has been reported as a novel protein genotoxin, being injected via the type III secretion system (T3SS) into host cells and harboring direct DNA digestion activity with a catalytic histidine-aspartic acid dyad. These E. coli-produced genotoxins impair host DNA, which results in senescence or apoptosis of the target cells if the damage is beyond repair. Conversely, host cells can survive and proliferate if the genotoxin-induced DNA damage is not severe enough to kill them. The surviving cells may accumulate genomic instability and acquire malignant traits. This review presents the cellular responses of infection with the genotoxins-producing E. coli and discusses the current knowledge of the tumorigenic potential of these toxins.
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10
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Greco G, Zeppa SD, Agostini D, Attisani G, Stefanelli C, Ferrini F, Sestili P, Fimognari C. The Anti- and Pro-Tumorigenic Role of Microbiota and Its Role in Anticancer Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010190. [PMID: 36612186 PMCID: PMC9818275 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut microbiota physiologically and actively participates as a symbiont to a wide number of fundamental biological processes, such as absorption and metabolism of nutrients, regulation of immune response and inflammation; gut microbiota plays also an antitumor role. However, dysbiosis, resulting from a number of different situations-dysmicrobism, infections, drug intake, age, diet-as well as from their multiple combinations, may lead to tumorigenesis and is associated with approximately 20% of all cancers. In a diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and epidemiological perspective, it is clear that the bifaceted role of microbiota needs to be thoroughly studied and better understood. Here, we discuss the anti- and pro-tumorigenic potential of gut and other microbiota districts along with the causes that may change commensal bacteria from friend to foes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Greco
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Donati Zeppa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Deborah Agostini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Attisani
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Claudio Stefanelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Fabio Ferrini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (C.F.)
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11
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Gao F, Yu B, Rao B, Sun Y, Yu J, Wang D, Cui G, Ren Z. The effect of the intratumoral microbiome on tumor occurrence, progression, prognosis and treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1051987. [PMID: 36466871 PMCID: PMC9718533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, great progress has been achieved in the understanding of microbiome-cancer interactions. However, most of the studies have focused on the gut microbiome, ignoring how other microbiomes interact with tumors. Emerging evidence suggests that in many types of cancers, such as lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer, the intratumoral microbiome plays a significant role. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that intratumoral microbes have multiple effects on the biological behavior of tumors, for example, regulating tumor initiation and progression and altering the tumor response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. However, to fully understand the role of the intratumoral microbiome in cancer, further investigation of the effects and mechanisms is still needed. This review discusses the role of intratumoral bacteria in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, recurrence and metastasis, as well as their effect on cancer prognosis and treatment outcome, and summarizes the relevant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Benchen Rao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Daming Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangying Cui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Abstract
AB toxins are protein virulence factors secreted by many bacterial pathogens, contributing to the pathogenicity of the cognate bacteria. AB toxins consist of two functionally distinct components: the enzymatic "A" component for pathogenicity and the receptor-binding "B" component for toxin delivery. Consistently, unlike other virulence factors such as effectors, AB toxins do not require additional systems to deliver them to the target host cells. Target host cells are located in the infection site and/or located distantly from infected host cells. The first part of this review discusses the structural and functional features of single-peptide and multiprotein AB toxins in the context of host-microbe interactions, using several well-characterized examples. The second part of this review discusses toxin neutralization strategies, as well as applications of AB toxins relevant to developing intervention strategies against diseases.
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13
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Gubatan J, Boye TL, Temby M, Sojwal RS, Holman DR, Sinha SR, Rogalla SR, Nielsen OH. Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Role in Pathogenesis, Dietary Modulation, and Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1371. [PMID: 35889090 PMCID: PMC9316834 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has increasingly been recognized as a critical and central factor in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we review specific microorganisms that have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of IBD and the current state of fecal microbial transplants as a therapeutic strategy in IBD. We discuss specific nutritional and dietary interventions in IBD and their effects on gut microbiota composition. Finally, we examine the role and mechanisms of the gut microbiome in mediating colitis-associated colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gubatan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (M.T.); (R.S.S.); (D.R.H.); (S.R.S.); (S.R.R.)
| | - Theresa Louise Boye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Copenhagen, Denmark; (T.L.B.); or (O.H.N.)
| | - Michelle Temby
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (M.T.); (R.S.S.); (D.R.H.); (S.R.S.); (S.R.R.)
| | - Raoul S. Sojwal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (M.T.); (R.S.S.); (D.R.H.); (S.R.S.); (S.R.R.)
| | - Derek R. Holman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (M.T.); (R.S.S.); (D.R.H.); (S.R.S.); (S.R.R.)
| | - Sidhartha R. Sinha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (M.T.); (R.S.S.); (D.R.H.); (S.R.S.); (S.R.R.)
| | - Stephan R. Rogalla
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (M.T.); (R.S.S.); (D.R.H.); (S.R.S.); (S.R.R.)
| | - Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Copenhagen, Denmark; (T.L.B.); or (O.H.N.)
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14
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Abstract
Bacterial genotoxins are peptide or protein virulence factors produced by several pathogens, which make single-strand breaks (SSBs) and/or double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) in the target host cells. If host DNA inflictions are not resolved on time, host cell apoptosis, cell senescence, and/or even bacterial pathogen-related cancer may occur. Two multi-protein AB toxins, cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) produced by over 30 bacterial pathogens and typhoid toxin from Salmonella Typhi, as well as small polyketide-peptides named colibactin that causes the DNA interstrand cross-linking and subsequent DSBs is the most well-characterized bacterial genotoxins. Using these three examples, this review discusses the mechanisms by which these toxins deliver themselves into the nucleus of the target host cells and exert their genotoxic functions at the structural and functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaoqi Du
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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15
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Muchaamba F, Barmettler K, Treier A, Houf K, Stephan R. Microbiology and Epidemiology of Escherichia albertii—An Emerging Elusive Foodborne Pathogen. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050875. [PMID: 35630320 PMCID: PMC9145129 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii, a close relative of E. coli, is an emerging zoonotic foodborne pathogen associated with watery diarrhea mainly in children and immunocompromised individuals. E. albertii was initially classified as eae-positive Hafnia alvei, however, as more genetic and biochemical information became available it was reassigned to its current novel taxonomy. Its infections are common under conditions of poor hygiene with confirmed transmission via contaminated water and food, mainly poultry-based products. This pathogen has been isolated from various domestic and wild animals, with most isolates being derived from birds, implying that birds among other wild animals might act as its reservoir. Due to the absence of standardized isolation and identification protocols, E. albertii can be misidentified as other Enterobacteriaceae. Exploiting phenotypes such as its inability to ferment rhamnose and xylose and PCR assays targeting E. albertii-specific genes such as the cytolethal distending toxin and the DNA-binding transcriptional activator of cysteine biosynthesis encoding genes can be used to accurately identify this pathogen. Several gaps exist in our knowledge of E. albertii and need to be bridged. A deeper understanding of E. albertii epidemiology and physiology is required to allow the development of effective measures to control its transmission and infections. Overall, current data suggest that E. albertii might play a more significant role in global infectious diarrhea cases than previously assumed and is often overlooked or misidentified. Therefore, simple, and efficient diagnostic tools that cover E. albertii biodiversity are required for effective isolation and identification of this elusive agent of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Muchaamba
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karen Barmettler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Andrea Treier
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
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16
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Lai YR, Chang YF, Ma J, Chiu CH, Kuo ML, Lai CH. From DNA Damage to Cancer Progression: Potential Effects of Cytolethal Distending Toxin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760451. [PMID: 34868002 PMCID: PMC8634426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), one of the most important genotoxins, is produced by several gram-negative bacteria and is involved in bacterial pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that bacteria producing this peculiar genotoxin target host DNA, which potentially contributes to development of cancer. In this review, we highlighted the recent studies focusing on the idea that CDT leads to DNA damage, and the cells with inappropriately repaired DNA continue cycling, resulting in cancer development. Understanding the detailed mechanisms of genotoxins that cause DNA damage might be useful for targeting potential markers that drive cancer progression and help to discover new therapeutic strategies to prevent diseases caused by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jason Ma
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Current status of intratumour microbiome in cancer and engineered exogenous microbiota as a promising therapeutic strategy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112443. [PMID: 34847476 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the relationship between microbiome and cancer has made significant progress in the past few decades. It is now known that the gut microbiome has multiple effects on tumour biology. However, the relationship between intratumoral bacteria and cancers remains unclear. Growing evidence suggests that intratumoral bacteria are important components of the microenvironment in several types of cancers. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated that intratumoral bacteria may directly influence tumorigenesis, progression and responses to treatment. Limited studies have been conducted on intratumoral bacteria, and using intratumoral bacteria to treat tumours remains a challenge. Bacteria have been studied as anticancer therapeutics since the 19th century when William B. Coley successfully treated patients with inoperable sarcomas using Streptococcus pyogenes. With the development of synthetic biological approaches, several bacterial species have been genetically engineered to increase their applicability for cancer treatment. Genetically engineered bacteria for cancer therapy have unique properties compared to other treatment methods. They can specifically accumulate within tumours and inhibit cancer growth. In addition, genetically engineered bacteria may be used as a vector to deliver antitumour agents or combined with radiation and chemotherapy to synergise the effectiveness of cancer treatment. However, various problems in treating tumours with genetically engineered bacteria need to be addressed. In this review, we focus on the role of intratumoral bacteria on tumour initiation, progression and responses to chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Moreover, we summarised the recent progress in the treatment of tumours with genetically engineered bacteria.
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18
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Mezerova K, Raclavsky V, Stary L. Which bacterial toxins are worthy of validation as markers in colorectal cancer screening? A critical review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2021; 166:1-11. [PMID: 34747413 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2021.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate screening of early asymptomatic cases can reduce the disease burden and mortality rate of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) significantly. Currently, fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is able to detect up to 80% of asymptomatic cases in the population aged 50+. Therefore, there is still a demand for new screening tests that would complement FOBT, mainly by detecting at least a part of the FOBT-negative CRC and adenoma cases, or possibly by identifying person at increased risk of sporadic CRC in order to offer them tailored follow-up. Among the potential markers studied, our knowledge has advanced at most in toxigenic gram-negative bacteria. In this review, we assess their potential critically and recommend those best suited for prospective evaluation of their true ability to increase the sensitivity of FOBT when combined during general population screening. In our opinion, colibactin and Bacteroides fragilis toxin are the best candidates, possibly complemented by the cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Mezerova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Raclavsky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Stary
- Department of Surgery I, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
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19
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Mezerová K, Starý L, Zbořil P, Klementa I, Stašek M, Špička P, Skalický P, Raclavský V. Cyclomodulins and Hemolysis in E. coli as Potential Low-Cost Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Screening. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1165. [PMID: 34833041 PMCID: PMC8621933 DOI: 10.3390/life11111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent occurrence of E. coli positive for cyclomodulins such as colibactin (CLB), the cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF), and the cytolethal distending factor (CDT) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients published so far provides the opportunity to use them as CRC screening markers. We examined the practicability and performance of a low-cost detection approach that relied on culture followed by simplified DNA extraction and PCR in E. coli isolates recovered from 130 CRC patients and 111 controls. Our results showed a statistically significant association between CRC and the presence of colibactin genes clbB and clbN, the cnf gene, and newly, the hemolytic phenotype of E. coli isolates. We also observed a significant increase in the mean number of morphologically distinct E. coli isolates per patient in the CRC cohort compared to controls, indicating that the cyclomodulin-producing E. coli strains may represent potentially preventable harmful newcomers in CRC patients. A colibactin gene assay showed the highest detection rate (45.4%), and males would benefit from the screening more than females. However, because of the high number of false positives, practical use of this marker must be explored. In our opinion, it may serve as an auxiliary marker to increase the specificity and/or sensitivity of the well-established fecal immunochemical test (FIT) in CRC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Mezerová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Lubomír Starý
- First Department of Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.Z.); (I.K.); (M.S.); (P.Š.); (P.S.)
| | - Pavel Zbořil
- First Department of Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.Z.); (I.K.); (M.S.); (P.Š.); (P.S.)
| | - Ivo Klementa
- First Department of Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.Z.); (I.K.); (M.S.); (P.Š.); (P.S.)
| | - Martin Stašek
- First Department of Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.Z.); (I.K.); (M.S.); (P.Š.); (P.S.)
| | - Petr Špička
- First Department of Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.Z.); (I.K.); (M.S.); (P.Š.); (P.S.)
| | - Pavel Skalický
- First Department of Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.Z.); (I.K.); (M.S.); (P.Š.); (P.S.)
| | - Vladislav Raclavský
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
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20
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Liu X, Cheng Y, Zang D, Zhang M, Li X, Liu D, Gao B, Zhou H, Sun J, Han X, Lin M, Chen J. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Lung Cancer: From Carcinogenesis to Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:720842. [PMID: 34490119 PMCID: PMC8417127 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.720842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of microbiota on host health and disease has attracted adequate attention, and gut microbiota components and microbiota-derived metabolites affect host immune homeostasis locally and systematically. Some studies have found that gut dysbiosis, disturbance of the structure and function of the gut microbiome, disrupts pulmonary immune homeostasis, thus leading to increased disease susceptibility; the gut-lung axis is the primary cross-talk for this communication. Gut dysbiosis is involved in carcinogenesis and the progression of lung cancer through genotoxicity, systemic inflammation, and defective immunosurveillance. In addition, the gut microbiome harbors the potential to be a novel biomarker for predicting sensitivity and adverse reactions to immunotherapy in patients with lung cancer. Probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can enhance the efficacy and depress the toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors by regulating the gut microbiota. Although current studies have found that gut microbiota closely participates in the development and immunotherapy of lung cancer, the mechanisms require further investigation. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the underlying mechanisms of gut microbiota influencing carcinogenesis and immunotherapy in lung cancer and to provide new strategies for governing gut microbiota to enhance the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Oncology, The Third Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dan Zang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiuhua Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bing Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jinzhe Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meixi Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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21
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Chronic exposure to Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) promotes a cGAS-dependent type I interferon response. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6319-6335. [PMID: 34308492 PMCID: PMC8429409 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) is a bacterial genotoxin produced by pathogenic bacteria causing major foodborne diseases worldwide. CDT activates the DNA Damage Response and modulates the host immune response, but the precise relationship between these outcomes has not been addressed so far. Here, we show that chronic exposure to CDT in HeLa cells or mouse embryonic fibroblasts promotes a strong type I interferon (IFN) response that depends on the cytoplasmic DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase (cGAS) through the recognition of micronuclei. Indeed, despite active cell cycle checkpoints and in contrast to other DNA damaging agents, cells exposed to CDT reach mitosis where they accumulate massive DNA damage, resulting in chromosome fragmentation and micronucleus formation in daughter cells. These mitotic phenotypes are observed with CDT from various origins and in cancer or normal cell lines. Finally, we show that CDT exposure in immortalized normal colonic epithelial cells is associated to cGAS protein loss and low type I IFN response, implying that CDT immunomodulatory function may vary depending on tissue and cell type. Thus, our results establish a direct link between CDT-induced DNA damage, genetic instability and the cellular immune response that may be relevant in the context of natural infection associated to chronic inflammation or carcinogenesis.
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22
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Morgan RN, Saleh SE, Farrag HA, Aboulwafa MM. Bacterial cyclomodulins: types and roles in carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:42-66. [PMID: 34265231 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1944052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Various studies confirmed that bacterial infections contribute to carcinogenesis through the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of toxins that disrupt the cell cycle phases, cellular regulatory mechanisms and stimulate the production of tumorigenic inflammatory mediators. These toxins mimic carcinogens which act upon key cellular targets and result in mutations and genotoxicities. The cyclomodulins are bacterial toxins that incur cell cycle modulating effects rendering the expressing bacterial species of high carcinogenic potentiality. They are either cellular proliferating or cell cycle arrest cyclomodulins. Notably, cyclomodulins expressing bacterial species have been linked to different human carcinomas. For instance, Escherichia coli species producing the colibactin were highly prevalent among colorectal carcinoma patients, CagA+ Helicobacter pylori species were associated with MALT lymphomas and gastric carcinomas and Salmonella species producing CdtB were linked to hepatobiliary carcinomas. These species stimulated the overgrowth of pre-existing carcinomas and induced hyperplasia in in vivo animal models suggesting a role for the cyclomodulins in carcinogenesis. Wherefore, the prevalence and mode of action of these toxins were the focus of many researchers and studies. This review discusses different types of bacterial cyclomodulins highlighting their mode of action and possible role in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa N Morgan
- Drug radiation research Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarra E Saleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala A Farrag
- Drug radiation research Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad M Aboulwafa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Ras-Sedr, Egypt
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23
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Significance of base excision repair to human health. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 364:163-193. [PMID: 34507783 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative and alkylating DNA damage occurs under normal physiological conditions and exogenous exposure to DNA damaging agents. To counteract DNA base damage, cells have evolved several defense mechanisms that act at different levels to prevent or repair DNA base damage. Cells combat genomic lesions like these including base modifications, abasic sites, as well as single-strand breaks, via the base excision repair (BER) pathway. In general, the core BER process involves well-coordinated five-step reactions to correct DNA base damage. In this review, we will uncover the current understanding of BER mechanisms to maintain genomic stability and the biological consequences of its failure due to repair gene mutations. The malfunction of BER can often lead to BER intermediate accumulation, which is genotoxic and can lead to different types of human disease. Finally, we will address the use of BER intermediates for targeted cancer therapy.
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24
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Lopez Chiloeches M, Bergonzini A, Frisan T. Bacterial Toxins Are a Never-Ending Source of Surprises: From Natural Born Killers to Negotiators. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:426. [PMID: 34204481 PMCID: PMC8235270 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea that bacterial toxins are not only killers but also execute more sophisticated roles during bacteria-host interactions by acting as negotiators has been highlighted in the past decades. Depending on the toxin, its cellular target and mode of action, the final regulatory outcome can be different. In this review, we have focused on two families of bacterial toxins: genotoxins and pore-forming toxins, which have different modes of action but share the ability to modulate the host's immune responses, independently of their capacity to directly kill immune cells. We have addressed their immuno-suppressive effects with the perspective that these may help bacteria to avoid clearance by the host's immune response and, concomitantly, limit detrimental immunopathology. These are optimal conditions for the establishment of a persistent infection, eventually promoting asymptomatic carriers. This immunomodulatory effect can be achieved with different strategies such as suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, re-polarization of the immune response from a pro-inflammatory to a tolerogenic state, and bacterial fitness modulation to favour tissue colonization while preventing bacteraemia. An imbalance in each of those effects can lead to disease due to either uncontrolled bacterial proliferation/invasion, immunopathology, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.C.); (A.B.)
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25
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Mathiasen SL, Gall-Mas L, Pateras IS, Theodorou SDP, Namini MRJ, Hansen MB, Martin OCB, Vadivel CK, Ntostoglou K, Butter D, Givskov M, Geisler C, Akbar AN, Gorgoulis VG, Frisan T, Ødum N, Krejsgaard T. Bacterial genotoxins induce T cell senescence. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109220. [PMID: 34107253 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of pathogenic bacteria produce genotoxins that induce DNA damage in host cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that a central function of these genotoxins is to dysregulate the host's immune response, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of the most widely expressed bacterial genotoxin, the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), on T cells-the key mediators of adaptive immunity. We show that CDT induces premature senescence in activated CD4 T cells in vitro and provide evidence suggesting that infection with genotoxin-producing bacteria promotes T cell senescence in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrate that genotoxin-induced senescent CD4 T cells assume a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) which, at least partly, is orchestrated by the ATM-p38 signaling axis. These findings provide insight into the immunomodulatory properties of bacterial genotoxins and uncover a putative link between bacterial infections and T cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Mathiasen
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Gall-Mas
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia D P Theodorou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Martin R J Namini
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten B Hansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Océane C B Martin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chella Krishna Vadivel
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos Ntostoglou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Deborah Butter
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Givskov
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Center for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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26
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Tremblay W, Mompart F, Lopez E, Quaranta M, Bergoglio V, Hashim S, Bonnet D, Alric L, Mas E, Trouche D, Vignard J, Ferrand A, Mirey G, Fernandez-Vidal A. Cytolethal Distending Toxin Promotes Replicative Stress Leading to Genetic Instability Transmitted to Daughter Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:656795. [PMID: 34026755 PMCID: PMC8138442 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.656795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is produced by several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. In addition to inflammation, experimental evidences are in favor of a protumoral role of CDT-harboring bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, or Helicobacter hepaticus. CDT may contribute to cell transformation in vitro and carcinogenesis in mice models, through the genotoxic action of CdtB catalytic subunit. Here, we investigate the mechanism of action by which CDT leads to genetic instability in human cell lines and colorectal organoids from healthy patients’ biopsies. We demonstrate that CDT holotoxin induces a replicative stress dependent on CdtB. The slowing down of DNA replication occurs mainly in late S phase, resulting in the expression of fragile sites and important chromosomic aberrations. These DNA abnormalities induced after CDT treatment are responsible for anaphase bridge formation in mitosis and interphase DNA bridge between daughter cells in G1 phase. Moreover, CDT-genotoxic potential preferentially affects human cycling cells compared to quiescent cells. Finally, the toxin induces nuclear distension associated to DNA damage in proliferating cells of human colorectal organoids, resulting in decreased growth. Our findings thus identify CDT as a bacterial virulence factor targeting proliferating cells, such as human colorectal progenitors or stem cells, inducing replicative stress and genetic instability transmitted to daughter cells that may therefore contribute to carcinogenesis. As some CDT-carrying bacterial strains were detected in patients with colorectal cancer, targeting these bacteria could be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tremblay
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Mompart
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisa Lopez
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Quaranta
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Bergoglio
- MCD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Saleha Hashim
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Bonnet
- Department of Internale and Digestive Diseases, Pole Digestif, CHU Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Alric
- Department of Internale and Digestive Diseases, Pole Digestif, CHU Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Mas
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Unité de Gastroentérologie, Hépatologie, Nutrition, Diabétologie et Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Trouche
- MCD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Vignard
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gladys Mirey
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Fernandez-Vidal
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.,MCD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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27
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Martin OCB, Bergonzini A, Lopez Chiloeches M, Paparouna E, Butter D, Theodorou SDP, Haykal MM, Boutet-Robinet E, Tebaldi T, Wakeham A, Rhen M, Gorgoulis VG, Mak T, Pateras IS, Frisan T. Influence of the microenvironment on modulation of the host response by typhoid toxin. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108931. [PMID: 33826883 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial genotoxins cause DNA damage in eukaryotic cells, resulting in activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) in vitro. These toxins are produced by Gram-negative bacteria, enriched in the microbiota of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, their role in infection remains poorly characterized. We address the role of typhoid toxin in modulation of the host-microbial interaction in health and disease. Infection with a genotoxigenic Salmonella protects mice from intestinal inflammation. We show that the presence of an active genotoxin promotes DNA fragmentation and senescence in vivo, which is uncoupled from an inflammatory response and unexpectedly associated with induction of an anti-inflammatory environment. The anti-inflammatory response is lost when infection occurs in mice with acute colitis. These data highlight a complex context-dependent crosstalk between bacterial-genotoxin-induced DDR and the host immune response, underlining an unexpected role for bacterial genotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane C B Martin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Bergonzini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Lopez Chiloeches
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eleni Paparouna
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Deborah Butter
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia D P Theodorou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria M Haykal
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Inserm U981, Biomarqueurs prédictifs et nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques en oncologie, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Toma Tebaldi
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Wakeham
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikael Rhen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tak Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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28
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Herbert KJ, Puliyadi R, Prevo R, Rodriguez-Berriguete G, Ryan A, Ramadan K, Higgins GS. Targeting TOPK sensitises tumour cells to radiation-induced damage by enhancing replication stress. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:1333-1346. [PMID: 33168956 PMCID: PMC8027845 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T-LAK-originated protein kinase (TOPK) overexpression is a feature of multiple cancers, yet is absent from most phenotypically normal tissues. As such, TOPK expression profiling and the development of TOPK-targeting pharmaceutical agents have raised hopes for its future potential in the development of targeted therapeutics. Results presented in this paper confirm the value of TOPK as a potential target for the treatment of solid tumours, and demonstrate the efficacy of a TOPK inhibitor (OTS964) when used in combination with radiation treatment. Using H460 and Calu-6 lung cancer xenograft models, we show that pharmaceutical inhibition of TOPK potentiates the efficacy of fractionated irradiation. Furthermore, we provide in vitro evidence that TOPK plays a hitherto unknown role during S phase, showing that TOPK depletion increases fork stalling and collapse under conditions of replication stress and exogenous DNA damage. Transient knockdown of TOPK was shown to impair recovery from fork stalling and to increase the formation of replication-associated single-stranded DNA foci in H460 lung cancer cells. We also show that TOPK interacts directly with CHK1 and Cdc25c, two key players in the checkpoint signalling pathway activated after replication fork collapse. This study thus provides novel insights into the mechanism by which TOPK activity supports the survival of cancer cells, facilitating checkpoint signalling in response to replication stress and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine J Herbert
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rathi Puliyadi
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Remko Prevo
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Gonzalo Rodriguez-Berriguete
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anderson Ryan
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kristijan Ramadan
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Geoff S Higgins
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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29
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González‐Sánchez P, DeNicola GM. The microbiome(s) and cancer: know thy neighbor(s). J Pathol 2021; 254:332-343. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma González‐Sánchez
- Department of Cancer Physiology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Tampa FL USA
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Tampa FL USA
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30
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Han T, Jing X, Bao J, Zhao L, Zhang A, Miao R, Guo H, Zhou B, Zhang S, Sun J, Shi J. H. pylori infection alters repair of DNA double-strand breaks via SNHG17. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3901-3918. [PMID: 32538894 DOI: 10.1172/jci125581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections can lead to carcinogenesis through inflammation-related mechanisms. Chronic infection of the human gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori is a well-known risk factor for gastric cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis are incompletely defined. We aimed to screen and clarify the functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are differentially expressed in H. pylori-related gastric cancer. We found that lncRNA SNHG17 was upregulated by H. pylori infection and markedly increased the levels of double-strand breaks (DSBs). SNHG17 overexpression correlated with poor overall survival in patients with gastric cancer. The recruitment of NONO by overabundant nuclear SNHG17, along with the role of cytoplasmic SNHG17 as a decoy for miR-3909, which regulates Rad51 expression, shifted the DSB repair balance from homologous recombination toward nonhomologous end joining. Notably, during chronic H. pylori infection, SNHG17 knockdown inhibited chromosomal aberrations. Our findings suggest that spatially independent deregulation of the SNHG17/NONO and SNHG17/miR-3909/RING1/Rad51 pathways upon H. pylori infection promotes tumorigenesis in gastric cancer by altering the DNA repair system, which is critical for the maintenance of genomic stability. Upregulation of SNHG17 by H. pylori infection might be an undefined link between cancer and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Jing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Bao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Research Center, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Aidong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Renling Miao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiazeng Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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31
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Gut Microbiota and Colon Cancer: A Role for Bacterial Protein Toxins? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176201. [PMID: 32867331 PMCID: PMC7504354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the human intestinal microbiota can contribute to the etiology of colorectal cancer. Triggering factors, including inflammation and bacterial infections, may favor the shift of the gut microbiota from a mutualistic to a pro-carcinogenic configuration. In this context, certain bacterial pathogens can exert a pro-tumoral activity by producing enzymatically-active protein toxins that either directly induce host cell DNA damage or interfere with essential host cell signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. This review is focused on those toxins that, by mimicking carcinogens and cancer promoters, could represent a paradigm for bacterially induced carcinogenesis.
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32
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Pons BJ, Loiseau N, Hashim S, Tadrist S, Mirey G, Vignard J. Functional Study of Haemophilus ducreyi Cytolethal Distending Toxin Subunit B. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090530. [PMID: 32825080 PMCID: PMC7551728 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) is produced by many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria responsible for major foodborne diseases worldwide. CDT induces DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in host-cells, eventually leading to senescence or apoptosis. According to structural and sequence comparison, the catalytic subunit CdtB is suggested to possess both nuclease and phosphatase activities, carried by a single catalytic site. However, the impact of each activity on cell-host toxicity is yet to be characterized. Here, we analyze the consequences of cell exposure to different CDT mutated on key CdtB residues, focusing on cell viability, cell cycle defects, and DNA damage induction. A first class of mutant, devoid of any activity, targets putative catalytic (H160A), metal binding (D273R), and DNA binding residues (R117A-R144A-N201A). The second class of mutants (A163R, F156-T158, and the newly identified G114T), which gathers mutations on residues potentially involved in lipid substrate binding, has only partially lost its toxic effects. However, their defects are alleviated when CdtB is artificially introduced inside cells, except for the F156-T158 double mutant that is defective in nuclear addressing. Therefore, our data reveal that CDT toxicity is mainly correlated to CdtB nuclease activity, whereas phosphatase activity may probably be involved in CdtB intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gladys Mirey
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (J.V.); Tel.: +33-582-066-338 (G.M.)
| | - Julien Vignard
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (J.V.); Tel.: +33-582-066-338 (G.M.)
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Humphreys D, ElGhazaly M, Frisan T. Senescence and Host-Pathogen Interactions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071747. [PMID: 32708331 PMCID: PMC7409240 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to our genomes triggers cellular senescence characterised by stable cell cycle arrest and a pro-inflammatory secretome that prevents the unrestricted growth of cells with pathological potential. In this way, senescence can be considered a powerful innate defence against cancer and viral infection. However, damage accumulated during ageing increases the number of senescent cells and this contributes to the chronic inflammation and deregulation of the immune function, which increases susceptibility to infectious disease in ageing organisms. Bacterial and viral pathogens are masters of exploiting weak points to establish infection and cause devastating diseases. This review considers the emerging importance of senescence in the host-pathogen interaction: we discuss the pathogen exploitation of ageing cells and senescence as a novel hijack target of bacterial pathogens that deploys senescence-inducing toxins to promote infection. The persistent induction of senescence by pathogens, mediated directly through virulence determinants or indirectly through inflammation and chronic infection, also contributes to age-related pathologies such as cancer. This review highlights the dichotomous role of senescence in infection: an innate defence that is exploited by pathogens to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Humphreys
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
- Correspondence: (D.H.); (T.F.)
| | - Mohamed ElGhazaly
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (D.H.); (T.F.)
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Gomes TAT, Ooka T, Hernandes RT, Yamamoto D, Hayashi T. Escherichia albertii Pathogenesis. EcoSal Plus 2020; 9:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0015-2019. [PMID: 32588811 PMCID: PMC11168576 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0015-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging enteropathogen of humans and many avian species. This bacterium is a close relative of Escherichia coli and has been frequently misidentified as enteropathogenic or enterohemorrhagic E. coli due to their similarity in phenotypic and genetic features, such as various biochemical properties and the possession of a type III secretion system encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement. This pathogen causes outbreaks of gastroenteritis, and some strains produce Shiga toxin. Although many genetic and phenotypic studies have been published and the genome sequences of more than 200 E. albertii strains are now available, the clinical significance of this species is not yet fully understood. The apparent zoonotic nature of the disease requires a deeper understanding of the transmission routes and mechanisms of E. albertii to develop effective measures to control its transmission and infection. Here, we review the current knowledge of the phylogenic relationship of E. albertii with other Escherichia species and the biochemical and genetic properties of E. albertii, with particular emphasis on the repertoire of virulence factors and the mechanisms of pathogenicity, and we hope this provides a basis for future studies of this important emerging enteropathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia A T Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tadasuke Ooka
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rodrigo T Hernandes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Yamamoto
- Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Barrett M, Hand CK, Shanahan F, Murphy T, O'Toole PW. Mutagenesis by Microbe: the Role of the Microbiota in Shaping the Cancer Genome. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:277-287. [PMID: 32209443 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancers arise through the process of somatic evolution fueled by the inception of somatic mutations. We lack a complete understanding of the sources of these somatic mutations. Humans host a vast repertoire of microbes collectively known as the microbiota. The microbiota plays a role in altering the tumor microenvironment and proliferation. In addition, microbes have been shown to elicit DNA damage which provides the driver for somatic mutations. An understanding of microbiota-driven mutational mechanisms would contribute to a more complete understanding of the origins of the cancer genome. Here, we review the modes by which microbes stimulate DNA damage and the effect of these phenomena upon the cancer genomic architecture, specifically in the form of mutational spectra and mutational signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Barrett
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Collette K Hand
- Department of Pathology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland; Department of Medicine, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas Murphy
- Department of Surgery, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
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Martin OC, Frisan T. Bacterial Genotoxin-Induced DNA Damage and Modulation of the Host Immune Microenvironment. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E63. [PMID: 31973033 PMCID: PMC7076804 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
: Bacterial genotoxins (BTGX) induce DNA damage, which results in senescence or apoptosis of the target cells if not properly repaired. Three BTGXs have been identified: the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) family produced by several Gram-negative bacteria, the typhoid toxin produced by several Salmonella enterica serovars, and colibactin, a peptide-polyketide, produced mainly by the phylogenetic group B2 Escherichia coli. The cellular responses induced by BTGXs resemble those of well-characterized carcinogenic agents, and several lines of evidence indicate that bacteria carrying genotoxin genes can contribute to tumor development under specific circumstances. Given their unusual mode of action, it is still enigmatic why these effectors have been acquired by microbes and what is their role in the context of the biology of the producing bacterium, since it is unlikely that their primary purpose is to induce/promote cancer in the mammalian host. In this review, we will discuss the possibility that the DNA damage induced by BTGX modulates the host immune response, acting as immunomodulator, leading to the establishment of a suitable niche for the producing bacterium. We will further highlight open questions that remain to be solved regarding the biology of this unusual family of bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane C.B. Martin
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, 33320 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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Azimi T, Zamirnasta M, Sani MA, Soltan Dallal MM, Nasser A. Molecular Mechanisms of Salmonella Effector Proteins: A Comprehensive Review. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:11-26. [PMID: 32021316 PMCID: PMC6954085 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s230604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella can be categorized into many serotypes, which are specific to known hosts or broadhosts. It makes no difference which one of the serotypes would penetrate the gastrointestinal tract because they all face similar obstacles such as mucus and microbiome. However, following their penetration, some species remain in the gastrointestinal tract; yet, others spread to another organ like gallbladder. Salmonella is required to alter the immune response to sustain its intracellular life. Changing the host response requires particular effector proteins and vehicles to translocate them. To this end, a categorized gene called Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) was developed; genes like Salmonella pathogenicity island encode aggressive or modulating proteins. Initially, Salmonella needs to be attached and stabilized via adhesin factor, without which no further steps can be taken. In this review, an attempt has been made to elaborate on each factor attached to the host cell or to modulating and aggressive proteins that evade immune systems. This review includes four sections: (A) attachment factors or T3SS- independent entrance, (B) effector proteins or T3SS-dependent entrance, (c) regulation of invasive genes, and (D) regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zamirnasta
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Environmental health Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Nasser
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
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38
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Camborde L, Raynaud C, Dumas B, Gaulin E. DNA-Damaging Effectors: New Players in the Effector Arena. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:1094-1101. [PMID: 31699522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In animal cells, nuclear DNA is the target of genotoxins produced by bacterial pathogens that cause genomic mutations eventually leading to apoptosis, senescence, and carcinogenic development. In response to the insult, the DNA damage response (DDR) is activated to ensure lesion repair. Accumulation of DNA breaks is also detected in plants during microbial infection. In this opinion article we propose that phytopathogens can produce DNA-damaging effectors. The recent identification of a functional genotoxin in devastating eukaryotic plant pathogens, such as oomycetes, supports the concept that DNA-damaging effectors may contribute to pathogenicity. Additionally, this raises the question of how plants can perceive these damages and whether this perception can be connected to the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Camborde
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Cécile Raynaud
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Elodie Gaulin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France.
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Cytolethal Distending Toxin Subunit B: A Review of Structure-Function Relationship. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100595. [PMID: 31614800 PMCID: PMC6832162 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) is a bacterial virulence factor produced by several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. These bacteria, found in distinct niches, cause diverse infectious diseases and produce CDTs differing in sequence and structure. CDTs have been involved in the pathogenicity of the associated bacteria by promoting persistent infection. At the host-cell level, CDTs cause cell distension, cell cycle block and DNA damage, eventually leading to cell death. All these effects are attributable to the catalytic CdtB subunit, but its exact mode of action is only beginning to be unraveled. Sequence and 3D structure analyses revealed similarities with better characterized proteins, such as nucleases or phosphatases, and it has been hypothesized that CdtB exerts a biochemical activity close to those enzymes. Here, we review the relationships that have been established between CdtB structure and function, particularly by mutation experiments on predicted key residues in different experimental systems. We discuss the relevance of these approaches and underline the importance of further study in the molecular mechanisms of CDT toxicity, particularly in the context of different pathological conditions.
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40
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Mason JM, Chan YL, Weichselbaum RW, Bishop DK. Non-enzymatic roles of human RAD51 at stalled replication forks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4410. [PMID: 31562309 PMCID: PMC6764946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The central recombination enzyme RAD51 has been implicated in replication fork processing and restart in response to replication stress. Here, we use a separation-of-function allele of RAD51 that retains DNA binding, but not D-loop activity, to reveal mechanistic aspects of RAD51’s roles in the response to replication stress. Here, we find that cells lacking RAD51’s enzymatic activity protect replication forks from MRE11-dependent degradation, as expected from previous studies. Unexpectedly, we find that RAD51’s strand exchange activity is not required to convert stalled forks to a form that can be degraded by DNA2. Such conversion was shown previously to require replication fork regression, supporting a model in which fork regression depends on a non-enzymatic function of RAD51. We also show RAD51 promotes replication restart by both strand exchange-dependent and strand exchange-independent mechanisms. RAD51 has been implicated in replication fork processing and restart in response to replication stress. Here, authors reveal mechanistic aspects of non-enzymatic roles of RAD51 for fork reversal and cooperation with FBH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Mason
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA. .,Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Yuen-Ling Chan
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ralph W Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas K Bishop
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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41
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Ibler AEM, ElGhazaly M, Naylor KL, Bulgakova NA, F El-Khamisy S, Humphreys D. Typhoid toxin exhausts the RPA response to DNA replication stress driving senescence and Salmonella infection. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4040. [PMID: 31492859 PMCID: PMC6731267 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi activates the host DNA damage response through the typhoid toxin, facilitating typhoid symptoms and chronic infections. Here we reveal a non-canonical DNA damage response, which we call RING (response induced by a genotoxin), characterized by accumulation of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) at the nuclear periphery. RING is the result of persistent DNA damage mediated by toxin nuclease activity and is characterized by hyperphosphorylation of RPA, a sensor of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and DNA replication stress. The toxin overloads the RPA pathway with ssDNA substrate, causing RPA exhaustion and senescence. Senescence is also induced by canonical γΗ2ΑΧ foci revealing distinct mechanisms. Senescence is transmitted to non-intoxicated bystander cells by an unidentified senescence-associated secreted factor that enhances Salmonella infections. Thus, our work uncovers a mechanism by which genotoxic Salmonella exhausts the RPA response by inducing ssDNA formation, driving host cell senescence and facilitating infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E M Ibler
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Mohamed ElGhazaly
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kathryn L Naylor
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Natalia A Bulgakova
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- The Healthy Life Span Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Center of Genomics, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Daniel Humphreys
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Pons BJ, Bezine E, Hanique M, Guillet V, Mourey L, Chicher J, Frisan T, Vignard J, Mirey G. Cell transfection of purified cytolethal distending toxin B subunits allows comparing their nuclease activity while plasmid degradation assay does not. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214313. [PMID: 30921382 PMCID: PMC6438463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) is produced by many pathogenic bacteria. CDT is known to induce genomic DNA damage to host eukaryotic cells through its catalytic subunit, CdtB. CdtB is structurally homologous to DNase I and has a nuclease activity, dependent on several key residues. Yet some differences between various CdtB subunit activities, and discrepancies between biochemical and cellular data, have been observed. To better characterise the role of CdtB in the induction of DNA damage, we affinity-purified wild-type and mutants of CdtB, issued from E. coli and H. ducreyi, under native and denaturing conditions. We then compared their nuclease activity by a classic in vitro assay using plasmid DNA, and two different eukaryotic assays–the first assay where host cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding CdtB, the second assay where host cells were directly transfected with purified CdtB. We show here that in vitro nuclease activities are difficult to quantify, whereas CdtB activities in host cells can be easily interpreted and confirmed the loss of function of the catalytic mutant. Our results highlight the importance of performing multiple assays while studying the effects of bacterial genotoxins, and indicate that the classic in vitro assay should be complemented with cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît J. Pons
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Bezine
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
- Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mélissa Hanique
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Guillet
- Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
| | - Johana Chicher
- Plateforme protéomique Strasbourg Esplanade, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), FRC1589 Strasbourg, France
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julien Vignard
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (GM); (JV)
| | - Gladys Mirey
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (GM); (JV)
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43
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Druzhinin VG, Matskova LV, Fucic A. Induction and modulation of genotoxicity by the bacteriome in mammals. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 776:70-77. [PMID: 29807578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The living environment is a multilevel physical and chemical xenobiotic complex with potentially mutagenic effects and health risks. In addition to inorganic exposures, all terrestrial and aquatic living forms interact with microbiota as selectively established communities of bacteria, viruses and fungi. Along these lines, the human organism should then be considered a "meta-organism" with complex dynamics of interaction between the environment and microbiome. Bacterial communities within the microbiome, bacteriome, by its mass, symbiotic or competitive position and composition are in a fragile balance with the host organisms and have a crucial impact on their homeostasis. Bacteriome taxonomic composition is modulated by age, sex and host genetic profile and may be changed by adverse environmental exposures and life style factors such as diet or drug intake. A changed and/or misbalanced bacteriome has genotoxic potential with significant impact on the pathogenesis of acute, chronic and neoplastic diseases in the host organism. Bacteria may produce genotoxins, express a variety of pathways in which they generate free radicals or affect DNA repair causing genome damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, modulate immune response and launch carcinogenesis in the host organism. Future investigations should focus on the interplay between exposure to xenobiotics and bacteriome composition, immunomodulation caused by misbalanced bacteriome, impact of the environment on bacteriome composition in children and its lifelong effect on health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Druzhinin
- Department of Genetics, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo. Russia; Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - L V Matskova
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm. Sweden
| | - A Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
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44
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The Typhoid Toxin Produced by the Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica Serotype Javiana Is Required for Induction of a DNA Damage Response In Vitro and Systemic Spread In Vivo. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00467-18. [PMID: 29588404 PMCID: PMC5874915 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00467-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella cytolethal distending toxin (S-CDT), first described as the “typhoid toxin” in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhi, induces DNA damage in eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have shown that more than 40 nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serotypes carry genes that encode S-CDT, yet very little is known about the activity, function, and role of S-CDT in NTS. Here we show that deletion of genes encoding the binding subunit (pltB) and a bacteriophage muramidase predicted to play a role in toxin export (ttsA) does not abolish toxin activity in the S-CDT-positive NTS Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Javiana. However, S. Javiana strains harboring deletions of both pltB and its homolog artB, had a complete loss of S-CDT activity, suggesting that S. Javiana carries genes encoding two variants of the binding subunit. S-CDT-mediated DNA damage, as determined by phosphorylation of histone 2AX (H2AX), producing phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), was restricted to epithelial cells in S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle and did not result in apoptosis or cell death. Compared to mice infected with a ΔcdtB strain, mice infected with wild-type S. Javiana had significantly higher levels of S. Javiana in the liver, but not in the spleen, ileum, or cecum. Overall, we show that production of active S-CDT by NTS serotype S. Javiana requires different genes (cdtB, pltA, and either pltB or artB) for expression of biologically active toxin than those reported for S-CDT production by S. Typhi (cdtB, pltA, pltB, and ttsA). However, as in S. Typhi, NTS S-CDT influences the outcome of infection both in vitro and in vivo. Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) are a major cause of bacterial food-borne illness worldwide; however, our understanding of virulence mechanisms that determine the outcome and severity of nontyphoidal salmonellosis is incompletely understood. Here we show that S-CDT produced by NTS plays a significant role in the outcome of infection both in vitro and in vivo, highlighting S-CDT as an important virulence factor for nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes. Our data also contribute novel information about the function of S-CDT, as S-CDT-mediated DNA damage occurs only during certain phases of the cell cycle, and the resulting damage does not induce cell death as assessed using a propidium iodide exclusion assay. Importantly, our data support that, despite having genetically similar S-CDT operons, NTS serotype S. Javiana has different genetic requirements than S. Typhi, for the production and export of active S-CDT.
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Maisonneuve C, Irrazabal T, Martin A, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ. The Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Colorectal Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Maisonneuve
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
| | - Thergiory Irrazabal
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
| | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
| | - Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dana J. Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
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Teshima R, Hanada K, Akada J, Kawano K, Yamaoka Y. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection causes DNA double-strand breaks in host cells. Genes Cells 2018; 23:264-273. [PMID: 29441648 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease, an inflammatory disease, is caused by infection with periodontal pathogens. Long-term periodontal disease increases the risk of oral carcinogenesis. Similar to other peptic cancers, oral carcinogenesis also requires multiple genome instabilities; however, the risk factors related to the accumulation of genome instabilities are poorly understood. Here, we suggested that specific periodontal pathogens may increase the risk of genome instability. Accordingly, we screened several periodontal pathogens based on the ability to induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in host cells. We found that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Y4 infection induced DSB formation in host cells. To assess whether DSB formation induced by infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans occurred through apoptotic chromosome fragmentation, cells were treated with a caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK. DSB accumulation induced by infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans was observed, even in the presence of Z-VAD-FMK, suggesting that this breakage occurred independently of apoptosis. These results suggested that some periodontal pathogens can increase the risk of genome instabilities in host cells and subsequently increase the risk of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Teshima
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hanada
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.,Clinical Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Junko Akada
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawano
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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Venkatachalam G, Surana U, Clément MV. Replication stress-induced endogenous DNA damage drives cellular senescence induced by a sub-lethal oxidative stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:10564-10582. [PMID: 28985345 PMCID: PMC5737622 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although oxidative stress has been shown to induce senescence and replication stress independently, no study has implicated unresolved replication stress as the driver for cellular senescence in response to oxidative stress. Using cells exposed to increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, we show that sub-lethal amount of exogenous hydrogen peroxide induces two waves of DNA damage. The first wave is rapid and transient while the second wave coincides with the cells transition from the S to the G2/M phases of cell cycle. Subsequently, cells enter growth arrest accompanied by the acquisition of senescence-associated characteristics. Furthermore, a p53-dependent decrease in Rad51, which is associated with the formation of DNA segments with chromatin alterations reinforcing senescence, and Lamin B1 that is involved in chromatin remodeling, is observed during the establishment of the senescent phenotype. On the other hand, increase in senescence associated-β-Gal activity, a classical marker of senescence and HMGA2, a marker of the senescence-associated heterochromatin foci, is shown to be independent of p53. Together, our findings implicate replication stress-induced endogenous DNA damage as the driver for the establishment of cellular senescence upon sub-lethal oxidative stress, and implicate the role of p53 in some but not all hallmarks of the senescent phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gireedhar Venkatachalam
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Uttam Surana
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Marie-Véronique Clément
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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AKT2 suppresses pro-survival autophagy triggered by DNA double-strand breaks in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3019. [PMID: 28837154 PMCID: PMC5596597 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are critical DNA lesions, which threaten genome stability and cell survival. DSBs are directly induced by ionizing radiation (IR) and radiomimetic agents, including the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT). This bacterial genotoxin harbors a unique DNase-I-like endonuclease activity. Here we studied the role of DSBs induced by CDT and IR as a trigger of autophagy, which is a cellular degradation process involved in cell homeostasis, genome protection and cancer. The regulatory mechanisms of DSB-induced autophagy were analyzed, focusing on the ATM-p53-mediated DNA damage response and AKT signaling in colorectal cancer cells. We show that treatment of cells with CDT or IR increased the levels of the autophagy marker LC3B-II. Consistently, an enhanced formation of autophagosomes and a decrease of the autophagy substrate p62 were observed. Both CDT and IR concomitantly suppressed mTOR signaling and stimulated the autophagic flux. DSBs were demonstrated as the primary trigger of autophagy using a DNase I-defective CDT mutant, which neither induced DSBs nor autophagy. Genetic abrogation of p53 and inhibition of ATM signaling impaired the autophagic flux as revealed by LC3B-II accumulation and reduced formation of autophagic vesicles. Blocking of DSB-induced apoptotic cell death by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD stimulated autophagy. In line with this, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy increased cell death, while ATG5 knockdown did not affect cell death after DSB induction. Interestingly, both IR and CDT caused AKT activation, which repressed DSB-triggered autophagy independent of the cellular DNA-PK status. Further knockdown and pharmacological inhibitor experiments provided evidence that the negative autophagy regulation was largely attributable to AKT2. Finally, we show that upregulation of CDT-induced autophagy upon AKT inhibition resulted in lower apoptosis and increased cell viability. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that DSBs trigger pro-survival autophagy in an ATM- and p53-dependent manner, which is curtailed by AKT2 signaling.
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Li G, Niu H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xie F, Langford PR, Liu S, Wang C. Haemophilus parasuis cytolethal distending toxin induces cell cycle arrest and p53-dependent apoptosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177199. [PMID: 28545143 PMCID: PMC5436662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis is the causative agent of Glasser’s disease in pigs. Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is an important virulence factor of H. parasuis. It is composed of three subunits: CdtA, CdtB and CdtC and all were successfully expressed in soluble form in Escherichia coli when the signal peptides were removed. Purified CdtB had DNase activity, i.e. caused DNA double strand damage, in vitro and in vivo prior to cell arrest and apoptosis. Flow cytometry analysis showed CdtB alone could induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PK-15 porcine kidney and pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells, which could be enhanced by CdtA or/and CdtC. CDT holotoxin could lead to significant cell distension, G2 arrest and apoptotic death in PK-15 and PAM cells. The apoptosis induced by CDT holotoxin was significantly inhibited by pifithrin-α, which indicates that it is p53-dependent. The results suggest that H. parasuis CDT holotoxin is a major virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Paul R. Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chunlai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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Morales AJ, Carrero JA, Hung PJ, Tubbs AT, Andrews JM, Edelson BT, Calderon B, Innes CL, Paules RS, Payton JE, Sleckman BP. A type I IFN-dependent DNA damage response regulates the genetic program and inflammasome activation in macrophages. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28362262 PMCID: PMC5409825 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages produce genotoxic agents, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, that kill invading pathogens. Here we show that these agents activate the DNA damage response (DDR) kinases ATM and DNA-PKcs through the generation of double stranded breaks (DSBs) in murine macrophage genomic DNA. In contrast to other cell types, initiation of this DDR depends on signaling from the type I interferon receptor. Once activated, ATM and DNA-PKcs regulate a genetic program with diverse immune functions and promote inflammasome activation and the production of IL-1β and IL-18. Indeed, following infection with Listeria monocytogenes, DNA-PKcs-deficient murine macrophages produce reduced levels of IL-18 and are unable to optimally stimulate IFN-γ production by NK cells. Thus, genomic DNA DSBs act as signaling intermediates in murine macrophages, regulating innate immune responses through the initiation of a type I IFN-dependent DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Morales
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, United States
| | - Javier A Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Putzer J Hung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Anthony T Tubbs
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jared M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Boris Calderon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Cynthia L Innes
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States.,NIEHS Microarray Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States
| | - Richard S Paules
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States.,NIEHS Microarray Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States
| | - Jacqueline E Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Barry P Sleckman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, United States
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