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Zhao B, Fang L, Zhang J, Li W, Tao L, Yu Q, Wen C. Impact of digital finance on urban ecological resilience: evidence from the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:9218-9236. [PMID: 38190063 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
From the emergence of the new coronavirus pandemic to extreme climatic catastrophes, the development and enhancement of urban ecological resilience has evolved into a critical and strategic imperative. Investigating the capacity of digital finance to promote urban ecological resilience bears substantial relevance to the sustainable advancement of urban centers. This study examines the influence of digital finance on urban ecological resilience by applying a benchmark regression model on data from 107 prefecture-level cities within the Yangtze River Economic Belt across 2011-2020. Additionally, this study delves into its mechanism and spatial spillover impacts via a mediating effect model and a spatial effect model. The findings revealed that (1) digital finance strengthens the ecological resilience of the locale and beneficially impacts the surrounding regions; (2) digital finance enhances urban ecological resilience by fostering technological innovation and reducing energy intensity; and (3) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, digital finance plays a greater role in improving urban ecological resilience. Cities with high level of traditional financial development, high level of economic development and high intensity of environmental regulation have a more obvious role in promoting urban ecological resilience. Within the paradigm of ecological civilization, it is advisable for governmental bodies to fortify inter-regional digital financial collaboration, refine the green financial infrastructure, and advocate for sustainable, low-carbon, high-quality urban development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Research Center for Economy of Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Liuhua Fang
- Research Center for Economy of Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- Research Center for Economy of Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Wenyu Li
- Research Center for Economy of Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Lixia Tao
- Research Center for Economy of Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Qiuyue Yu
- Research Center for Economy of Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Chuanhao Wen
- School of Economics, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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Ross SRPJ, Friedman NR, Dudley KL, Yoshida T, Yoshimura M, Economo EP, Armitage DW, Donohue I. Divergent ecological responses to typhoon disturbance revealed via landscape-scale acoustic monitoring. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17067. [PMID: 38273562 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme weather events across the globe. Understanding the capacity for ecological communities to withstand and recover from such events is critical. Typhoons are extreme weather events that are expected to broadly homogenize ecological dynamics through structural damage to vegetation and longer-term effects of salinization. Given their unpredictable nature, monitoring ecological responses to typhoons is challenging, particularly for mobile animals such as birds. Here, we report spatially variable ecological responses to typhoons across terrestrial landscapes. Using a high temporal resolution passive acoustic monitoring network across 24 sites on the subtropical island of Okinawa, Japan, we found that typhoons elicit divergent ecological responses among Okinawa's diverse terrestrial habitats, as indicated by increased spatial variability of biological sound production (biophony) and individual species detections. This suggests that soniferous communities are capable of a diversity of different responses to typhoons. That is, spatial insurance effects among local ecological communities provide resilience to typhoons at the landscape scale. Even though site-level typhoon impacts on soundscapes and bird detections were not particularly strong, monitoring at scale with high temporal resolution across a broad spatial extent nevertheless enabled detection of spatial heterogeneity in typhoon responses. Further, species-level responses mirrored those of acoustic indices, underscoring the utility of such indices for revealing insight into fundamental questions concerning disturbance and stability. Our findings demonstrate the significant potential of landscape-scale acoustic sensor networks to capture the understudied ecological impacts of unpredictable extreme weather events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R P-J Ross
- Integrative Community Ecology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas R Friedman
- Environmental Informatics Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
- Centre for Taxonomy and Morphology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kenneth L Dudley
- Environmental Informatics Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takuma Yoshida
- Environmental Science Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Yoshimura
- Environmental Science Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Evan P Economo
- Biodiversity & Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - David W Armitage
- Integrative Community Ecology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ian Donohue
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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de Lima RB, Görgens EB, da Silva DAS, de Oliveira CP, Batista APB, Caraciolo Ferreira RL, Costa FRC, Ferreira de Lima RA, da Silva Aparício P, de Abreu JC, da Silva JAA, Guimaraes AF, Fearnside PM, Sousa TR, Perdiz R, Higuchi N, Berenguer E, Resende AF, Elias F, de Castilho CV, de Medeiros MB, de Matos Filho JR, Sardinha MA, Freitas MAF, da Silva JJ, da Cunha AP, Santos RM, Muelbert AE, Guedes MC, Imbrózio R, de Sousa CSC, da Silva Aparício WC, da Silva E Silva BM, Silva CA, Marimon BS, Junior BHM, Morandi PS, Storck-Tonon D, Vieira ICG, Schietti J, Coelho F, Alves de Almeida DR, Castro W, Carvalho SPC, da Silva RDSA, Silveira J, Camargo JL, Melgaço K, de Freitas LJM, Vedovato L, Benchimol M, de Oliveira de Almeida G, Prance G, da Silveira AB, Simon MF, Garcia ML, Silveira M, Vital M, Andrade MBT, Silva N, de Araújo RO, Cavalheiro L, Carpanedo R, Fernandes L, Manzatto AG, de Andrade RTG, Magnusson WE, Laurance B, Nelson BW, Peres C, Daly DC, Rodrigues D, Zopeletto AP, de Oliveira EA, Dugachard E, Barbosa FR, Santana F, do Amaral IL, Ferreira LV, Charão LS, Ferreira J, Barlow J, Blanc L, Aragão L, Sist P, de Paiva Salomão R, da Silva ASL, Laurance S, Feldpausch TR, Gardner T, Santiago W, Balee W, Laurance WF, Malhi Y, Phillips OL, da Silva Zanzini AC, Rosa C, Tadeu Oliveira W, Pereira Zanzini L, José Silva R, Mangabeira Albernaz AL. Giants of the Amazon: How does environmental variation drive the diversity patterns of large trees? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4861-4879. [PMID: 37386918 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
For more than three decades, major efforts in sampling and analyzing tree diversity in South America have focused almost exclusively on trees with stems of at least 10 and 2.5 cm diameter, showing highest species diversity in the wetter western and northern Amazon forests. By contrast, little attention has been paid to patterns and drivers of diversity in the largest canopy and emergent trees, which is surprising given these have dominant ecological functions. Here, we use a machine learning approach to quantify the importance of environmental factors and apply it to generate spatial predictions of the species diversity of all trees (dbh ≥ 10 cm) and for very large trees (dbh ≥ 70 cm) using data from 243 forest plots (108,450 trees and 2832 species) distributed across different forest types and biogeographic regions of the Brazilian Amazon. The diversity of large trees and of all trees was significantly associated with three environmental factors, but in contrasting ways across regions and forest types. Environmental variables associated with disturbances, for example, the lightning flash rate and wind speed, as well as the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation, tend to govern the diversity of large trees. Upland rainforests in the Guiana Shield and Roraima regions had a high diversity of large trees. By contrast, variables associated with resources tend to govern tree diversity in general. Places such as the province of Imeri and the northern portion of the province of Madeira stand out for their high diversity of species in general. Climatic and topographic stability and functional adaptation mechanisms promote ideal conditions for species diversity. Finally, we mapped general patterns of tree species diversity in the Brazilian Amazon, which differ substantially depending on size class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Bastos Görgens
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal do Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rinaldo L Caraciolo Ferreira
- Laboratório de Manejo de Florestas Naturais "José Serafim Feitoza Ferraz", Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Flavia R C Costa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Antônio Aleixo da Silva
- Laboratório de Manejo de Florestas Naturais "José Serafim Feitoza Ferraz", Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Aretha Franklin Guimaraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Philip M Fearnside
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Thaiane R Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Perdiz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-Coordenação de Pesquisas em Silvicultura Tropical, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Fernando Elias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maurício Alves Sardinha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia-Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | | | - José Jussian da Silva
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Amapá, Laranjal do Jari, Brazil
| | | | - Renan Mendes Santos
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Universidade do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Reinaldo Imbrózio
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Beatriz Schwantes Marimon
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Morandi
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Danielle Storck-Tonon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente e Sistemas de Produção Agrícola, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Schietti
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Coelho
- Department of Forestry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Danilo R Alves de Almeida
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Wendeson Castro
- Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Silveira
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Maíra Benchimol
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Salobrinho, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcelo Fragomeni Simon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vital
- Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Maryane B T Andrade
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rainiellen Carpanedo
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Núcleo de Estudos da Biodiversidade da Amazônia Mato-grossense, Sinop, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - William E Magnusson
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Bill Laurance
- James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bruce Walker Nelson
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas C Daly
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Domingos Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Sinop, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Flavia Santana
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Iêda Leão do Amaral
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro S Charão
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria, Mexico
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Rede Amazônia Sustentável, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Lilian Blanc
- Unité Propre de Recherche Biens et Services des Écosystèmes Forestiers Tropicaux: l'Enjeu du Changement Global (BSEF), CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Luiz Aragão
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Plinio Sist
- Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Susan Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS), College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Toby Gardner
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS), College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Antônio Carlos da Silva Zanzini
- Setor de Ecologia e Manejo da Vida Silvestre, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Rosa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wagner Tadeu Oliveira
- CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia, Collaborating Researcher, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lucas Pereira Zanzini
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Cáceres, MT, Brazil
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Mina M, Messier C, Duveneck MJ, Fortin M, Aquilué N. Managing for the unexpected: Building resilient forest landscapes to cope with global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4323-4341. [PMID: 35429213 PMCID: PMC9541346 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural disturbances exacerbated by novel climate regimes are increasing worldwide, threatening the ability of forest ecosystems to mitigate global warming through carbon sequestration and to provide other key ecosystem services. One way to cope with unknown disturbance events is to promote the ecological resilience of the forest by increasing both functional trait and structural diversity and by fostering functional connectivity of the landscape to ensure a rapid and efficient self-reorganization of the system. We investigated how expected and unexpected variations in climate and biotic disturbances affect ecological resilience and carbon storage in a forested region in southeastern Canada. Using a process-based forest landscape model (LANDIS-II), we simulated ecosystem responses to climate change and insect outbreaks under different forest policy scenarios-including a novel approach based on functional diversification and network analysis-and tested how the potentially most damaging insect pests interact with changes in forest composition and structure due to changing climate and management. We found that climate warming, lengthening the vegetation season, will increase forest productivity and carbon storage, but unexpected impacts of drought and insect outbreaks will drastically reduce such variables. Generalist, non-native insects feeding on hardwood are the most damaging biotic agents for our region, and their monitoring and early detection should be a priority for forest authorities. Higher forest diversity driven by climate-smart management and fostered by climate change that promotes warm-adapted species, might increase disturbance severity. However, alternative forest policy scenarios led to a higher functional and structural diversity as well as functional connectivity-and thus to higher ecological resilience-than conventional management. Our results demonstrate that adopting a landscape-scale perspective by planning interventions strategically in space and adopting a functional trait approach to diversify forests is promising for enhancing ecological resilience under unexpected global change stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mina
- Centre for Forest ResearchUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
- Institute for Alpine EnvironmentEurac ResearchBozen/BolzanoItaly
| | - Christian Messier
- Centre for Forest ResearchUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt TempéréeUniversité du Québec en OutaouaisRiponQCCanada
| | - Matthew J. Duveneck
- Harvard ForestHarvard UniversityPetershamMassachusettsUSA
- Liberal Arts DepartmentNew England ConservatoryBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marie‐Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Núria Aquilué
- Centre for Forest ResearchUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
- Forest Sciences and Technology Centre of Catalonia CTFCSolsonaSpain
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A Review of Forest Ecosystem Vulnerability and Resilience: Implications for the Rocky Desertification Control. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
With a changing climate and socio-economic development, ecological problems are increasingly serious, research on ecosystem vulnerability and ecological resilience has become a hot topic of study for various institutions. Forests, the “lungs of the earth”, have also been damaged to varying degrees. In recent years, scholars have conducted numerous studies on the vulnerability and resilience of forest ecosystems, but there is a lack of a systematic elaboration of them. The results of a statistical analysis of 217 related documents show: (1) the number of studies published rises wave upon wave in time series, which indicates that this area of study is still at the stage of rising; (2) the research content is concentrated in four dimensions—ecosystem vulnerability assessment, ecosystem vulnerability model prediction, ecological resilience, and management strategies—among which the ecosystem vulnerability assessment research content mainly discusses the evaluation methods and models; (3) the research areas are mainly concentrated in China and the United States, with different degrees of distribution in European countries; and (4) the research institutions are mainly the educational institutions and forestry bureaus in various countries. In addition, this paper also reveals the frontier theory of forest ecosystem vulnerability and resilience research from three aspects—theoretical research, index system, and technical methods—puts forward the problems of current research, and suggests that a universally applicable framework for forest ecosystem vulnerability and resilience research should be built in the future, and theoretical research should be strengthened to comprehensively understand the characteristics of forest ecosystems so that sustainable management strategies can be proposed according to local conditions.
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Monge‐González ML, Guerrero‐Ramírez N, Krömer T, Kreft H, Craven D. Functional diversity and redundancy of tropical forests shift with elevation and forest‐use intensity. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thorsten Krömer
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales Universidad Veracruzana Xalapa Mexico
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL) University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Dylan Craven
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Mayor Santiago Chile
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7
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Ranking habitat importance for small wildcats in the Brazilian savanna: landscape connectivity as a conservation tool. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mina M, Messier C, Duveneck M, Fortin MJ, Aquilué N. Network analysis can guide resilience-based management in forest landscapes under global change. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e2221. [PMID: 32866316 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forests are projected to undergo dramatic compositional and structural shifts prompted by global changes, such as climatic changes and intensifying natural disturbance regimes. Future uncertainty makes planning for forest management exceptionally difficult, demanding novel approaches to maintain or improve the ability of forest ecosystems to respond and rapidly reorganize after disturbance events. Adopting a landscape perspective in forest management is particularly important in fragmented forest landscapes where both diversity and connectivity play key roles in determining resilience to global change. In this context, network analysis and functional traits combined with ecological dynamic modeling can help evaluate changes in functional response diversity and connectivity within and among forest stands in fragmented landscapes. Here, we coupled ecological dynamic modeling with functional traits analysis and network theory to analyze forested landscapes as an interconnected network of forest patches. We simulated future forest landscape dynamics in a large landscape in southern Quebec, Canada, under a combination of climate, disturbance, and management scenarios. We depicted the landscape as a functional network, assessed changes in future resilience using indicators at multiple spatial scales, and evaluated if current management practices are suitable for maintaining resilience to simulated changes in regimes. Our results show that climate change would promote forest productivity and favor heat-adapted deciduous species. Changes in natural disturbances will likely have negative impacts on native conifers and will drive changes in forest type composition. Climate change negatively impacted all resilience indicators and triggered losses of functional response diversity and connectivity across the landscape with undesirable consequences on the capacity of these forests to adapt to global change. Also, current management strategies failed to promote resilience at different spatial levels, highlighting the need for a more active and thoughtful approach to forest management under global change. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of combining dynamic landscape-scale simulation modeling with network analyses to evaluate the possible impacts of climate change as well as human and natural disturbances on forest resilience under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mina
- Centre for Forest Research (CEF), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, H3C 3P8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Messier
- Centre for Forest Research (CEF), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, H3C 3P8, Quebec, Canada
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée (ISFORT), Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), 58 Rue Principale, Ripon, J0V1V0, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew Duveneck
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 321 North Main St., Petersham, 01366, Massachusetts, USA
- Liberal Arts Department, New England Conservatory, 290 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marie-Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3G5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Núria Aquilué
- Centre for Forest Research (CEF), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, H3C 3P8, Quebec, Canada
- InForest Joint Research Unit, Forest Sciences and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Ctra. Sant Llorenç de Morunys, km 2, Solsona, 25280, Spain
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9
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Aquilué N, Filotas É, Craven D, Fortin MJ, Brotons L, Messier C. Evaluating forest resilience to global threats using functional response traits and network properties. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02095. [PMID: 32080941 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem functions provided by forests are threatened by direct and indirect effects of global change drivers such as climate warming land-use change, biological invasions, and shifting natural disturbance regimes. To develop resilience-based forest management, new tools and methods are needed to quantitatively estimate forest resilience to management and future natural disturbances. We propose a multidimensional evaluation of ecological resilience based on species functional response traits (e.g., functional response diversity and functional redundancy) and network properties of forested patches (e.g., connectivity, modularity, and centrality). Using a fragmented rural landscape in temperate south-eastern Canada as a reference landscape, we apply our multidimensional approach to evaluate two alternative management strategies at three levels of intensity: (1) functional enrichment of current forest patches and (2) multi-species plantations in previously non-forested patches. Within each management strategy, planted species are selected to maximize functional diversity, drought tolerance, or pest resistance. We further compare how ecological resilience under these alternative management strategies responds to three simulated disturbances: drought, pest outbreak, and timber harvesting. We found that both management strategies enhance resilience at the landscape scale by increasing functional response diversity and connectivity. Specifically, when the less functionally diverse patches are prioritized for management, functional enrichment is more effective than the establishment of new multi-species plantations in increasing resilience. In addition, randomly allocated multi-species plantations increased connectivity more than those allocated in riparian areas. Our results show that across various management strategies, planting species to enhance biodiversity led to the highest increase in functional response diversity while planting pest-resistant species led to the highest increase in landscape connectivity. Planting biodiversity-enhancing species (i.e., species that maximize functional diversity) mitigated drought effects equally well as planting with drought-tolerant species. Our multidimensional approach facilitates the characterization at the landscape scale of forest resilience to disturbances using both functional diversity and network properties while accounting for the importance of response traits to future disturbances. The simulation approach we used can be applied to forest landscapes across different biomes for the evaluation and comparison of forest management initiatives to enhance resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Aquilué
- CEF, Université du Québec à Montréal, Centre d'étude de la forêt, uqam Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3P8, Canada
- InForest Joint Research Unit, CTFC, Solsona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Élise Filotas
- Département Science et Technologie, TELUQ, le 5800 St Denis, 5800 St Denis St, Montreal, Quebec, H2S 3L4, Canada
| | - Dylan Craven
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, José Toribio Medina 29, Santiago, H83P+PF, Chile
| | - Marie-Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Cir, Toronto, Ontario, M5S, Canada
| | - Lluís Brotons
- InForest Joint Research Unit, CTFC, Solsona, Catalunya, Spain
- CREAF, Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain
- CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Christian Messier
- CEF, Université du Québec à Montréal, Centre d'étude de la forêt, uqam Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3P8, Canada
- ISFORT, Université du Québec en Outaouais, 58 Rue Principale, Ripon, Quebec, J0V 1V0, Canada
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Nikinmaa L, Lindner M, Cantarello E, Jump AS, Seidl R, Winkel G, Muys B. Reviewing the Use of Resilience Concepts in Forest Sciences. CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS 2020; 6:61-80. [PMID: 35747899 PMCID: PMC7612878 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-020-00110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Resilience is a key concept to deal with an uncertain future in forestry. In recent years, it has received increasing attention from both research and practice. However, a common understanding of what resilience means in a forestry context and how to operationalise it is lacking. Here, we conducted a systematic review of the recent forest science literature on resilience in the forestry context, synthesizing how resilience is defined and assessed. RECENT FINDINGS Based on a detailed review of 255 studies, we analysed how the concepts of engineering resilience, ecological resilience and social-ecological resilience are used in forest sciences. A clear majority of the studies applied the concept of engineering resilience, quantifying resilience as the recovery time after a disturbance. The two most used indicators for engineering resilience were basal area increment and vegetation cover, whereas ecological resilience studies frequently focus on vegetation cover and tree density. In contrast, important social-ecological resilience indicators used in the literature are socioeconomic diversity and stock of natural resources. In the context of global change, we expected an increase in studies adopting the more holistic social-ecological resilience concept, but this was not the observed trend. SUMMARY Our analysis points to the nestedness of these three resilience concepts, suggesting that they are complementary rather than contradictory. It also means that the variety of resilience approaches does not need to be an obstacle for operationalisation of the concept. We provide guidance for choosing the most suitable resilience concept and indicators based on the management, disturbance and application context.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Nikinmaa
- European Forest Institute, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M. Lindner
- European Forest Institute, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - E. Cantarello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
| | - A. S. Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - R. Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna, Peter Jordan Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - G. Winkel
- European Forest Institute, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - B. Muys
- Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Honkaniemi J, Rammer W, Seidl R. Norway spruce at the trailing edge: the effect of landscape configuration and composition on climate resilience. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 2020; 35:591-606. [PMID: 32214662 PMCID: PMC7081663 DOI: 10.1007/s10980-019-00964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Norway spruce (Picea abies) is one of the most widespread tree species in Europe's forests. Due to its high economic value it has been strongly favored by management, especially at the trailing edge of its natural distribution. However, disturbances from wind and bark beetles are increasingly impacting these forests, and their resilience under climate change has been called into question recently. OBJECTIVES We quantified the effects of landscape configuration and composition on (1) the risk from natural disturbances, and (2) on the overall resilience of Norway spruce to changing climate at the trailing edge. METHODS We simulated the dynamics of a 9183 ha forest landscape in Eastern Austria over 190 years. We used the simulation model iLand to experimentally study a wide range of landscape compositions and configurations under five different climate scenarios. RESULTS Natural disturbances increased considerably under all future climate scenarios. Dispersing Norway spruce throughout the landscape in mixed stands resulted in the highest levels of climate resilience. Reducing the percentage of Norway spruce on the landscape increased the resilience of the remaining Norway spruce trees, yet landscape configuration generally had a stronger effect on resilience than composition. CONCLUSIONS The resilience of Norway spruce at the trailing edge of its distribution is challenged by climate change, and considerable efforts are needed to sustain these ecosystems. While currently discussed adaptation measures focus largely on the stand level, we show that modifying landscape composition and configuration can be used to foster Norway spruce resilience while maintaining socio-economically relevant proportions of Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Honkaniemi
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Rammer
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Valdés A, Lenoir J, De Frenne P, Andrieu E, Brunet J, Chabrerie O, Cousins SAO, Deconchat M, De Smedt P, Diekmann M, Ehrmann S, Gallet‐Moron E, Gärtner S, Giffard B, Hansen K, Hermy M, Kolb A, Le Roux V, Liira J, Lindgren J, Martin L, Naaf T, Paal T, Proesmans W, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Wulf M, Verheyen K, Decocq G. High ecosystem service delivery potential of small woodlands in agricultural landscapes. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Valdés
- ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058) Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens Cedex 1 France
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058) Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens Cedex 1 France
| | | | | | - Jörg Brunet
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden
| | - Olivier Chabrerie
- ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058) Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens Cedex 1 France
| | - Sara A. O. Cousins
- Landscape Ecology Department of Geography and Quaternary Geology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Martin Diekmann
- Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Ecology University of Bremen Bremen Germany
| | - Steffen Ehrmann
- Chair of Geobotany Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Emilie Gallet‐Moron
- ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058) Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens Cedex 1 France
| | - Stefanie Gärtner
- Chair of Geobotany Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | | | - Karin Hansen
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Martin Hermy
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape Research University of Leuven (KU Leuven) Leuven Belgium
| | - Annette Kolb
- Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Ecology University of Bremen Bremen Germany
| | - Vincent Le Roux
- ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058) Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens Cedex 1 France
| | - Jaan Liira
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Jessica Lindgren
- Landscape Ecology Department of Geography and Quaternary Geology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ludmilla Martin
- ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058) Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens Cedex 1 France
| | - Tobias Naaf
- Leibniz‐ZALF (e.V.)Institute of Land Use Systems Müncheberg Germany
| | - Taavi Paal
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | | | | | - Monika Wulf
- Leibniz‐ZALF (e.V.)Institute of Land Use Systems Müncheberg Germany
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab Ghent University Melle‐Gontrode Belgium
| | - Guillaume Decocq
- ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058) Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens Cedex 1 France
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Linking Traits across Ecological Scales Determines Functional Resilience. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:1080-1091. [PMID: 31422892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Under globally accelerating rates of ecosystem degradation, maintaining ecosystem function is a priority to avoid loss of valuable ecosystem services. Two factors are important: changes to the disturbance regime (stresses imposed) and resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem functions (the ecosystem's capacity to respond to change). Various attributes at different scales of ecological organisation confer resilience (from individual species to communities at landscape scales), but it is critical to understand how these attributes interact to inform how ecosystem function changes with disturbances that vary in intensity, spatial extent, and frequency. Individual species attributes influence their resistance, while attributes at the landscape-scale influence recovery of communities and function. Understanding resilience to disturbances requires defining the characteristics of a resilient community at multiple scales.
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14
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Correia DLP, Raulier F, Bouchard M, Filotas É. Response diversity, functional redundancy, and post-logging productivity in northern temperate and boreal forests. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1282-1291. [PMID: 29672967 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient ecosystem resilience indicators was identified as one of the key research priorities in the improvement of existing sustainable forest management frameworks. Two indicators of tree diversity associated with ecosystem functioning have recently received particular attention in the literature: functional redundancy (FR) and response diversity (RD). We examined how these indicators could be used to predict post-logging productivity in forests of Québec, Canada. We analysed the relationships between pre-logging FR and RD, as measured with sample plots, and post-logging productivity, measured as seasonal variation in enhanced vegetation index obtained from MODIS satellite imagery. The effects of the deciduous and coniferous tree components in our pre-disturbance diversity assessments were isolated in order to examine the hypothesis that they have different impacts on post-disturbance productivity. We also examined the role of tree species richness and species identity effects. Our analysis revealed the complementary nature of traditional biodiversity indicators and trait-based approaches in the study of biodiversity-ecosystem-functioning relationships in dynamic ecosystems. We report a significant and positive relationship between pre-disturbance deciduous RD and post-disturbance productivity, as well as an unexpected significant negative effect of coniferous RD on productivity. This negative relationship with post-logging productivity likely results from slower coniferous regeneration speeds and from the relatively short temporal scale examined. Negative black-spruce-mediated identity effects were likely associated with increased stand vulnerability to paludification and invasion by ericaceous shrubs that slow down forest regeneration. Response diversity outperformed functional redundancy as a measure of post-disturbance productivity most likely due to the stand-replacing nature of the disturbance considered. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first studies to report a negative significant relationship between a component of RD and ecosystem functioning, namely coniferous RD and forest ecosystem productivity after a stand-replacing disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Laginha Pinto Correia
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt and Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Laval University, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frédéric Raulier
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt and Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Laval University, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bouchard
- Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, 2700, rue Einstein, Québec, Quebec, G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Élise Filotas
- Centre for Forest Research (CFR), TELUQ, Université du Québec, Montréal, Quebec, H2S 3L5, Canada
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Suárez-Castro AF, Simmonds JS, Mitchell MGE, Maron M, Rhodes JR. The Scale-Dependent Role of Biological Traits in Landscape Ecology: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40823-018-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Gonzalez A, Thompson P, Loreau M. Spatial ecological networks: planning for sustainability in the long-term. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 2017; 29:187-197. [PMID: 29696070 PMCID: PMC5912508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Humans are producing complex and often undesirable social and ecological outcomes in many landscapes around the world. To sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services in fragmented landscapes conservation planning has turned to the identification and protection of large-scale spatial ecological networks (SEN). Now widely adopted, this approach typically focuses on static connectivity, and ignores the feedbacks between changes to the network's topology and the eco-evolutionary dynamics on the network. We review theory showing that diversity, stability, ecosystem functioning and evolutionary adaptation all vary nonlinearly with connectivity. Measuring and modelling an SEN's long-term dynamics is immensely challenging but necessary if our goal is sustainability. We show an example where the robustness of an SEN's ecological properties to node and link loss depends on the centrality of the nodes targeted. The design and protection of sustainable SENs requires scenarios of how landscape change affects network structure and the feedback this will have on dynamics. Once established, SEN must be monitored if their design is to be adapted to keep their dynamics within a safe and socially just operating space. When SEN are co-designed with a broad array of stakeholders and actors they can be a powerful means of creating a more positive relationship between people and nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Patrick Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS and Paul Sabatier University, 09200 Moulis, France
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Effects of bamboo dominance and palm-heart harvesting on the phylogenetic structure of the seed and seedling communities in an old-growth Atlantic Forest. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467417000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:A comprehensive assessment of the effect of disturbances on tropical and subtropical forests is needed to better understand their impacts on forest structure and diversity. Although taxonomic and functional diversity measures have been successfully adopted in this context, phylogenetic diversity metrics are still poorly explored. We compared the phylogenetic structure of the seed rain and regenerating seedling community in patches of an old-growth Atlantic Forest remnant dominated or not by a ruderal bamboo species, Guadua tagoara. We sampled those patches before and after illegal harvesting of the palm Euterpe edulis thus assessing if the harvesting led to changes in the phylogenetic structure of the seed rain and the regenerating community in both patches. Bamboo-dominated patches showed a significantly higher presence of species in the seed rain that were more distantly related to each other in the phylogeny than expected by chance compared with patches without bamboos, but this difference disappeared after palm-heart harvesting. Contrary to what we expected, we did not find significant changes in the phylogenetic structure of seedlings before or after palm-heart harvesting. The phylogenetic structure at the tips of the phylogeny was random overall. The maintenance of a higher presence of far relatives in the phylogeny of the seedling community suggests, assuming trait conservatism, that despite bamboo dominance and palm-heart harvesting, functional diversity is being preserved at least in the early regenerating stages and in the time frame of the study. However, higher presence of pioneer taxa after palm-heart harvest indicates that this disturbance may lead old-growth areas to earlier successional stages.
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