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Montero-Vallejo R, Maya-Miles D, Ampuero J, Martín F, Romero-Gómez M, Gallego-Durán R. Novel insights into metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease preclinical models. Liver Int 2024; 44:644-662. [PMID: 38291855 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of metabolic conditions associated with an excess of fat accumulation in the liver, ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Finding appropriate tools to study its development and progression is essential to address essential unmet therapeutic and staging needs. This review discusses advantages and shortcomings of different dietary, chemical and genetic factors that can be used to mimic this disease and its progression in mice from a hepatic and metabolic point of view. Also, this review will highlight some additional factors and considerations that could have a strong impact on the outcomes of our model to end up providing recommendations and a checklist to facilitate the selection of the appropriate MASLD preclinical model based on clinical aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Montero-Vallejo
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Douglas Maya-Miles
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Ampuero
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Franz Martín
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, University Pablo Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases-CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Gallego-Durán
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
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2
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Ying Z, van Eenige R, Ge X, van Marwijk C, Lambooij JM, Guigas B, Giera M, de Boer JF, Coskun T, Qu H, Wang Y, Boon MR, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Combined GIP receptor and GLP1 receptor agonism attenuates NAFLD in male APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice. EBioMedicine 2023; 93:104684. [PMID: 37379656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonism is superior to single GLP1R agonism with respect to glycemic control and weight loss in obese patients with or without type 2 diabetes. As insulin resistance and obesity are strong risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in the current study we investigated the effects of combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism on NAFLD development. METHODS Male APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice, a humanized model for diabetic dyslipidemia and NAFLD when fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet, received subcutaneous injections with either vehicle, a GIPR agonist, a GLP1R agonist, or both agonists combined every other day. FINDINGS GIPR and GLP1R agonism reduced body weight and additively lowered fasting plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Strikingly, we report an additive reduction in hepatic steatosis as evidenced by lower hepatic lipid content and NAFLD scores. Underlying the lipid-lowering effects were a reduced food intake and intestinal lipid absorption and an increased uptake of glucose and triglyceride-derived fatty acids by energy-combusting brown adipose tissue. Combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism also attenuated hepatic inflammation as evidenced by a decreased number of monocyte-derived Kupffer cells and a reduced expression of inflammatory markers. Together, the reduced hepatic steatosis and inflammation coincided with lowered markers of liver injury. INTERPRETATION We interpretate that GIPR and GLP1R agonism additively attenuate hepatic steatosis, lower hepatic inflammation, ameliorate liver injury, together preventing NAFLD development in humanized APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice. We anticipate that combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism is a promising strategy to attenuate NAFLD progression in humans. FUNDING This work was supported by a grant from the Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative: the Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Federation of University Medical Centers, the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences [CVON-GENIUS-II] to P.C.N.R., a Lilly Research Award Program [LRAP] Award to P.C.N.R. and S.K., a Dutch Heart Foundation [2017T016] grant to S.K., and an NWO-VENI grant [09150161910073] to M.R.B.; J.F.D.B. is supported by the Nutrition and Health initiative of the University of Groningen; Z.Y. is supported by a full-time PhD scholarship from the China Scholarship Council (201806850094 to Z.Y.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Ying
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robin van Eenige
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoke Ge
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christy van Marwijk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joost M Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- The Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Hongchang Qu
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yanan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Med-X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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3
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Zancanella V, Vallès A, Liefhebber JM, Paerels L, Tornero CV, Wattimury H, van der Zon T, van Rooijen K, Golinska M, Grevelink T, Ehlert E, Pieterman EJ, Keijzer N, Princen HMG, Stokman G, Liu YP. Proof-of-concept study for liver-directed miQURE technology in a dyslipidemic mouse model. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:454-467. [PMID: 37168797 PMCID: PMC10165407 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A gene-silencing platform (miQURE) has been developed and successfully used to deliver therapeutic microRNA (miRNA) to the brain, reducing levels of neurodegenerative disease-causing proteins/RNAs via RNA interference and improving the disease phenotype in animal models. This study evaluates the use of miQURE technology to deliver therapeutic miRNA for liver-specific indications. Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) was selected as the target mRNA because it is produced in the liver and because loss-of-function ANGPTL3 mutations and/or pharmacological inhibition of ANGPTL3 protein lowers lipid levels and reduces cardiovascular risk. Overall, 14 candidate miRNA constructs were tested in vitro, the most potent of which (miAngE) was further evaluated in mice. rAAV5-miAngE led to dose-dependent (≤-77%) decreases in Angptl3 mRNA in WT mice with ≤-90% reductions in plasma ANGPTL3 protein. In dyslipidemic APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice, AAV5-miAngE significantly reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels vs. vehicle and scrambled (miSCR) controls when administrated alone, with greater reductions when co-administered with lipid-lowering therapy (atorvastatin). A significant decrease in total atherosclerotic lesion area (-58% vs. miSCR) was observed in AAV5-miAngE-treated dyslipidemic mice, which corresponded with the maintenance of a non-diseased plaque phenotype and reduced lesion severity. These results support the development of this technology for liver-directed indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zancanella
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Department of Research and Development, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Vallès
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Department of Research and Development, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M.P. Liefhebber
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Department of Research and Development, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Paerels
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Department of Research and Development, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Vendrell Tornero
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Department of Research and Development, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrina Wattimury
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Department of Research and Development, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Zon
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Department of Research and Development, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel van Rooijen
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Department of Research and Development, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Golinska
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Department of Research and Development, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Grevelink
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Department of Research and Development, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erich Ehlert
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Department of Research and Development, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nanda Keijzer
- TNO Metabolic Health Research, Sylviusweg 71 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Geurt Stokman
- TNO Metabolic Health Research, Sylviusweg 71 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Poi Liu
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Department of Research and Development, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Gemert Y, Blom AB, Di Ceglie I, Walgreen B, Helsen M, Sloetjes A, Vogl T, Roth J, Kruisbergen NNL, Pieterman EJ, Princen HMG, van der Kraan PM, van Lent PLEM, van den Bosch MHJ. Intensive cholesterol-lowering treatment reduces synovial inflammation during early collagenase-induced osteoarthritis, but not pathology at end-stage disease in female dyslipidemic E3L.CETP mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023:S1063-4584(23)00703-3. [PMID: 36898656 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.01.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and osteoarthritis (OA) development has become increasingly recognized. In this context, the exact role of cholesterol and cholesterol-lowering therapies in OA development has remained elusive. Recently, we did not observe beneficial effects of intensive cholesterol-lowering treatments on spontaneous OA development in E3L.CETP mice. We postulated that in the presence of local inflammation caused by a joint lesion, cholesterol-lowering therapies may ameliorate OA pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female ApoE3∗Leiden.CETP mice were fed a cholesterol-supplemented Western type diet. After 3 weeks, half of the mice received intensive cholesterol-lowering treatment consisting of atorvastatin and the anti-PCSK9 antibody alirocumab. Three weeks after the start of the treatment, OA was induced via intra-articular injections of collagenase. Serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were monitored throughout the study. Knee joints were analyzed for synovial inflammation, cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone sclerosis and ectopic bone formation using histology. Inflammatory cytokines were determined in serum and synovial washouts. RESULTS Cholesterol-lowering treatment strongly reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Mice receiving cholesterol-lowering treatment showed a significant reduction in synovial inflammation (P = 0.008, WTD: 95% CI: 1.4- 2.3; WTD + AA: 95% CI: 0.8- 1.5) and synovial lining thickness (WTD: 95% CI: 3.0-4.6, WTD + AA: 95% CI: 2.1-3.2) during early-stage collagenase-induced OA. Serum levels of S100A8/A9, MCP-1 and KC were significantly reduced after cholesterol-lowering treatment (P = 0.0005, 95% CI: -46.0 to -12.0; P = 2.8 × 10-10, 95% CI: -398.3 to -152.1; P = 2.1 × 10-9, -66.8 to -30.4, respectively). However, this reduction did not reduce OA pathology, determined by ectopic bone formation, subchondral bone sclerosis and cartilage damage at end-stage disease. CONCLUSION This study shows that intensive cholesterol-lowering treatment reduces joint inflammation after induction of collagenase-induced OA, but this did not reduce end stage pathology in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y van Gemert
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - I Di Ceglie
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - B Walgreen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Helsen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A Sloetjes
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - T Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - J Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - N N L Kruisbergen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - E J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - P L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M H J van den Bosch
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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5
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van Gemert Y, Kruisbergen NNL, Blom AB, van den Bosch MHJ, van der Kraan PM, Pieterman EJ, Princen HMG, van Lent PLEM. IL-1β inhibition combined with cholesterol-lowering therapies decreases synovial lining thickness and spontaneous cartilage degeneration in a humanized dyslipidemia mouse model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:340-350. [PMID: 36442605 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia contribute to osteoarthritis (OA) development and have been suggested as a possible link between metabolic disease and OA development. Recently, the CANTOS trial showed a reduction in knee and hip replacements after inhibition of IL-1β in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease and high inflammatory risk. In this light, we investigated whether inhibition of IL-1β combined with cholesterol-lowering therapies can reduce OA development in dyslipidemic APOE∗3Leiden mice under pro-inflammatory dietary conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female ApoE3∗Leiden mice were fed a cholesterol-supplemented Western-Type diet (WTD) for 38 weeks. After 14 weeks, cholesterol-lowering and anti-inflammatory treatments were started. Treatments included atorvastatin alone or with an anti-IL1β antibody, and atorvastatin combined with proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor alirocumab without or with the anti-IL1β antibody. Knee joints were analyzed for cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation and ectopic bone formation using histology at end point. RESULTS Cholesterol-lowering treatment successfully decreased systemic inflammation in dyslipidemic mice, which was not further affected by inhibition of IL-1β. Synovial thickening and cartilage degeneration were significantly decreased in mice that received cholesterol-lowering treatment combined with inhibition of IL-1β (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively) compared to mice fed a WTD alone. Ectopic bone formation was comparable between all groups. CONCLUSION These results indicate that inhibition of IL-1β combined with cholesterol-lowering therapy diminishes synovial thickening and cartilage degeneration in mice and may imply that this combination therapy could be beneficial in patients with metabolic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y van Gemert
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - N N L Kruisbergen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M H J van den Bosch
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - P M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - E J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Li Z, Zhou E, Liu C, Wicks H, Yildiz S, Razack F, Ying Z, Kooijman S, Koonen DPY, Heijink M, Kostidis S, Giera M, Sanders IMJG, Kuijper EJ, Smits WK, van Dijk KW, Rensen PCN, Wang Y. Dietary butyrate ameliorates metabolic health associated with selective proliferation of gut Lachnospiraceae bacterium 28-4. JCI Insight 2023; 8:166655. [PMID: 36810253 PMCID: PMC9977501 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids, including butyrate, have multiple metabolic benefits in individuals who are lean but not in individuals with metabolic syndrome, with the underlying mechanisms still being unclear. We aimed to investigate the role of gut microbiota in the induction of metabolic benefits of dietary butyrate. We performed antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion of the gut and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established translational model for developing human-like metabolic syndrome, and revealed that dietary butyrate reduced appetite and ameliorated high-fat diet-induced (HFD-induced) weight gain dependent on the presence of gut microbiota. FMT from butyrate-treated lean donor mice, but not butyrate-treated obese donor mice, into gut microbiota-depleted recipient mice reduced food intake, attenuated HFD-induced weight gain, and improved insulin resistance. 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing on cecal bacterial DNA of recipient mice implied that these effects were accompanied by the selective proliferation of Lachnospiraceae bacterium 28-4 in the gut as induced by butyrate. Collectively, our findings reveal a crucial role of gut microbiota in the beneficial metabolic effects of dietary butyrate as strongly associated with the abundance of Lachnospiraceae bacterium 28-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hope Wicks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sena Yildiz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Farhana Razack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Debby PY Koonen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Ed J Kuijper
- Department of Medical Microbiology.,Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, and
| | - Wiep Klaas Smits
- Department of Medical Microbiology.,Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, and
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - Patrick CN Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Med-X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Med-X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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7
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Liu C, Schönke M, Spoorenberg B, Lambooij JM, van der Zande HJP, Zhou E, Tushuizen ME, Andreasson AC, Park A, Oldham S, Uhrbom M, Ahlstedt I, Ikeda Y, Wallenius K, Peng XR, Guigas B, Boon MR, Wang Y, Rensen PCN. FGF21 protects against hepatic lipotoxicity and macrophage activation to attenuate fibrogenesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. eLife 2023; 12:83075. [PMID: 36648330 PMCID: PMC9928421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Analogues of the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are in clinical development for type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) treatment. Although their glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing effects have been largely unraveled, the mechanisms by which they alleviate liver injury have only been scarcely addressed. Here, we aimed to unveil the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of FGF21 on NASH using APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like metabolic diseases. Liver-specific FGF21 overexpression was achieved in mice, followed by administration of a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 23 weeks. FGF21 prevented hepatic lipotoxicity, accompanied by activation of thermogenic tissues and attenuation of adipose tissue inflammation, improvement of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and upregulation of hepatic programs involved in fatty acid oxidation and cholesterol removal. Furthermore, FGF21 inhibited hepatic inflammation, as evidenced by reduced Kupffer cell (KC) activation, diminished monocyte infiltration, and lowered accumulation of monocyte-derived macrophages. Moreover, FGF21 decreased lipid- and scar-associated macrophages, which correlated with less hepatic fibrosis as demonstrated by reduced collagen accumulation. Collectively, hepatic FGF21 overexpression limits hepatic lipotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. Mechanistically, FGF21 blocks hepatic lipid influx and accumulation through combined endocrine and autocrine signaling, respectively, which prevents KC activation and lowers the presence of lipid- and scar-associated macrophages to inhibit fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Borah Spoorenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Joost M Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | | | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Maarten E Tushuizen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Anne-Christine Andreasson
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Andrew Park
- Biologics Engineering and Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Stephanie Oldham
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Martin Uhrbom
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Ingela Ahlstedt
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Biologics Engineering and Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Kristina Wallenius
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Patrick CN Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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8
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May L, Bartolo B, Harrison D, Guzik T, Drummond G, Figtree G, Ritchie R, Rye KA, de Haan J. Translating atherosclerosis research from bench to bedside: navigating the barriers for effective preclinical drug discovery. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1731-1758. [PMID: 36459456 PMCID: PMC9727216 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. An ongoing challenge remains the development of novel pharmacotherapies to treat CVD, particularly atherosclerosis. Effective mechanism-informed development and translation of new drugs requires a deep understanding of the known and currently unknown biological mechanisms underpinning atherosclerosis, accompanied by optimization of traditional drug discovery approaches. Current animal models do not precisely recapitulate the pathobiology underpinning human CVD. Accordingly, a fundamental limitation in early-stage drug discovery has been the lack of consensus regarding an appropriate experimental in vivo model that can mimic human atherosclerosis. However, when coupled with a clear understanding of the specific advantages and limitations of the model employed, preclinical animal models remain a crucial component for evaluating pharmacological interventions. Within this perspective, we will provide an overview of the mechanisms and modalities of atherosclerotic drugs, including those in the preclinical and early clinical development stage. Additionally, we highlight recent preclinical models that have improved our understanding of atherosclerosis and associated clinical consequences and propose model adaptations to facilitate the development of new and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T. May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, U.S.A
| | - Tomasz Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, U.K
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Kolling Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Imaging and Phenotyping Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca H. Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Judy B. de Haan
- Cardiovascular Inflammation and Redox Biology Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Department Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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9
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A novel, orally bioavailable, small-molecule inhibitor of PCSK9 with significant cholesterol-lowering properties in vivo. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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10
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Olga L, Bobeldijk-Pastorova I, Bas RC, Seidel F, Snowden SG, Furse S, Ong KK, Kleemann R, Koulman A. Lipid profiling analyses from mouse models and human infants. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101679. [PMID: 36115026 PMCID: PMC9486117 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This protocol outlines a translational lipidomic approach to discover lipid biomarkers that could predict morphometric body and histological organ measurements (e.g., weight and adiposity gains) during specific stages of life (e.g., early life). We describe procedures ranging from animal experimentation and histological analyses to downstream analytical steps through lipid profiling, both in mice and humans. This protocol represents a reliable and versatile approach to translate and validate candidate lipid biomarkers from animal models to a human cohort. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Olga et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentya Olga
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ivana Bobeldijk-Pastorova
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Richard C. Bas
- DUCARES B.V.
- trading as TRISKELION, Reactorweg 47-A, 3542 AD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Florine Seidel
- DUCARES B.V.
- trading as TRISKELION, Reactorweg 47-A, 3542 AD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart G. Snowden
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Samuel Furse
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ken K. Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK,Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Koulman
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK; Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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11
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Ilyas I, Little PJ, Liu Z, Xu Y, Kamato D, Berk BC, Weng J, Xu S. Mouse models of atherosclerosis in translational research. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:920-939. [PMID: 35902281 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), the major cause of premature human mortality, is a chronic and progressive metabolic and inflammatory disease in large- and medium-sized arteries. Mouse models are widely used to gain mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and have facilitated the discovery of anti-atherosclerotic drugs. Despite promising preclinical studies, many drug candidates have not translated to clinical use because of the complexity of disease patho-mechanisms including lipid metabolic traits and inflammatory, genetic, and hemodynamic factors. We review the current preclinical utility and translation potential of traditional [apolipoprotein E (APOE)- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice] and emerging mouse models that include partial carotid ligation and AAV8-Pcsk9-D377Y injection in atherosclerosis research and drug discovery. This article represents an important resource in atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Ilyas
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bradford C Berk
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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12
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Pieterman EJ, Princen HMG, Jarke A, Nilsson R, Cavallin A, Bergenholm L, Henricsson M, Gopaul VS, Agrawal R, Nissen SE, Hurt-Camejo E. Chronic Oral Administration of Mineral Oil Compared With Corn Oil: Effects on Gut Permeability and Plasma Inflammatory and Lipid Biomarkers. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:681455. [PMID: 34483899 PMCID: PMC8415260 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.681455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of chronic oral administration of mineral oil, versus corn oil as control, on intestinal permeability, inflammatory markers, and plasma lipids in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Mice received mineral oil or corn oil 15 or 30 μL/mouse/day for 16 weeks (15 mice/group). Intestinal permeability was increased with mineral versus corn oil 30 µL/day, shown by increased mean plasma FITC-dextran concentrations 2 h post-administration (11 weeks: 1.5 versus 1.1 μg/ml, p = 0.02; 15 weeks: 1.7 versus 1.3 μg/ml, p = 0.08). Mean plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein levels were raised with mineral versus corn oil 30 µL/day (12 weeks: 5.8 versus 4.4 μg/ml, p = 0.03; 16 weeks: 5.8 versus 4.5 μg/ml, p = 0.09), indicating increased intestinal bacterial endotoxin absorption and potential pro-inflammatory effects. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were decreased with mineral oil, without affecting liver lipids among treated groups. Fecal neutral sterol measurements indicated increased fecal cholesterol excretion with mineral oil 30 µL/day (+16%; p = 0.04). Chronic oral administration of mineral oil in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice increased intestinal permeability, with potential pro-inflammatory effects, and decreased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Our findings may raise concerns about the use of mineral oil as a placebo in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsbet J Pieterman
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Annica Jarke
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ralf Nilsson
- Early Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Cavallin
- Early Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linnéa Bergenholm
- Early Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Early Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - V Sashi Gopaul
- Early Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rahul Agrawal
- Global Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Steven E Nissen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- Early Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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van Gemert Y, Kozijn AE, Pouwer MG, Kruisbergen NNL, van den Bosch MHJ, Blom AB, Pieterman EJ, Weinans H, Stoop R, Princen HMG, van Lent PLEM. Novel high-intensive cholesterol-lowering therapies do not ameliorate knee OA development in humanized dyslipidemic mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:1314-1323. [PMID: 33722697 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.02.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High systemic cholesterol levels have been associated with osteoarthritis (OA) development. Therefore, cholesterol lowering by statins has been suggested as a potential treatment for OA. We investigated whether therapeutic high-intensive cholesterol-lowering attenuated OA development in dyslipidemic APOE∗3Leiden.CETP mice. METHODS Female mice (n = 13-16 per group) were fed a Western-type diet (WTD) for 38 weeks. After 13 weeks, mice were divided into a baseline group and five groups receiving WTD alone or with treatment: atorvastatin alone, combined with PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab and/or ANGPTL3 inhibitor evinacumab. Knee joints were analysed for cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation and ectopic bone formation using histology. Aggrecanase activity in articular cartilage and synovial S100A8 expression were determined as markers of cartilage degradation/regeneration and inflammation. RESULTS Cartilage degradation and active repair were significantly increased in WTD-fed mice, but cholesterol-lowering strategies did not ameliorate cartilage destruction. This was supported by comparable aggrecanase activity and S100A8 expression in all treatment groups. Ectopic bone formation was comparable between groups and independent of cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS Intensive therapeutic cholesterol lowering per se did not attenuate progression of cartilage degradation in dyslipidemic APOE∗3Leiden.CETP mice, with minor joint inflammation. We propose that inflammation is a key feature in the disease and therapeutic cholesterol-lowering strategies may still be promising for OA patients presenting both dyslipidemia and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y van Gemert
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A E Kozijn
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M G Pouwer
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden UMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - N N L Kruisbergen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M H J van den Bosch
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - E J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H Weinans
- Department of Orthopaedics, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - R Stoop
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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14
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Tombling BJ, Zhang Y, Huang YH, Craik DJ, Wang CK. The emerging landscape of peptide-based inhibitors of PCSK9. Atherosclerosis 2021; 330:52-60. [PMID: 34246818 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.06.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a clinically validated target for treating cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to its involvement in cholesterol metabolism. Although approved monoclonal antibodies (alirocumab and evolocumab) that inhibit PCSK9 function are very effective in lowering cholesterol, their limitations, including high treatment costs, have so far prohibited widespread use. Accordingly, there is great interest in alternative drug modalities to antibodies. Like antibodies, peptides are valuable therapeutics due to their high target potency and specificity. Furthermore, being smaller than antibodies means they have access to more drug administration options, are less likely to induce adverse immunogenic responses, and are better suited to affordable production. This review surveys the current peptide-based landscape aimed towards PCSK9 inhibition, covering pre-clinical to patented drug candidates and comparing them to current cholesterol lowering therapeutics. Classes of peptides reported to be inhibitors include nature-inspired disulfide-rich peptides, combinatorially derived cyclic peptides, and peptidomimetics. Their functional activities have been validated in biophysical and cellular assays, and in some cases pre-clinical mouse models. Recent efforts report peptides with potent sub-nanomolar binding affinities to PCSK9, which highlights their potential to achieve antibody-like potency. Studies are beginning to address pharmacokinetic properties of PCSK9-targeting peptides in more detail. We conclude by highlighting opportunities to investigate their biological effects in pre-clinical models of cardiovascular disease. The anticipation concerning the PCSK9-targeting peptide landscape is accelerating and it seems likely that a peptide-based therapeutic for treating PCSK9-mediated hypercholesterolemia may be clinically available in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Tombling
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia.
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15
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Zhou E, Li Z, Nakashima H, Liu C, Ying Z, Foks AC, Berbée JFP, van Dijk KW, Rensen PCN, Wang Y. Hepatic Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1 Knockdown Reduces Atherosclerosis and Enhances the Antiatherosclerotic Effect of Brown Fat Activation in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1474-1486. [PMID: 33567866 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.315882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apolipoprotein E3/genetics
- Apolipoprotein E3/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Biomarkers/blood
- Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins/genetics
- Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins/metabolism
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Lipids/blood
- Lipolysis/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/deficiency
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Enchen Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Cong Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, The Netherlands (A.C.F.)
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics (K.W.v.D.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (P.C.N.R., Y.W.)
| | - Yanan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (P.C.N.R., Y.W.)
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16
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Zhang X, Paalvast Y, Wang Y, Rensen PCN, Groen AK. A hierarchical dynamic model used for investigating feed efficiency and its relationship with hepatic gene expression in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14832. [PMID: 33932122 PMCID: PMC8087979 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feed efficiency (FE) is an important trait for livestock and humans. While the livestock industry focuses on increasing FE, in the current obesogenic society it is more of interest to decrease FE. Hence, understanding mechanisms involved in the regulation of FE and particularly how it can be decreased would help tremendously in counteracting the obesity pandemic. However, it is difficult to accurately measure or calculate FE in humans. In this study, we aimed to address this challenge by developing a hierarchical dynamic model based on humanized mouse data. METHODS We analyzed existing experimental data derived from 105 APOE*3-Leiden.CETP (E3L.CETP) mice fed a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet for 1 (N = 20), 2 (N = 19), 3 (N = 20), and 6 (N = 46) month. We developed an ordinary differential equation (ODE) based model to estimate the FE based on the longitudinal data of body weight and food intake. Since the liver plays an important role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, we evaluated associations between FE and hepatic gene expression levels. Depending on the feeding duration, we observed different relationships between FE and hepatic gene expression levels. RESULTS After 1-month feeding of HFHC diet, we observed that FE was associated with vitamin A metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and the PPAR signaling pathway. After 3- and 6-month feeding of HFHC diet, we observed that FE was associated most strongly with expression levels of Spink1 and H19, genes involved in cell proliferation and glucose metabolism, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our analysis suggests that various biological processes such as vitamin A metabolism, hepatic response to inflammation, and cell proliferation associate with FE at different stages of diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Experimental Vascular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and BioinformaticsUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Yared Paalvast
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Department of MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Department of Experimental Vascular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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17
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Liu C, Schönke M, Zhou E, Li Z, Kooijman S, Boon MR, Larsson M, Wallenius K, Dekker N, Barlind L, Peng XR, Wang Y, Rensen PCN. Pharmacological treatment with FGF21 strongly improves plasma cholesterol metabolism to reduce atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:489-502. [PMID: 33693480 PMCID: PMC8803070 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, a key regulator of energy metabolism, is currently evaluated in humans for treatment of type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, the effects of FGF21 on cardiovascular benefit, particularly on lipoprotein metabolism in relation to atherogenesis, remain elusive. Methods and results Here, the role of FGF21 in lipoprotein metabolism in relation to atherosclerosis development was investigated by pharmacological administration of a half-life extended recombinant FGF21 protein to hypercholesterolaemic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model mimicking atherosclerosis initiation and development in humans. FGF21 reduced plasma total cholesterol, explained by a reduction in non-HDL-cholesterol. Mechanistically, FGF21 promoted brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, thereby enhancing the selective uptake of fatty acids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into BAT and into browned WAT, consequently accelerating the clearance of the cholesterol-enriched remnants by the liver. In addition, FGF21 reduced body fat, ameliorated glucose tolerance and markedly reduced hepatic steatosis, related to up-regulated hepatic expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and increased hepatic VLDL-triglyceride secretion. Ultimately, FGF21 largely decreased atherosclerotic lesion area, which was mainly explained by the reduction in non-HDL-cholesterol as shown by linear regression analysis, decreased lesion severity, and increased atherosclerotic plaque stability index. Conclusion FGF21 improves hypercholesterolaemia by accelerating triglyceride-rich lipoprotein turnover as a result of activating BAT and browning of WAT, thereby reducing atherosclerotic lesion severity and increasing atherosclerotic lesion stability index. We have thus provided additional support for the clinical use of FGF21 in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mikael Larsson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca BioPharmaceutical R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Wallenius
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca BioPharmaceutical R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca BioPharmaceutical R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Barlind
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca BioPharmaceutical R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca BioPharmaceutical R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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18
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van den Hoek AM, Verschuren L, Caspers MPM, Worms N, Menke AL, Princen HMG. Beneficial effects of elafibranor on NASH in E3L.CETP mice and differences between mice and men. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5050. [PMID: 33658534 PMCID: PMC7930243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83974-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most rapidly growing liver disease that is nevertheless without approved pharmacological treatment. Despite great effort in developing novel NASH therapeutics, many have failed in clinical trials. This has raised questions on the adequacy of preclinical models. Elafibranor is one of the drugs currently in late stage development which had mixed results for phase 2/interim phase 3 trials. In the current study we investigated the response of elafibranor in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice, a translational animal model that displays histopathological characteristics of NASH in the context of obesity, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. To induce NASH, mice were fed a high fat and cholesterol (HFC) diet for 15 weeks (HFC reference group) or 25 weeks (HFC control group) or the HFC diet supplemented with elafibranor (15 mg/kg/d) from week 15–25 (elafibranor group). The effects on plasma parameters and NASH histopathology were assessed and hepatic transcriptome analysis was used to investigate the underlying pathways affected by elafibranor. Elafibranor treatment significantly reduced steatosis and hepatic inflammation and precluded the progression of fibrosis. The underlying disease pathways of the model were compared with those of NASH patients and illustrated substantial similarity with molecular pathways involved, with 87% recapitulation of human pathways in mice. We compared the response of elafibranor in the mice to the response in human patients and discuss potential pitfalls when translating preclinical results of novel NASH therapeutics to human patients. When taking into account that due to species differences the response to some targets, like PPAR-α, may be overrepresented in animal models, we conclude that elafibranor may be particularly useful to reduce hepatic inflammation and could be a pharmacologically useful agent for human NASH, but probably in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Martien P M Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Worms
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aswin L Menke
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Aravani D, Kassi E, Chatzigeorgiou A, Vakrou S. Cardiometabolic Syndrome: An Update on Available Mouse Models. Thromb Haemost 2020; 121:703-715. [PMID: 33280078 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS), a disease entity characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance (IR), hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, is a global epidemic with approximately 25% prevalence in adults globally. CMS is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and development of diabetes. Due to its multifactorial etiology, the development of several animal models to simulate CMS has contributed significantly to the elucidation of the disease pathophysiology and the design of therapies. In this review we aimed to present the most common mouse models used in the research of CMS. We found that CMS can be induced either by genetic manipulation, leading to dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy, obesity and IR, or obesity and hypertension, or by administration of specific diets and drugs. In the last decade, the ob/ob and db/db mice were the most common obesity and IR models, whereas Ldlr-/- and Apoe-/- were widely used to induce hyperlipidemia. These mice have been used either as a single transgenic or combined with a different background with or without diet treatment. High-fat diet with modifications is the preferred protocol, generally leading to increased body weight, hyperlipidemia, and IR. A plethora of genetically engineered mouse models, diets, drugs, or synthetic compounds that are available have advanced the understanding of CMS. However, each researcher should carefully select the most appropriate model and validate its consistency. It is important to consider the differences between strains of the same animal species, different animals, and most importantly differences to human when translating results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Aravani
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Styliani Vakrou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Cardiology, "Laiko" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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20
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Bar A, Kieronska-Rudek A, Proniewski B, Suraj-Prażmowska J, Czamara K, Marczyk B, Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda K, Jasztal A, Kuś E, Majka Z, Kaczor A, Kurpińska A, Walczak M, Pieterman EJ, Princen HMG, Chlopicki S. In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Detection of Heterogeneous Endothelial Response in Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta to Short-Term High-Fat Diet Ascribed to Differences in Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016929. [PMID: 33073641 PMCID: PMC7763398 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Long-term feeding with a high-fat diet (HFD) induces endothelial dysfunction in mice, but early HFD-induced effects on endothelium have not been well characterized. Methods and Results Using an magnetic resonance imaging-based methodology that allows characterization of endothelial function in vivo, we demonstrated that short-term (2 weeks) feeding with a HFD to C57BL/6 mice or to E3L.CETP mice resulted in the impairment of acetylcholine-induced response in the abdominal aorta (AA), whereas, in the thoracic aorta (TA), the acetylcholine-induced response was largely preserved. Similarly, HFD resulted in arterial stiffness in the AA, but not in the TA. The difference in HFD-induced response was ascribed to distinct characteristics of perivascular adipose tissue in the TA and AA, related to brown- and white-like adipose tissue, respectively, as assessed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and Raman spectroscopy. In contrast, short-term HFD-induced endothelial dysfunction could not be linked to systemic insulin resistance, changes in plasma concentration of nitrite, or concentration of biomarkers of glycocalyx disruption (syndecan-1 and endocan), endothelial inflammation (soluble form of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, soluble form of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and soluble form of E-selectin), endothelial permeability (soluble form of fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and angiopoietin 2), and hemostasis (tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1). Conclusions Short-term feeding with a HFD induces endothelial dysfunction in the AA but not in the TA, which could be ascribed to a differential response of perivascular adipose tissue to a HFD in the AA versus TA. Importantly, early endothelial dysfunction in the AA is not linked to elevation of classical systemic biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bar
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Anna Kieronska-Rudek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Joanna Suraj-Prażmowska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair and Department of Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czamara
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Brygida Marczyk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Karolina Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair and Department of Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Edyta Kuś
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Zuzanna Majka
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Anna Kurpińska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair and Department of Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research Gaubius Laboratory The Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research Gaubius Laboratory The Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
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21
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Katiraei S, de Vries MR, Costain AH, Thiem K, Hoving LR, van Diepen JA, Smits HH, Bouter KE, Rensen PCN, Quax PHA, Nieuwdorp M, Netea MG, de Vos WM, Cani PD, Belzer C, van Dijk KW, Berbée JFP, van Harmelen V. Akkermansia muciniphila Exerts Lipid-Lowering and Immunomodulatory Effects without Affecting Neointima Formation in Hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900732. [PMID: 31389129 PMCID: PMC7507188 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) is an intestinal commensal with anti-inflammatory properties both in the intestine and other organs. The aim is to investigate the effects of oral administration of A. muciniphila on lipid metabolism, immunity, and cuff-induced neointima formation in hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden (E3L).CETP mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Hyperlipidemic male E3L.CETP mice are daily treated with 2 × 108 CFU A. muciniphila by oral gavage for 4 weeks and the effects are determined on plasma lipid levels, immune parameters, and cuff-induced neointima formation and composition. A. muciniphila administration lowers body weight and plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides levels. A. muciniphila influences the immune cell composition in mesenteric lymph nodes, as evident from an increased total B cell population, while reducing the total T cell and neutrophil populations. Importantly, A. muciniphila reduces the expression of the activation markers MHCII on dendritic cells and CD86 on B cells. A. muciniphila also increases whole blood ex vivo lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IL-10 release. Finally, although treatment with A. muciniphila improves lipid metabolism and immunity, it does not affect neointima formation or composition. CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of treatment with A. muciniphila exerts lipid-lowering and immunomodulatory effects, which are insufficient to inhibit neointima formation in hyperlipidemic E3L.CETP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Katiraei
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center2300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Margreet R. de Vries
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of SurgeryLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Alice H. Costain
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Thiem
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud UMC6525 GANijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Lisa R. Hoving
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center2300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Hermelijn H. Smits
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Kristien E. Bouter
- Department of Vascular MedicineAcademic Medical Center1105 AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Medicinedivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul H. A. Quax
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of SurgeryLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular MedicineAcademic Medical Center1105 AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud UMC6525 GANijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University6708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Université catholique de LouvainLouvain Drug Research InstituteWELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology)Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group1200BrusselsBelgium
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University6708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center2300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Medicinedivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F. P. Berbée
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Medicinedivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center2300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
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22
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Nasias D, Dalakoura-Karagkouni K, Vassou D, Papagiannakis G, Papadaki A, Kardassis D. Transcriptome analysis of the adipose tissue in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome identifies gene signatures related to disease pathogenesis. Genomics 2020; 112:4053-4062. [PMID: 32652102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The white adipose tissue (WAT) contributes to the metabolic imbalance observed in obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) by mechanisms that are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to monitor changes in the transcriptome of epididymal WAT during the development of MetS. ApoE3L.CETP mice were fed a high fat (HFD) or a low-fat (LFD) diet for different time periods. Adipose RNA was analyzed by microarrays. We found an increasing number of differentially expressed transcripts during MetS development. In mice with MetS, 1396 transcripts were differentially expressed including transcripts related to immune/inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix enzymes, suggesting significant inflammation and tissue remodeling. The top list of pathways included focal adhesion, chemokine, B and T cell receptor and MAPK signaling. The data identify for the first time adipose gene signatures in apoE3L.CETP mice with diet-induced MetS and might open new avenues for investigation of potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Nasias
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece; Gene Regulation and Epigenetics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Katerina Dalakoura-Karagkouni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece; Gene Regulation and Epigenetics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Despoina Vassou
- Genomics Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Giorgos Papagiannakis
- Genomics Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Ariadni Papadaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece; Gene Regulation and Epigenetics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece.
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23
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van den Hoek AM, Pieterman EJ, van der Hoorn JW, Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta M, Alonso C, Verschuren L, Skjæret T, Princen HMG, Fraser DA. Icosabutate Exerts Beneficial Effects Upon Insulin Sensitivity, Hepatic Inflammation, Lipotoxicity, and Fibrosis in Mice. Hepatol Commun 2019; 4:193-207. [PMID: 32025605 PMCID: PMC6996349 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Icosabutate is a structurally engineered eicosapentaenoic acid derivative under development for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this study, we investigated the absorption and distribution properties of icosabutate in relation to liver targeting and used rodents to evaluate the effects of icosabutate on glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, as well as hepatic steatosis, inflammation, lipotoxicity, and fibrosis. The absorption, tissue distribution, and excretion of icosabutate was investigated in rats along with its effects in mouse models of insulin resistance (ob/ob) and metabolic inflammation/NASH (high‐fat/cholesterol‐fed APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice) and efficacy was compared with synthetic peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPAR‐α) (fenofibrate) and/or PPAR‐γ/(α) (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) agonists. Icosabutate was absorbed almost entirely through the portal vein, resulting in rapid hepatic accumulation. Icosabutate demonstrated potent insulin‐sensitizing effects in ob/ob mice, and unlike fenofibrate or pioglitazone, it significantly reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase. In high‐fat/cholesterol‐fed APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice, icosabutate, but not rosiglitazone, reduced microvesicular steatosis and hepatocellular hypertrophy. Although both rosiglitazone and icosabutate reduced hepatic inflammation, only icosabutate elicited antifibrotic effects in association with decreased hepatic concentrations of multiple lipotoxic lipid species and an oxidative stress marker. Hepatic gene‐expression analysis confirmed the changes in lipid metabolism, inflammatory and fibrogenic response, and energy metabolism, and revealed the involved upstream regulators. In conclusion, icosabutate selectively targets the liver through the portal vein and demonstrates broad beneficial effects following insulin sensitivity, hepatic microvesicular steatosis, inflammation, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Icosabutate therefore offers a promising approach to the treatment of both dysregulated glucose/lipid metabolism and inflammatory disorders of the liver, including NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health Research The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- Department of Metabolic Health Research The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research Leiden the Netherlands
| | - José W van der Hoorn
- Department of Metabolic Health Research The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research Leiden the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research Zeist the Netherlands
| | - Tore Skjæret
- NorthSea Therapeutics BV Naarden the Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Department of Metabolic Health Research The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research Leiden the Netherlands
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24
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Body weight-dependent and independent improvement in lipid metabolism after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:2394-2406. [PMID: 31270430 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has rapidly increased worldwide. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) achieves long-term weight loss and improves MetS-associated comorbidities. Using a mouse model with a humanized lipoprotein metabolism, we elucidated whether improvements in lipid and glucose metabolism after RYGB surgery are body weight loss-dependent or not. SUBJECTS/METHODS Male ApoE*3Leiden.CETP (ApoE3L.CETP) mice fed Western type diet for 6 weeks underwent RYGB or Sham surgery. Sham groups were either fed ad libitum or were body weight-matched (BWm) to the RYGB mice to discriminate surgical effects from body weight loss-associated effects. Before and after surgery, plasma was collected to assess the metabolic profile, and glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were tested. Twenty days after surgery, mice were sacrificed, and liver was collected to assess metabolic, histological and global gene expression changes after surgery. RESULTS RYGB induced a marked reduction in body weight, which was also achieved by severe food restriction in BWm mice, and total fat mass compared to Sham ad libitum mice (Sham AL). Total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and ceramide were strongly reduced 20 days after surgery in RYGB compared to BWm mice. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity improved 13 days after surgery similarly in RYGB and BWm mice. Liver histology confirmed lipid reduction in RYGB and BWm mice while the transcriptomics data indicated altered genes expression in lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS RYGB surgery improves glucose metabolism and greatly ameliorates lipid metabolism in part in a body weight-dependent manner. Given that ApoE3L.CETP mice were extensively studied to describe the MetS, and given that RYGB improved ceramide after surgery, our data confirmed the usefulness of ApoE3L.CETP mice after RYGB in deciphering the metabolic improvements to treat the MetS.
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25
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Nasias D, Evangelakos I, Nidris V, Vassou D, Tarasco E, Lutz TA, Kardassis D. Significant changes in hepatic transcriptome and circulating miRNAs are associated with diet-induced metabolic syndrome in apoE3L.CETP mice. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:20485-20500. [PMID: 31016757 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to excess dietary fat leads to obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of the present study was to identify global changes in liver gene expression and circulating miRNAs in a humanized mouse model of diet-induced MetS. Male apoE3L.CETP mice received a high-fat diet (HFD) or a low-fat diet (LFD) for different time periods and the progression of MetS pathology was monitored. A separate group of mice was divided into responders (R) or nonresponders (NR) and received HFD for 16 weeks. We found that mice receiving the HFD developed manifestations of MetS and displayed an increasing number of differentially expressed transcripts at 4, 8, and 12 weeks compared with mice receiving the LFD. Significantly changed genes were functionally annotated to metabolic diseases and pathway analysis revealed the downregulation of genes in cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis and upregulation of genes related to lipid droplet formation, which was in line with the development of hepatic steatosis. In the serum of the apoE3L.CETP mice we identified three miRNAs that were upregulated specifically in the HFD group. We found that responder mice have a distinct gene signature that differentiates them from nonresponders. Comparison of the two diet intervention studies revealed a limited number of common differentially expressed genes but the expression of these common genes was affected in a similar way in both studies. In conclusion, the characteristic hepatic gene signatures and serum miRNAs identified in the present study provide novel insights to MetS pathology and could be exploited for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Nasias
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece.,Gene Regulation and Epigenetics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Evangelakos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece.,Gene Regulation and Epigenetics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vasilis Nidris
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece.,Gene Regulation and Epigenetics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Despoina Vassou
- Genomics Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Erika Tarasco
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece.,Gene Regulation and Epigenetics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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26
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Rozendaal YJW, Wang Y, Hilbers PAJ, van Riel NAW. Computational modelling of energy balance in individuals with Metabolic Syndrome. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2019; 13:24. [PMID: 30808366 PMCID: PMC6390597 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-019-0705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background A positive energy balance is considered to be the primary cause of the development of obesity-related diseases. Treatment often consists of a combination of reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. Here we use an existing computational modelling framework describing the long-term development of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in APOE3L.CETP mice fed a high-fat diet containing cholesterol with a human-like metabolic system. This model was used to analyze energy expenditure and energy balance in a large set of individual model realizations. Results We developed and applied a strategy to select specific individual models for a detailed analysis of heterogeneity in energy metabolism. Models were stratified based on energy expenditure. A substantial surplus of energy was found to be present during MetS development, which explains the weight gain during MetS development. In the majority of the models, energy was mainly expended in the peripheral tissues, but also distinctly different subgroups were identified. In silico perturbation of the system to induce increased peripheral energy expenditure implied changes in lipid metabolism, but not in carbohydrate metabolism. In silico analysis provided predictions for which individual models increase of peripheral energy expenditure would be an effective treatment. Conclusion The computational analysis confirmed that the energy imbalance plays an important role in the development of obesity. Furthermore, the model is capable to predict whether an increase in peripheral energy expenditure – for instance by cold exposure to activate brown adipose tissue (BAT) – could resolve MetS symptoms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-019-0705-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne J W Rozendaal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A J Hilbers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natal A W van Riel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. .,Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Tarasco E, Pellegrini G, Whiting L, Lutz TA. Phenotypical heterogeneity in responder and nonresponder male ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G602-G617. [PMID: 29975550 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00081.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major health issue worldwide and is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercholesterolemia. Several animal models were used to describe the MetS; however, many of them do not mimic well the MetS pathophysiology in humans. The ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mouse model overcomes part of this limitation, since they have a humanised lipoprotein metabolism and a heterogeneous response to MetS, similar to humans. The reported heterogeneity among them and their common classification refer to responder (R) and nonresponder (NR) mice; R mice show increased body weight, cholesterol, and triglycerides levels, whereas NR mice do not show this expected phenotype when fed a Western type diet. To define better the differences between R and NR mice, we focused on feeding behavior, body weight gain, glucose tolerance, and lipid parameters, and on an extensive pathological examination along with liver histology analysis. Our data confirmed that R mice resemble the pathological features of the human MetS: obesity, dysplipidemia, and glucose intolerance. NR mice do not develop the full dysmetabolic phenotype because of a severe inflammatory hepatic condition, which may heavily affect liver function. We conclude that R and NR mice are metabolically different and that NR mice have indications of severely impaired liver function. Hence, it is critical to identify and separate the respective mice to decrease data heterogeneity. Clinical chemistry and histological analysis should be used to confirm retrospectively the animals' classification. Moreover, we point out that NR mice may not be an appropriate control for studies involving ApoE*3Leiden.CETP R mice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY When compared with some other animal models, ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice are better models to describe the metabolic syndrome. However, there is phenotypic heterogeneity between "responder" and "nonresponder" mice, the latter showing some evidence of hepatic pathology. A full phenotypic characterization and eventually postmortem analysis of the liver are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Tarasco
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Lynda Whiting
- Institute of Drug and Discovery Biology, University of Monash , Victoria , Australia
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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28
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Jaeger A, Zollinger L, Saely CH, Muendlein A, Evangelakos I, Nasias D, Charizopoulou N, Schofield JD, Othman A, Soran H, Kardassis D, Drexel H, Eckardstein AV. Circulating microRNAs -192 and -194 are associated with the presence and incidence of diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14274. [PMID: 30250222 PMCID: PMC6155281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to identify circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of prevalent or incident diabetes. In a pilot study of 18 sex- and age-matched patients with metabolic syndrome, nine of whom developed diabetes during 6 years of follow-up, an array of 372 microRNAs discovered significantly elevated serum levels of microRNAs -122, -192, -194, and -215 in patients who developed diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM). In two cross-sectional validation studies, one encompassing sex- and age-matched groups of patients with T2DM, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and euglycemic controls (n = 43 each) and the other 53 patients with type 1 diabetes and 54 age- and BMI-matched euglycemic controls, serum levels of miR-192, miR-194, and mi215 were significantly higher in diabetic subjects than in probands with euglycemia or IFG. In a longitudinal study of 213 initially diabetes-free patients of whom 35 developed diabetes during 6 years of follow-up, elevated serum levels of microRNAs 192 and 194 were associated with incident T2DM, independently of fasting glucose, HbA1c and other risk factors. Serum levels of miR-192 and miR-194 were also elevated in diabetic Akt2 knockout mice compared to wild type mice. In conclusion, circulating microRNAs -192 and -194 are potential biomarkers for risk of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jaeger
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Zollinger
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph H Saely
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Axel Muendlein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Ioannis Evangelakos
- University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitris Nasias
- University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Charizopoulou
- University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jonathan D Schofield
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, The Old St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alaa Othman
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Handrean Soran
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, The Old St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Heinz Drexel
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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29
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Ipsen DH, Rolin B, Rakipovski G, Skovsted GF, Madsen A, Kolstrup S, Schou-Pedersen AM, Skat-Rørdam J, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Liraglutide Decreases Hepatic Inflammation and Injury in Advanced Lean Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:704-713. [PMID: 29953740 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although commonly associated with obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also present in the lean population representing a unique disease phenotype. Affecting 25% of the world's population, NAFLD is associated with increased mortality especially when progressed to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, no approved pharmacological treatments exist. Current research focuses mainly on NASH associated with obesity, leaving the effectiveness of promising treatments in lean NASH virtually unknown. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the effect of liraglutide (glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue) and dietary intervention, alone and in combination, in guinea pigs with non-obese NASH. After 20 weeks of high-fat feeding (20% fat, 15% sucrose, 0.35% cholesterol), 40 female guinea pigs were block-randomized based on weight into four groups receiving one of four treatments for 4 weeks: continued high-fat diet (HF, control), high-fat diet and liraglutide treatment (HFL), chow diet (4% fat, 0% sucrose, 0% cholesterol; HFC) or chow diet and liraglutide treatment (HFCL). High-fat feeding induced NASH with severe fibrosis. Liraglutide decreased inflammation (p < 0.05) and hepatocyte ballooning (p < 0.05), while increasing hepatic α-tocopherol (p = 0.0154). Dietary intervention did not improve liver histopathology significantly, but decreased liver weight (p = 0.004), plasma total cholesterol (p = 0.0175), LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.0063), VLDL-cholesterol (p = 0.0034), hepatic cholesterol (p < 0.0001) and increased hepatic vitamin C (p = 0.0099). Combined liraglutide and dietary intervention induced a rapid weight loss, necessitating periodical liraglutide dose adjustment/discontinuation, limiting the strength of the findings from this group. Collectively, this pre-clinical study supports the beneficial effect of liraglutide on NASH and extends this notion to lean NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Ipsen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bidda Rolin
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Günaj Rakipovski
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Gry F Skovsted
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anette Madsen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Kolstrup
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Schou-Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Josephine Skat-Rørdam
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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30
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Yu Q, Wang F, Meng X, Gong Y, Wang Y, Xu C, Wang S. Short‑term use of atorvastatin affects glucose homeostasis and suppresses the expression of LDL receptors in the pancreas of mice. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2780-2788. [PMID: 30015940 PMCID: PMC6102652 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) may serve a role in the diabetogenic effect of statins; however, the effects of statins on LDLR expression and its regulation in the pancreas and islets have yet to be determined. To exclude the long-term effects of treatment with atorvastatin, which allows mice to adapt, male C57BL/j and apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were acutely treated with oral atorvastatin for 6 weeks, and glucose homeostasis and LDLR expression in the pancreas and islets were examined. In the present study, it was observed that the short-term use of atorvastatin affected insulin sensitivity in normal mice and glucose tolerance in hyperlipidemic mice. Furthermore, it was identified that 6 weeks of treatment with atorvastatin suppressed LDLR expression in the pancreas and pancreatic islets in C57BL/j mice, and an increase in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 expression was additionally observed in the pancreas. However, 6 weeks of treatment with atorvastatin did not affect LDLR expression in the pancreas of hyperlipidemic mice. It may be concluded that the short-term use of atorvastatin disturbs glucose homeostasis and suppresses LDLR expression in the pancreas and pancreatic islets in C57BL/j mice, suggesting that the role of LDLR in the diabetogenic effect of statins requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Institute of Material Medical, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Meng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Yiren Gong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Cangbao Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Siwang Wang
- Institute of Material Medical, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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31
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Li Z, Yi CX, Katiraei S, Kooijman S, Zhou E, Chung CK, Gao Y, van den Heuvel JK, Meijer OC, Berbée JFP, Heijink M, Giera M, Willems van Dijk K, Groen AK, Rensen PCN, Wang Y. Butyrate reduces appetite and activates brown adipose tissue via the gut-brain neural circuit. Gut 2018; 67:1269-1279. [PMID: 29101261 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Butyrate exerts metabolic benefits in mice and humans, the underlying mechanisms being still unclear. We aimed to investigate the effect of butyrate on appetite and energy expenditure, and to what extent these two components contribute to the beneficial metabolic effects of butyrate. DESIGN Acute effects of butyrate on appetite and its method of action were investigated in mice following an intragastric gavage or intravenous injection of butyrate. To study the contribution of satiety to the metabolic benefits of butyrate, mice were fed a high-fat diet with butyrate, and an additional pair-fed group was included. Mechanistic involvement of the gut-brain neural circuit was investigated in vagotomised mice. RESULTS Acute oral, but not intravenous, butyrate administration decreased food intake, suppressed the activity of orexigenic neurons that express neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus, and decreased neuronal activity within the nucleus tractus solitarius and dorsal vagal complex in the brainstem. Chronic butyrate supplementation prevented diet-induced obesity, hyperinsulinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and hepatic steatosis, largely attributed to a reduction in food intake. Butyrate also modestly promoted fat oxidation and activated brown adipose tissue (BAT), evident from increased utilisation of plasma triglyceride-derived fatty acids. This effect was not due to the reduced food intake, but explained by an increased sympathetic outflow to BAT. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy abolished the effects of butyrate on food intake as well as the stimulation of metabolic activity in BAT. CONCLUSION Butyrate acts on the gut-brain neural circuit to improve energy metabolism via reducing energy intake and enhancing fat oxidation by activating BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saeed Katiraei
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chih Kit Chung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yuanqing Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - José K van den Heuvel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Heijink
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Rozendaal YJW, Wang Y, Paalvast Y, Tambyrajah LL, Li Z, Willems van Dijk K, Rensen PCN, Kuivenhoven JA, Groen AK, Hilbers PAJ, van Riel NAW. In vivo and in silico dynamics of the development of Metabolic Syndrome. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006145. [PMID: 29879115 PMCID: PMC5991635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a complex, multifactorial disorder that develops slowly over time presenting itself with large differences among MetS patients. We applied a systems biology approach to describe and predict the onset and progressive development of MetS, in a study that combined in vivo and in silico models. A new data-driven, physiological model (MINGLeD: Model INtegrating Glucose and Lipid Dynamics) was developed, describing glucose, lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Since classic kinetic models cannot describe slowly progressing disorders, a simulation method (ADAPT) was used to describe longitudinal dynamics and to predict metabolic concentrations and fluxes. This approach yielded a novel model that can describe long-term MetS development and progression. This model was integrated with longitudinal in vivo data that was obtained from male APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for three months and that developed MetS as reflected by classical symptoms including obesity and glucose intolerance. Two distinct subgroups were identified: those who developed dyslipidemia, and those who did not. The combination of MINGLeD with ADAPT could correctly predict both phenotypes, without making any prior assumptions about changes in kinetic rates or metabolic regulation. Modeling and flux trajectory analysis revealed that differences in liver fluxes and dietary cholesterol absorption could explain this occurrence of the two different phenotypes. In individual mice with dyslipidemia dietary cholesterol absorption and hepatic turnover of metabolites, including lipid fluxes, were higher compared to those without dyslipidemia. Predicted differences were also observed in gene expression data, and consistent with the emergence of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis, two well-known MetS co-morbidities. Whereas MINGLeD specifically models the metabolic derangements underlying MetS, the simulation method ADAPT is generic and can be applied to other diseases where dynamic modeling and longitudinal data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne J. W. Rozendaal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yared Paalvast
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren L. Tambyrajah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. J. Hilbers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natal A. W. van Riel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kozijn AE, Gierman LM, van der Ham F, Mulder P, Morrison MC, Kühnast S, van der Heijden RA, Stavro PM, van Koppen A, Pieterman EJ, van den Hoek AM, Kleemann R, Princen HMG, Mastbergen SC, Lafeber FPJG, Zuurmond AM, Bobeldijk I, Weinans H, Stoop R. Variable cartilage degradation in mice with diet-induced metabolic dysfunction: food for thought. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:95-107. [PMID: 29074298 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human cohort studies have demonstrated a role for systemic metabolic dysfunction in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis in obese patients. To explore the mechanisms underlying this metabolic phenotype of OA, we examined cartilage degradation in the knees of mice from different genetic backgrounds in which a metabolic phenotype was established by various dietary approaches. DESIGN Wild-type C57BL/6J mice and genetically modified mice (hCRP, LDLr-/-. Leiden and ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice) based on C57BL/6J background were used to investigate the contribution of inflammation and altered lipoprotein handling on diet-induced cartilage degradation. High-caloric diets of different macronutrient composition (i.e., high-carbohydrate or high-fat) were given in regimens of varying duration to induce a metabolic phenotype with aggravated cartilage degradation relative to controls. RESULTS Metabolic phenotypes were confirmed in all studies as mice developed obesity, hypercholesteremia, glucose intolerance and/or insulin resistance. Aggravated cartilage degradation was only observed in two out of the twelve experimental setups, specifically in long-term studies in male hCRP and female ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice. C57BL/6J and LDLr-/-. Leiden mice did not develop HFD-induced OA under the conditions studied. Osteophyte formation and synovitis scores showed variable results between studies, but also between strains and gender. CONCLUSIONS Long-term feeding of high-caloric diets consistently induced a metabolic phenotype in various C57BL/6J (-based) mouse strains. In contrast, the induction of articular cartilage degradation proved variable, which suggests that an additional trigger might be necessary to accelerate diet-induced OA progression. Gender and genetic modifications that result in a humanized pro-inflammatory state (human CRP) or lipoprotein metabolism (human-E3L.CETP) were identified as important contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Kozijn
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L M Gierman
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F van der Ham
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Mulder
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M C Morrison
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Kühnast
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R A van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, UMC Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P M Stavro
- Bunge North America, Saint Louis, United States
| | - A van Koppen
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - R Kleemann
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S C Mastbergen
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F P J G Lafeber
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A-M Zuurmond
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I Bobeldijk
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Weinans
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - R Stoop
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Paalvast Y, Gerding A, Wang Y, Bloks VW, van Dijk TH, Havinga R, Willems van Dijk K, Rensen PCN, Bakker BM, Kuivenhoven JA, Groen AK. Male apoE*3-Leiden.CETP mice on high-fat high-cholesterol diet exhibit a biphasic dyslipidemic response, mimicking the changes in plasma lipids observed through life in men. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13376. [PMID: 29038350 PMCID: PMC5641925 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological adaptations resulting in the development of the metabolic syndrome in man occur over a time span of several decades. This combined with the prohibitive financial cost and ethical concerns to measure key metabolic parameters repeatedly in subjects for the major part of their life span makes that comprehensive longitudinal human data sets are virtually nonexistent. While experimental mice are often used, little is known whether this species is in fact an adequate model to better understand the mechanisms that drive the metabolic syndrome in man. We took up the challenge to study the response of male apoE*3-Leiden.CETP mice (with a humanized lipid profile) to a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 6 months. Study parameters include body weight, food intake, plasma and liver lipids, hepatic transcriptome, VLDL - triglyceride production and importantly the use of stable isotopes to measure hepatic de novo lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and biliary/fecal sterol secretion to assess metabolic fluxes. The key observations include (1) high inter-individual variation; (2) a largely unaffected hepatic transcriptome at 2, 3, and 6 months; (3) a biphasic response curve of the main metabolic features over time; and (4) maximum insulin resistance preceding dyslipidemia. The biphasic response in plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol appears to mimic that of men in cross-sectional studies. Combined, these observations suggest that studies such as these can help to delineate the causes of metabolic derangements in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Paalvast
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Gerding
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara M Bakker
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Mitchell R. Methods in Micronutrient Metabolism. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017; 117:1157-1163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Robciuc MR, Kivelä R, Williams IM, de Boer JF, van Dijk TH, Elamaa H, Tigistu-Sahle F, Molotkov D, Leppänen VM, Käkelä R, Eklund L, Wasserman DH, Groen AK, Alitalo K. VEGFB/VEGFR1-Induced Expansion of Adipose Vasculature Counteracts Obesity and Related Metabolic Complications. Cell Metab 2016; 23:712-24. [PMID: 27076080 PMCID: PMC5898626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Impaired angiogenesis has been implicated in adipose tissue dysfunction and the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Here, we report the unexpected finding that vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB) gene transduction into mice inhibits obesity-associated inflammation and improves metabolic health without changes in body weight or ectopic lipid deposition. Mechanistically, the binding of VEGFB to VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1, also known as Flt1) activated the VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway and increased capillary density, tissue perfusion, and insulin supply, signaling, and function in adipose tissue. Furthermore, endothelial Flt1 gene deletion enhanced the effect of VEGFB, activating the thermogenic program in subcutaneous adipose tissue, which increased the basal metabolic rate, thus preventing diet-induced obesity and related metabolic complications. In obese and insulin-resistant mice, Vegfb gene transfer, together with endothelial Flt1 gene deletion, induced weight loss and mitigated the metabolic complications, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of the VEGFB/VEGFR1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius R Robciuc
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Riikka Kivelä
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian M Williams
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harri Elamaa
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Biocenter Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Feven Tigistu-Sahle
- Department of Biosciences and Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dmitry Molotkov
- Biomedicum Imaging Unit, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Leppänen
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Department of Biosciences and Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Eklund
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Biocenter Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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Princen HMG, Pouwer MG, Pieterman EJ. Comment on "Hypercholesterolemia with consumption of PFOA-laced Western diets is dependent on strain and sex of mice" by Rebholz S.L. et al. Toxicol. Rep. 2016 (3) 46-54. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:306-309. [PMID: 28959551 PMCID: PMC5615825 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hans M G Princen
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne G Pouwer
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
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38
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Liang W, Verschuren L, Mulder P, van der Hoorn JWA, Verheij J, van Dam AD, Boon MR, Princen HMG, Havekes LM, Kleemann R, van den Hoek AM. Salsalate attenuates diet induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice by decreasing lipogenic and inflammatory processes. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5293-305. [PMID: 26292849 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Salsalate (salicylsalicylic acid) is an anti-inflammatory drug that was recently found to exert beneficial metabolic effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Although its utility in the prevention and management of a wide range of vascular disorders, including type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome has been suggested before, the potential of salsalate to protect against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was therefore to ascertain the effects of salsalate on the development of NASH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Transgenic APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet with or without salsalate for 12 and 20 weeks. The effects on body weight, plasma biochemical variables, liver histology and hepatic gene expression were assessed. KEY RESULTS Salsalate prevented weight gain, improved dyslipidemia and insulin resistance and ameliorated diet-induced NASH, as shown by decreased hepatic microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis, reduced hepatic inflammation and reduced development of fibrosis. Salsalate affected lipid metabolism by increasing β-oxidation and decreasing lipogenesis, as shown by the activation of PPAR-α, PPAR-γ co-activator 1β, RXR-α and inhibition of genes controlled by the transcription factor MLXIPL/ChREBP. Inflammation was reduced by down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway, and fibrosis development was prevented by down-regulation of TGF-β signalling. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Salsalate exerted a preventive effect on the development of NASH and progression to fibrosis. These data suggest a clinical application of salsalate in preventing NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liang
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Mulder
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José W A van der Hoorn
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariette R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anita M van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
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39
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Cheng D, Wang Y, Gao S, Wang X, Sun W, Bai L, Cheng G, Chu Y, Zhao S, Liu E. Atorvastatin delays the glucose clearance rate in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 72:24-9. [PMID: 26054671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of statin might increase the risk of new-onset diabetes in hypercholesterolemic patients based on the recent clinical evidence. However, the causal relationship must be clarified and confirmed in animal experiments. Therefore, we mimicked hypercholesterolemia by feeding rabbits a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) and performed 16 weeks of atorvastatin administration to investigate the effect of statin on glucose metabolism. The intravenous glucose tolerance test showed that plasma glucose levels in the statin-treated rabbits were consistently higher and that there was a slower rate of glucose clearance from the blood than in HCD rabbits. The incremental area under the curve for glucose in the statin-treated rabbits was also significantly larger than in the HCD rabbits. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the intravenous insulin tolerance test. The glucose-lowering ability of exogenous insulin was not impaired by statin treatment in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. The administration of a single dose of statin did not affect glucose metabolism in normal rabbits. The statin also significantly increased the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase and decreased plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the hypercholesterolemic rabbits, whereas it did not affect plasma levels of glucose and insulin. The current results showed that atorvastatin treatment resulted in a significant delay of glucose clearance in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and this rabbit model could be suitable for studying the effects of statin on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Cheng
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shoucui Gao
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wentao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Bai
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yonglie Chu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Enqi Liu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Shaanxi, China.
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40
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Liang W, Menke AL, Driessen A, Koek GH, Lindeman JH, Stoop R, Havekes LM, Kleemann R, van den Hoek AM. Establishment of a general NAFLD scoring system for rodent models and comparison to human liver pathology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115922. [PMID: 25535951 PMCID: PMC4275274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The recently developed histological scoring system for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by the NASH Clinical Research Network (NASH-CRN) has been widely used in clinical settings, but is increasingly employed in preclinical research as well. However, it has not been systematically analyzed whether the human scoring system can directly be converted to preclinical rodent models. To analyze this, we systematically compared human NAFLD liver pathology, using human liver biopsies, with liver pathology of several NAFLD mouse models. Based upon the features pertaining to mouse NAFLD, we aimed at establishing a modified generic scoring system that is applicable to broad spectrum of rodent models. Methods The histopathology of NAFLD was analyzed in several different mouse models of NAFLD to define generic criteria for histological assessment (preclinical scoring system). For validation of this scoring system, 36 slides of mouse livers, covering the whole spectrum of NAFLD, were blindly analyzed by ten observers. Additionally, the livers were blindly scored by one observer during two separate assessments longer than 3 months apart. Results The criteria macrovesicular steatosis, microvesicular steatosis, hepatocellular hypertrophy, inflammation and fibrosis were generally applicable to rodent NAFLD. The inter-observer reproducibility (evaluated using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) between the ten observers was high for the analysis of macrovesicular steatosis and microvesicular steatosis (ICC = 0.784 and 0.776, all p<0.001, respectively) and moderate for the analysis of hypertrophy and inflammation (ICC = 0.685 and 0.650, all p<0.001, respectively). The intra-observer reproducibility between the different observations of one observer was high for the analysis of macrovesicular steatosis, microvesicular steatosis and hypertrophy (ICC = 0.871, 0.871 and 0.896, all p<0.001, respectively) and very high for the analysis of inflammation (ICC = 0.931, p<0.001). Conclusions We established a simple NAFLD scoring system with high reproducibility that is applicable for different rodent models and for all stages of NAFLD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liang
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ann Driessen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ger H. Koek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Lindeman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout Stoop
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M. Havekes
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anita M. van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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41
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Ason B, van der Hoorn JWA, Chan J, Lee E, Pieterman EJ, Nguyen KK, Di M, Shetterly S, Tang J, Yeh WC, Schwarz M, Jukema JW, Scott R, Wasserman SM, Princen HMG, Jackson S. PCSK9 inhibition fails to alter hepatic LDLR, circulating cholesterol, and atherosclerosis in the absence of ApoE. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2370-9. [PMID: 25258384 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m053207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) contributes to coronary heart disease. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) increases LDL-C by inhibiting LDL-C clearance. The therapeutic potential for PCSK9 inhibitors is highlighted by the fact that PCSK9 loss-of-function carriers exhibit 15-30% lower circulating LDL-C and a disproportionately lower risk (47-88%) of experiencing a cardiovascular event. Here, we utilized pcsk9(-/-) mice and an anti-PCSK9 antibody to study the role of the LDL receptor (LDLR) and ApoE in PCSK9-mediated regulation of plasma cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesion development. We found that circulating cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesions were minimally modified in pcsk9(-/-) mice on either an LDLR- or ApoE-deficient background. Acute administration of an anti-PCSK9 antibody did not reduce circulating cholesterol in an ApoE-deficient background, but did reduce circulating cholesterol (-45%) and TGs (-36%) in APOE*3Leiden.cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mice, which contain mouse ApoE, human mutant APOE3*Leiden, and a functional LDLR. Chronic anti-PCSK9 antibody treatment in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice resulted in a significant reduction in atherosclerotic lesion area (-91%) and reduced lesion complexity. Taken together, these results indicate that both LDLR and ApoE are required for PCSK9 inhibitor-mediated reductions in atherosclerosis, as both are needed to increase hepatic LDLR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ason
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Joyce Chan
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Edward Lee
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mei Di
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Jie Tang
- Protein Technologies, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Wen-Chen Yeh
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Scott
- Cardiovascular, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
| | | | - Hans M G Princen
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Jackson
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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