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Park HY, Lee GS, Go J, Ryu YK, Lee CH, Moon JH, Kim KS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prevents l-dopa-induced dyskinesia in a 6-ohda-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 973:176573. [PMID: 38642669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by severe movement defects and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the midbrain. The symptoms of PD can be managed with dopamine replacement therapy using L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa), which is the gold standard therapy for PD. However, long-term treatment with L-dopa can lead to motor complications. The central renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases in the brain. However, the role of the RAS in dopamine replacement therapy for PD remains unclear. Here, we tested the co-treatment of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) with L-dopa altered L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned mouse model of PD. Perindopril, captopril, and enalapril were used as ACEIs. The co-treatment of ACEI with L-dopa significantly decreased LID development in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. In addition, the astrocyte and microglial transcripts involving Ccl2, C3, Cd44, and Iigp1 were reduced by co-treatment with ACEI and L-dopa in the 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum. In conclusion, co-treatment with ACEIs and L-dopa, such as perindopril, captopril, and enalapril, may mitigate the severity of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in a mouse model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Seul Lee
- Core Research Facility & Analysis Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Go
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyoung Ryu
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Moon
- Core Research Facility & Analysis Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Dos Santos Pereira M, Dias de Abreu GH, Vanderlei LCA, Raisman-Vozari R, Guimarães FS, Lu HC, Michel PP, Del Bel E. 4'-fluorocannabidiol associated with capsazepine restrains L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian mice: Contribution of anti-inflammatory and anti-glutamatergic mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 2024; 251:109926. [PMID: 38554815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
We tested the efficacy of 4'-fluorocannabidiol (4'-F-CBD), a semisynthetic cannabidiol derivative, and HU-910, a cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonist in resolving l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Specifically, we were interested in studying whether these compounds could restrain striatal inflammatory responses and rescue glutamatergic disturbances characteristic of the dyskinetic state. C57BL/6 mice were rendered hemiparkinsonian by unilateral striatal lesioning with 6-OHDA. Abnormal involuntary movements were then induced by repeated i.p. injections of l-DOPA + benserazide. After LID was installed, the effects of a 3-day treatment with 4'-F-CBD or HU-910 in combination or not with the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (CPZ) or CB2 agonists HU-308 and JWH015 were assessed. Immunostaining was conducted to investigate the impacts of 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 (with CPZ) on inflammation and glutamatergic synapses. Our results showed that the combination of 4'-F-CBD + CPZ, but not when administered alone, decreased LID. Neither HU-910 alone nor HU-910+CPZ were effective. The CB2 agonists HU-308 and JWH015 were also ineffective in decreasing LID. Both combination treatments efficiently reduced microglial and astrocyte activation in the dorsal striatum of dyskinetic mice. However, only 4'-F-CBD + CPZ normalized the density of glutamate vesicular transporter-1 (vGluT1) puncta colocalized with the postsynaptic density marker PSD95. These findings suggest that 4'-F-CBD + CPZ normalizes dysregulated cortico-striatal glutamatergic inputs, which could be involved in their anti-dyskinetic effects. Although it is not possible to rule out the involvement of anti-inflammatory mechanisms, the decrease in striatal neuroinflammation markers by 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 without an associated reduction in LID indicates that they are insufficient per se to prevent LID manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Dos Santos Pereira
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Gabriel Henrique Dias de Abreu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Gill Center for Bimolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States.
| | | | | | | | - Hui-Chen Lu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Gill Center for Bimolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States.
| | | | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Cardinale A, de Iure A, Picconi B. Neuroinflammation and Dyskinesia: A Possible Causative Relationship? Brain Sci 2024; 14:514. [PMID: 38790492 PMCID: PMC11118841 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment represents the gold standard therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. L-DOPA therapy shows many side effects, among them, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) remain the most problematic. Several are the mechanisms underlying these processes: abnormal corticostriatal neurotransmission, pre- and post-synaptic neuronal events, changes in gene expression, and altered plasticity. In recent years, researchers have also suggested non-neuronal mechanisms as a possible cause for LIDs. We reviewed recent clinical and pre-clinical studies on neuroinflammation contribution to LIDs. Microglia and astrocytes seem to play a strategic role in LIDs phenomenon. In particular, their inflammatory response affects neuron-glia communication, synaptic activity and neuroplasticity, contributing to LIDs development. Finally, we describe possible new therapeutic interventions for dyskinesia prevention targeting glia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Cardinale
- Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.d.I.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, Università Telematica San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio de Iure
- Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.d.I.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, Università Telematica San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.d.I.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, Università Telematica San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Sočan V, Dolinar K, Kržan M. Kinetic Properties and Pharmacological Modulation of High- and Low-Affinity Dopamine Transport in Striatal Astrocytes of Adult Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5135. [PMID: 38791173 PMCID: PMC11121484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes actively participate in neurotransmitter homeostasis by bidirectional communication with neuronal cells, a concept named the tripartite synapse, yet their role in dopamine (DA) homeostasis remains understudied. In the present study, we investigated the kinetic and molecular mechanisms of DA transport in cultured striatal astrocytes of adult rats. Kinetic uptake experiments were performed using radiolabeled [3H]-DA, whereas mRNA expression of the dopamine, norepinephrine, organic cation and plasma membrane monoamine transporters (DAT, NET, OCTs and PMAT) and DA receptors D1 and D2 was determined by qPCR. Additionally, astrocyte cultures were subjected to a 24 h treatment with the DA receptor agonist apomorphine, the DA receptor antagonist haloperidol and the DA precursor L-DOPA. [3H]-DA uptake exhibited temperature, concentration and sodium dependence, with potent inhibition by desipramine, nortriptyline and decynium-22, suggesting the involvement of multiple transporters. qPCR revealed prominent mRNA expression of the NET, the PMAT and OCT1, alongside lower levels of mRNA for OCT2, OCT3 and the DAT. Notably, apomorphine significantly altered NET, PMAT and D1 mRNA expression, while haloperidol and L-DOPA had a modest impact. Our findings demonstrate that striatal astrocytes aid in DA clearance by multiple transporters, which are influenced by dopaminergic drugs. Our study enhances the understanding of regional DA uptake, paving the way for targeted therapeutic interventions in dopaminergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Sočan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Klemen Dolinar
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Mojca Kržan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Sočan V, Dolinar K, Kržan M. Cortical and Striatal Astrocytes of Neonatal Rats Display Distinct Molecular and Pharmacological Characteristics of Dopamine Uptake. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:911. [PMID: 38255983 PMCID: PMC10815805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are crucial in the regulation of neurotransmitter homeostasis, and while their involvement in the dopamine (DA) tripartite synapse is acknowledged, it necessitates a more comprehensive investigation. In the present study, experiments were conducted on primary astrocyte cultures from the striatum and cortex of neonatal rats. The pharmacological intricacies of DA uptake, including dependence on time, temperature, and concentration, were investigated using radiolabelled [3H]-DA. The mRNA expression of transporters DAT, NET, PMAT, and OCTs was evaluated by qPCR. Notably, astrocytes from both brain regions exhibited prominent mRNA expression of NET and PMAT, with comparatively lower expression of DAT and OCTs. The inhibition of DA uptake by the DAT inhibitor, GBR12909, and NET inhibitors, desipramine and nortriptyline, impeded DA uptake in striatal astrocytes more than in cortical astrocytes. The mRNA expression of NET and PMAT was significantly upregulated in cortical astrocytes in response to the DA receptor agonist apomorphine, while only the mRNA expression of NET exhibited changes in striatal astrocytes. Haloperidol, a DA receptor antagonist, and L-DOPA, a DA precursor, did not induce significant alterations in transporter mRNA expression. These findings underscore the intricate and region-specific mechanisms governing DA uptake in astrocytes, emphasizing the need for continued exploration to unravel the nuanced dynamics of astrocytic involvement in the DA tripartite synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Sočan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Klemen Dolinar
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Mojca Kržan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Bove F, Angeloni B, Sanginario P, Rossini PM, Calabresi P, Di Iorio R. Neuroplasticity in levodopa-induced dyskinesias: An overview on pathophysiology and therapeutic targets. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 232:102548. [PMID: 38040324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) are a common complication in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). A complex cascade of electrophysiological and molecular events that induce aberrant plasticity in the cortico-basal ganglia system plays a key role in the pathophysiology of LIDs. In the striatum, multiple neurotransmitters regulate the different forms of physiological synaptic plasticity to provide it in a bidirectional and Hebbian manner. In PD, impairment of both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) progresses with disease and dopaminergic denervation of striatum. The altered balance between LTP and LTD processes leads to unidirectional changes in plasticity that cause network dysregulation and the development of involuntary movements. These alterations have been documented, in both experimental models and PD patients, not only in deep brain structures but also at motor cortex. Invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation treatments, as deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, or transcranial direct current stimulation, may provide strategies to modulate the aberrant plasticity in the cortico-basal ganglia network of patients affected by LIDs, thus restoring normal neurophysiological functioning and treating dyskinesias. In this review, we discuss the evidence for neuroplasticity impairment in experimental PD models and in patients affected by LIDs, and potential neuromodulation strategies that may modulate aberrant plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bove
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Angeloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sanginario
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Di Iorio
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Zhang F, Liu M, Tuo J, Zhang L, Zhang J, Yu C, Xu Z. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: interplay between the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor and neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1253273. [PMID: 37860013 PMCID: PMC10582719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of middle-aged and elderly people, clinically characterized by resting tremor, myotonia, reduced movement, and impaired postural balance. Clinically, patients with PD are often administered levodopa (L-DOPA) to improve their symptoms. However, after years of L-DOPA treatment, most patients experience complications of varying severity, including the "on-off phenomenon", decreased efficacy, and levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). The development of LID can seriously affect the quality of life of patients, but its pathogenesis is unclear and effective treatments are lacking. Glutamic acid (Glu)-mediated changes in synaptic plasticity play a major role in LID. The N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR), an ionotropic glutamate receptor, is closely associated with synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation can modulate NMDAR activation or expression; in addition, neuroinflammation may be involved in the development of LID. However, it is not clear whether NMDA receptors are co-regulated with neuroinflammation during LID formation. Here we review how neuroinflammation mediates the development of LID through the regulation of NMDA receptors, and assess whether common anti-inflammatory drugs and NMDA receptor antagonists may be able to mitigate the development of LID through the regulation of central neuroinflammation, thereby providing a new theoretical basis for finding new therapeutic targets for LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jinmei Tuo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Furgiuele A, Pereira FC, Martini S, Marino F, Cosentino M. Dopaminergic regulation of inflammation and immunity in Parkinson's disease: friend or foe? Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1469. [PMID: 37781343 PMCID: PMC10540835 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting 7-10 million people worldwide. Currently, there is no treatment available to prevent or delay PD progression, partially due to the limited understanding of the pathological events which lead to the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in the brain, which is known to be the cause of PD symptoms. The current available treatments aim at compensating dopamine (DA) deficiency in the brain using its precursor levodopa, dopaminergic agonists and some indirect dopaminergic agents. The immune system is emerging as a critical player in PD. Therefore, immune-based approaches have recently been proposed to be used as potential antiparkinsonian agents. It has been well-known that dopaminergic pathways play a significant role in regulating immune responses in the brain. Although dopaminergic agents are the primary antiparkinsonian treatments, their immune regulatory effect has yet to be fully understood. The present review summarises the current available evidence of the immune regulatory effects of DA and its mimics and discusses dopaminergic agents as antiparkinsonian drugs. Based on the current understanding of their involvement in the regulation of neuroinflammation in PD, we propose that targeting immune pathways involved in PD pathology could offer a better treatment outcome for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Furgiuele
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB)University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC)CoimbraPortugal
| | - Stefano Martini
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
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Nascimento GC, Santos BM, Pedrazzi JF, Silva-Amaral D, Bortolanza M, Harris GT, Del Bel E, Branco LG. Effects of hydrogen gas inhalation on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 30:100623. [PMID: 37096172 PMCID: PMC10121822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia is a side effect of Parkinson's disease treatment and it is characterized by atypical involuntary movements. A link between neuroinflammation and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia has been documented. Hydrogen gas (H2) has neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease models and has a major anti-inflammatory effect. Our objective is to test the hypothesis that H2 inhalation reduces L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. 15 days after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of dopaminergic neurons were made (microinjection into the medial forebrain bundle), chronic L-DOPA treatment (15 days) was performed. Rats were exposed to H2 (2% gas mixture, 1 h) or air (controls) before L-DOPA injection. Abnormal involuntary movements and locomotor activity were conducted. Striatal microglia and astrocyte was analyzed and striatal and plasma samples for cytokines evaluation were collected after the abnormal involuntary movements analysis. H2 inhalation attenuated L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. The gas therapy did not impair the improvement of locomotor activity achieved by L-DOPA treatment. H2 inhalation reduced activated microglia in the lesioned striatum, which is consistent with the observed reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. Display of abnormal involuntary movements was positively correlated with plasma IL-1β and striatal TNF-α levels and negatively correlated with striatal IL-10 levels. Prophylactic H2 inhalation decreases abnormal involuntary movements in a preclinical L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia model. The H2 antidyskinetic effect was associated with decreased striatal and peripheral inflammation. This finding has a translational importance to L-DOPA-treated parkinsonian patients' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauce C. Nascimento
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry Faculty, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna M. Santos
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Josephs' Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - João F. Pedrazzi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danyelle Silva-Amaral
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariza Bortolanza
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry Faculty, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Grant T. Harris
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Josephs' Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry Faculty, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Luiz G.S. Branco
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry Faculty, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.
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Lind-Holm Mogensen F, Scafidi A, Poli A, Michelucci A. PARK7/DJ-1 in microglia: implications in Parkinson's disease and relevance as a therapeutic target. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:95. [PMID: 37072827 PMCID: PMC10111685 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the immune effector cells of the brain playing critical roles in immune surveillance and neuroprotection in healthy conditions, while they can sustain neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic processes in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the precise triggers of PD remain obscure, causative genetic mutations, which aid in the identification of molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of idiopathic forms, represent 10% of the patients. Among the inherited forms, loss of function of PARK7, which encodes the protein DJ-1, results in autosomal recessive early-onset PD. Yet, although protection against oxidative stress is the most prominent task ascribed to DJ-1, the underlying mechanisms linking DJ-1 deficiency to the onset of PD are a current matter of investigation. This review provides an overview of the role of DJ-1 in neuroinflammation, with a special focus on its functions in microglia genetic programs and immunological traits. Furthermore, it discusses the relevance of targeting dysregulated pathways in microglia under DJ-1 deficiency and their importance as therapeutic targets in PD. Lastly, it addresses the prospect to consider DJ-1, detected in its oxidized form in idiopathic PD, as a biomarker and to take into account DJ-1-enhancing compounds as therapeutics dampening oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Lind-Holm Mogensen
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Doctoral School of Science and Technology, University of Luxembourg, 7 Avenue Des Haut Forneuaux, L-4362, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andrea Scafidi
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Doctoral School of Science and Technology, University of Luxembourg, 7 Avenue Des Haut Forneuaux, L-4362, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Aurélie Poli
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Yan JH, Li K, Ge YL, Li W, Wang PZ, Jin H, Zhang JR, Chen J, Wang F, Yang YP, Zhang YC, Li D, Mao CJ, Liu CF. Quantitative Transcranial Sonography Evaluation of Substantia Nigra Hyperechogenicity Is Useful for Predicting Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson Disease. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:607-615. [PMID: 36456377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a common motor complication in Parkinson disease (PD). Abnormal substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (SN+), detected by transcranial sonography (TCS), plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of PD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictive performance of quantitative SN+ evaluations for LID. Five hundred sixty-two individuals were included in our analysis, and 198 individuals were followed up. These individuals were divided into two groups at baseline: the PD with LID (PD+LID) group and the PD without LID (PD-LID) group. The association between total hyperechogenic area of the SN on both sides (SNT) and LID was analyzed by binary logistic analysis. A binary logistic regression model including SNT was applied to establish a model for discriminating LID. At baseline, 105 (18.7%) individuals were diagnosed with LID. The PD+LID group had a longer disease duration, shorter education duration, higher levodopa equivalent doses, greater disease severity and larger SNT. A model combining clinical features and SNT was further established with better efficiency (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.839). One hundred ninety-eight individuals were followed up; individuals with a larger SNT and a higher predicted probability were more likely to develop LID in our follow-up. Our study determined that quantitative TCS evaluation of SN echogenicity is useful in predicting LID in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Yan
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Lun Ge
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pu-Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-Chun Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, Suqian First People's Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, Suqian First People's Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, Suqian First People's Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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12
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dos Santos Pereira M, do Nascimento GC, Bortolanza M, Michel PP, Raisman-Vozari R, Del Bel E. Doxycycline attenuates l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia through an anti-inflammatory effect in a hemiparkinsonian mouse model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1045465. [PMID: 36506543 PMCID: PMC9728610 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1045465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological manipulation of neuroinflammation appears to be a promising strategy to alleviate l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Doxycycline (Doxy), a semisynthetic brain-penetrant tetracycline antibiotic having interesting anti-inflammatory properties, we addressed the possibility that this compound could resolve LID in l-DOPA-treated C57BL/6 mice presenting either moderate or intermediate lesions of the mesostriatal dopaminergic pathway generated by intrastriatal injections of 6-OHDA. Doxy, when given subcutaneously before l-DOPA at doses of 20 mg kg-1 and 40 mg kg-1, led to significant LID reduction in mice with moderate and intermediate dopaminergic lesions, respectively. Importantly, Doxy did not reduce locomotor activity improved by l-DOPA. To address the molecular mechanism of Doxy, we sacrificed mice with mild lesions 1) to perform the immunodetection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and Fos-B and 2) to evaluate a panel of inflammation markers in the striatum, such as cyclooxygenase-2 and its downstream product Prostaglandin E2 along with the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. TH-immunodetection revealed that vehicle and Doxy-treated mice had similar striatal lesions, excluding that LID improvement by Doxy could result from neurorestorative effects. Importantly, LID inhibition by Doxy was associated with decreased Fos-B and COX-2 expression and reduced levels of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the dorsolateral striatum of dyskinetic mice. We conclude 1) that Doxy has the potential to prevent LID regardless of the intensity of dopaminergic lesioning and 2) that the anti-inflammatory effects of Doxy probably account for LID attenuation. Overall, the present results further indicate that Doxy might represent an attractive and alternative treatment for LID in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariza Bortolanza
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patrick Pierre Michel
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Elaine Del Bel, ; Rita Raisman-Vozari,
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil,*Correspondence: Elaine Del Bel, ; Rita Raisman-Vozari,
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13
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Tao P, Xu W, Gu S, Shi H, Wang Q, Xu Y. Traditional Chinese medicine promotes the control and treatment of dementia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1015966. [PMID: 36304171 PMCID: PMC9592982 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1015966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome that impairs learning and memory. To date, there is no effective therapy for dementia. Current prescription drugs, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, fail to improve the condition of dementia and are often accompanied by severe adverse effects. In recent years, the number of studies into the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for dementia treatment has increased, revealing a formula that could significantly improve memory and cognitive dysfunctions in animal models. TCM showed fewer adverse effects, lower costs, and improved suitability for long-term use compared with currently prescribed drugs. Due to the complexity of ingredients and variations in bioactivity of herbal medicines, the multi-target nature of the traditional Chinese formula affected the outcome of dementia therapy. Innovations in TCM will create a platform for the development of new drugs for the prevention and treatment of dementia, further strengthening and enhancing the current influence of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Tao
- Department of Nephrology Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Xu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Simeng Gu
- Department of Psychology, Jiangsu University Medical School, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Social Health Management, Pingshan General Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
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14
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Post treatment with Gastrodin suppresses oxidative stress and attenuates motor disorders following 6-OHDA induced Parkinson disease. Neurosci Lett 2022; 790:136884. [PMID: 36162540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Researchers are currently trying to find new therapies with better symptomatic activity and fewer side effects to manage Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the protective effect of pre-treatment by Gastrodin (Gst) on a PD model has been evaluated, in the current experimental study, we investigated the symptomatic therapeutic effects of Gst microinjection in the same PD model but in the post-parkinsonism induction condition. METHODS Parkinsonism was induced by unilateral infusion of 6- hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 8 μg/ 2 μl/ rat) into the central region of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). After the recovery period and confirmation of parkinsonism, daily Gst treatment in three doses (20, 40, 80 µg/ 2 µ/ rat, continued for ten days with motor monitoring by bar test and rotarod examinations. Moreover, lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase activity were evaluated. RESULTS In this model of 6-OHDA-induced parkinsonism, Gst treatment in all three doses showed a dose dependent symptomatic improvement in motor imbalance (P < 0.001) catalepsy (P < 0.001), decreased lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001) and SNc myeloperoxidase activity (P < 0.001) CONCLUSIONS: 6-OHDA induced parkinsonism symptomatically improved behaviorally with Gst post-induction treatment along with decreased markers of oxidative stress and microglial activation. We suggest that this agent is a candidate for symptomatic treatment of human PD.
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15
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Palmas MF, Etzi M, Pisanu A, Camoglio C, Sagheddu C, Santoni M, Manchinu MF, Pala M, Fusco G, De Simone A, Picci L, Mulas G, Spiga S, Scherma M, Fadda P, Pistis M, Simola N, Carboni E, Carta AR. The Intranigral Infusion of Human-Alpha Synuclein Oligomers Induces a Cognitive Impairment in Rats Associated with Changes in Neuronal Firing and Neuroinflammation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172628. [PMID: 36078036 PMCID: PMC9454687 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex pathology causing a plethora of non-motor symptoms besides classical motor impairments, including cognitive disturbances. Recent studies in the PD human brain have reported microgliosis in limbic and neocortical structures, suggesting a role for neuroinflammation in the development of cognitive decline. Yet, the mechanism underlying the cognitive pathology is under investigated, mainly for the lack of a valid preclinical neuropathological model reproducing the disease’s motor and non-motor aspects. Here, we show that the bilateral intracerebral infusion of pre-formed human alpha synuclein oligomers (H-αSynOs) within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) offers a valid model for studying the cognitive symptoms of PD, which adds to the classical motor aspects previously described in the same model. Indeed, H-αSynOs-infused rats displayed memory deficits in the two-trial recognition task in a Y maze and the novel object recognition (NOR) test performed three months after the oligomer infusion. In the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of H-αSynOs-infused rats the in vivo electrophysiological activity was altered and the expression of the neuron-specific immediate early gene (IEG) Npas4 (Neuronal PAS domain protein 4) and the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 were decreased. The histological analysis of the brain of cognitively impaired rats showed a neuroinflammatory response in cognition-related regions such as the ACC and discrete subareas of the hippocampus, in the absence of any evident neuronal loss, supporting a role of neuroinflammation in cognitive decline. We found an increased GFAP reactivity and the acquisition of a proinflammatory phenotype by microglia, as indicated by the increased levels of microglial Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) as compared to vehicle-infused rats. Moreover, diffused deposits of phospho-alpha synuclein (p-αSyn) and Lewy neurite-like aggregates were found in the SNpc and striatum, suggesting the spreading of toxic protein within anatomically interconnected areas. Altogether, we present a neuropathological rat model of PD that is relevant for the study of cognitive dysfunction featuring the disease. The intranigral infusion of toxic oligomeric species of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) induced spreading and neuroinflammation in distant cognition-relevant regions, which may drive the altered neuronal activity underlying cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michela Etzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Augusta Pisanu
- National Research Council, Institute of Neuroscience, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Chiara Camoglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudia Sagheddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Santoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Manchinu
- Istituto Di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica Del Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, 09040 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mauro Pala
- Istituto Di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica Del Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, 09040 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Giuliana Fusco
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Alfonso De Simone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Picci
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mulas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Saturnino Spiga
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ezio Carboni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna R. Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence:
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16
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Wilson L, Lee CA, Mason CF, Khodjaniyazova S, Flores KB, Muddiman DC, Sombers LA. Simultaneous Measurement of Striatal Dopamine and Hydrogen Peroxide Transients Associated with L-DOPA Induced Rotation in Hemiparkinsonian Rats. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:120-131. [PMID: 36785724 PMCID: PMC9838821 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder commonly treated with levodopa (L-DOPA), which eventually induces abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs). The neurochemical contributors to these dyskinesias are unknown; however, several lines of evidence indicate an interplay of dopamine (DA) and oxidative stress. Here, DA and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were simultaneously monitored at discrete recording sites in the dorsal striata of hemiparkinsonian rats using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Mass spectrometry imaging validated the lesions. Hemiparkinsonian rats exhibited classic L-DOPA-induced AIMs and rotations as well as increased DA and H2O2 tone over saline controls after 1 week of treatment. By week 3, DA tone remained elevated beyond that of controls, but H2O2 tone was largely normalized. At this time point, rapid chemical transients were time-locked with spontaneous bouts of rotation. Striatal H2O2 rapidly increased with the initiation of contraversive rotational behaviors in lesioned L-DOPA animals, in both hemispheres. DA signals simultaneously decreased with rotation onset. The results support a role for these striatal neuromodulators in the adaptive changes that occur with L-DOPA treatment in PD and reveal a precise interplay between DA and H2O2 in the initiation of involuntary locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie
R. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics, Molecular Education, Technology,
and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), Center for Research in Scientific
Computation, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Christie A. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics, Molecular Education, Technology,
and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), Center for Research in Scientific
Computation, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Catherine F. Mason
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics, Molecular Education, Technology,
and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), Center for Research in Scientific
Computation, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sitora Khodjaniyazova
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics, Molecular Education, Technology,
and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), Center for Research in Scientific
Computation, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Kevin B. Flores
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics, Molecular Education, Technology,
and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), Center for Research in Scientific
Computation, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - David C. Muddiman
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics, Molecular Education, Technology,
and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), Center for Research in Scientific
Computation, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics, Molecular Education, Technology,
and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), Center for Research in Scientific
Computation, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Prevention of L-Dopa-Induced Dyskinesias by MPEP Blockade of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Is Associated with Reduced Inflammation in the Brain of Parkinsonian Monkeys. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040691. [PMID: 35203338 PMCID: PMC8870609 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory markers were found in brains of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. After years of L-Dopa symptomatic treatment, most PD patients develop dyskinesias. The relationship between inflammation and L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) is still unclear. We previously reported that MPEP (a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist) reduced the development of LID in de novo MPTP-lesioned monkeys. We thus investigated if MPEP reduced the brain inflammatory response in these MPTP-lesioned monkeys and the relationship to LID. The panmacrophage/microglia marker Iba1, the phagocytosis-related receptor CD68, and the astroglial protein GFAP were measured by Western blots. The L-Dopa-treated dyskinetic MPTP monkeys had increased Iba1 content in the putamen, substantia nigra, and globus pallidus, which was prevented by MPEP cotreatment; similar findings were observed for CD68 contents in the putamen and globus pallidus. There was a strong positive correlation between dyskinesia scores and microglial markers in these regions. GFAP contents were elevated in MPTP + L-Dopa-treated monkeys among these brain regions and prevented by MPEP in the putamen and subthalamic nucleus. In conclusion, these results showed increased inflammatory markers in the basal ganglia associated with LID and revealed that MPEP inhibition of glutamate activity reduced LID and levels of inflammatory markers.
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18
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Bove F, Calabresi P. Plasticity, genetics, and epigenetics in l-dopa-induced dyskinesias. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:167-184. [PMID: 35034732 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
l-Dopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) are a frequent complication in l-dopa-treated patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD). In the last years, several progresses in the knowledge of LIDs mechanisms have led to the identification of several molecular and electrophysiologic events. A complex cascade of intracellular events underlies the pathophysiology of LIDs, and, among these, aberrant plasticity in the cortico-basal ganglia system, at striatal and cortical level, plays a key role. Furthermore, several recent studies have investigated genetic susceptibility and epigenetic modifications in LIDs pathophysiology that might have future relevance in clinical practice and pharmacologic research. These progresses might lead to the development of specific strategies not only to treat, but also to prevent or delay the development of LIDs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bove
- UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Li XN, Hao DP, Qu MJ, Zhang M, Ma AB, Pan XD, Ma AJ. Development and Validation of a Plasma FAM19A5 and MRI-Based Radiomics Model for Prediction of Parkinson's Disease and Parkinson's Disease With Depression. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:795539. [PMID: 34975391 PMCID: PMC8718551 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.795539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prediction and early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Parkinson’s disease with depression (PDD) are essential for the clinical management of PD. Objectives: The present study aimed to develop a plasma Family with sequence similarity 19, member A5 (FAM19A5) and MRI-based radiomics nomogram to predict PD and PDD. Methods: The study involved 176 PD patients and 181 healthy controls (HC). Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure FAM19A5 concentration in the plasma samples collected from all participants. For enrolled subjects, MRI data were collected from 164 individuals (82 in the PD group and 82 in the HC group). The bilateral amygdala, head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and substantia nigra, and red nucleus were manually labeled on the MR images. Radiomics features of the labeled regions were extracted. Further, machine learning methods were applied to shrink the feature size and build a predictive radiomics signature. The resulting radiomics signature was combined with plasma FAM19A5 concentration and other risk factors to establish logistic regression models for the prediction of PD and PDD. Results: The plasma FAM19A5 levels (2.456 ± 0.517) were recorded to be significantly higher in the PD group as compared to the HC group (2.23 ± 0.457) (P < 0.001). Importantly, the plasma FAM19A5 levels were also significantly higher in the PDD subgroup (2.577 ± 0.408) as compared to the non-depressive subgroup (2.406 ± 0.549) (P = 0.045 < 0.05). The model based on the combination of plasma FAM19A5 and radiomics signature showed excellent predictive validity for PD and PDD, with AUCs of 0.913 (95% CI: 0.861–0.955) and 0.937 (95% CI: 0.845–0.970), respectively. Conclusion: Altogether, the present study reported the development of nomograms incorporating radiomics signature, plasma FAM19A5, and clinical risk factors, which might serve as potential tools for early prediction of PD and PDD in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ning Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Da-Peng Hao
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei-Jie Qu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - An-Bang Ma
- Shanghai Xunshi Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Dong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Cerebrovascular, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ai-Jun Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Cerebrovascular, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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20
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Wang CC, Wu TL, Lin FJ, Tai CH, Lin CH, Wu RM. Amantadine Treatment and Delayed Onset of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Patients with Early Parkinson's Disease. Eur J Neurol 2021; 29:1044-1055. [PMID: 34962701 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a common motor complication in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although amantadine is indicated LID treatment, it is uncertain whether early treatment with amantadine reduces the risk of LID in patients with PD. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the association between amantadine treatment and LID onset in patients with early-stage PD. METHODS This was a hospital-based retrospective cohort study that used electronic medical records from January 1, 2009 to October 31, 2016. The effect of amantadine on LID onset was compared with those of anticholinergics and monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors in patients with PD. Propensity score weighting and landmark analysis were used to reduce potential confounding. The time to LID onset was analyzed using Cox models. Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the robustness of the results. RESULTS The analyses included 807, 661, and 518 patients at 6-, 12-, and 18-month landmark points, respectively. Amantadine use was associated with delayed LID onset in the 6- and 12-month landmark analyses, with adjusted hazard ratios of 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-0.86) and 0.64 (95% CI 0.47-0.88), respectively. Sensitivity analysis findings were comparable to those of the main analysis. CONCLUSIONS Early treatment with amantadine may delay LID onset more than treatment with other symptomatic agents. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of amantadine in LID onset delay, and to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ju Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hwei Tai
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Alonso-Juarez M, Fekete R. Intestinal Decontamination Therapy for Dyskinesia and Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:729961. [PMID: 34566874 PMCID: PMC8461169 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.729961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is neurodegenerative disorder with an initial robust response to levodopa. As the disease progresses, patients frequently develop dyskinesia and motor fluctuations, which are sometimes resistant to pharmacological therapy. In recent years, abnormalities in gut microbiota have been identified in these patients with a possible role in motor manifestations. Dysbiosis may reduce levodopa absorption leading to delayed “On” or “no-On” states. Among 84 consecutive patients with PD, we selected 14 with levodopa-induced dyskinesia and motor fluctuations with a Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) part IV ≥ 8 points following a trial of pharmacological adjustment 2–3 months prior to study enrollment or adjustments in deep brain stimulation therapy. Patients received treatment with sodium phosphate enema followed by oral rifaximin and polyethylene glycol for 7 and 10 days, respectively. Evaluations between 14 to 21 days after starting treatment showed improvement in MDS-UPDRS-IV (P = 0.001), including duration (P = 0.001) and severity of dyskinesia (P = 0.003); duration of medication “Off”-state (P = 0.004); functional impact of motor fluctuations (P = 0.047) and complexity of motor fluctuations (P = 0.031); no statistical improvement was observed in “Off” dystonia (P = 0.109) and total motor scores (P = 0.430). Marked to moderate improvement in dyskinesia was observed in 57% of cases with blinded evaluation of videos. About 80% of patients perceived moderate to robust improvement at follow-up. A therapeutic strategy aimed at decontamination of intestines showed benefit in motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Further studies should confirm and clarify the mechanism of improvement observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Fekete
- Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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22
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Erro R, Buonomo AR, Barone P, Pellecchia MT. Severe Dyskinesia after Administration of SARS-CoV2 mRNA Vaccine in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2219. [PMID: 34368991 PMCID: PMC8441657 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Erro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Barone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pellecchia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
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23
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Redox Homeostasis and Prospects for Therapeutic Targeting in Neurodegenerative Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9971885. [PMID: 34394839 PMCID: PMC8355971 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9971885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive species, such as those of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, are considered part of normal cellular metabolism and play significant roles that can impact several signaling processes in ways that lead to either cellular sustenance, protection, or damage. Cellular redox processes involve a balance in the production of reactive species (RS) and their removal because redox imbalance may facilitate oxidative damage. Physiologically, redox homeostasis is essential for the maintenance of many cellular processes. RS may serve as signaling molecules or cause oxidative cellular damage depending on the delicate equilibrium between RS production and their efficient removal through the use of enzymatic or nonenzymatic cellular mechanisms. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that redox imbalance plays a significant role in the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. For example, studies have shown that redox imbalance in the brain mediates neurodegeneration and alters normal cytoprotective responses to stress. Therefore, this review describes redox homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases with a focus on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. A clearer understanding of the redox-regulated processes in neurodegenerative disorders may afford opportunities for newer therapeutic strategies.
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24
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Zheng C, Zhang F. New insights into pathogenesis of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Neurotoxicology 2021; 86:104-113. [PMID: 34331976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and self-propelling neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by motor symptoms, such as rigidity, tremor, slowness of movement and problems with gait. These symptoms become worse over time. To date, Dopamine (DA) replacement therapy with 3, 4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) is still the most effective pharmacotherapy for motor symptoms of PD. Unfortunately, motor fluctuations consisting of wearing-off effect actions and dyskinesia tend to occur in a few years of starting l-DOPA. Currently, l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) is troublesome and the pathogenesis of LID requires further investigation. Importantly, a new intervention for LID is imminent. Thus, this review mainly summarized the clinical features, risk factors and pathogenesis of LID to provide updatefor the development of therapeutic targets and new approaches for the treatment of LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Zheng
- Laboratory Animal Center and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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25
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Neuroinflammation and L-dopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease are counteracted by combined administration of a 5-HT 1A/1B receptor agonist and A 2A receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108693. [PMID: 34229013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have strongly implicated neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) progression and l-dopa-induced dyskinesia. The present study investigated whether early subchronic pretreatment with the serotonin 5-HT1A/1B receptor agonist eltoprazine plus the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist preladenant counteracted l-dopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs, index of dyskinesia), and neuroinflammation, in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of PD. The immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and the colocalization of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA-1), with interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor-necrosis-factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-10 were evaluated in the denervated caudate-putamen (CPu) and substantia nigra pars-compacta (SNc). The combined subchronic pretreatment with l-dopa plus eltoprazine and preladenant reduced AIMs induced by acute l-dopa challenge in these rats and decreased GFAP and IBA-1 immunoreactivity induced by the drug in both CPu and SNc, with reduction in IL-1β in IBA-1-positive cells in both CPu and SNc, and in TNF-α in IBA-1-positive cells in SNc. Moreover, a significant increase in IL-10 in IBA-1-positive cells was observed in SNc. Evaluation of immediate early-gene zif-268 (index of neuronal activation) after l-dopa challenge, showed an increase in its expression in denervated CPu of rats pretreated with l-dopa or l-dopa plus preladenant compared with vehicle, whereas rats pretreated with eltoprazine, with or without preladenant, had lower zif-268 expression. Finally, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter examined to evaluate neurodegeneration, showed a significant equal decrease in all experimental groups. The present findings suggest that combination of l-dopa with eltoprazine and preladenant may be promising therapeutic strategy for delaying the onset of dyskinesia, preserving l-dopa efficacy and reducing neuroinflammation markers in nigrostriatal system of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.
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26
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Bortolanza M, do Nascimento GC, Raisman-Vozari R, Del-Bel E. Doxycycline and its derivative, COL-3, decrease dyskinesia induced by l-DOPA in hemiparkinsonian rats. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2595-2616. [PMID: 33751546 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia is a debilitating effect of treating Parkinson's disease with this drug. New therapeutic approaches that prevent or attenuate this side effect are needed. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wistar adult male rats submitted to 6-hydroxydopamine-induced unilateral medial forebrain bundle lesion were treated with l-DOPA (p.o. 20 mg·kg-1 or s.c. 10 mg·kg-1 ) once a day for 14 days. After this period, we tested if doxycycline (40 mg·kg-1 , i.p.) and COL-3 (50 and 100 nmol, i.c.v.) could reverse l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. In an additional experiment, doxycycline was administered together with l-DOPA to verify if it would prevent l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia development. KEY RESULTS A single injection of doxycycline or COL-3 attenuated l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Co-treatment with doxycycline from the first day of l-DOPA suppressed the onset of dyskinesia. The improved motor response after l-DOPA was not affected by doxycycline or COL-3. Doxycycline treatment was associated with decreased immunoreactivity of FosB, COX-2, the astroglial protein GFAP and the microglial protein OX-42, which were elevated in the basal ganglia of rats exhibiting dyskinesia. Doxycycline decreased metalloproteinase-2/-9 activity, metalloproteinase-3 expression and ROS production. Metalloproteinase-2/-9 activity and production of ROS in the basal ganglia of dyskinetic rats showed a significant correlation with the intensity of dyskinesia. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The present study demonstrates the anti-dyskinetic potential of doxycycline and its analogue compound COL-3 in hemiparkinsonian rats. Given the long-established and safe clinical use of doxycycline, this study suggests that these drugs might be tested to reduce or prevent l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Bortolanza
- Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Elaine Del-Bel
- Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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27
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Contaldi E, Magistrelli L, Milner AV, Cosentino M, Marino F, Comi C. Expression of Transcription Factors in CD4 + T Cells as Potential Biomarkers of Motor Complications in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:507-514. [PMID: 33386815 PMCID: PMC8150526 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Management of motor complications (MC) represents a major challenge in the long-term treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. In this context, the role of peripheral adaptive immunity may provide new insights, since neuroinflammatory mechanisms have been proved crucial in the disease. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the transcription factors genes involved in CD4 + T cells development to uncover specific molecular signatures in patients with (PMC) and without (WMC) motor complications. Methods: mRNA levels of CD4 + T lymphocytes transcription factor genes TBX21, STAT1, STAT3, STAT4, STAT6, RORC, GATA3, FOXP3, and NR4A2 were measured from 40 PD patients, divided into two groups according to motor complications. Also, 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Results: WMC patients had higher levels of STAT1 and NR4A2 (p = 0.004; p = 0.003), whereas in PMC we found higher levels of STAT6 (p = 0.04). Also, a ROC curve analysis confirmed STAT1 and NR4A2 as feasible biomarkers to discriminate WMC (AUC = 0.76, 95%CI 0.59–0.92, p = 0.005; AUC = 0.75, 95%CI 0.58–0.90, p = 0.007). Similarly, STAT6 detected PMC patients (AUC = 0.69, 95%CI 0.52–0.86, p = 0.037). Conclusion: These results provide evidence of different molecular signatures in CD 4 + T cells of PD patients with and without MC, thus suggesting their potential as biomarkers of MC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Contaldi
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,PhD Program in Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Magistrelli
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Anna Vera Milner
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,Center for Research in Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,Center for Research in Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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28
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Jung YJ, Tweedie D, Scerba MT, Kim DS, Palmas MF, Pisanu A, Carta AR, Greig NH. Repurposing Immunomodulatory Imide Drugs (IMiDs) in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:656921. [PMID: 33854417 PMCID: PMC8039148 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.656921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation represents a common trait in the pathology and progression of the major psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Neuropsychiatric disorders have emerged as a global crisis, affecting 1 in 4 people, while neurological disorders are the second leading cause of death in the elderly population worldwide (WHO, 2001; GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, 2019). However, there remains an immense deficit in availability of effective drug treatments for most neurological disorders. In fact, for disorders such as depression, placebos and behavioral therapies have equal effectiveness as antidepressants. For neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, drugs that can prevent, slow, or cure the disease have yet to be found. Several non-traditional avenues of drug target identification have emerged with ongoing neurological disease research to meet the need for novel and efficacious treatments. Of these novel avenues is that of neuroinflammation, which has been found to be involved in the progression and pathology of many of the leading neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation is characterized by glial inflammatory factors in certain stages of neurological disorders. Although the meta-analyses have provided evidence of genetic/proteomic upregulation of inflammatory factors in certain stages of neurological disorders. Although the mechanisms underpinning the connections between neuroinflammation and neurological disorders are unclear, and meta-analysis results have shown high sensitivity to factors such as disorder severity and sample type, there is significant evidence of neuroinflammation associations across neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the role of neuroinflammation in psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder, as well as in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and introduce current research on the potential of immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs) as a new treatment strategy for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Jung
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Stanford Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael T. Scerba
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- AevisBio, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, United States
- Aevis Bio, Inc., Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Augusta Pisanu
- National Research Council, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna R. Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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29
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Ferrari DP, Bortolanza M, Del Bel EA. Interferon-γ Involvement in the Neuroinflammation Associated with Parkinson's Disease and L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:705-719. [PMID: 33687725 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a proinflammatory cytokine that activates glial cells. IFN-γ is increased in the plasma and brain of Parkinson's disease patients, suggesting its potential role in the disease. We investigated whether the IFN-γ deficiency could interfere with nigrostriatal degeneration induced by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, and the neuroinflammatory features as astrogliosis, microgliosis, and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunoreactivity induced by L-DOPA treatment. Wild type (WT) and IFN-γ knockout (IFN-γ/KO) mice received unilateral striatal microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine. Animals were sacrificed 1, 3, 7, and 21 days after lesions. Additional group of WT and IFN-γ/KO parkinsonian mice, after 3 weeks of neurotoxin injection, received L-DOPA (intraperitoneally, for 21 days) resulting in dyskinetic-like behavior. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining indicated the starting of dopaminergic lesion since the first day past toxin administration, progressively increased until the third day when it stabilized. There was no difference in the lesion and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia intensity between WT and IFN-γ/KO mice. Remarkably, IFN-γ/KO mice treated with L-DOPA presented in the lesioned striatum an increase of iNOS and glial fibrilary acid protein (GFAP) density, compared with the WT group. Morphological analysis revealed the rise of astrocytes and microglia reactivity in IFN-γ/KO mice exibiting dyskinesia. In conclusion, IFN-γ/KO mice presented an intensification of the inflammatory reaction accompanying L-DOPA treatment and suggest that iNOS and GFAP increase, and the activation of astrocytes and microglia induced afterward L-DOPA treatment was IFN-γ independent events. Intriguingly, IFN-γ absence did not affect the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons or LID development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Ferrari
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, 14040-900, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - M Bortolanza
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - E A Del Bel
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, 14040-900, Brazil. .,Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.
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30
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Yan A, Song L, Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu Z. Systemic Inflammation Increases the Susceptibility to Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in 6-OHDA Lesioned Rats by Targeting the NR2B-Medicated PKC/MEK/ERK Pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:625166. [PMID: 33597857 PMCID: PMC7882708 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.625166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The long-term administration of levodopa (L-dopa), the gold-standard treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), is irreparably associated with L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), which dramatically affects the quality of life of patients. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of how LID exacerbates remain unknown. Neuroinflammation in the striatum plays an active role in LID. These findings prompt an investigation of non-neuronal mechanisms of LID. This study will examine the effects of systemic inflammation in the development and progression of LID. Methods: To evaluate the possible influence of systemic inflammation in the appearance of LID, the PD rats received an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of various concentrations of lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg) or saline. One day later, these PD rats started to receive daily treatment with L-dopa (6 mg/kg) along with benserazide (6 mg/kg) or saline for 21 days, and dyskinesia was evaluated at several time points. Moreover, the activation of microglia and astrocytes and the molecular changes in NR2B and mGLUR5 signaling pathways were measured. Results: We found that systemic inflammatory stimulation with LPS exacerbated the intensity of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) induced by L-dopa treatment in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats. The LPS injection activated the gliocytes and increased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the striatum in LID rats. The PD rats that received the LPS injection showed the overexpression of p-NR2B and NR2B, as well as activated PKC/MEK/ERK and NF-κB signal pathways in response to the L-dopa administration. On the contrary, clodronate-encapsulated liposomes (Clo-lipo), which could suppress the inflammatory response induced by peripheral LPS injection, improved behavioral dysfunction, inhibited neuroinflammation, prevented NR2B overexpression, and decreased the phosphorylation of PKC/MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Conclusion: This study suggests that systemic inflammation, by exacerbating preexisting neuroinflammation and facilitating NR2B subunit activity, may play a crucial role in the development of LID. The administration of Clo-lipo restores the effects of LPS and decreases the susceptibility to LID in 6-OHDA lesioned rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijuan Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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31
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Ryu YK, Park HY, Go J, Lee IB, Choi YK, Lee CH, Kim KS. β‑Lapachone ameliorates L‑DOPA‑induced dyskinesia in a 6‑OHDA‑induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:217. [PMID: 33495840 PMCID: PMC7845622 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine precursor 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl- l-alanine (L-DOPA) is the most widely used symptomatic treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD); however, its prolonged use is associated with L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in more than half of patients after 10 years of treatment. The present study investigated whether co-treatment with β-Lapachone, a natural compound, and L-DOPA has protective effects in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced mouse model of PD. Unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned mice were treated with vehicle or β-Lapachone (10 mg/kg/day) and L-DOPA for 11 days. Abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) were scored on days 5 and 10. β-Lapachone (10 mg/kg) co-treatment with L-DOPA decreased the AIMs score on both days 5 and 10. β-Lapachone was demonstrated to have a beneficial effect on the axial and limb AIMs scores on day 10. There was no significant suppression in dopamine D1 receptor-related and ERK1/2 signaling in the DA-denervated striatum by β-Lapachone-cotreatment with L-DOPA. Notably, β-Lapachone-cotreatment with L-DOPA increased phosphorylation at the Ser9 site of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), indicating suppression of GSK-3β activity in both the unlesioned and 6-OHDA-lesioned striata. In addition, astrocyte activation was markedly suppressed by β-Lapachone-cotreatment with L-DOPA in the striatum and substantia nigra of the unilateral 6-OHDA model. These findings suggest that β-Lapachone cotreatment with L-DOPA therapy may have therapeutic potential for the suppression or management of the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kyoung Ryu
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Go
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Bok Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Keun Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Dos Santos Pereira M, Abreu GHD, Rocca J, Hamadat S, Raisman-Vozari R, Michel PP, Del Bel E. Contributive Role of TNF-α to L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in a Unilateral 6-OHDA Lesion Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:617085. [PMID: 33510643 PMCID: PMC7836015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.617085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our present objective was to better characterize the mechanisms that regulate striatal neuroinflammation in mice developing L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). For that, we used 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned mice rendered dyskinetic by repeated intraperitoneal injections of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) and quantified ensuing neuroinflammatory changes in the dopamine-denervated dorsal striatum. LID development was associated with a prominent astrocytic response, and a more moderate microglial cell reaction restricted to this striatal area. The glial response was associated with elevations in two pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β. Treatment with the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol and the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV-1) channel antagonist capsazepine diminished LID intensity and decreased TNF-α levels without impacting other inflammation markers. To possibly reproduce the neuroinflammatory component of LID, we exposed astrocyte and microglial cells in culture to candidate molecules that might operate as inflammatory cues during LID development, i.e., L-DOPA, dopamine, or glutamate. Neither L-DOPA nor dopamine produced an inflammatory response in glial cell cultures. However, glutamate enhanced TNF-α secretion and GFAP expression in astrocyte cultures and promoted Iba-1 expression in microglial cultures. Of interest, the antidyskinetic treatment with cannabidiol + capsazepine reduced TNF-α release in glutamate-activated astrocytes. TNF-α, on its own, promoted the synaptic release of glutamate in cortical neuronal cultures, whereas cannabidiol + capsazepine prevented this effect. Therefore, we may assume that the release of TNF-α by glutamate-activated astrocytes may contribute to LID by exacerbating corticostriatal glutamatergic inputs excitability and maintaining astrocytes in an activated state through a self-reinforcing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Dos Santos Pereira
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Brazil.,Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Henrique Dias Abreu
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Brazil
| | - Jeremy Rocca
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Sabah Hamadat
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Pierre Michel
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Brazil
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Lecours C, St-Pierre MK, Picard K, Bordeleau M, Bourque M, Awogbindin IO, Benadjal A, Ibanez FG, Gagnon D, Cantin L, Parent M, Di Paolo T, Tremblay ME. Levodopa partially rescues microglial numerical, morphological, and phagolysosomal alterations in a monkey model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:81-96. [PMID: 32755645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder. The mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of Levodopa (L-Dopa)-induced dyskinesia (LID) during PD treatment remain elusive. Emerging evidence implicates functional modification of microglia in the development of LID. Thus, understanding the link between microglia and the development of LID may provide the knowledge required to preserve or promote beneficial microglial functions, even during a prolonged L-Dopa treatment. To provide novel insights into microglial functional alterations in PD pathophysiology, we characterized their density, morphology, ultrastructure, and degradation activity in the sensorimotor functional territory of the putamen, using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) cynomolgus monkeys. A subset of MPTP monkeys was treated orally with L-Dopa and developed LID similar to PD patients. Using a combination of light, confocal and transmission electron microscopy, our quantitative analyses revealed alterations of microglial density, morphology and phagolysosomal activity following MPTP intoxication that were partially normalized with L-Dopa treatment. In particular, microglial density, cell body and arborization areas were increased in the MPTP monkeys, whereas L-Dopa-treated MPTP animals presented a microglial phenotype similar to the control animals. At the ultrastructural level, microglia did not differ between groups in their markers of cellular stress or aging. Nevertheless, microglia from the MPTP monkeys displayed reduced numbers of endosomes, compared with control animals, that remained lower after L-Dopa treatment. Microglia from MPTP monkeys treated with L-Dopa also had increased numbers of primary lysosomes compared with non-treated MPTP animals, while secondary and tertiary lysosomes remained unchanged. Moreover, a decrease microglial immunoreactivity for CD68, considered a marker of phagocytosis and lysosomal activity, was measured in the MPTP monkeys treated with L-Dopa, compared with non-treated MPTP animals. Taken together, these findings revealed significant changes in microglia during PD pathophysiology that were partially rescued by L-Dopa treatment. Albeit, this L-Dopa treatment conferred phagolysosomal insufficiency on microglia in the dyskinetic Parkinsonian monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lecours
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Picard
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Maude Bordeleau
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Integrated Program of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Melanie Bourque
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ifeoluwa Oluleke Awogbindin
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Neuroimmunology Group, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Amin Benadjal
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Biologie Intégrative et Physiologie, Sorbonne Université, Paris VI, France
| | | | - Dave Gagnon
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Leo Cantin
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Therese Di Paolo
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Dyavar SR, Potts LF, Beck G, Dyavar Shetty BL, Lawson B, Podany AT, Fletcher CV, Amara RR, Papa SM. Transcriptomic approach predicts a major role for transforming growth factor beta type 1 pathway in L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12690. [PMID: 32741046 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dyskinesia induced by long-term L-Dopa (LID) therapy in Parkinson disease is associated with altered striatal function whose molecular bases remain unclear. Here, a transcriptomic approach was applied for comprehensive analysis of distinctively regulated genes in striatal tissue, their specific pathways, and functional- and disease-associated networks in a rodent model of LID. This approach has identified transforming growth factor beta type 1 (TGFβ1) as a highly upregulated gene in dyskinetic animals. TGFβ1 pathway is a top aberrantly regulated pathway in the striatum following LID development based on differentially expressed genes (> 1.5 fold change and P < 0.05). The induction of TGFβ1 pathway specific genes, TGFβ1, INHBA, AMHR2 and PMEPA1 was also associated with regulation of NPTX2, PDP1, SCG2, SYNPR, TAC1, TH, TNNT1 genes. Transcriptional network and upstream regulator analyses have identified AKT-centered functional and ERK-centered disease networks revealing the association of TGFβ1, IL-1β and TNFα with LID development. Therefore, results support that TGFβ1 pathway is a major contributor to the pathogenic mechanisms of LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shetty Ravi Dyavar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lisa F Potts
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Goichi Beck
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Benton Lawson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anthony T Podany
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stella M Papa
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Fonteles AA, Neves JCS, Menezes APF, Pereira JF, Silva ATA, Cunha RA, Andrade GM. ATP Signaling Controlling Dyskinesia Through P2X7 Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:111. [PMID: 32848592 PMCID: PMC7427508 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine replacement therapy with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is the only temporary therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), but it triggers dyskinesia over time. Since dyskinesia is associated with increased neuronal firing that bolsters purinergic signaling, we now tested whether the selective and blood-brain barrier-permeable P2X7 receptor antagonist Brilliant Blue-G (BBG, 22.5-45 mg/kg ip) attenuated behavioral, neurochemical and biochemical alterations in rats turned hemiparkinsonian upon unilateral striatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and treated daily with L-DOPA (30 mg/kg by gavage) for 22 days. The blockade of P2X7 receptors decreased L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and motor incoordination in hemiparkinsonian rats. In parallel, BBG treatment rebalanced the altered dopamine D1 and D2 receptor density and signaling as well as some neuroinflammation-associated parameters in the striatum and substantia nigra. These findings herald a hitherto unrecognized role for purinergic signaling in the etiopathology of dyskinesia and prompt P2X7 receptor antagonists as novel candidate anti-dyskinesia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analu A Fonteles
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Julliana C S Neves
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Menezes
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Pereira
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Thais A Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Geanne M Andrade
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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36
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Bishop C. Neuroinflammation: Fanning the fire of l-dopa-induced dyskinesia. Mov Disord 2020; 34:1758-1760. [PMID: 31845761 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bishop
- Binghamton University, Department of Psychology, Binghamton, New York, USA
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37
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The Link between Gut Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 432:160-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kuter KZ, Cenci MA, Carta AR. The role of glia in Parkinson's disease: Emerging concepts and therapeutic applications. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:131-168. [PMID: 32247363 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Originally believed to primarily affect neurons, Parkinson's disease (PD) has recently been recognized to also affect the functions and integrity of microglia and astroglia, two cell categories of fundamental importance to brain tissue homeostasis, defense, and repair. Both a loss of glial supportive-defensive functions and a toxic gain of glial functions are implicated in the neurodegenerative process. Moreover, the chronic treatment with L-DOPA may cause maladaptive glial plasticity favoring a development of therapy complications. This chapter focuses on the pathophysiology of PD from a glial point of view, presenting this rapidly growing field from the first discoveries made to the most recent developments. We report and compare histopathological and molecular findings from experimental models of PD and human studies. We moreover discuss the important role played by astrocytes in compensatory adaptations taking place during presymptomatic disease stages. We finally describe examples of potential therapeutic applications stemming from an increased understanding of the important roles of glia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Z Kuter
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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The parthenolide derivative ACT001 synergizes with low doses of L-DOPA to improve MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease in mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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40
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Thomas Broome S, Louangaphay K, Keay KA, Leggio GM, Musumeci G, Castorina A. Dopamine: an immune transmitter. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2173-2185. [PMID: 32594028 PMCID: PMC7749467 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system controls several vital central nervous system functions, including the control of movement, reward behaviors and cognition. Alterations of dopaminergic signaling are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, in particular Parkinson’s disease, which are associated with a subtle and chronic inflammatory response. A substantial body of evidence has demonstrated the non-neuronal expression of dopamine, its receptors and of the machinery that governs synthesis, secretion and storage of dopamine across several immune cell types. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the role and expression of dopamine in immune cells. One of the goals is to decipher the complex mechanisms through which these cell types respond to dopamine, in order to address the impact this has on neurodegenerative and psychiatric pathologies such as Parkinson’s disease. A further aim is to illustrate the gaps in our understanding of the physiological roles of dopamine to encourage more targeted research focused on understanding the consequences of aberrant dopamine production on immune regulation. These highlights may prompt scientists in the field to consider alternative functions of this important neurotransmitter when targeting neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Thomas Broome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Krystal Louangaphay
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kevin A Keay
- Laboratory of Neural Structure and Function (LNSF), School of Medical Sciences, (Anatomy and Histology), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gian Marco Leggio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney; Laboratory of Neural Structure and Function (LNSF), School of Medical Sciences, (Anatomy and Histology), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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41
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Wei H, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Zhan L. Risk Factors and Metabolism of Different Brain Regions by Positron Emission Tomography in Parkinson Disease with Disabling Dyskinesia. Curr Neurovasc Res 2019; 16:310-320. [PMID: 31622205 DOI: 10.2174/1567202616666191009102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:Dyskinesia is the most common motor complication in advanced Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and has a severe impact on daily life. But the mechanism of dyskinesia is still poorly understood. This study aims to explore risk factors for disabling dyskinesia in PD and further analyze the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 (VMAT2) distribution (labeled with 18F-AV133) in the corpus striatum and the 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) metabolism of different brain regions by PET-CT.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study involving 135 PD patients. They were divided into disabling dyskinesia group (DD group, N=22) and non-dyskinesia group (ND group, N=113). All the patients were agreed to undergo PET-CT scans. Clinical data were analyzed between two groups by using multivariate logistic regression analysis, and risk factors for disabling dyskinesia were then determined. The standard uptake value ratios (SUVr) of 18F-AV133 in the corpus striatum and the 18F-FDG metabolism of different brain regions were identified and calculated by the software.Results:6.3% patients have disabling dyskinesia. DD group were more likely to have longer Disease Duration, higher Hoehn-Yahr degree, more severe clinic symptoms, more frequent sleep behavior disorder, and higher levodopa dose equivalency than ND group (P < 0.05). After adjusting confounding factors by multivariate logistic regression, DD group had longer PD duration and high levodopa dose equivalency compared with ND group (P < 0.05). There is no significant difference between the VMAT2 distribution (labeled with 18F- AV133) in the putamen and caudate between two groups. And the 18F-FDG metabolic changes in cortical and subcortical regions did not show a significant difference between the two groups either (P > 0.05).Conclusion:Long PD duration and high levodopa dose equivalency were two independent risk factors for disabling dyskinesia in PD patients. Compared to non-dyskinesia PD patients, there was no significant dopamine decline of the nigrostriatal system in disabling dyskinesia PD patients. Activities of different brain regions were not different between the two groups by 18F-FDG PETCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wei
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongtao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junwu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Liping Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yan'an Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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42
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Meligy FY, Elgamal DA, Abd Allah ESH, Idriss NK, Ghandour NM, Bayoumy EMR, Khalil ASA, El Fiky MM, Elkhashab M. Testing alternatives: the use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells to slow neurodegeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5841-5858. [PMID: 31396803 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of anti-Parkinson treatments gradually diminishes owing to the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic terminals. The research described here investigated the effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) versus that of an anti-Parkinson drug in a rat model of Parkinsonism. Forty adult rats were divided into four equal groups, each group receiving a different treatment: vehicle, rotenone, rotenone + AD-MSC, or rotenone + carbidopa/levodopa. Behavioral tests were carried out before and at the end of the treatment and specimens harvested from the midbrain were processed for light and electron microscopy. Genetic expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Nestin mRNA was assessed. Expression of the Lamin-B1 and Vimentin genes was measured, along with plasma levels of Angiopoietin-2 and dopamine. Treatment with rotenone induced pronounced motor deficits, as well as neuronal and glial alterations. The AD-MSC group showed improvements in motor function in the live animals and in the microscopic picture presented by their tissues. The fold change of both genes (GFAP and Nestin) decreased significantly in the AD-MSC and carbidopa/levodopa groups compared to the group with Parkinson's disease. Plasma levels of Angiopoietin-2 and dopamine were significantly increased after treatment (P < 0.001) compared to levels in the rats with Parkinson's disease. AD-MSC reduced neuronal degeneration more efficiently than did the anti-Parkinson drug in a rat model of Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Y Meligy
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Elgamal
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Eman S H Abd Allah
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Naglaa K Idriss
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Ghandour
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ehab M R Bayoumy
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Azza Sayed Abdelrehim Khalil
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M El Fiky
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Elkhashab
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
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43
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Palasz E, Niewiadomski W, Gasiorowska A, Wysocka A, Stepniewska A, Niewiadomska G. Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection and Recovery of Motor Function in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1143. [PMID: 31736859 PMCID: PMC6838750 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is manifested by progressive motor, autonomic, and cognitive disturbances. Dopamine (DA) synthesizing neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) degenerate, causing a decline in DA level in the striatum that leads to the characteristic movement disorders. A disease-modifying therapy to arrest PD progression remains unattainable with current pharmacotherapies, most of which cause severe side effects and lose their efficacy with time. For this reason, there is a need to seek new therapies supporting the pharmacological treatment of PD. Motor therapy is recommended for pharmacologically treated PD patients as it alleviates the symptoms. Molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of motor therapy are unknown, nor is it known whether such therapy may be neuroprotective in PD patients. Due to obvious limitations, human studies are unlikely to answer these questions; therefore, the use of animal models of PD seems indispensable. Motor therapy in animal models of PD characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons has neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects, and the completeness of neuronal protection may depend on (i) degree of neuronal loss, (ii) duration and intensity of exercise, and (iii) time elapsed between insult and commencing of training. As the physical activity is neuroprotective for dopaminergic neurons, the question arises what is the mechanism of this protective action. A current hypothesis assumes a central role of neurotrophic factors in the neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons, even though it is still not clear whether increased DA level in the nigrostriatal axis results from neurogenesis of dopaminergic neurons in the SN, recovery of the phenotype of dopaminergic neurons, increased sprouting of the residual dopaminergic axons in the striatum, or generation of local striatal neurons from inhibitory interneurons. In the present review, we discuss studies describing the influence of physical exercise on the PD-like changes manifested in animal models of the disease and focus our interest on the current state of knowledge on the mechanism of neuroprotection induced by physical activity as a supportive therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Palasz
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Niewiadomski
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gasiorowska
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Wysocka
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stepniewska
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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44
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Junior NCF, Dos-Santos-Pereira M, Guimarães FS, Del Bel E. Cannabidiol and Cannabinoid Compounds as Potential Strategies for Treating Parkinson's Disease and L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:12-29. [PMID: 31637586 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) are motor disorders with significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Unfortunately, pharmacological treatments that improve these disorders without causing severe side effects are not yet available. Delay in initiating L-DOPA is no longer recommended as LID development is a function of disease duration rather than cumulative L-DOPA exposure. Manipulation of the endocannabinoid system could be a promising therapy to control PD and LID symptoms. In this way, phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), the principal non-psychotomimetic constituent of the Cannabis sativa plant, have received considerable attention in the last decade. In this review, we present clinical and preclinical evidence suggesting CBD and other cannabinoids have therapeutic effects in PD and LID. Here, we discuss CBD pharmacology, as well as its neuroprotective effects and those of other cannabinoids. Finally, we discuss the modulation of several pro- or anti-inflammatory factors as possible mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic/neuroprotective potential of Cannabis-derived/cannabinoid synthetic compounds in motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilson Carlos Ferreira Junior
- Department of Pharmacology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 13400, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício Dos-Santos-Pereira
- USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Francisco Silveira Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 13400, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Pharmacology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 13400, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil. .,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.
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45
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Boi L, Pisanu A, Greig NH, Scerba MT, Tweedie D, Mulas G, Fenu S, Carboni E, Spiga S, Carta AR. Immunomodulatory drugs alleviate l-dopa-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1818-1830. [PMID: 31335998 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thalidomide and closely related analogues are used clinically for their immunomodulatory and antiangiogenic properties mediated by the inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α. Neuroinflammation and angiogenesis contribute to classical neuronal mechanisms underpinning the pathophysiology of l-dopa-induced dyskinesia, a motor complication associated with l-dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. The efficacy of thalidomide and the more potent derivative 3,6'-dithiothalidomide on dyskinesia was tested in the 6-hydroxydopamine Parkinson's disease model. METHODS Three weeks after 6-hydroxydopamine infusion, rats received 10 days of treatment with l-dopa plus benserazide (6 mg/kg each) and thalidomide (70 mg/kg) or 3,6'-dithiothalidomide (56 mg/kg), and dyskinesia and contralateral turning were recorded daily. Rats were euthanized 1 hour after the last l-dopa injection, and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-10, OX-42, vimentin, and vascular endothelial growth factor immunoreactivity were measured in their striatum and substantia nigra reticulata to evaluate neuroinflammation and angiogenesis. Striatal levels of GLUR1 were measured as a l-dopa-induced postsynaptic change that is under tumor necrosis factor-α control. RESULTS Thalidomide and 3,6'-dithiothalidomide significantly attenuated the severity of l-dopa-induced dyskinesia while not affecting contralateral turning. Moreover, both compounds inhibited the l-dopa-induced microgliosis and excessive tumor necrosis factor-α in the striatum and substantia nigra reticulata, while restoring physiological levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. l-Dopa-induced angiogenesis was inhibited in both basal ganglia nuclei, and l-dopa-induced GLUR1 overexpression in the dorsolateral striatum was restored to normal levels. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that decreasing tumor necrosis factor-α levels may be useful to reduce the appearance of dyskinesia, and thalidomide, and more potent derivatives may provide an effective therapeutic approach to dyskinesia. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Augusta Pisanu
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael T Scerba
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Giovanna Mulas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sandro Fenu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ezio Carboni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Saturnino Spiga
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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46
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Lanza K, Perkins AE, Deak T, Bishop C. Late aging-associated increases in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia are accompanied by heightened neuroinflammation in the hemi-parkinsonian rat. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 81:190-199. [PMID: 31306813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a primary risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), and aging differentially predicts the incidence of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). The goal of this work was to establish whether late aging-associated exacerbation of LID would be related to neuroinflammation in the hemi-parkinsonian rat. Two studies were conducted in which adult (3 months) and aged (18 months) male Fischer 344 rats bearing unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial forebrain bundle were injected acutely with vehicle or L-DOPA (6 mg/kg). LID was quantified, and neuroinflammation was assessed postmortem via gene expression markers in the striatum (experiment 1) or through concurrent large-molecule microdialysis (experiment 2). In addition to exacerbating LID despite similar levels of striatal dopamine loss, late aging was associated with persistently elevated IL-1β gene expression ipsilateral to lesion, as well as a trend toward greater extracellular concentrations of IL-1β in response to acute L-DOPA treatment. In contrast, aged sham-operated rats displayed greater extracellular IL-6. Taken together, these data demonstrate an age-related vulnerability to LID and highlight potential neuroinflammatory mediators associated with these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Lanza
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Amy E Perkins
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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47
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Dos Santos EUD, Duarte EBC, Miranda LMR, Asano AGC, Asano NMJ, Maia MDMD, de Souza PRE. Influence of DRD1 and DRD3 Polymorphisms in the Occurrence of Motor Effects in Patients with Sporadic Parkinson's Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 21:295-302. [PMID: 31119645 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem disorder that affects 2-3% of the population ≥ 65 years of age. The main pharmacologic agent use in the treatment of clinical symptoms of PD is levodopa (L-DOPA). However, the chronic use of L-DOPA might result in the emergence of motor complications such as motor fluctuation and dyskinesia. Previous studies have shown that the inter-individual variability and pharmacogenetic profile of PD patients seem to influence the occurrence of motor complications. For these reasons, the purpose of this study was to evaluate a possible relationship between DRD1 A48G and DRD3 Ser9Gly genetic variants with the occurrence of motor complications in PD patients in a Brazilian population. A total of 228 patients with idiopathic PD were enrolled. Patients were genotyped for DRD1 A48G and DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphisms using PCR-RFLP. The univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the association of these polymorphisms with the occurrence of motor fluctuation and dyskinesia in PD patients. Multiple Poisson regression analyses showed a protector effect to the occurrence of dyskinesia for individuals carrying of the DRD1 G/G genotype (PR 0.294; CI 0.09-0.87; p ≤ 0.020) after the threshold Bonferroni's. Besides, we verified risk increased to the occurrence of motor complications with daily L-DOPA dosage, disease duration, and users of rasagiline, selegiline, or entacapone (p < 0.05 for all). Our results suggest that the DRD1 A48G polymorphism and the presence of extrinsic and intrinsic factors may role an effect in the occurrence of dyskinesia in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Maria Ramos Miranda
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Animal Science, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Andore Guescel C Asano
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Pro-Parkinson Program of Clinical Hospital of Federal, University of Pernambuco Recife (HC/UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Nadja Maria Jorge Asano
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Pro-Parkinson Program of Clinical Hospital of Federal, University of Pernambuco Recife (HC/UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria de Mascena Diniz Maia
- Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, S/N - Dois Irmãos, CEP: 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Eleutério de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Tropical Animal Science, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil. .,Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, S/N - Dois Irmãos, CEP: 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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48
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Dong X, Zheng D, Nao J. Measurement of serum cystatin C: A valuable tool for evaluating dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:172-176. [PMID: 31054924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although cystatin C (Cys C) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), whether it can be used as a tool for evaluating dyskinesia is unknown. In the present study, the association of Cys C with dyskinesia in PD patients was investigated. Fasting serum Cys C levels were measured from 120 PD patients and 156 healthy controls. Demographic information was collected for all patients. In addition, levodopa (L-dopa)-equivalent dose, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score, Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage, and dyskinesia were assessed in PD patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were adopted to assess the evaluating accuracy of Cys C levels for distinguishing dyskinesia in PD patients. Patients with PD exhibited significantly higher serum Cys C levels compared with heathy controls. Dyskinesia was observed in 32 patients (26.7%). Multiple logistic regression showed serum Cys C levels (odds ratio, OR 12.93; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.08-54.23; p = 0.043), duration of disease (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05, p = 0.001) and UPDRS II score (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.14, p = 0.019) were independently associated with dyskinesia. The ROC curve for the Cys C levels yielded a valuable accuracy for distinguishing dyskinesia in PD patients. Serum Cys C levels were independently associated with dyskinesia and may be a valuable screening tool for differentiating dyskinesia in PD patients. Although the pathophysiological mechanism of PD is complicated, the results from our study provide a better understanding of the association between Cys C and dyskinesia in PD patients and may yield insights into the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Dongming Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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49
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Rentsch P, Stayte S, Morris GP, Vissel B. Time dependent degeneration of the nigrostriatal tract in mice with 6-OHDA lesioned medial forebrain bundle and the effect of activin A on L-Dopa induced dyskinesia. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:5. [PMID: 30760214 PMCID: PMC6374903 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurately assessing promising therapeutic interventions for human diseases depends, in part, on the reproducibility of preclinical disease models. With the development of transgenic mice, the rapid adaptation of a 6-OHDA mouse model of Parkinson’s disease that was originally described for the use in rats has come with a lack of a comprehensive characterization of lesion progression. In this study we therefore first characterised the time course of neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum over a 4 week period following 6-OHDA injection into the medial forebrain bundle of mice. We then utilised the model to assess the anti-dyskinetic efficacy of recombinant activin A, a putative neuroprotectant and anti-inflammatory that is endogenously upregulated during the course of Parkinson’s disease. Results We found that degeneration of fibers in the striatum was fully established within 1 week following 6-OHDA administration, but that the loss of neurons continued to progress over time, becoming fully established 3 weeks after the 6-OHDA injection. In assessing the anti-dyskinetic efficacy of activin A using this model we found that treatment with activin A did not significantly reduce the severity, or delay the time-of-onset, of dyskinesia. Conclusion First, the current study concludes that a 3 week duration is required to establish a complete lesion of the nigrostriatal tract following 6-OHDA injection into the medial forebrain bundle of mice. Second, we found that activin A was not anti-dyskinetic in this model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12868-019-0487-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Rentsch
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, High Street, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), 405 Liverpool St, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Sandy Stayte
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), 405 Liverpool St, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Gary P Morris
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), 405 Liverpool St, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), 405 Liverpool St, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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50
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Bariotto-Dos-Santos K, Padovan-Neto FE, Bortolanza M, Dos-Santos-Pereira M, Raisman-Vozari R, Tumas V, Del Bel E. Repurposing an established drug: an emerging role for methylene blue in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:869-882. [PMID: 30022547 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO) system has been proven to be a valuable modulator of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinsonian rodents. NO activates the enzyme soluble guanylyl cyclase and elicits the synthesis of the second-messenger cGMP. Although we have previously described the anti-dyskinetic potential of NO synthase inhibitors on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, the effect of soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitors remains to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the clinically available non-selective inhibitor methylene blue, or the selective soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one), could mitigate L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Here, we demonstrated that methylene blue was able to reduce L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia incidence when chronically co-administered with L-DOPA during 3 weeks. Methylene blue chronic (but not acute) administration (2 weeks) was effective in attenuating L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in rats rendered dyskinetic by a previous course of L-DOPA chronic treatment. Furthermore, discontinuous methylene blue treatment (e.g., co-administration of methylene blue and L-DOPA for 2 consecutive days followed by vehicle and L-DOPA co-administration for 5 days) was effective in attenuating dyskinesia. Finally, we demonstrated that microinjection of methylene blue or ODQ into the lateral ventricle effectively attenuated L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Taken together, these results demonstrate an important role of NO-soluble guanylyl cyclase-cGMP signaling on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. The clinical implications of this discovery are expected to advance the treatment options for patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Bariotto-Dos-Santos
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Eduardo Padovan-Neto
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariza Bortolanza
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício Dos-Santos-Pereira
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- INSERM, UPMC, Thérapeutique Expérimentale de la Neurodégénérescence, Hôpital de la Salpetrière - ICM, Paris, France
| | - Vitor Tumas
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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