1
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Archibald KM, Dutkiewicz S, Laufkötter C, Moeller HV. Emergent trade-offs among plasticity strategies in mixotrophs. J Theor Biol 2024; 590:111854. [PMID: 38763324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Marine mixotrophs combine phagotrophy and phototrophy to acquire the resources they need for growth. Metabolic plasticity, the ability for individuals to dynamically alter their relative investment between different metabolic processes, allows mixotrophs to efficiently exploit variable environmental conditions. Different mixotrophs may vary in how quickly they respond to environmental stimuli, with slow-responding mixotrophs exhibiting a significant lag between a change in the environment and the resulting change metabolic strategy. In this study, we develop a model of mixotroph metabolic strategy and explore how the rate of the plastic response affects the seasonality, competitive fitness, and biogeochemical role of mixotroph populations. Fast-responding mixotrophs are characterized by more efficient resource use and higher average growth rates than slow-responding mixotrophs because any lag in the plastic response following a change in environmental conditions creates a mismatch between the mixotroph's metabolic requirements and their resource acquisition. However, this mismatch also results in increased storage of unused resources that support growth under future nutrient-limited conditions. As a result of this trade-off, mixotroph biomass and productivity are maximized at intermediate plastic response rates. Furthermore, the trade-off represents a mechanism for coexistence between fast-responding and slow-responding mixotrophs. In mixed communities, fast-responding mixotrophs are numerically dominant, but slow-responding mixotrophs persist at low abundance due to the provisioning effect that emerges as a result of their less efficient resource acquisition strategy. In addition to increased competitive ability, fast-responding mixotrophs are, on average, more autotrophic than slow-responding mixotrophs. Notably, these trade-offs associated with mixotroph response rate arise without including an explicit physiological cost associated with plasticity, a conclusion that may provide insight into evolutionary constraints of metabolic plasticity in mixotrophic organisms. When an explicit cost is added to the model, it alters the competitive relationships between fast- and slow-responding mixotrophs. Faster plastic response rates are favored by lower physiological costs as well as higher amplitude seasonal cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Archibald
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Stephanie Dutkiewicz
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Laufkötter
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Holly V Moeller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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2
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Sakae K, Kawai S, Kitagami Y, Matsuo N, Selosse MA, Tanikawa T, Matsuda Y. Effects of fungicide treatments on mycorrhizal communities and carbon acquisition in the mixotrophic Pyrola japonica (Ericaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2024:10.1007/s00572-024-01157-5. [PMID: 38922410 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Pyrola japonica, a member of the family Ericaceae, is a mixotroph that grows on forest floors and obtains carbon (C) from both its photosynthesis and its mycorrhizal fungi. Its mycorrhizal community is dominated by Russulaceae. However, the mechanism of its C acquisition and its flexibility are not well understood. Our aim was to assess the impact of disturbance of the mycorrhizal fungal communities on C acquisition by P. japonica. We repeatedly applied a fungicide (Benomyl) to soils around P. japonica plants in a broad-leaved forest of central Japan, in order to disturb fungal associates near roots. After fungicide treatment, P. japonica roots were collected and subjected to barcoding by next-generation sequencing, focusing on the ITS2 region. The rate of mycorrhizal formation and α-diversity did not significantly change upon fungicide treatments. Irrespective of the treatments, Russulaceae represented more than 80% of the taxa. Leaves and seeds of the plants were analysed for 13C stable isotope ratios that reflect fungal C gain. Leaf and seed δ13C values with the fungicide treatment were significantly lower than those with the other treatments. Thus the fungicide did not affect mycorrhizal communities in the roots, but disturbed mycorrhizal fungal pathways via extraradical hyphae, and resulted in a more photosynthetic behaviour of P. japonica for leaves and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Sakae
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shosei Kawai
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yudai Kitagami
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Naoko Matsuo
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Toko Tanikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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3
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Denis V, Ferrier-Pagès C, Schubert N, Coppari M, Baker DM, Camp EF, Gori A, Grottoli AG, Houlbrèque F, Maier SR, Mancinelli G, Martinez S, Yalçın Özdilek Ş, Radice VZ, Ribes M, Richter C, Viladrich N, Rossi S. Heterotrophy in marine animal forests in an era of climate change. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:965-978. [PMID: 38284299 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Marine animal forests (MAFs) are benthic ecosystems characterised by biogenic three-dimensional structures formed by suspension feeders such as corals, gorgonians, sponges and bivalves. They comprise highly diversified communities among the most productive in the world's oceans. However, MAFs are in decline due to global and local stressors that threaten the survival and growth of their foundational species and associated biodiversity. Innovative and scalable interventions are needed to address the degradation of MAFs and increase their resilience under global change. Surprisingly, few studies have considered trophic interactions and heterotrophic feeding of MAF suspension feeders as an integral component of MAF conservation. Yet, trophic interactions are important for nutrient cycling, energy flow within the food web, biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and MAF stability. This comprehensive review describes trophic interactions at all levels of ecological organisation in tropical, temperate, and cold-water MAFs. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of available tools for estimating the heterotrophic capacities of the foundational species in MAFs. It then discusses the threats that climate change poses to heterotrophic processes. Finally, it presents strategies for improving trophic interactions and heterotrophy, which can help to maintain the health and resilience of MAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Denis
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Da'an District, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Nadine Schubert
- CCMAR-Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, Bld. 7, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Martina Coppari
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche snc, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - David M Baker
- School of Biological Sciences & Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Andrea Gori
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Andréa G Grottoli
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 125 South Oval Mall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Fanny Houlbrèque
- Entropie UMR 9220, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Nouméa, 98848, New Caledonia
| | - Sandra R Maier
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2 PO Box 570, Nuuk, 3900, Greenland
| | - Giorgio Mancinelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Monteroni s/n, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Stephane Martinez
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Şükran Yalçın Özdilek
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, 17100, Turkey
| | - Veronica Z Radice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Marta Ribes
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Claudio Richter
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, Bremerhaven, 27568, Germany
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str., NW 2, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Nuria Viladrich
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Monteroni s/n, Lecce, 73100, Italy
- Universidade Federal do Ceara, Instituto de Ciencias do Mar (Labomar), Av. da Abolicao 3207, Fortaleza, Brazil
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4
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Yagame T, Figura T, Tanaka E, Selosse MA, Yukawa T. Mycobiont identity and light conditions affect belowground morphology and physiology of a mixotrophic orchid Cremastra variabilis (Orchidaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2024; 34:19-31. [PMID: 38381148 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
We have investigated whether mycobiont identity and environmental conditions affect morphology and physiology of the chlorophyllous orchid: Cremastra variabilis. This species grows in a broad range of environmental conditions and associates with saprotrophic rhizoctonias including Tulasnellaceae and saprotrophic non-rhizoctonian fungi from the family Psathyrellaceae. We cultured the orchid from seeds under aseptic culture conditions and subsequently inoculated the individuals with either a Tulasnellaceae or a Psathyrellaceae isolate. We observed underground organ development of the inoculated C. variabilis plants and estimated their nutritional dependency on fungi using stable isotope abundance. Coralloid rhizome development was observed in all individuals inoculated with the Psathyrellaceae isolate, and 1-5 shoots per seedling grew from the tip of the coralloid rhizome. In contrast, individuals associated with the Tulasnellaceae isolate did not develop coralloid rhizomes, and only one shoot emerged per plantlet. In darkness, δ13C enrichment was significantly higher with both fungal isolates, whereas δ15N values were only significantly higher in plants associated with the Psathyrellaceae isolate. We conclude that C. variabilis changes its nutritional dependency on fungal symbionts depending on light availability and secondly that the identity of fungal symbiont influences the morphology of underground organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yagame
- The Mt. Fuji Institute for Nature and Biology, Showa University, 4562 Kamiyoshida, Fujiyoshida, Yamashi, 403-0005, Japan.
- Division of Academic Resources and Specimens, Hokkaido University Museum, Kita 10-jo, Nishi 8-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Tomáš Figura
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lesní 322, 25243, Průhonice, Czechia
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP, 39, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP, 39, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75005, Paris, France
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Biology, Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology; ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Tomohisa Yukawa
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
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5
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Muñoz-Marín MDC, López-Lozano A, Moreno-Cabezuelo JÁ, Díez J, García-Fernández JM. Mixotrophy in cyanobacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 78:102432. [PMID: 38325247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria evolved the oxygenic photosynthesis to generate organic matter from CO2 and sunlight, and they were responsible for the production of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere. This made them a model for photosynthetic organisms, since they are easier to study than higher plants. Early studies suggested that only a minority among cyanobacteria might assimilate organic compounds, being considered mostly autotrophic for decades. However, compelling evidence from marine and freshwater cyanobacteria, including toxic strains, in the laboratory and in the field, has been obtained in the last decades: by using physiological and omics approaches, mixotrophy has been found to be a more widespread feature than initially believed. Furthermore, dominant clades of marine cyanobacteria can take up organic compounds, and mixotrophy is critical for their survival in deep waters with very low light. Hence, mixotrophy seems to be an essential trait in the metabolism of most cyanobacteria, which can be exploited for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Muñoz-Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Universitario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, planta 1, ala Este, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Universitario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, planta 1, ala Este, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Ángel Moreno-Cabezuelo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Universitario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, planta 1, ala Este, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jesús Díez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Universitario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, planta 1, ala Este, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - José Manuel García-Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Universitario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, planta 1, ala Este, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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6
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Thweatt JL, Harman CE, Araújo MN, Marlow JJ, Oliver GC, Sabuda MC, Sevgen S, Wilpiszeki RL. Chapter 6: The Breadth and Limits of Life on Earth. ASTROBIOLOGY 2024; 24:S124-S142. [PMID: 38498824 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Scientific ideas about the potential existence of life elsewhere in the universe are predominantly informed by knowledge about life on Earth. Over the past ∼4 billion years, life on Earth has evolved into millions of unique species. Life now inhabits nearly every environmental niche on Earth that has been explored. Despite the wide variety of species and diverse biochemistry of modern life, many features, such as energy production mechanisms and nutrient requirements, are conserved across the Tree of Life. Such conserved features help define the operational parameters required by life and therefore help direct the exploration and evaluation of habitability in extraterrestrial environments. As new diversity in the Tree of Life continues to expand, so do the known limits of life on Earth and the range of environments considered habitable elsewhere. The metabolic processes used by organisms living on the edge of habitability provide insights into the types of environments that would be most suitable to hosting extraterrestrial life, crucial for planning and developing future astrobiology missions. This chapter will introduce readers to the breadth and limits of life on Earth and show how the study of life at the extremes can inform the broader field of astrobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Thweatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. (Former)
| | - C E Harman
- Planetary Systems Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - M N Araújo
- Biochemistry Department, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey J Marlow
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gina C Oliver
- Department of Geology, San Bernardino Valley College, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - Mary C Sabuda
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Serhat Sevgen
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
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7
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Kilner CL, Carrell AA, Wieczynski DJ, Votzke S, DeWitt K, Yammine A, Shaw J, Pelletier DA, Weston DJ, Gibert JP. Temperature and CO 2 interactively drive shifts in the compositional and functional structure of peatland protist communities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17203. [PMID: 38433341 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Microbes affect the global carbon cycle that influences climate change and are in turn influenced by environmental change. Here, we use data from a long-term whole-ecosystem warming experiment at a boreal peatland to answer how temperature and CO2 jointly influence communities of abundant, diverse, yet poorly understood, non-fungi microbial Eukaryotes (protists). These microbes influence ecosystem function directly through photosynthesis and respiration, and indirectly, through predation on decomposers (bacteria and fungi). Using a combination of high-throughput fluid imaging and 18S amplicon sequencing, we report large climate-induced, community-wide shifts in the community functional composition of these microbes (size, shape, and metabolism) that could alter overall function in peatlands. Importantly, we demonstrate a taxonomic convergence but a functional divergence in response to warming and elevated CO2 with most environmental responses being contingent on organismal size: warming effects on functional composition are reversed by elevated CO2 and amplified in larger microbes but not smaller ones. These findings show how the interactive effects of warming and rising CO2 levels could alter the structure and function of peatland microbial food webs-a fragile ecosystem that stores upwards of 25% of all terrestrial carbon and is increasingly threatened by human exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Kilner
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Bird Conservancy of the Rockies, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Alyssa A Carrell
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Samantha Votzke
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katrina DeWitt
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrea Yammine
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dale A Pelletier
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jean P Gibert
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Schaible MJ, Szeinbaum N, Bozdag GO, Chou L, Grefenstette N, Colón-Santos S, Rodriguez LE, Styczinski MJ, Thweatt JL, Todd ZR, Vázquez-Salazar A, Adams A, Araújo MN, Altair T, Borges S, Burton D, Campillo-Balderas JA, Cangi EM, Caro T, Catalano E, Chen K, Conlin PL, Cooper ZS, Fisher TM, Fos SM, Garcia A, Glaser DM, Harman CE, Hermis NY, Hooks M, Johnson-Finn K, Lehmer O, Hernández-Morales R, Hughson KHG, Jácome R, Jia TZ, Marlow JJ, McKaig J, Mierzejewski V, Muñoz-Velasco I, Nural C, Oliver GC, Penev PI, Raj CG, Roche TP, Sabuda MC, Schaible GA, Sevgen S, Sinhadc P, Steller LH, Stelmach K, Tarnas J, Tavares F, Trubl G, Vidaurri M, Vincent L, Weber JM, Weng MM, Wilpiszeki RL, Young A. Chapter 1: The Astrobiology Primer 3.0. ASTROBIOLOGY 2024; 24:S4-S39. [PMID: 38498816 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The Astrobiology Primer 3.0 (ABP3.0) is a concise introduction to the field of astrobiology for students and others who are new to the field of astrobiology. It provides an entry into the broader materials in this supplementary issue of Astrobiology and an overview of the investigations and driving hypotheses that make up this interdisciplinary field. The content of this chapter was adapted from the other 10 articles in this supplementary issue and thus represents the contribution of all the authors who worked on these introductory articles. The content of this chapter is not exhaustive and represents the topics that the authors found to be the most important and compelling in a dynamic and changing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Schaible
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nadia Szeinbaum
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - G Ozan Bozdag
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Luoth Chou
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Natalie Grefenstette
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie Colón-Santos
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laura E Rodriguez
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, Texas, USA
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M J Styczinski
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer L Thweatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zoe R Todd
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alberto Vázquez-Salazar
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alyssa Adams
- Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - M N Araújo
- Biochemistry Department, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Thiago Altair
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, College of the Atlantic, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | | | - Dana Burton
- Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Eryn M Cangi
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Tristan Caro
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Enrico Catalano
- Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, The BioRobotics Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kimberly Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Peter L Conlin
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Z S Cooper
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Theresa M Fisher
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Santiago Mestre Fos
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - D M Glaser
- Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Chester E Harman
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ninos Y Hermis
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Department of Physics and Space Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Hooks
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - K Johnson-Finn
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Owen Lehmer
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ricardo Hernández-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kynan H G Hughson
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rodrigo Jácome
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tony Z Jia
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey J Marlow
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jordan McKaig
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Veronica Mierzejewski
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Israel Muñoz-Velasco
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ceren Nural
- Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gina C Oliver
- Department of Geology, San Bernardino Valley College, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - Petar I Penev
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chinmayee Govinda Raj
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tyler P Roche
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary C Sabuda
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - George A Schaible
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Serhat Sevgen
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Pritvik Sinhadc
- BEYOND: Center For Fundamental Concepts in Science, Arizona State University, Arizona, USA
- Dubai College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Luke H Steller
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Kamil Stelmach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - J Tarnas
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Frank Tavares
- Space Enabled Research Group, MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gareth Trubl
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Monica Vidaurri
- Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Lena Vincent
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jessica M Weber
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | | | - Amber Young
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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9
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Puzanskiy RK, Romanyuk DA, Kirpichnikova AA, Yemelyanov VV, Shishova MF. Plant Heterotrophic Cultures: No Food, No Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:277. [PMID: 38256830 PMCID: PMC10821431 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Plant cells are capable of uptaking exogenous organic substances. This inherited trait allows the development of heterotrophic cell cultures in various plants. The most common of them are Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant cells are widely used in academic studies and as factories for valuable substance production. The repertoire of compounds supporting the heterotrophic growth of plant cells is limited. The best growth of cultures is ensured by oligosaccharides and their cleavage products. Primarily, these are sucrose, raffinose, glucose and fructose. Other molecules such as glycerol, carbonic acids, starch, and mannitol have the ability to support growth occasionally, or in combination with another substrate. Culture growth is accompanied by processes of specialization, such as elongation growth. This determines the pattern of the carbon budget. Culture ageing is closely linked to substrate depletion, changes in medium composition, and cell physiological rearrangements. A lack of substrate leads to starvation, which results in a decrease in physiological activity and the mobilization of resources, and finally in the loss of viability. The cause of the instability of cultivated cells may be the non-optimal metabolism under cultural conditions or the insufficiency of internal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman K. Puzanskiy
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Daria A. Romanyuk
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Vladislav V. Yemelyanov
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
| | - Maria F. Shishova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
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10
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Mena C, Deulofeu-Capo O, Forn I, Dordal-Soriano J, Mantilla-Arias YA, Samos IP, Sebastián M, Cardelús C, Massana R, Romera-Castillo C, Mallenco-Fornies R, Gasol JM, Ruiz-González C. High amino acid osmotrophic incorporation by marine eukaryotic phytoplankton revealed by click chemistry. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:ycae004. [PMID: 38425478 PMCID: PMC10902890 DOI: 10.1093/ismeco/ycae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The osmotrophic uptake of dissolved organic compounds in the ocean is considered to be dominated by heterotrophic prokaryotes, whereas the role of planktonic eukaryotes is still unclear. We explored the capacity of natural eukaryotic plankton communities to incorporate the synthetic amino acid L-homopropargylglycine (HPG, analogue of methionine) using biorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT), and we compared it with prokaryotic HPG use throughout a 9-day survey in the NW Mediterranean. BONCAT allows to fluorescently identify translationally active cells, but it has never been applied to natural eukaryotic communities. We found a large diversity of photosynthetic and heterotrophic eukaryotes incorporating HPG into proteins, with dinoflagellates and diatoms showing the highest percentages of BONCAT-labelled cells (49 ± 25% and 52 ± 15%, respectively). Among them, pennate diatoms exhibited higher HPG incorporation in the afternoon than in the morning, whereas small (≤5 μm) photosynthetic eukaryotes and heterotrophic nanoeukaryotes showed the opposite pattern. Centric diatoms (e.g. Chaetoceros, Thalassiosira, and Lauderia spp.) dominated the eukaryotic HPG incorporation due to their high abundances and large sizes, accounting for up to 86% of the eukaryotic BONCAT signal and strongly correlating with bulk 3H-leucine uptake rates. When including prokaryotes, eukaryotes were estimated to account for 19-31% of the bulk BONCAT signal. Our results evidence a large complexity in the osmotrophic uptake of HPG, which varies over time within and across eukaryotic groups and highlights the potential of BONCAT to quantify osmotrophy and protein synthesis in complex eukaryotic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Mena
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Ona Deulofeu-Capo
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Irene Forn
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Júlia Dordal-Soriano
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Yulieth A Mantilla-Arias
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Iván P Samos
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Marta Sebastián
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Clara Cardelús
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Ramon Massana
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Cristina Romera-Castillo
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Rebeca Mallenco-Fornies
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Clara Ruiz-González
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
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11
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Keeling PJ, Eglit Y. Openly available illustrations as tools to describe eukaryotic microbial diversity. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002395. [PMID: 37988341 PMCID: PMC10662721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial life maintains nearly all the support systems that keep the Earth habitable, yet the diversity of this vast microbial world is greatly understudied, misrepresented, and misunderstood. Even what we do know is difficult to communicate broadly because an intuitive grasp of what these tiny organisms are like is abstract, and we lack tools that would help to describe them. In this Essay, we present a series of openly available technical diagrams that illustrate the diverse range of complex body plans of microbial eukaryotes (or "protists"), as well as an illustrated tree to show the vast diversity they encompass and how they are related to the more familiar macroscopic animals, fungi, and plants. These sorts of tools are desperately needed for teaching and communication about the microbial world, which is a pressingly important problem where much improvement is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yana Eglit
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biology and Institute for Comparative Genomics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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12
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Geisen S, Lara E, Mitchell E. Contemporary issues, current best practice and ways forward in soil protist ecology. Mol Ecol Resour 2023; 23:1477-1487. [PMID: 37259890 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Soil protists are increasingly studied due to a release from previous methodological constraints and the acknowledgement of their immense diversity and functional importance in ecosystems. However, these studies often lack sufficient depth in knowledge, which is visible in the form of falsely used terms and false- or over-interpreted data with conclusions that cannot be drawn from the data obtained. As we welcome that also non-experts include protists in their still mostly bacterial and/or fungal-focused studies, our aim here is to help avoid some common errors. We provide suggestions for current terms to use when working on soil protists, like protist instead of protozoa, predator instead of grazer, microorganisms rather than microflora and other terms to be used to describe the prey spectrum of protists. We then highlight some dos and don'ts in soil protist ecology including challenges related to interpreting 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data. We caution against the use of standard bioinformatic settings optimized for bacteria and the uncritical reliance on incomplete and partly erroneous reference databases. We also show why causal inferences cannot be drawn from sequence-based correlation analyses or any sampling/monitoring, study in the field without thorough experimental confirmation and sound understanding of the biology of taxa. Together, we envision this work to help non-experts to more easily include protists in their soil ecology analyses and obtain more reliable interpretations from their protist data and other biodiversity data that, in the end, will contribute to a better understanding of soil ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Edward Mitchell
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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13
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Ivanković M, Ptacnik R, Bengtsson MM. Top-down structuring of freshwater bacterial communities by mixotrophic flagellates. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:93. [PMID: 37660188 PMCID: PMC10475056 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophic and heterotrophic protists hold a key position in aquatic microbial food webs. Whereas they can account for the bulk of bacterivory in pelagic systems, the potential structuring effect of these consumers on bacterial communities is far from clear. We conducted short-term grazing experiments to test for the overall impact on bacterial community structure and possible prey preferences of phagotrophic protists. The protist taxa selected for this study include three mixotrophic flagellates, comprising two obligate- and one facultative mixotroph, and one phagoheterotrophic flagellate lacking phototrophic capacity. Bacterioplankton from seven different lakes were enriched and used to represent semi-natural prey communities. Our study demonstrated protist strain specific impacts on bacterial community composition linked to grazing. The three mixotrophs had variable impacts on bacterial communities where the two obligate mixotrophs exhibited lower grazing rates, while showing a tendency to promote higher bacterial diversity. The phagoheterotroph displayed the highest grazing rates and structured the bacterial communities via apparent selective grazing. Consistent selectivity trends were observed throughout the experiments, such as the apparent avoidance of all flagellates of Actinobacteria, and high grazing on dominant Burkholderiales taxa. However, there was no consistent "fingerprint" of mixotrophic grazing on prey communities, but the structuring impact rather seemed to depend on the trophic mode of the individual protist taxa, i.e. their dependence on phototrophy vs. phagotrophy. Our findings highlight the differential structuring impact of protist taxa on bacterial communities which may have important ecological implications, for example during periodic dominance of obligate mixotrophic bacterivores in changing lake ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ivanković
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station GmbH, Lunz am See, Austria
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Ptacnik
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station GmbH, Lunz am See, Austria
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Competition between phytoplankton and mixotrophs leads to metabolic character displacement. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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15
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Castaldi V, Bellino A, Baldantoni D. The ecology of bladderworts: The unique hunting-gathering-farming strategy in plants. FOOD WEBS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2023.e00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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16
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Reich HG, Camp EF, Roger LM, Putnam HM. The trace metal economy of the coral holobiont: supplies, demands and exchanges. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:623-642. [PMID: 36897260 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The juxtaposition of highly productive coral reef ecosystems in oligotrophic waters has spurred substantial interest and progress in our understanding of macronutrient uptake, exchange, and recycling among coral holobiont partners (host coral, dinoflagellate endosymbiont, endolithic algae, fungi, viruses, bacterial communities). By contrast, the contribution of trace metals to the physiological performance of the coral holobiont and, in turn, the functional ecology of reef-building corals remains unclear. The coral holobiont's trace metal economy is a network of supply, demand, and exchanges upheld by cross-kingdom symbiotic partnerships. Each partner has unique trace metal requirements that are central to their biochemical functions and the metabolic stability of the holobiont. Organismal homeostasis and the exchanges among partners determine the ability of the coral holobiont to adjust to fluctuating trace metal supplies in heterogeneous reef environments. This review details the requirements for trace metals in core biological processes and describes how metal exchanges among holobiont partners are key to sustaining complex nutritional symbioses in oligotrophic environments. Specifically, we discuss how trace metals contribute to partner compatibility, ability to cope with stress, and thereby to organismal fitness and distribution. Beyond holobiont trace metal cycling, we outline how the dynamic nature of the availability of environmental trace metal supplies can be influenced by a variability of abiotic factors (e.g. temperature, light, pH, etc.). Climate change will have profound consequences on the availability of trace metals and further intensify the myriad stressors that influence coral survival. Lastly, we suggest future research directions necessary for understanding the impacts of trace metals on the coral holobiont symbioses spanning subcellular to organismal levels, which will inform nutrient cycling in coral ecosystems more broadly. Collectively, this cross-scale elucidation of the role of trace metals for the coral holobiont will allow us to improve forecasts of future coral reef function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Reich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Liza M Roger
- Chemical & Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Hollie M Putnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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17
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Kulaš A, Žutinić P, Gulin Beljak V, Kepčija RM, Perić MS, Orlić S, Petrić IS, Marković T, Gligora Udovič M. Diversity of protist genera in periphyton of tufa-depositing karstic river. ANN MICROBIOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-023-01712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
In aquatic ecosystems, protists play a crucial role and cover numerous ecological functions. The karstic Krka River (Croatia) is a unique hotspot for high diversity of aquatic organisms, especially protists. The main objective of the present study was to obtain a detailed overview of the protist community structure in the periphyton of the Krka River and to determine the differences in protist diversity along the river.
Methods
Protist diversity was detected by amplicon sequencing of the hypervariable region V9 of the 18S rRNA gene, using the universal eukaryotic primer pair.
Results
The three main groups of protists were as follows: Ciliophora, Cercozoa, and Bacillariophyta. In terms of abundance of protist OTUs, the shade plot revealed an evident difference from the upstream to downstream river section, which increased between locations from Krka spring to Skradinski buk. Diversity was explored using measures of alpha and beta diversity. Alpha diversity showed an increasing trend in the downstream direction of the river. The location effect, or clustering/grouping of samples by location, was confirmed by the PERMANOVA permutation test of beta diversity.
Conclusion
The combination of alpha and beta diversity can help provide deeper insight into the study of diversity patterns, but also point out to decline in species diversity and allow for effective ways to protect aquatic karst habitats in future management.
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18
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Peng HW, Lian L, Zhang J, Erst AS, Wang W. Phylogenomics, plastome degradation and mycoheterotrophy evolution of Neottieae (Orchidaceae), with emphasis on the systematic position and Loess Plateau-Changbai Mountains disjunction of Diplandrorchis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:507. [PMID: 36316655 PMCID: PMC9624021 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoheterotrophy is a unique survival strategy adapted to dense forests and has attracted biologists' attention for centuries. However, its evolutionary origin and related plastome degradation are poorly understood. The tribe Neottieae contains various nutrition types, i.e., autotrophy, mixotrophy, and mycoheterotrophy. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the tribe based on plastome and nuclear ITS data. We inferred the evolutionary shift of nutrition types, constructed the patterns of plastome degradation, and estimated divergence times and ancestral ranges. We also used an integration of molecular dating and ecological niche modeling methods to investigate the disjunction between the Loess Plateau and Changbai Mountains in Diplandrorchis, a mycoheterotrophic genus endemic to China that was included in a molecular phylogenetic study for the first time. RESULTS Diplandrorchis was imbedded within Neottia and formed a clade with four mycoheterotrophic species. Autotrophy is the ancestral state in Neottieae, mixotrophy independently originated at least five times, and three shifts from mixotrophy to mycoheterotrophy independently occurred. The five mixotrophic lineages possess all plastid genes or lost partial/all ndh genes, whereas each of the three mycoheterotroph lineages has a highly reduced plastome: one lost part of its ndh genes and a few photosynthesis-related genes, and the other two lost almost all ndh, photosynthesis-related, rpo, and atp genes. These three mycoheterotrophic lineages originated at about 26.40 Ma, 25.84 Ma, and 9.22 Ma, respectively. Diplandrorchis had presumably a wide range in the Pliocene and migrated southward in the Pleistocene. CONCLUSIONS The Pleistocene climatic fluctuations and the resultant migration resulted in the Loess Plateau-Changbai Mountains disjunction of Diplandrorchis. In the evolution of mycoheterotrophic lineages, the loss of plastid-encoded genes and plastome degradation are staged and irreversible, constraining mycoheterotrophs to inhabit understories with low light levels. Accordingly, the rise of local forests might have promoted the origin of conditions in which mycoheterotrophy is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Wen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lian Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Forestry College, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Andrey S Erst
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zolotodolinskaya str. 101, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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19
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Harnessing solar power: photoautotrophy supplements the diet of a low-light dwelling sponge. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2076-2086. [PMID: 35654830 PMCID: PMC9381825 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of organisms to combine autotrophy and heterotrophy gives rise to one of the most successful nutritional strategies on Earth: mixotrophy. Sponges are integral members of shallow-water ecosystems and many host photosynthetic symbionts, but studies on mixotrophic sponges have focused primarily on species residing in high-light environments. Here, we quantify the contribution of photoautotrophy to the respiratory demand and total carbon diet of the sponge Chondrilla caribensis, which hosts symbiotic cyanobacteria and lives in low-light environments. Although the sponge is net heterotrophic at 20 m water depth, photosynthetically fixed carbon potentially provides up to 52% of the holobiont’s respiratory demand. When considering the total mixotrophic diet, photoautotrophy contributed an estimated 7% to total daily carbon uptake. Visualization of inorganic 13C- and 15N-incorporation using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) at the single-cell level confirmed that a portion of nutrients assimilated by the prokaryotic community was translocated to host cells. Photoautotrophy can thus provide an important supplemental source of carbon for sponges, even in low-light habitats. This trophic plasticity may represent a widespread strategy for net heterotrophic sponges hosting photosymbionts, enabling the host to buffer against periods of nutritional stress.
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20
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Young EB, Reed L, Berges JA. Growth parameters and responses of green algae across a gradient of phototrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13776. [PMID: 35891646 PMCID: PMC9308967 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown that algal growth is enhanced by organic carbon and algal mixotrophy is relevant for physiology and commercial cultivation. Most studies have tested only a single organic carbon concentration and report different growth parameters which hampers comparisons and improvements to algal cultivation methodology. This study compared growth of green algae Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii across a gradient of photoautotrophic-mixotrophic-heterotrophic culture conditions, with five acetate concentrations. Culture growth rates and biomass achieved were compared using different methods of biomass estimation. Both species grew faster and produced the most biomass when supplied with moderate acetate concentrations (1-4 g L-1), but light was required to optimize growth rates, biomass yield, cell size and cell chlorophyll content. Higher acetate concentration (10 g L-1) inhibited algal production. The choice of growth parameter and method to estimate biomass (optical density (OD), chlorophyll a fluorescence, flow cytometry, cell counts) affected apparent responses to organic carbon, but use of OD at 600, 680 or 750 nm was consistent. There were apparent trade-offs among exponential growth rate, maximum biomass, and culture time spent in exponential phase. Different cell responses over 1-10 g L-1 acetate highlight profound physiological acclimation across a gradient of mixotrophy. In both species, cell size vs cell chlorophyll relationships were more constrained in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultures, but under mixotrophy, and outside exponential growth phase, these relationships were more variable. This study provides insights into algal physiological responses to mixotrophy but also has practical implications for choosing parameters for monitoring commercial algal cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica B. Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States,School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Lindsay Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - John A. Berges
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States,School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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21
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Adnan M, Islam W, Gang L, Chen HYH. Advanced research tools for fungal diversity and its impact on forest ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45044-45062. [PMID: 35460003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are dominant ecological participants in the forest ecosystems, which play a major role in recycling organic matter and channeling nutrients across trophic levels. Fungal populations are shaped by plant communities and environmental parameters, and in turn, fungal communities also impact the forest ecosystem through intrinsic participation of different fungal guilds. Mycorrhizal fungi result in conservation and stability of forest ecosystem, while pathogenic fungi can bring change in forest ecosystem, by replacing the dominant plant species with new or exotic plant species. Saprotrophic fungi, being ecological regulators in the forest ecosystem, convert dead tree logs into reusable constituents and complete the ecological cycles of nitrogen and carbon. However, fungal communities have not been studied in-depth with respect to functional, spatiotemporal, or environmental parameters. Previously, fungal diversity and its role in shaping the forest ecosystem were studied by traditional and laborious cultural methods, which were unable to achieve real-time results and draw a conclusive picture of fungal communities. This review highlights the latest advances in biological methods such as next-generation sequencing and meta'omics for observing fungal diversity in the forest ecosystem, the role of different fungal groups in shaping forest ecosystem, forest productivity, and nutrient cycling at global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liu Gang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Forestry and the Forest Environment, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.
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22
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Těšitel J, Těšitelová T. Approaching a revolution in hemiparasitic plant biology? A commentary on 'Distinguishing carbon gains from photosynthesis and heterotrophy in C3-hemiparasite-C3-host-pairs'. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:i-ii. [PMID: 35262668 PMCID: PMC9113168 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Philipp Giesemann and Gerhard Gebauer, Distinguishing carbon gains from photosynthesis and heterotrophy in C3-hemiparasite–C3-host pairs, Annals of Botany, Volume 129, Issue 6, 12 May 2022, Pages 647–656 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab153
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Těšitel
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tamara Těšitelová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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23
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Stadnichuk IN, Tropin IV. Cyanidiales as Polyextreme Eukaryotes. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:472-487. [PMID: 35790381 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792205008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanidiales were named enigmatic microalgae due to their unique polyextreme properties, considered for a very long time unattainable for eukaryotes. Cyanidiales mainly inhabit hot sulfuric springs with high acidity (pH 0-4), temperatures up to 56°C, and ability to survive in the presence of dissolved heavy metals. Owing to the minimal for eukaryotes genome size, Cyanidiales have become one of the most important research objects in plant cell physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, phylogenomics, and evolutionary biology. They play an important role in studying many aspects of oxygenic photosynthesis and chloroplasts origin. The ability to survive in stressful habitats and the corresponding metabolic pathways were acquired by Cyanidiales from archaea and bacteria via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Thus, the possibility of gene transfer from prokaryotes to eukaryotes was discovered, which was a new step in understanding of the origin of eukaryotic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor N Stadnichuk
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127726, Russia.
| | - Ivan V Tropin
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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24
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The dynamic trophic architecture of open-ocean protist communities revealed through machine-guided metatranscriptomics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2100916119. [PMID: 35145022 PMCID: PMC8851463 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100916119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixotrophy is a ubiquitous nutritional strategy in marine ecosystems. Although our understanding of the distribution and abundance of mixotrophic plankton has improved significantly, the functional roles of mixotrophs are difficult to pinpoint, as mixotroph nutritional strategies are flexible and form a continuum between heterotrophy and phototrophy. We developed a machine learning–based method to assess the nutritional strategies of in situ planktonic populations based on metatranscriptomic profiles. We demonstrate that mixotrophic populations play varying functional roles along physicochemical gradients in the North Pacific Ocean, revealing a degree of physiological plasticity unique to aquatic mixotrophs. Our results highlight mechanisms that may dictate the flow of biogeochemical elements and ecology of the North Pacific Ocean, one of Earth's largest biogeographical provinces. Intricate networks of single-celled eukaryotes (protists) dominate carbon flow in the ocean. Their growth, demise, and interactions with other microorganisms drive the fluxes of biogeochemical elements through marine ecosystems. Mixotrophic protists are capable of both photosynthesis and ingestion of prey and are dominant components of open-ocean planktonic communities. Yet the role of mixotrophs in elemental cycling is obscured by their capacity to act as primary producers or heterotrophic consumers depending on factors that remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we develop and apply a machine learning model that predicts the in situ trophic mode of aquatic protists based on their patterns of gene expression. This approach leverages a public collection of protist transcriptomes as a training set to identify a subset of gene families whose transcriptional profiles predict trophic mode. We applied our model to nearly 100 metatranscriptomes obtained during two oceanographic cruises in the North Pacific and found community-level and population-specific evidence that abundant open-ocean mixotrophic populations shift their predominant mode of nutrient and carbon acquisition in response to natural gradients in nutrient supply and sea surface temperature. Metatranscriptomic data from ship-board incubation experiments revealed that abundant mixotrophic prymnesiophytes from the oligotrophic North Pacific subtropical gyre rapidly remodeled their transcriptome to enhance photosynthesis when supplied with limiting nutrients. Coupling this approach with experiments designed to reveal the mechanisms driving mixotroph physiology provides an avenue toward understanding the ecology of mixotrophy in the natural environment.
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25
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Firmin A, Selosse MA, Dunand C, Elger A. Mixotrophy in aquatic plants, an overlooked ability. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:147-157. [PMID: 34565671 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic Embryophytes play a key role in the proper functioning of aquatic ecosystems, where carbon (inorganic and organic forms) is pivotal in biogeochemical processes. There is growing awareness that mixotrophy, the direct use of exogenous organic carbon by autotrophs, is a widespread phenomenon and that it has emerged recurrently in the evolution of many autotrophic lineages. Despite living in an environment providing organic matter and presenting many favourable predispositions, aquatic plants from the Embryophytes, except carnivorous ones, have never been deeply investigated for mixotrophy. Here, we address the possibility that aquatic plants may exhibit mixotrophy, a prospect overlooked by research until now, and that this may be much more widespread than imagined under the conventional paradigm of plants considered as strict autotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Firmin
- Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, 75005 Paris, France; Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Arnaud Elger
- Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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26
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Pang M, Liu K, Liu H. Evidence for mixotrophy in pico-chlorophytes from a new Picochlorum (Trebouxiophyceae) strain. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2022; 58:80-91. [PMID: 34676899 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophs are increasingly recognized for their wide distribution in aquatic ecosystems and significant contributions to biogeochemical cycling. Many taxa within the phyla Chrysophyta, Cryptophyta, and Haptophyta are capable of phago-mixotrophy, however, phagotrophy in the Chlorophyta remains controversial due to insufficient research and solid evidence. In this study, we identified a new strain, Picochlorum sp. GLMF1 (Trebouxiophyceae), using 18S rRNA gene analysis and morphological observations. It displayed multi-cell division through autosporulation (two- or four-cell daughters) and has two unequal flagella that have never been reported in the genus Picochlorum. By using multiple methods, including 3D bioimaging analysis, acidic food vacuole-like compartment staining, and prey reduction calculation, we discovered and confirmed bacterivory in Picochlorum, which provided strong evidence for phago-mixotrophy in this green alga. In addition, we found that Picochlorum sp. GLMF1 cannot grow under complete darkness or prey-depleted conditions, suggesting that both light and bacteria are indispensable for this strain, and its mixotrophic nutrition mode is obligate. Like other phago-phototrophs, Picochlorum sp. GLMF1 is capable of regulating their growth and ingestion rates according to light intensity and inorganic nutrient concentration. The confirmation of mixotrophy in this Picochlorum strain advances our understanding of the trophic roles of green algae, as well as the photosynthetic picoeukaryotes, in marine microbial food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Pang
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kailin Liu
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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27
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Modeling mixoplankton along the biogeochemical gradient of the Southern North Sea. Ecol Modell 2021; 459:109690. [PMID: 34732971 PMCID: PMC8507435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ecological importance of mixoplankton within marine protist communities is slowly being recognized. However, most aquatic ecosystem models do not include formulations to model a complete protist community consisting of phytoplankton, protozooplankton and mixoplankton. We introduce PROTIST, a new module for the aquatic ecosystem modelling software Delft3D-WAQ that can model a protist community consisting of two types of phytoplankton (diatoms and green algae), two types of mixoplankton (constitutive mixoplankton and non-constitutive mixoplankton) and protozooplankton. We employed PROTIST to further explore the hypothesis that the biogeochemical gradient of inorganic nutrient and suspended sediment concentrations drives the observed occurrence of constitutive mixoplankton in the Dutch Southern North Sea. To explore this hypothesis, we used 11 1D-vertical aquatic ecosystem models that mimic the abiotic conditions of 11 routine monitoring locations in the Dutch Southern North Sea. Our models result in plausible trophic compositions across the biogeochemical gradient as compared to in-situ data. A sensitivity analysis showed that the dissolved inorganic phosphate and silica concentrations drive the occurrence of constitutive mixoplankton in the Dutch Southern North Sea. A model to simulate the protist community including mixoplankton is introduced. The model was tested in 1D-V models along a biogeochemical gradient. Modelled mixoplankton are more sensitive to nutrients than to light.
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28
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Freschet GT, Pagès L, Iversen CM, Comas LH, Rewald B, Roumet C, Klimešová J, Zadworny M, Poorter H, Postma JA, Adams TS, Bagniewska‐Zadworna A, Bengough AG, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Cornelissen JHC, Garnier E, Gessler A, Hobbie SE, Meier IC, Mommer L, Picon‐Cochard C, Rose L, Ryser P, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Stokes A, Sun T, Valverde‐Barrantes OJ, Weemstra M, Weigelt A, Wurzburger N, York LM, Batterman SA, Gomes de Moraes M, Janeček Š, Lambers H, Salmon V, Tharayil N, McCormack ML. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:973-1122. [PMID: 34608637 PMCID: PMC8518129 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I-VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers' views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire T. Freschet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
| | - Loïc Pagès
- UR 1115 PSHCentre PACA, site AgroparcINRAE84914Avignon cedex 9France
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Louise H. Comas
- USDA‐ARS Water Management Research Unit2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320Fort CollinsCO80526USA
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna1190Austria
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional EcologyInstitute of Botany CASDukelska 13537901TrebonCzech Republic
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of DendrologyPolish Academy of SciencesParkowa 562‐035KórnikPoland
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG‐2)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHD‐52425JülichGermany
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNSW2109Australia
| | | | - Thomas S. Adams
- Department of Plant SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska‐Zadworna
- Department of General BotanyInstitute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 661-614PoznańPoland
| | - A. Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, Dundee,DD2 5DAUK
- School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of DundeeDundee,DD1 4HNUK
| | | | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and BiogeochemistrySwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Johannes H. C. Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological ScienceFaculty of ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
| | - Eric Garnier
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zurich8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMN55108USA
| | - Ina C. Meier
- Functional Forest EcologyUniversity of HamburgHaidkrugsweg 122885BarsbütelGermany
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 476700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Rose
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F)Senckenberganlage 2560325Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Peter Ryser
- Laurentian University935 Ramsey Lake RoadSudburyONP3E 2C6Canada
| | | | - Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology DepartmentInstitute of Environmental SciencesCMLLeiden UniversityLeiden2300 RAthe Netherlands
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRAEAMAPCIRAD, IRDCNRSUniversity of MontpellierMontpellier34000France
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
| | - Oscar J. Valverde‐Barrantes
- International Center for Tropical BotanyDepartment of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFL33199USA
| | - Monique Weemstra
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional BiodiversityInstitute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 21-23Leipzig04103Germany
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of EcologyUniversity of Georgia140 E. Green StreetAthensGA30602USA
| | - Larry M. York
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy InnovationOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Sarah A. Batterman
- School of Geography and Priestley International Centre for ClimateUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem StudiesMillbrookNY12545USA
| | - Moemy Gomes de Moraes
- Department of BotanyInstitute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Goiás1974690-900Goiânia, GoiásBrazil
| | - Štěpán Janeček
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley (Perth)WA 6009Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley (Perth)WAAustralia
| | - Verity Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
| | - M. Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree ScienceMorton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53LisleIL60532USA
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González-Olalla JM, Medina-Sánchez JM, Norici A, Carrillo P. Regulation of Phagotrophy by Prey, Low Nutrients, and Low Light in the Mixotrophic Haptophyte Isochrysis galbana. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:981-993. [PMID: 33661311 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophy combines autotrophy and phagotrophy in the same cell. However, it is not known to what extent the phagotrophy influences metabolism, cell composition, and growth. In this work, we assess, on the one hand (first test), the role of phagotrophy on the elemental and biochemical composition, cell metabolism, and enzymes related to C, N, and S metabolism of Isochrysis galbana Parke, 1949. On the other hand, we study how a predicted increase of phagotrophy under environmental conditions of low nutrients (second test) and low light (third test) can affect its metabolism and growth. Our results for the first test revealed that bacterivory increased the phosphorous and iron content per cell, accelerating cell division and improving the cell fitness; in addition, the stimulation of some C and N enzymatic routes help to maintain, to some degree, compositional homeostasis. Under nutrient or light scarcity, I. galbana grew more slowly despite greater bacterial consumption, and the activities of key enzymes involved in C, N, and S metabolism changed according to a predominantly phototrophic strategy of nutrition in this alga. Contrary to recent studies, the stimulation of phagotrophy under low nutrient and low irradiance did not imply greater and more efficient C flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel González-Olalla
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
- University Institute of Water research, University of Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Medina-Sánchez
- University Institute of Water research, University of Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alessandra Norici
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Presentación Carrillo
- University Institute of Water research, University of Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Yagame T, Lallemand F, Selosse MA, Funabiki E, Yukawa T. Mycobiont diversity and first evidence of mixotrophy associated with Psathyrellaceae fungi in the chlorophyllous orchid Cremastra variabilis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:1213-1224. [PMID: 34405353 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophy (MX, also called partial mycoheterotrophy) in plants is characterized by isotopic abundances that differ from those of autotrophs. Previous studies have evaluated mycoheterotrophy in MX plants associated with fungi of similar ecological characteristics, but little is known about the differences in the relative abundances of 13C and 15N in an orchid species that associates with several different mycobionts species. Since the chlorophyllous orchid Cremastra variabilis Nakai associates with various fungi with different ecologies, we hypothesized that it may change its relative abundances of 13C and 15N depending on the associated mycobionts. We investigated mycobiont diversity in the chlorophyllous orchid C. variabilis together with the relative abundance of 13C and 15N and morphological underground differentiation (presence or absence of a mycorhizome with fungal colonization). Rhizoctonias (Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae, Sebacinales) were detected as the main mycobionts. High differences in δ13C values (- 34.7 to - 27.4 ‰) among individuals were found, in which the individuals associated with specific Psathyrellaceae showed significantly high relative abundance of 13C. In addition, Psathyrellaceae fungi were always detected on individuals with mycorhizomes. In the present study, MX orchid association with non-rhizoctonia saprobic fungi was confirmed, and the influence of mycobionts on morphological development and on relative abundance of 13C and 15N was discovered. Cremastra variabilis may increase opportunities to gain nutrients from diverse partners, in a bet-hedging plasticity that allows colonization of various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yagame
- Mizuho Town Museum, 316-5 Komagata Fujiyama, Mizuho, Nishitama, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Felix Lallemand
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Eriko Funabiki
- The Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yukawa
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
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Sturaro N, Hsieh YE, Chen Q, Wang P, Denis V. Trophic plasticity of mixotrophic corals under contrasting environments. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sturaro
- Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yunli Eric Hsieh
- Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Qi Chen
- Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Ling Wang
- Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
- Research Center for Future Earth National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Vianney Denis
- Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
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Burki F, Sandin MM, Jamy M. Diversity and ecology of protists revealed by metabarcoding. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1267-R1280. [PMID: 34637739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protists are the dominant eukaryotes in the biosphere where they play key functional roles. While protists have been studied for over a century, it is the high-throughput sequencing of molecular markers from environmental samples - the approach of metabarcoding - that has revealed just how diverse, and abundant, these small organisms are. Metabarcoding is now routine to survey environmental diversity, so data have rapidly accumulated from a multitude of environments and at different sampling scales. This mass of data has provided unprecedented opportunities to study the taxonomic and functional diversity of protists, and how this diversity is organised in space and time. Here, we use metabarcoding as a common thread to discuss the state of knowledge in protist diversity research, from technical considerations of the approach to important insights gained on diversity patterns and the processes that might have structured this diversity. In addition to these insights, we conclude that metabarcoding is on the verge of an exciting added dimension thanks to the maturation of high-throughput long-read sequencing, so that a robust eco-evolutionary framework of protist diversity is within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Burki
- Department of Organismal Biology (Systematic Biology), Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden; Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Miguel M Sandin
- Department of Organismal Biology (Systematic Biology), Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahwash Jamy
- Department of Organismal Biology (Systematic Biology), Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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Suetsugu K, Matsubayashi J. Subterranean morphology modulates the degree of mycoheterotrophy in a green orchid
Calypso bulbosa
exploiting wood‐decaying fungi. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology Graduate school of Science Kobe University Kobe Japan
| | - Jun Matsubayashi
- Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Societies Faculty of Science and Engineering Chuo University Tokyo Japan
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Song Y, Shen L, Zhang L, Li J, Chen M. Study of a hydrodynamic threshold system for controlling dinoflagellate blooms in reservoirs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116822. [PMID: 33677223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic conditions often affect the eutrophication process and play a key role in algal growth in reservoirs. A promising approach for controlling algal blooms in reservoirs is to create adverse hydrodynamic conditions by implementing reservoir operation strategies. However, research on this method is still nascent and does not support practical applications due to the lack of quantitative hydrodynamic thresholds. In this paper, field observations of algal growth from April 2015 to August 2016 were conducted, and a three-dimensional (3D) model that couples hydrodynamics and water temperatures for the Zipingpu Reservoir was established. Low flow velocities (V) and low Reynolds numbers (Re) in the Longchi tributary are favorable for dinoflagellate growth and accumulation, which can explain why dinoflagellate blooms are more likely to occur in the tributary. A temperature of 18-22 °C is considered a precondition for Peridiniopsis penardii blooms, suggesting that freshwater dinoflagellate species may prefer lower temperatures than marine dinoflagellate species. Shallow mixing layer depth (Zmix) is conducive to Peridiniopsis penardii gathering in the upper water layers and promotes growth. The shallow euphotic layer depth (Zeu) was speculated to promote the dominance of this species by stimulating its heterotrophy and inhibiting other algal autotrophy. Furthermore, a boundary line analysis was introduced to characterize the relationships between algal biomass and hydrodynamic indicators. Thus, the thresholds for V, Re, and Zmix/Zeu were determined to be 0.034 m s-1, 6.7 × 104, and 1.7, respectively. Either accelerating horizontal flow to exceed the thresholds of V and Re or facilitating vertical mixing to exceed the threshold of Zmix/Zeu can prevent dinoflagellate blooms. Therefore, the summarized hydrodynamic threshold system is suggested to be an effective standard for controlling dinoflagellate blooms in the reservoir. Moreover, this study can provide a useful reference for understanding the mechanism of freshwater dinoflagellate blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Institute of Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering and St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lian Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Linglei Zhang
- Institute of Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Institute of Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Chen
- Institute of Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Huffmyer AS, Johnson CJ, Epps AM, Lemus JD, Gates RD. Feeding and thermal conditioning enhance coral temperature tolerance in juvenile Pocillopora acuta. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210644. [PMID: 34084554 PMCID: PMC8150050 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Scleractinian corals form the foundation of coral reefs by acquiring autotrophic nutrition from photosynthetic endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) and use feeding to obtain additional nutrition, especially when the symbiosis is compromised (i.e. bleaching). Juvenile corals are vulnerable to stress due to low energetic reserves and high demand for growth, which is compounded when additional stressors occur. Therefore, conditions that favour energy acquisition and storage may enhance survival under stressful conditions. To investigate the influence of feeding on thermal tolerance, we exposed Pocillopora acuta juveniles to temperature (ambient, 27.4°C versus cool, 25.9°C) and feeding treatments (fed versus unfed) for 30 days post-settlement and monitored growth and physiology, followed by tracking survival under thermal stress. Feeding increased growth and resulted in thicker tissues and elevated symbiont fluorescence. Under high-temperature stress (31-60 days post-settlement; ca 30.1°C), corals that were fed and previously exposed to cool temperature had 33% higher survival than other treatment groups. These corals demonstrated reduced symbiont fluorescence, which may have provided protective effects under thermal stress. These results highlight that the impacts of feeding on coral physiology and stress tolerance are dependent on temperature and as oceans continue to warm, early life stages may experience shifts in feeding strategies to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana S. Huffmyer
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Colton J. Johnson
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Ashleigh M. Epps
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Judith D. Lemus
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Ruth D. Gates
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
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Jimenez V, Burns JA, Le Gall F, Not F, Vaulot D. No evidence of Phago-mixotropy in Micromonas polaris (Mamiellophyceae), the Dominant Picophytoplankton Species in the Arctic. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:435-446. [PMID: 33394518 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the Arctic Ocean, the small green alga Micromonas polaris dominates picophytoplankton during the summer months but is also present in winter. It has been previously hypothesized to be phago-mixotrophic (capable of bacteria ingestion) based on laboratory and field experiments. Prey uptake was analyzed in several M. polaris strains isolated from different regions and depths of the Arctic Ocean and in Ochromonas triangulata, a known phago-mixotroph used as a control. Measuring ingestion of either fluorescent beads or fluorescently labeled bacteria by flow cytometry, we found no evidence of phago-mixotrophy in any M. polaris strain while O. triangulata was ingesting both beads and bacteria. In addition, in silico predictions revealed that members of the genus Micromonas lack a genetic signature of phagocytotic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Jimenez
- Ecology of Marine Plankton, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - John A Burns
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - Florence Le Gall
- Ecology of Marine Plankton, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Fabrice Not
- Ecology of Marine Plankton, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Daniel Vaulot
- Ecology of Marine Plankton, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, 29680, France
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Mammone M, Ferrier-Pagés C, Lavorano S, Rizzo L, Piraino S, Rossi S. High photosynthetic plasticity may reinforce invasiveness of upside-down zooxanthellate jellyfish in Mediterranean coastal waters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248814. [PMID: 33739995 PMCID: PMC7978352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological profiling of non-native species is essential to predict their dispersal and invasiveness potential across different areas of the world. Cassiopea is a monophyletic taxonomic group of scyphozoan mixotrophic jellyfish including C. andromeda, a recent colonizer of sheltered, shallow-water habitats of the Mediterranean Sea, such as harbors and other light-limited, eutrophic coastal habitats. To assess the ecophysiological plasticity of Cassiopea jellyfish and their potential to spread across the Mare Nostrum by secondary introductions, we investigated rapid photosynthetic responses of jellyfish to irradiance transitions—from reduced to increased irradiance conditions (as paradigm of transition from harbors to coastal, meso/oligotrophic habitats). Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out to compare oxygen fluxes and photobiological variables in Cassiopea sp. immature specimens pre-acclimated to low irradiance (PAR = 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and specimens rapidly exposed to higher irradiance levels (PAR = 500 μmol photons m−2 s−1). Comparable photosynthetic potential and high photosynthetic rates were measured at both irradiance values, as also shown by the rapid light curves. No significant differences were observed in terms of symbiont abundance between control and treated specimens. However, jellyfish kept at the low irradiance showed a higher content in chlorophyll a and c (0.76±0.51SD vs 0.46±0.13SD mg g-1 AFDW) and a higher Ci (amount of chlorophyll per cell) compared to jellyfish exposed to higher irradiance levels. The ratio between gross photosynthesis and respiration (P:R) was >1, indicating a significant input from the autotrophic metabolism. Cassiopea sp. specimens showed high photosynthetic performances, at both low and high irradiance, demonstrating high potential to adapt to sudden changes in light exposure. Such photosynthetic plasticity, combined with Cassiopea eurythermal tolerance and mixotrophic behavior, jointly suggest the upside-down jellyfish as a potentially successful invader in the scenario of a warming Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mammone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- * E-mail: (MM); (SP); (SR)
| | | | | | - Lucia Rizzo
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Piraino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- CoNISMa, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (MM); (SP); (SR)
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- CoNISMa, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
- Labomar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MM); (SP); (SR)
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38
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Marangoni LFDB, Rottier C, Ferrier-Pagès C. Symbiont regulation in Stylophora pistillata during cold stress: an acclimation mechanism against oxidative stress and severe bleaching. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.235275. [PMID: 33431596 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.235275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Widespread coral bleaching and mortality, leading to coral reef decline, have been mainly associated with climate-change-driven increases in sea surface temperature. However, bleaching and mortality events have also been related to decreases in sea surface temperature, with cold stress events (e.g. La Niña events) being expected to increase in frequency or intensity as a result of a changing climate. Cold stress creates physiological symptoms in symbiotic reef-building corals similar to those observed when they are heat stressed, and the biochemical mechanisms underpinning cold stress in corals have been suggested to be related to an oxidative stress condition. However, up to now, this hypothesis had not been tested. This study assessed how short and long cold excursions in seawater temperature affect the physiology and biochemical processes related to oxidative stress in the reef-building coral Stylophora pistillata We provide, for the first time, direct evidence that the mechanisms underpinning cold stress and bleaching are related to the production of reactive oxygen species, and that rapid expulsion of a significant proportion of the symbiont population by the host during cooling conditions is an acclimation mechanism to avoid oxidative stress and, ultimately, severe bleaching. Furthermore, this study is one of the first to show that upwelling conditions (short-term cold stress+nutrient enrichment) can provoke a more severe oxidative stress condition in corals than cold stress alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecile Rottier
- Marine Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco MC-98000, Principality of Monaco
| | - Christine Ferrier-Pagès
- Marine Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco MC-98000, Principality of Monaco
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Jacquemyn H, Brys R, Waud M, Evans A, Figura T, Selosse MA. Mycorrhizal Communities and Isotope Signatures in Two Partially Mycoheterotrophic Orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:618140. [PMID: 33633765 PMCID: PMC7901878 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.618140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Partial mycoheterotrophy, the ability of plants to obtain carbon from fungi throughout their life cycle in combination with photosynthesis, appears to be more common within the Plant Kingdom than previously anticipated. Recent studies using stable isotope analyses have indicated that isotope signatures in partially mycoheterotrophic plants vary widely among species, but the relative contributions of family- or species-specific characteristics and the identity of the fungal symbionts to the observed differences remain unclear. Here, we investigated in detail mycorrhizal communities and isotopic signatures in four co-occurring terrestrial orchids (Platanthera chlorantha, Epipactis helleborine, E. neglecta and the mycoheterotrophic Neottia nidus-avis). All investigated species were mycorrhizal generalists (i.e., associated with a large number of fungi simultaneously), but mycorrhizal communities differed significantly between species. Mycorrhizal communities associating with the two Epipactis species consisted of a wide range of fungi belonging to different families, whereas P. chlorantha and N. nidus-avis associated mainly with Ceratobasidiaceae and Sebacinaceae species, respectively. Isotopic signatures differed significantly between both Epipactis species, with E. helleborine showing near autotrophic behavior and E. neglecta showing significant enrichment in both carbon and nitrogen. No significant differences in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were observed between the two partially mycoheterotrophic orchids, despite significant differences in isotopic signatures. Our results demonstrate that partially mycoheterotrophic orchids of the genus Epipactis formed mycorrhizas with a wide diversity of fungi from different fungal families, but variation in mycorrhizal community composition was not related to isotope signatures and thus transfer of C and N to the plant. We conclude that the observed differences in isotope signatures between E. helleborine and E. neglecta cannot solely be explained by differences in mycorrhizal communities, but most likely reflect a combination of inherent physiological differences and differences in mycorrhizal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rein Brys
- Research Institute for Forest and Nature, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Michael Waud
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Evans
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomáš Figura
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Hoshina R, Tsukii Y, Harumoto T, Suzaki T. Characterization of a green Stentor with symbiotic algae growing in an extremely oligotrophic environment and storing large amounts of starch granules in its cytoplasm. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2865. [PMID: 33536497 PMCID: PMC7859197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Stentor is a relatively well-known ciliate owing to its lucid trumpet shape. Stentor pyriformis represents a green, short, and fat Stentor, but it is a little-known species. We investigated 124 ponds and wetlands in Japan and confirmed the presence of S. pyriformis at 23 locations. All these ponds were noticeably oligotrophic. With the improvement of oligotrophic culture conditions, we succeeded in long-term cultivation of three strains of S. pyriformis. The cytoplasm of S. piriformis contains a large number of 1-3 μm refractive granules that turn brown by Lugol's staining. The granules also show a typical Maltese-cross pattern by polarization microscopy, strongly suggesting that the granules are made of amylopectin-rich starch. By analyzing the algal rDNA, it was found that all S. pyriformis symbionts investigated in this study were Chlorella variabilis. This species is known as the symbiont of Paramecium bursaria and is physiologically specialized for endosymbiosis. Genetic discrepancies between C. variabilis of S. pyriformis and P. bursaria may indicate that algal sharing was an old incident. Having symbiotic algae and storing carbohydrate granules in the cytoplasm is considered a powerful strategy for this ciliate to withstand oligotrophic and cold winter environments in highland bogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hoshina
- grid.419056.f0000 0004 1793 2541Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Tamura 1266, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829 Japan
| | - Yuuji Tsukii
- grid.257114.40000 0004 1762 1436Laboratory of Biological Science, Hosei University, 2-17-1 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8160 Japan
| | - Terue Harumoto
- grid.174568.90000 0001 0059 3836Research Group of Biological Sciences, Division of Natural Sciences, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506 Japan
| | - Toshinobu Suzaki
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
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Tracing the Trophic Plasticity of the Coral-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis Using Amino Acid Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010182. [PMID: 33466994 PMCID: PMC7830491 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates is one of the most well-known nutritional symbioses, but nowadays it is threatened by global changes. Nutritional exchanges are critical to understanding the performance of this symbiosis under stress conditions. Here, compound-specific δ15N and δ13C values of amino acids (δ15NAA and δ13CAA) were assessed in autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic holobionts as diagnostic tools to follow nutritional interactions between the partners. Contrary to what was expected, heterotrophy was mainly traced through the δ15N of the symbiont’s amino acids (AAs), suggesting that symbionts directly profit from host heterotrophy. The trophic index (TP) ranged from 1.1 to 2.3 from autotrophic to heterotrophic symbionts. In addition, changes in TP across conditions were more significant in the symbionts than in the host. The similar δ13C-AAs signatures of host and symbionts further suggests that symbiont-derived photosynthates are the main source of carbon for AAs synthesis. Symbionts, therefore, appear to be a key component in the AAs biosynthetic pathways, and might, via this obligatory function, play an essential role in the capacity of corals to withstand environmental stress. These novel findings highlight important aspects of the nutritional exchanges in the coral–dinoflagellates symbiosis. In addition, they feature δ15NAA as a useful tool for studies regarding the nutritional exchanges within the coral–symbiodiniaceae symbiosis.
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42
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Djeghri N, Pondaven P, Stockenreiter M, Behl S, Huang JYT, Hansen T, Patris S, Ucharm G, Stibor H. Isotopic and elemental compositions reveal density‐dependent nutrition pathways in a population of mixotrophic jellyfish. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Djeghri
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, LEMAR Institut Unversitaire Européen, IUEMUniversité de Brest, UBO Rue Dumont d'Urville Plouzané29280France
| | - Philippe Pondaven
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, LEMAR Institut Unversitaire Européen, IUEMUniversité de Brest, UBO Rue Dumont d'Urville Plouzané29280France
| | - Maria Stockenreiter
- Department Biologie II, Aquatische Ökologie Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Großhaderner Str. 2 Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
| | - Stephan Behl
- Department Biologie II, Aquatische Ökologie Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Großhaderner Str. 2 Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
| | - Jessica Y. T. Huang
- Department Biologie II, Aquatische Ökologie Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Großhaderner Str. 2 Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Department of Marine Ecology GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielExperimental Ecology‐Food Webs Düsternbrooker Weg 20 Kiel24015Germany
| | - Sharon Patris
- Coral Reef Research Foundation PO Box 1765 Koror PW96940Palau
| | - Gerda Ucharm
- Coral Reef Research Foundation PO Box 1765 Koror PW96940Palau
| | - Herwig Stibor
- Department Biologie II, Aquatische Ökologie Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Großhaderner Str. 2 Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
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43
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Schneider LK, Anestis K, Mansour J, Anschütz AA, Gypens N, Hansen PJ, John U, Klemm K, Martin JL, Medic N, Not F, Stolte W. A dataset on trophic modes of aquatic protists. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e56648. [PMID: 33177947 PMCID: PMC7599203 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e56648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An important functional trait of organisms is their trophic mode. It determines their position within food webs, as well as their function within an ecosystem. For the better part of the 20th century, aquatic protist communities were thought to consist mainly of producers (phytoplankton) and consumers (protozooplankton). Phytoplankton cover their energy requirements through photosynthesis (phototrophy), while protozooplankton graze on prey and organic particles (phagotrophy). However, over the past decades, it was shown that another trophic group (mixoplankton) comprise a notable part of aquatic protist communities. Mixoplankton employ a third trophic mode by combining phototrophy and phagotrophy (mixotrophy). Due to the historical dichotomy, it is not straightforward to gain adequate and correct information on the trophic mode of aquatic protists. Long hours of literature research or expert knowledge are needed to correctly assign trophic modes. Additionally, aquatic protists also have a long history of undergoing taxonomic changes which make it difficult to compare past and present literature. While WoRMS, the World Register of Marine Species, keeps track of the taxonomic changes and assigns each species a unique AphiaID that can be linked to its various historic and present taxonomic hierarchy, there is currently no machine-readable database to query aquatic protists for their trophic modes. New information This paper describes a dataset that was submitted to WoRMS and links aquatic protist taxa, with a focus on marine taxa, to their AphiaID and their trophic mode. The bulk of the data used for this dataset stems from (routine) monitoring stations in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The data were augmented and checked against state-of-the-art knowledge on mixoplankton taxa by consulting literature and experts. Thus, this dataset provides a first attempt to make the trophic mode of aquatic protists easily accessible in both a human- and machine-readable format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Schneider
- Deltares, Delft, Netherlands Deltares Delft Netherlands.,Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Konstantinos Anestis
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven Germany
| | - Joost Mansour
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, Roscoff, France Sorbonne University, CNRS Roscoff France
| | - Anna A Anschütz
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom.,Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gypens
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Per J Hansen
- Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Oldenburg, Germany Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity Oldenburg Germany
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven Germany
| | - Jon Lapeya Martin
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Nikola Medic
- Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Willem Stolte
- Deltares, Delft, Netherlands Deltares Delft Netherlands
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44
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Matsuda Y, Yamaguchi Y, Matsuo N, Uesugi T, Ito J, Yagame T, Figura T, Selosse MA, Hashimoto Y. Communities of mycorrhizal fungi in different trophic types of Asiatic Pyrola japonica sensu lato (Ericaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:841-853. [PMID: 33099700 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophic plants obtain carbon by their own photosynthetic activity and from their root-associated mycorrhizal fungi. Mixotrophy is deemed a pre-adaptation for evolution of mycoheterotrophic nutrition, where plants fully depend on fungi and lose their photosynthetic activity. The aim of this study was to clarify mycorrhizal dependency and heterotrophy level in various phenotypes of mixotrophic Pyrola japonica (Ericaceae), encompassing green individuals, rare achlorophyllous variants (albinos) and a form with minute leaves, P. japonica f. subaphylla. These three phenotypes were collected in two Japanese forests. Phylogenetic analysis of both plants and mycorrhizal fungi was conducted based on DNA barcoding. Enrichment in 13C among organs (leaves, stems and roots) of the phenotypes with reference plants and fungal fruitbodies were compared by measuring stable carbon isotopic ratio. All plants were placed in the same clade, with f. subaphylla as a separate subclade. Leaf 13C abundances of albinos were congruent with a fully mycoheterotrophic nutrition, suggesting that green P. japonica leaves are 36.8% heterotrophic, while rhizomes are 74.0% heterotrophic. There were no significant differences in δ13C values among organs in both albino P. japonica and P. japonica f. subaphylla, suggesting full and high mycoheterotrophic nutrition, respectively. Among 55 molecular operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected as symbionts, the genus Russula was the most abundant in each phenotype and its dominance was significantly higher in albino P. japonica and P. japonica f. subaphylla. Russula spp. detected in P. japonica f. subaphylla showed higher dissimilarity with other phenotypes. These results suggest that P. japonica sensu lato is prone to evolve mycoheterotrophic variants, in a process that changes its mycorrhizal preferences, especially towards the genus Russula for which this species has a marked preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Naoko Matsuo
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Uesugi
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Junko Ito
- Natural History Museum and Institute, Aoba-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8682, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yagame
- Mizuho Municipal Museum, 316-5 Kamagata-fujisan, Mizuho-machi, Tokyo, 190-1202, Japan
| | - Tomáš Figura
- Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Institut de Systématique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Institut de Systématique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Yasushi Hashimoto
- Agro-Environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
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45
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Endo H, Blanc-Mathieu R, Li Y, Salazar G, Henry N, Labadie K, de Vargas C, Sullivan MB, Bowler C, Wincker P, Karp-Boss L, Sunagawa S, Ogata H. Biogeography of marine giant viruses reveals their interplay with eukaryotes and ecological functions. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1639-1649. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01288-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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46
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Hatté C, Zazzo A, Selosse MA. The radiocarbon age of mycoheterotrophic plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1284-1288. [PMID: 32441806 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hatté
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212 CEA CNRS UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoine Zazzo
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP56, 55 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, SU, EPHE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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47
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Metegnier G, Paulino S, Ramond P, Siano R, Sourisseau M, Destombe C, Le Gac M. Species specific gene expression dynamics during harmful algal blooms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6182. [PMID: 32277155 PMCID: PMC7148311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms are caused by specific members of microbial communities. Understanding the dynamics of these events requires comparing the strategies developed by the problematic species to cope with environmental fluctuations to the ones developed by the other members of the community. During three consecutive years, the meta-transcriptome of micro-eukaryote communities was sequenced during blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. The dataset was analyzed to investigate species specific gene expression dynamics. Major shifts in gene expression were explained by the succession of different species within the community. Although expression patterns were strongly correlated with fluctuation of the abiotic environment, and more specifically with nutrient concentration, transcripts specifically involved in nutrient uptake and metabolism did not display extensive changes in gene expression. Compared to the other members of the community, A. minutum displayed a very specific expression pattern, with lower expression of photosynthesis transcripts and central metabolism genes (TCA cycle, glucose metabolism, glycolysis…) and contrasting expression pattern of ion transporters across environmental conditions. These results suggest the importance of mixotrophy, cell motility and cell-to-cell interactions during A. minutum blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Metegnier
- French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, Ifremer DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280, Plouzané, France.,CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UC, UaCh, UMI 3614, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Sauvann Paulino
- French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, Ifremer DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Pierre Ramond
- French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, Ifremer DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280, Plouzané, France.,CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Raffaele Siano
- French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, Ifremer DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Marc Sourisseau
- French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, Ifremer DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Destombe
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UC, UaCh, UMI 3614, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Mickael Le Gac
- French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, Ifremer DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280, Plouzané, France.
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48
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Suetsugu K, Matsubayashi J, Ogawa NO, Murata S, Sato R, Tomimatsu H. Isotopic evidence of arbuscular mycorrhizal cheating in a grassland gentian species. Oecologia 2020; 192:929-937. [PMID: 32172377 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
All orchids and pyroloids are mycoheterotrophic at least in the early stage. Many species are predisposed to mycoheterotrophic nutrition even in the adult stage, due to the initial mycoheterotrophy during germination. Although other green plants, such as gentian species, also produce numerous minute seeds, whose germination may depend on fungal associations to meet C demands, physiological evidence for partial mycoheterotrophy in the adult stage is lacking for most candidate taxa. Here, we compared the natural abundances of 13C and 15N isotopes in the AM-associated gentian species Pterygocalyx volubilis growing in high-light-intensity habitats with those of co-occurring autotrophic C3 and C4 plants and AM fungal spores. We found that P. volubilis was significantly enriched in 13C compared with the surrounding C3 plants, which suggests the transfer of some C from the surrounding autotrophic plants through shared AM networks. In addition, the intermediate δ15N values of P. volubilis, between those of autotrophic plants and AM fungal spores, provide further evidence for partial mycoheterotrophy in P. volubilis. Although it is often considered that light deficiency selects partial mycoheterotrophy, we show that partial mycoheterotrophy in AM-forming plants can evolve even under light-saturated conditions. The fact that there have been relatively few descriptions of partial mycoheterotrophy in AM plants may not necessarily reflect the rarity of such associations. In conclusion, partial mycoheterotrophy in AM plants may be more common than hitherto believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Jun Matsubayashi
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nanako O Ogawa
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoe Murata
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Risa Sato
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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49
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Wilken S, Choi CJ, Worden AZ. Contrasting Mixotrophic Lifestyles Reveal Different Ecological Niches in Two Closely Related Marine Protists. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:52-67. [PMID: 31529498 PMCID: PMC7065223 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many marine microbial eukaryotes combine photosynthetic with phagotrophic nutrition, but incomplete understanding of such mixotrophic protists, their functional diversity, and underlying physiological mechanisms limits the assessment and modeling of their roles in present and future ocean ecosystems. We developed an experimental system to study responses of mixotrophic protists to availability of living prey and light, and used it to characterize contrasting physiological strategies in two stramenopiles in the genus Ochromonas. We show that oceanic isolate CCMP1393 is an obligate mixotroph, requiring both light and prey as complementary resources. Interdependence of photosynthesis and heterotrophy in CCMP1393 comprises a significant role of mitochondrial respiration in photosynthetic electron transport. In contrast, coastal isolate CCMP2951 is a facultative mixotroph that can substitute photosynthesis by phagotrophy and hence grow purely heterotrophically in darkness. In contrast to CCMP1393, CCMP2951 also exhibits a marked photoprotection response that integrates non-photochemical quenching and mitochondrial respiration as electron sink for photosynthetically produced reducing equivalents. Facultative mixotrophs similar to CCMP2951 might be well adapted to variable environments, while obligate mixotrophs similar to CCMP1393 appear capable of resource efficient growth in oligotrophic ocean environments. Thus, the responses of these phylogenetically close protists to the availability of different resources reveals niche differentiation that influences impacts in food webs and leads to opposing carbon cycle roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wilken
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute7700 Sandholdt RoadMoss LandingCalifornia95039USA
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 904Amsterdam1098 XHThe Netherlands
| | - Chang Jae Choi
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute7700 Sandholdt RoadMoss LandingCalifornia95039USA
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology UnitGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchDüsternbrooker Weg 20Kiel24105Germany
| | - Alexandra Z. Worden
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute7700 Sandholdt RoadMoss LandingCalifornia95039USA
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology UnitGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchDüsternbrooker Weg 20Kiel24105Germany
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50
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Fu HY, Liu SL, Chiang YR. Biosynthesis of Ascorbic Acid as a Glucose-Induced Photoprotective Process in the Extremophilic Red Alga Galdieria partita. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3005. [PMID: 31993036 PMCID: PMC6971183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extremophilic red alga Galdieria partita is a facultative heterotroph that occupies mostly low-light microhabitats. However, the exceptional detection of abundant populations of G. partita in sunlight-exposed soil raises the possibility that exogenous organic carbon sources protect cells from photo-oxidative damage. The present study aimed to identify the photoprotective process activated by exogenous glucose under photo-oxidative stress. We demonstrated that exogenous glucose mitigated the photo-oxidative damage of cells exposed to 300 μmol photons m–2 s–1 photosynthetic active radiation. Photosynthesis carbon assimilation scarcely contributed to the cell growth in the presence of glucose, but the photosynthetic apparatus was nevertheless maintained and protected by glucose in a concentration-dependent manner. Supplementation of glucose increased expression of the L-gulonolactone oxidase gene essential for ascorbic acid biosynthesis, whereas no enhanced expression of the genes involved in carotenoid or tocopherol biosynthesis was observed. Under the photo-oxidative stress condition, the ascorbic acid content was strongly enhanced by exogenous glucose. We propose that the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid is one of the major photoprotective processes induced by exogenous glucose. The elucidation of how ascorbic acid is involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species provides key insights into the photoprotective mechanism in red algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yi Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Lun Liu
- Department of Life Science and Center for Ecology and Environment, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ru Chiang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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