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Shannon CE, Bakewell T, Fourcaudot MJ, Ayala I, Romero G, Asmis M, Lima LCF, Wallace M, Norton L. Sex-dependent adipose glucose partitioning by the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.11.593540. [PMID: 38798427 PMCID: PMC11118482 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.11.593540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Objective The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) occupies a critical node in intermediary metabolism, prompting interest in its utility as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Dysregulated nutrient metabolism in adipose tissue is a prominent feature of obesity pathophysiology, yet the functional role of adipose MPC has not been explored. We investigated whether the MPC shapes the adaptation of adipose tissue to dietary stress in female and male mice. Methods The impact of pharmacological and genetic disruption of the MPC on mitochondrial pathways of triglyceride assembly (lipogenesis and glyceroneogenesis) was assessed in 3T3L1 adipocytes and murine adipose explants, combined with analyses of adipose MPC expression in metabolically compromised humans. Whole-body and adipose-specific glucose metabolism were subsequently investigated in male and female mice lacking adipocyte MPC1 (Mpc1AD-/-) and fed either standard chow, high-fat western style, or high-sucrose lipid restricted diets for 24 weeks, using a combination of radiolabeled tracers and GC/MS metabolomics. Results Treatment with UK5099 or siMPC1 impaired the synthesis of lipids and glycerol-3-phosphate from pyruvate and blunted triglyceride accumulation in 3T3L1 adipocytes, whilst MPC expression in human adipose tissue was negatively correlated with indices of whole-body and adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction. Mature adipose explants from Mpc1AD-/- mice were intrinsically incapable of incorporating pyruvate into triglycerides. In vivo, MPC deletion restricted the incorporation of circulating glucose into adipose triglycerides, but only in female mice fed a zero fat diet, and this associated with sex-specific reductions in tricarboxylic acid cycle pool sizes and compensatory transcriptional changes in lipogenic and glycerol metabolism pathways. However, whole-body adiposity and metabolic health were preserved in Mpc1AD-/- mice regardless of sex, even under conditions of zero dietary fat. Conclusion These findings highlight the greater capacity for mitochondrially driven triglyceride assembly in adipose from female versus male mice and expose a reliance upon MPC-gated metabolism for glucose partitioning in female adipose under conditions of dietary lipid restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Shannon
- UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Terry Bakewell
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marcel J Fourcaudot
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Iriscilla Ayala
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Giovanna Romero
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mara Asmis
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Leandro C Freitas Lima
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- UCD Conway Institute, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke Norton
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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2
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Li P, Tong T, Shao X, Han Y, Zhang M, Li Y, Lv X, Li H, Li Z. The synergism of Lactobacillaceae, inulin, polyglucose, and aerobic exercise ameliorates hyperglycemia by modulating the gut microbiota community and the metabolic profiles in db/db mice. Food Funct 2024; 15:4832-4851. [PMID: 38623620 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04642g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of Lactobacillaceae (L or H represents a low or high dose), inulin (I), and polydextrose (P) combined with aerobic exercise (A) on the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles in db/db mice. After a 12-week intervention, LIP, LIPA, and HIPA groups exhibited significant improvements in hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, inflammatory response, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and blood lipid levels compared to type 2 diabetes mice (MC). After treatment, the gut microbiota composition shifted favorably in the treatment groups which significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Blautia, Akkermansia, and Faecalibaculum, and significantly decreased the abundance of Proteus. Metabolomics analysis showed that compared to the MC group, the contents of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-hydroxysebacic acid, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), xanthine and hypoxanthine were significantly decreased, while 3-ketosphinganine, sphinganine, and sphingosine were significantly increased in the LIP and LIPA groups, respectively. Additionally, LIP and LIPA not only improved sphingolipid metabolism and purine metabolism pathways but also activated AMP-activated protein kinase to promote β-oxidation by increasing the levels of SCFAs. Faecalibaculum, Blautia, Bacteroides, and Akkermansia exhibited positive correlations with sphingosine, 3-ketosphinganine, and sphinganine, and exhibited negative correlations with hypoxanthine, xanthine and AMP. Faecalibaculum, Blautia, Bacteroides, and Akkermansia may have the potential to improve sphingolipid metabolism and purine metabolism pathways. These findings suggest that the synergism of Lactobacillaceae, inulin, polydextrose, and aerobic exercise provides a promising strategy for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifan Li
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China.
| | - Tong Tong
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China.
| | - Xinyu Shao
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China.
| | - Yan Han
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China.
| | - Michael Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Sino Canada Health Engineering Research Institute, Hefei, China
| | - Yongli Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Xue Lv
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Hao Li
- Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
| | - Zuming Li
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China.
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Muller C, Lacroix-Malgras V, Kluza J, Laine W, Güler Y, Bost F, Boisbrun M, Mazerbourg S, Flament S. The troglitazone derivative EP13 disrupts energy metabolism through respiratory chain complex I inhibition in breast cancer cells and potentiates the antiproliferative effect of glycolysis inhibitors. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:132. [PMID: 38594745 PMCID: PMC11005237 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolism of cancer cells generally differs from that of normal cells. Indeed, most cancer cells have a high rate of glycolysis, even at normal oxygen concentrations. These metabolic properties can potentially be exploited for therapeutic intervention. In this context, we have developed troglitazone derivatives to treat hormone-sensitive and triple-negative breast cancers, which currently lack therapeutic targets, have an aggressive phenotype, and often have a worse prognosis than other subtypes. Here, we studied the metabolic impact of the EP13 compound, a desulfured derivative of Δ2-troglitazone that we synthetized and is more potent than its parent compounds. METHODS EP13 was tested on two triple-negative breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T, and on the luminal cell line MCF-7. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the treated cell lines, Hs578T mammospheres and isolated mitochondria was measured using the XFe24 Seahorse analyser. ROS production was quantified using the MitoSOX fluorescent probe. Glycolytic activity was evaluated through measurement of the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), glucose consumption and lactate production in extracellular medium. The synergistic effect of EP13 with glycolysis inhibitors (oxamate and 2-deoxyglucose) on cell cytotoxicity was established using the Chou-Talalay method. RESULTS After exposure to EP13, we observed a decrease in the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate in MCF7, MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells. EP13 also modified the maximal OCR of Hs578T spheroids. EP13 reduced the OCR through inhibition of respiratory chain complex I. After 24 h, ATP levels in EP13-treated cells were not altered compared with those in untreated cells, suggesting compensation by glycolysis activity, as shown by the increase in ECAR, the glucose consumption and lactate production. Finally, we performed co-treatments with EP13 and glycolysis inhibitors (oxamate and 2-DG) and observed that EP13 potentiated their cytotoxic effects. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that EP13 inhibits OXPHOS in breast cancer cells and potentiates the effect of glycolysis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Muller
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | | | - Jérôme Kluza
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pour la Recherche Sur le Cancer de Lille, UMR 9020 - UMR-S 1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - William Laine
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pour la Recherche Sur le Cancer de Lille, UMR 9020 - UMR-S 1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Yonca Güler
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Frédéric Bost
- Inserm U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team Cancer Metabolism, Environment, F-06200, Nice, France
| | | | - Sabine Mazerbourg
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France.
- CRAN, UMR 7039, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, BP 70239, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Bell DSH, Jerkins T. In praise of pioglitazone: An economically efficacious therapy for type 2 diabetes and other manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:3093-3102. [PMID: 37534526 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Pioglitazone improves glycaemic control, not only by lowering insulin resistance, but also by improving beta cell function. Because of the improved beta cell function the glycaemic control that occurs with pioglitazone is prolonged. Pioglitazone has positive effects not only on cardiac risk factors and surrogate measures of cardiovascular disease, it also lowers the incidence of cardiac events in patients with diabetes. The recurrence of transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke is also reduced in non-diabetic, insulin-resistant subjects. Utilized at preclinical stages (but not later) of heart failure, pioglitazone improves diastolic function and avoids progression to heart failure. Pioglitazone, through suppression of atrial remodelling, also decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation. The manifestations of diseases associated with insulin resistance (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and polycystic ovary disease) are also improved with pioglitazone. Pioglitazone may possibly improve psoriasis and other dermopathies. Pioglitazone is therefore an inexpensive and efficacious drug for the insulin-resistant subject with diabetes that is underutilized because of biases that have evolved from the toxicities of other thiazolidinediones.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S H Bell
- Department of Endocrinology, Southside Endocrinology, Irondale, Alabama, USA
| | - Terri Jerkins
- Department of Endocrinology, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Redondo-Flórez L, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Ramos-Campo DJ, Belinchón-deMiguel P, Martinez-Guardado I, Dalamitros AA, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Martín-Rodríguez A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Mitochondria and Brain Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Pathological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2488. [PMID: 37760929 PMCID: PMC10526226 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a vital role in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, regulating apoptosis, and controlling redox signaling. Dysfunction of mitochondria has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various brain diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and psychiatric illnesses. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationship between mitochondria and brain disease, focusing on the underlying pathological mechanisms and exploring potential therapeutic opportunities. The review covers key topics such as mitochondrial DNA mutations, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dynamics, calcium dysregulation, and reactive oxygen species generation in the context of brain disease. Additionally, it discusses emerging strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial protective agents, metabolic modulators, and gene therapy approaches. By critically analysing the existing literature and recent advancements, this review aims to enhance our understanding of the multifaceted role of mitochondria in brain disease and shed light on novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (J.F.T.-A.)
- Group de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Beltrán-Velasco
- Psychology Department, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y la Naturaleza, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Belinchón-deMiguel
- Department of Nursing and Nutrition, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | | | - Athanasios A. Dalamitros
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile;
| | - Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (J.F.T.-A.)
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6
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Zheng Y, Wang S, Wu J, Wang Y. Mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: new insights from pathogenic mechanisms to clinically targeted therapy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:510. [PMID: 37507803 PMCID: PMC10375703 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is among the most widespread metabolic disease globally, and its associated complications including insulin resistance and diabetes have become threatening conditions for human health. Previous studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were focused on the liver's lipid metabolism. However, growing evidence suggests that mitochondrial metabolism is involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD to varying degrees in several ways, for instance in cellular division, oxidative stress, autophagy, and mitochondrial quality control. Ultimately, liver function gradually declines as a result of mitochondrial dysfunction. The liver is unable to transfer the excess lipid droplets outside the liver. Therefore, how to regulate hepatic mitochondrial function to treat NAFLD has become the focus of current research. This review provides details about the intrinsic link of NAFLD with mitochondrial metabolism and the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunctions contribute to NAFLD progression. Given the crucial role of mitochondrial metabolism in NAFLD progression, the application potential of multiple mitochondrial function improvement modalities (including physical exercise, diabetic medications, small molecule agonists targeting Sirt3, and mitochondria-specific antioxidants) in the treatment of NAFLD was evaluated hoping to provide new insights into NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shiting Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jialiang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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7
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Asakawa M, Takagi N, Hamada D, Yamasaki Y, Katsuta H. Efficacy of 3 months of additional pioglitazone treatment in type 2 diabetes patients with alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetol Int 2023; 14:243-251. [PMID: 37397908 PMCID: PMC10307745 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-023-00619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Pioglitazone ameliorates liver dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, its efficacy in T2D patients with alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is unclear. Here, we conducted a retrospective single-center trial investigating whether pioglitazone ameliorates liver dysfunction in T2D patients with AFLD. T2D patients (n = 100) receiving 3 months of additional pioglitazone were divided into those with or without fatty liver (FL), and those with FL were further classified into AFLD (n = 21) and NAFLD (n = 57) groups. The effects of pioglitazone were compared across groups using medical record data on body weight changes; HbA1c, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) levels; and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index. The pioglitazone dose (mean dose: 10.6 ± 4.6 mg/day) did not affect weight gain but significantly decreased the HbA1c level in patients with or without FL (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). The decrease in HbA1c level was significantly more pronounced in patients with FL than in those without FL (P < 0.05). In patients with FL, the HbA1c, AST, ALT, and γ-GTP levels significantly decreased after pioglitazone treatment than before (P < 0.01). The AST and ALT levels, but not the γ-GTP level, and the FIB-4 index significantly decreased after pioglitazone addition in the AFLD group, similar to that in the NAFLD group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Similar effects were observed following low-dose pioglitazone treatment (≤ 7.5 mg/day) (P < 0.05) in T2D patients with AFLD and NAFLD. These results suggest that pioglitazone may be also an effective treatment option for T2D patients with AFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Asakawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, 2-14-23, Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Takagi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, 2-14-23, Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hamada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, 2-14-23, Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamasaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, 2-14-23, Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Katsuta
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, 2-14-23, Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Mallet D, Goutaudier R, Barbier EL, Carnicella S, Colca JR, Fauvelle F, Boulet S. Re-routing Metabolism by the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Inhibitor MSDC-0160 Attenuates Neurodegeneration in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6170-6182. [PMID: 35895232 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.17.476616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the idea that mitochondrial dysfunction might represent a key feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Central regulators of energy production, mitochondria, are also involved in several other essential functions such as cell death pathways and neuroinflammation which make them a potential therapeutic target for PD management. Interestingly, recent studies related to PD have reported a neuroprotective effect of targeting mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) by the insulin sensitizer MSDC-0160. As the sole point of entry of pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix, MPC plays a crucial role in energetic metabolism which is impacted in PD. This study therefore aimed at providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of MSDC-0160. We investigated behavioral, cellular, and metabolic impact of chronic MSDC-0160 treatment in unilateral 6-OHDA PD rats. We evaluated mitochondrially related processes through the expression of pivotal mitochondrial enzymes in dorsal striatal biopsies and the level of metabolites in serum samples using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)-based metabolomics. MSDC-0160 treatment in unilateral 6-OHDA rats improved motor behavior, decreased dopaminergic denervation, and reduced mTOR activity and neuroinflammation. Concomitantly, MSDC-0160 administration strongly modified energy metabolism as revealed by increased ketogenesis, beta oxidation, and glutamate oxidation to satisfy energy needs and maintain energy homeostasis. MSDC-0160 exerts its neuroprotective effect through reorganization of multiple pathways connected to energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mallet
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Raphael Goutaudier
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel L Barbier
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, US17, CNRS, UMS, 3552, CHU Grenoble Alpes IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastien Carnicella
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Florence Fauvelle
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, US17, CNRS, UMS, 3552, CHU Grenoble Alpes IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Sabrina Boulet
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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9
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Mallet D, Goutaudier R, Barbier EL, Carnicella S, Colca JR, Fauvelle F, Boulet S. Re-routing Metabolism by the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Inhibitor MSDC-0160 Attenuates Neurodegeneration in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6170-6182. [PMID: 35895232 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the idea that mitochondrial dysfunction might represent a key feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Central regulators of energy production, mitochondria, are also involved in several other essential functions such as cell death pathways and neuroinflammation which make them a potential therapeutic target for PD management. Interestingly, recent studies related to PD have reported a neuroprotective effect of targeting mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) by the insulin sensitizer MSDC-0160. As the sole point of entry of pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix, MPC plays a crucial role in energetic metabolism which is impacted in PD. This study therefore aimed at providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of MSDC-0160. We investigated behavioral, cellular, and metabolic impact of chronic MSDC-0160 treatment in unilateral 6-OHDA PD rats. We evaluated mitochondrially related processes through the expression of pivotal mitochondrial enzymes in dorsal striatal biopsies and the level of metabolites in serum samples using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)-based metabolomics. MSDC-0160 treatment in unilateral 6-OHDA rats improved motor behavior, decreased dopaminergic denervation, and reduced mTOR activity and neuroinflammation. Concomitantly, MSDC-0160 administration strongly modified energy metabolism as revealed by increased ketogenesis, beta oxidation, and glutamate oxidation to satisfy energy needs and maintain energy homeostasis. MSDC-0160 exerts its neuroprotective effect through reorganization of multiple pathways connected to energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mallet
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Raphael Goutaudier
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel L Barbier
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, US17, CNRS, UMS, 3552, CHU Grenoble Alpes IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastien Carnicella
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Florence Fauvelle
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, US17, CNRS, UMS, 3552, CHU Grenoble Alpes IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Sabrina Boulet
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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10
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The Association of lncRNA and mRNA Changes in Adipose Tissue with Improved Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Obese Diabetes Mellitus Rats after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8902916. [PMID: 35899178 PMCID: PMC9313968 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8902916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has shown good effects in improving obesity and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study explored the changes of related lncRNAs, mRNAs, and signaling pathways in white adipose tissue of T2DM rats after RYGB based on RNA-Seq sequencing, with the aim to provide a theoretical basis for RYGB treatment. Methods T2DM rat models were established by continuous feeding with a high-fat diet and injection of streptozotocin (STZ), after which they underwent RYGB or sham surgery. After the surgery, their body weight was measured weekly. Their fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting serum insulin (FSI) were also measured. A homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated at weeks 0, 8, and 12. Besides, white adipose tissue of T2DM rats was collected for RNA-Seq sequencing and validated by qRT-PCR. A series of bioinformatics analyses, such as differential expression genes (DEGs) screening, was performed. GO and KEGG functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction were conducted based on the sequencing data. Results RYGB surgery could significantly inhibit the weight growth rate and decrease the FBG, FSI, and HOMA-IR of T2DM rats. Bioinformatics analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) results revealed that 87 DE- lncRNAs (49 upregulated and 38 downregulated) and 1,824 DEGs (896 upregulated and 928 downregulated) were present in between the RYGB group and Sham group. GO and KEGG analysis showed that the target genes of DEGs and differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) were mainly associated with amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, channel activity, and other processes. In addition, the PPI network diagram also displayed that genes such as Fasn, Grin3a, and Nog could be key genes playing a role after RYGB. qRT-PCR showed that the expression level of Grin3a in the RYGB group was significantly increased compared with the Sham group, while the expression of Fasn and Nog was significantly decreased, which was consistent with the sequencing results. Conclusion Using RNA-Seq sequencing, this study revealed the changes of related lncRNAs, mRNAs, and signaling pathways in the white adipose tissue of T2DM rats after RYGB and identified Fasn, Grin3a, and Nog as potential key genes to function after RYGB.
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Shannon CE, Merovci A, Fourcaudot M, Tripathy D, Abdul-Ghani M, Wang H, Han X, Norton L, DeFronzo RA. Effects of Sustained Hyperglycemia on Skeletal Muscle Lipids in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3177-e3185. [PMID: 35552423 PMCID: PMC9282260 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sustained increases in plasma glucose promote skeletal muscle insulin resistance independent from obesity and dyslipidemia (ie, glucotoxicity). Skeletal muscle lipids are key molecular determinants of insulin action, yet their involvement in the development of glucotoxicity is unclear. OBJECTIVE To explore the impact of mild physiologic hyperglycemia on skeletal muscle lipids. DESIGN Single group pretest-posttest. PARTICIPANTS Healthy males and females with normal glucose tolerance. INTERVENTIONS 72-hour glucose infusion raising plasma glucose by ~50 mg/dL. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Skeletal muscle lipids, insulin sensitivity, lipid oxidation. RESULTS Despite impairing insulin-mediated glucose disposal and suppressing fasting lipid oxidation, hyperglycemia did not alter either the content or composition of skeletal muscle triglycerides, diacylglycerides, or phospholipids. Skeletal muscle ceramides decreased after glucose infusion, likely in response to a reduction in free fatty acid concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the major lipid pools in skeletal muscle are unperturbed by sustained increases in glucose availability and suggest that glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity drive insulin resistance through distinct mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Shannon
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurora Merovci
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marcel Fourcaudot
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Devjit Tripathy
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Audie L Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Muhammad Abdul-Ghani
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hu Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Luke Norton
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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12
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Lavynenko O, Abdul-Ghani M, Alatrach M, Puckett C, Adams J, Abdelgani S, Alkhouri N, Triplitt C, Clarke GD, Vasquez JA, Li J, Cersosimo E, Gastaldelli A, DeFronzo RA. Combination therapy with pioglitazone/exenatide/metformin reduces the prevalence of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis: The efficacy and durability of initial combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (EDICT). Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:899-907. [PMID: 35014145 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the efficacy of triple therapy (metformin/exenatide/pioglitazone) versus stepwise conventional therapy (metformin → glipizide → glargine insulin) on liver fat content and hepatic fibrosis in newly diagnosed, drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Sixty-eight patients completed the 6-year follow-up and had an end-of-study (EOS) FibroScan to provide measures of steatosis (controlled attenuation parameter [CAP] in dB/m) and fibrosis (liver stiffness measurement [LSM] in kPa); 59 had magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) to measure liver fat. RESULTS At EOS, HbA1c was 6.8% and 6.0% in triple and conventional therapy groups, respectively (P = .0006). Twenty-seven of 39 subjects (69%) receiving conventional therapy had grade 2/3 steatosis (CAP, FibroScan) versus nine of 29 (31%) in triple therapy (P = .0003). Ten of 39 (26%) subjects receiving conventional therapy had stage 3/4 fibrosis (LSM) versus two of 29 (7%) in triple therapy (P = .04). Conventional therapy subjects had more liver fat (MRI-PDFF) than triple therapy (12.9% vs. 8.8%, P = .03). The severity of steatosis (CAP) (r = 0.42, P < .001) and fibrosis (LSM) (r = -0.48, P < .001) correlated inversely with the Matsuda Index of insulin sensitivity, but not with percentage body fat. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NFS), plasma AST, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) all decreased significantly with triple therapy, but only the decrease in plasma AST and ALT correlated with the severity of steatosis and fibrosis at EOS. CONCLUSIONS At EOS, subjects with type 2 diabetes treated with triple therapy had less hepatic steatosis and fibrosis versus conventional therapy; the severity of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis were both strongly and inversely correlated with insulin resistance; and changes in liver fibrosis scores (APRI, NFS, Fibrosis-4, and AST/ALT ratio) have limited value in predicting response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lavynenko
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Muhammad Abdul-Ghani
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Mariam Alatrach
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Curtiss Puckett
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John Adams
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Siham Abdelgani
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Naim Alkhouri
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Curtis Triplitt
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Geoffrey D Clarke
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Juan A Vasquez
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jinqi Li
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Eugenio Cersosimo
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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Palavicini JP, Chavez-Velazquez A, Fourcaudot M, Tripathy D, Pan M, Norton L, DeFronzo RA, Shannon CE. The Insulin-Sensitizer Pioglitazone Remodels Adipose Tissue Phospholipids in Humans. Front Physiol 2021; 12:784391. [PMID: 34925073 PMCID: PMC8674727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.784391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-sensitizer pioglitazone exerts its cardiometabolic benefits in type 2 diabetes (T2D) through a redistribution of body fat, from ectopic and visceral areas to subcutaneous adipose depots. Whereas excessive weight gain and lipid storage in obesity promotes insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, the expansion of subcutaneous adipose by pioglitazone is associated with a reversal of these immunometabolic deficits. The precise events driving this beneficial remodeling of adipose tissue with pioglitazone remain unclear, and whether insulin-sensitizers alter the lipidomic composition of human adipose has not previously been investigated. Using shotgun lipidomics, we explored the molecular lipid responses in subcutaneous adipose tissue following 6months of pioglitazone treatment (45mg/day) in obese humans with T2D. Despite an expected increase in body weight following pioglitazone treatment, no robust effects were observed on the composition of storage lipids (i.e., triglycerides) or the content of lipotoxic lipid species (e.g., ceramides and diacylglycerides) in adipose tissue. Instead, pioglitazone caused a selective remodeling of the glycerophospholipid pool, characterized by a decrease in lipids enriched for arachidonic acid, such as plasmanylethanolamines and phosphatidylinositols. This contributed to a greater overall saturation and shortened chain length of fatty acyl groups within cell membrane lipids, changes that are consistent with the purported induction of adipogenesis by pioglitazone. The mechanism through which pioglitazone lowered adipose tissue arachidonic acid, a major modulator of inflammatory pathways, did not involve alterations in phospholipase gene expression but was associated with a reduction in its precursor linoleic acid, an effect that was also observed in skeletal muscle samples from the same subjects. These findings offer important insights into the biological mechanisms through which pioglitazone protects the immunometabolic health of adipocytes in the face of increased lipid storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Palavicini
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alberto Chavez-Velazquez
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Marcel Fourcaudot
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Devjit Tripathy
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Meixia Pan
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Luke Norton
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ralph A. DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Christopher E. Shannon
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Kharechkina ES, Nikiforova AB, Belosludtsev KN, Rokitskaya TI, Antonenko YN, Kruglov AG. Pioglitazone Is a Mild Carrier-Dependent Uncoupler of Oxidative Phosphorylation and a Modulator of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101045. [PMID: 34681269 PMCID: PMC8537895 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pioglitazone (PIO) is an insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic drug, which normalizes glucose and lipid metabolism but may provoke heart and liver failure and chronic kidney diseases. Both therapeutic and adverse effects of PIO can be accomplished through mitochondrial targets. Here, we explored the capability of PIO to modulate the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening in different models in vitro. ΔΨm was measured using tetraphenylphosphonium and the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123. The coupling of oxidative phosphorylation was estimated polarographically. The transport of ions and solutes across membranes was registered by potentiometric and spectral techniques. We found that PIO decreased ΔΨm in isolated mitochondria and intact thymocytes and the efficiency of ADP phosphorylation, particularly after the addition of Ca2+. The presence of the cytosolic fraction mitigated mitochondrial depolarization but made it sustained. Carboxyatractyloside diminished the PIO-dependent depolarization. PIO activated proton transport in deenergized mitochondria but not in artificial phospholipid vesicles. PIO had no effect on K+ and Ca2+ inward transport but drastically decreased the mitochondrial Ca2+-retention capacity and protective effects of adenine nucleotides against mPTP opening. Thus, PIO is a mild, partly ATP/ADP-translocase-dependent, uncoupler and a modulator of ATP production and mPTP sensitivity to Ca2+ and adenine nucleotides. These properties contribute to both therapeutic and adverse effects of PIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S. Kharechkina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.S.K.); (A.B.N.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Anna B. Nikiforova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.S.K.); (A.B.N.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Konstantin N. Belosludtsev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.S.K.); (A.B.N.); (K.N.B.)
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
| | - Tatyana I. Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.I.R.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.I.R.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Alexey G. Kruglov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.S.K.); (A.B.N.); (K.N.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4967-739107
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Di Ciaula A, Passarella S, Shanmugam H, Noviello M, Bonfrate L, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Mitochondria as Players and Targets of Therapies? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105375. [PMID: 34065331 PMCID: PMC8160908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and represents the hepatic expression of several metabolic abnormalities of high epidemiologic relevance. Fat accumulation in the hepatocytes results in cellular fragility and risk of progression toward necroinflammation, i.e., nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Several pathways contribute to fat accumulation and damage in the liver and can also involve the mitochondria, whose functional integrity is essential to maintain liver bioenergetics. In NAFLD/NASH, both structural and functional mitochondrial abnormalities occur and can involve mitochondrial electron transport chain, decreased mitochondrial β-oxidation of free fatty acids, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation. NASH is a major target of therapy, but there is no established single or combined treatment so far. Notably, translational and clinical studies point to mitochondria as future therapeutic targets in NAFLD since the prevention of mitochondrial damage could improve liver bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Salvatore Passarella
- School of Medicine, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-328-468-7215 (P.P.)
| | - Harshitha Shanmugam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Marica Noviello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-328-468-7215 (P.P.)
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16
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Shannon CE, Ragavan M, Palavicini JP, Fourcaudot M, Bakewell TM, Valdez IA, Ayala I, Jin ES, Madesh M, Han X, Merritt ME, Norton L. Insulin resistance is mechanistically linked to hepatic mitochondrial remodeling in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2021; 45:101154. [PMID: 33359401 PMCID: PMC7811046 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance and altered hepatic mitochondrial function are central features of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the etiological role of these processes in disease progression remains unclear. Here we investigated the molecular links between insulin resistance, mitochondrial remodeling, and hepatic lipid accumulation. METHODS Hepatic insulin sensitivity, endogenous glucose production, and mitochondrial metabolic fluxes were determined in wild-type, obese (ob/ob) and pioglitazone-treatment obese mice using a combination of radiolabeled tracer and stable isotope NMR approaches. Mechanistic studies of pioglitazone action were performed in isolated primary hepatocytes, whilst molecular hepatic lipid species were profiled using shotgun lipidomics. RESULTS Livers from obese, insulin-resistant mice displayed augmented mitochondrial content and increased tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities. Insulin sensitization with pioglitazone mitigated pyruvate-driven TCA cycle activity and PDH activation via both allosteric (intracellular pyruvate availability) and covalent (PDK4 and PDP2) mechanisms that were dependent on PPARγ activity in isolated primary hepatocytes. Improved mitochondrial function following pioglitazone treatment was entirely dissociated from changes in hepatic triglycerides, diacylglycerides, or fatty acids. Instead, we highlight a role for the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin, which underwent pathological remodeling in livers from obese mice that was reversed by insulin sensitization. CONCLUSION Our findings identify targetable mitochondrial features of T2D and NAFLD and highlight the benefit of insulin sensitization in managing the clinical burden of obesity-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Shannon
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mukundan Ragavan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Palavicini
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marcel Fourcaudot
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Terry M Bakewell
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ivan A Valdez
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Iriscilla Ayala
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Eunsook S Jin
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Luke Norton
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Grattagliano I, Di Ciaula A, Baj J, Molina-Molina E, Shanmugam H, Garruti G, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Protocols for Mitochondria as the Target of Pharmacological Therapy in the Context of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2310:201-246. [PMID: 34096005 PMCID: PMC8580566 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1433-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most frequent metabolic chronic liver diseases in developed countries and puts the populations at risk of progression to liver necro-inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the onset of NAFLD and contributes to the progression from NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Thus, liver mitochondria could become the target for treatments for improving liver function in NAFLD patients. This chapter describes the most important steps used for potential therapeutic interventions in NAFLD patients, discusses current options gathered from both experimental and clinical evidence, and presents some novel options for potentially improving mitochondrial function in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Grattagliano
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- Italian College of General Practitioners and Primary Care, Bari, Italy
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Emilio Molina-Molina
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Harshitha Shanmugam
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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Abdul-Ghani MA, Jayyousi A, DeFronzo RA, Asaad N, Al-Suwaidi J. Insulin Resistance the Link between T2DM and CVD: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 17:153-163. [PMID: 29032755 DOI: 10.2174/1570161115666171010115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a cardinal feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It also is associated with multiple metabolic abnormalities which are known cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Thus, IR not only contributes to the development of hyperglycemia in T2DM patients, but also to the elevated CVD risk. Improving insulin sensitivity is anticipated to both lower the plasma glucose concentration and decrease CVD risk in T2DM patients, independent of glucose control. We review the molecular mechanisms and metabolic consequences of IR in T2DM patients and discuss the importance of addressing IR in the management of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Abdul-Ghani
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, United States.,Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amin Jayyousi
- Cardio-Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, United States
| | - Nidal Asaad
- Cardio-Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Bioenergetic restoration and neuroprotection after therapeutic targeting of mitoNEET: New mechanism of pioglitazone following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 327:113243. [PMID: 32057797 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a pivotal event in many neurodegenerative disease states including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). One possible mechanism driving mitochondrial dysfunction is glutamate excitotoxicity leading to Ca2+-overload in neuronal or glial mitochondria. Therapies that reduce calcium overload and enhance bioenergetics have been shown to improve neurological outcomes. Pioglitazone, an FDA approved compound, has shown neuroprotective properties following TBI and SCI, but the underlying mechanism(s) are unknown. We hypothesized that the interaction between pioglitazone and a novel mitochondrial protein called mitoNEET was the basis for neuroprotection following CNS injury. We discovered that mitoNEET is an important mediator of Ca2+-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and show that binding mitoNEET with pioglitazone can prevent Ca2+-induced dysfunction. By utilizing wild-type (WT) and mitoNEET null mice, we show that pioglitazone mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction and provides neuroprotection in WT mice, though produces no restorative effects in mitoNEET null mice. We also show that NL-1, a novel mitoNEET ligand, is neuroprotective following TBI in both mice and rats. These results support the crucial role of mitoNEET for mitochondrial bioenergetics, its importance in the neuropathological sequelae of TBI and the necessity of mitoNEET for pioglitazone-mediated neuroprotection. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is a pathobiological complication seen in other diseases such as diabetes, motor neuron disease and cancer, targeting mitoNEET may provide a novel mitoceutical target and therapeutic intervention for diseases that expand beyond TBI.
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A novel KDM5A/MPC-1 signaling pathway promotes pancreatic cancer progression via redirecting mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism. Oncogene 2019; 39:1140-1151. [PMID: 31641207 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC-1) appears to be a tumor suppressor. In this study, we determined the regulation of MPC-1 expression by Lysine demethylase 5A (KDM5A) and critical impact of this novel KDM5A/MPC-1 signaling on PDA progression. TCGA database, paired PDA and adjacent normal pancreatic tissues, PDA tissue array and cell lines were used to determine the levels of MPC-1 and KDM5A expression, and their relationship with the clinicopathologic characteristics and overall survival (OS) of PDA patients. Both in vitro and in vivo models were used to determine biologic impacts of MPC-1 and KDM5A on PDA and mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism, and the mechanism underling reduced MPC-1 expression in PDA. The expression of MPC-1 was decreased in PDA cell lines and tissues, and negatively associated with tumor poorer differentiation, lymph nodes metastasis, higher TNM stages, and patients' overall survival (OS). Functional analysis revealed that restored expression of MPC-1 suppressed the growth, invasion, migration, stemness and tumorigenicity. Re-expression of MPC-1 stimulated the mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism and inhibited glycolysis, while MPC-1-specific inhibitor UK5099 attenuated these effects. Furthermore, KDM5A bound directly to MPC-1 promoter region and transcriptionally suppressed the expression of MPC-1 via demethylation H3K4. Consistently, KDM5A expression was elevated in PDA and promoted PDA cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo via suppressing the expression of MPC-1. The expression of KDM5A was inversely correlated with that of MPC-1 in PDA. KDM5A/MPC-1 signaling promoted PDA growth, invasion, migration, and stemness via inhibiting mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism. Targeting KDM5A/MPC-1 signaling may be an effective therapeutic strategy for PDA.
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Ferro F, Spelat R, Shaw G, Duffy N, Islam MN, O'Shea PM, O'Toole D, Howard L, Murphy JM. Survival/Adaptation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells After Long-Term Starvation Through Selective Processes. Stem Cells 2019; 37:813-827. [PMID: 30835892 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
After in vivo transplantation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) face an ischemic microenvironment, characterized by nutrient deprivation and reduced oxygen tension, which reduces their viability and thus their therapeutic potential. Therefore, MSC response to models of in vitro ischemia is of relevance for improving their survival and therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study was to understand the survival/adaptive response mechanism that MSC use to respond to extreme culture conditions. Specifically, the effect of a long-term starvation on human bone marrow (hBM)-derived MSC cultured in a chemically defined medium (fetal bovine serum-free [SF] and human SF), either in hypoxic or normoxic conditions. We observed that hBM-MSC that were isolated and cultured in SF medium and subjected to a complete starvation for up to 75 days transiently changed their behavior and phenotype. However, at the end of that period, hBM-MSC retained their characteristics as determined by their morphology, DNA damage resistance, proliferation kinetic, and differentiation potential. This survival mode involved a quiescent state, confirmed by increased expression of cell cycle regulators p16, p27, and p57 and decreased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67, mTOR, and Nanog. In addition, Jak/STAT (STAT6) antiapoptotic activity selected which cells conserved stemness and that supported metabolic, bioenergetic, and scavenging requirements. We also demonstrated that hBM-MSC exploited an autophagic process which induced lipid β-oxidation as an alternative energy source. Priming MSC by concomitant starvation and culture in hypoxic conditions to induce their quiescence would be of benefit to increase MSC survival when transplanted in vivo. Stem Cells 2019;37:813-827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ferro
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
| | - Renza Spelat
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Georgina Shaw
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
| | - Niamh Duffy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
| | - Md Nahidul Islam
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Saolta University Health Care Group (SUHCG), Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Paula M O'Shea
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Saolta University Health Care Group (SUHCG), Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel O'Toole
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
| | - Linda Howard
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
| | - J Mary Murphy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
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Salukhov VV, Khalimov YS, Shustov SB, Kadin DV. Decrease of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: review of the common strategies and clinical studies. DIABETES MELLITUS 2018. [DOI: 10.14341/dm9570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Military Medical Academy of S.M. Kirov, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Recent clinical trials about the cardiovascular safety of empagliflozin and liraglutide demonstrated a convincing lowering effect on mortality from cardiovascular causes among the patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings resulted in many questions about why this phenomenon was seen in two drugs with widely different mechanisms of functioning. It is important to note that the glucose-lowering effect was moderate, although a feature seen in both empagliflozin and liraglutide was their ability to increase insulin sensitivity. In many fundamental studies, this feature was associated with a reduction of cardiovascular risks. Insulin resistance, which has always been a pathophysiological base for the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes, is a topic for this report. Different methods to manage insulin resistance, including lifestyle changes, drug treatment and metabolic surgery, are discussed. Furthermore, the most common features of glucose-lowering drugs are analysed, including protective effects for cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes presented in randomised clinical trials. Studies include the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events (PROactive), Insulin Resistance Intervention After Stroke (IRIS), Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results (LEADER) and the Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients (EMPA-REG OUTCOME). The current study shows that the potential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease is determined not only by effective lowering of glucose but also by the ability to lower insulin resistance, which causes a paradigm shift in the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Xu X, Shi X, Chen Y, Zhou T, Wang J, Xu X, Chen L, Hu L, Shen X. HS218 as an FXR antagonist suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting FXR binding to PGC-1α promoter. Metabolism 2018; 85:126-138. [PMID: 29577938 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) as a member of nuclear receptor is tightly associated with glucose metabolism. Accumulated evidence has addressed the potential of FXR antagonist in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), although the related mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we determined a specific FXR antagonist HS218 (N-benzyl-N-(3-(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dichlorobenzamide), which exhibited high activities in suppressing gluconeogenesis and ameliorating glucose homeostasis in db/db and HFD/STZ-induced T2DM mice. We would like to investigate the mechanisms underlying FXR antagonism in the regulation of gluconeogenesis by using HS218 as a probe. METHODS HS218 was evaluated by glucose output assay. Binding affinity of HS218 to the ligand binding domain of FXR (FXR-LBD) was detected by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology-based Biacore and fluorescence quenching assays. Mammalian one-hybrid and transactivation assays were carried out to detect the antagonistic effect of HS218 on FXR. Real-time PCR assay was performed to measure the expressions of FXR-target and gluconeogenic genes. Anti-diabetic efficiencies of HS218 were determined in db/db and HFD/STZ-induced T2DM mice. Assays by promoter 5'-deletion analysis and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were performed to detect the binding of FXR to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) promoter. Western blot assay was used to determine the protein level in either cells or the liver tissues of mice. RESULTS We determined that HS218 as a new FXR specific antagonist could FXR-dependently suppress gluconeogenesis in mouse primary hepatocytes, and effectively improve glucose homeostasis in db/db and HFD/STZ-induced T2DM mice. HS218 decreased gluconeogenesis by inhibiting the FXR-induced increase in the promoter activity of the key gluconeogenic gene PGC-1α, leading to the repression of PGC-1α and its target gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, our work might be the first report on the mechanism underlying FXR antagonist in the regulation of gluconeogenesis, and all results have also highlighted the potential of HS218 in the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaofan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yidi Chen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Kim TH, Lee JH, Chae YN, Jung IH, Kim MK. Additive effects of evogliptin in combination with pioglitazone on fasting glucose control through direct and indirect hepatic effects in diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 830:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Lu ZX, Xu WJ, Wu YS, Li CY, Chen YT. Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets in the Liver of Pioglitazone-Treated Type 2 Diabetes Sprague-Dawley Rats via Expression Profile Chip and iTRAQ Assay. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:8120847. [PMID: 29744368 PMCID: PMC5878868 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify key antidiabetic nodes in the livers of pioglitazone-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus Sprague-Dawley rats by transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Rats were randomly divided into the control, the diabetes model, and the pioglitazone-treated groups. After treatment with pioglitazone for 11 weeks, the effects on fasting blood glucose, body weight, and blood biochemistry parameters were evaluated. Microarray and iTRAQ analysis were used to determine the differentially expressed genes/proteins in rat livers. 1.5-fold changes in gene expression and 1.2-fold changes in protein were set as the screening criteria. After treatment with pioglitazone for 11 weeks, fasting blood glucose in pioglitazone-treated rats was significantly lower than that in the model group. There was a tendency for pioglitazone to reduce TC, TG, TP, ALB, BUN, and HDL-c levels. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) were applied to analyze differentially expressed genes/proteins. Furthermore, Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to validate the results of microarray and iTRAQ. In conclusion, Cyp7a1, Cp, and RT1-EC2 are differentially expressed genes/proteins since they showed a similar trend in rats in the model group and the pioglitazone-treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Xia Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Wen-Jun Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yang-Sheng Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Chang-Yu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yi-Tao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Ajith TA. Role of mitochondria and mitochondria-targeted agents in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 45:413-421. [PMID: 29112771 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in the fatty acid oxidation and have been found to be affected early during the macrovesicular fat accumulation in the hepatocytes. The fatty infiltration is the primary cause of oxidative stress and inflammation in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can lead to the peroxidation of phospholipids, such as cardiolipin. Oxidative stress-induced damage to mitochondrial DNA can result in the impairment of oxidative phosphorylation and further increases the generation of reactive oxygen species. The mitochondrial damage may eventually lead to apoptotic death of hepatocytes. The apoptosis along with the generated cytokines from the stellate and Kupffer cells further augment the fibrotic changes to advance the disease. Hence, alleviation of the mitochondrial impairment, particularly in the early stages of NAFLD, may prevent the progression of the disease. Among the various experimentally studied mitochondrial-targeted agents, triphenylphosphonium cation ligated ubiquinone Q10 and vitamin E, Szeto-Scheller peptides, and superoxide dismutase mimetic-salen manganese complexes (EUK-8 and EUK-134) have been found to be most promising. In addition to these mitochondrial-targeted agents, a novel area of therapy called mitotherapy have also emerged. However, clinical studies conducted so far are still fragmentary to validate their efficacy. This review article discusses the mitochondria-targeted molecules and their potential role in the treatment of NAFLD.
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The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier mediates high fat diet-induced increases in hepatic TCA cycle capacity. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1468-1479. [PMID: 29107293 PMCID: PMC5681281 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Excessive hepatic gluconeogenesis is a defining feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Most gluconeogenic flux is routed through mitochondria. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) transports pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix, thereby gating pyruvate-driven gluconeogenesis. Disruption of the hepatocyte MPC attenuates hyperglycemia in mice during high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity but exerts minimal effects on glycemia in normal chow diet (NCD)-fed conditions. The goal of this investigation was to test whether hepatocyte MPC disruption provides sustained protection from hyperglycemia during long-term HFD and the differential effects of hepatocyte MPC disruption on TCA cycle metabolism in NCD versus HFD conditions. Method We utilized long-term high fat feeding, serial measurements of postabsorptive blood glucose and metabolomic profiling and 13C-lactate/13C-pyruvate tracing to investigate the contribution of the MPC to hyperglycemia and altered hepatic TCA cycle metabolism during HFD-induced obesity. Results Hepatocyte MPC disruption resulted in long-term attenuation of hyperglycemia induced by HFD. HFD increased hepatic mitochondrial pyruvate utilization and TCA cycle capacity in an MPC-dependent manner. Furthermore, MPC disruption decreased progression of fibrosis and levels of transcript markers of inflammation. Conclusions By contributing to chronic hyperglycemia, fibrosis, and TCA cycle expansion, the hepatocyte MPC is a key mediator of the pathophysiology induced in the HFD model of T2D. Hepatic MPC disruption protects from hyperglycemia during long-term HFD. HFD increases TCA cycle metabolite pool capacity and flux. Hepatic MPC disruption abrogates HFD-induced TCA cycle expansion.
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