1
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Toso A, Garoche C, Balaguer P. Human and fish differences in steroid receptors activation: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174889. [PMID: 39047839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) are transcription factors activated by steroid hormones (SHs) that belong to the nuclear receptors (NRs) superfamily. Several studies have shown that SRs are targets of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), widespread substances in the environment capable of interfering with the endogenous hormonal pathways and causing adverse health effects in living organisms and/or their progeny. Cell lines with SRs reporter gene are currently used for in vitro screening of large quantities of chemicals with suspected endocrine-disrupting activities. However, most of these cell lines express human SRs and therefore the toxicological data obtained are also extrapolated to non-mammalian species. In parallel, in vivo tests have recently been developed on fish species whose data are also extrapolated to mammalian species. As some species-specific differences in SRs activation by natural and synthetic chemicals have been recently reported, the aim of this review is to summarize those between human and fish SRs, as representatives of mammalian and non-mammalian toxicology, respectively. Overall, this literature study aims to improve inter-species extrapolation of toxicological data on EDCs and to understand which reporter gene cell lines expressing human SRs are relevant for the assessment of effects in fish and whether in vivo tests on fish can be properly used in the assessment of adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Toso
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34090 Montpellier, France; Department Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Clémentine Garoche
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34090 Montpellier, France
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2
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Hong Y, Sourander C, Hackl B, Patton JS, John J, Paatero I, Coffey E. Jnk1 and downstream signalling hubs regulate anxiety-like behaviours in a zebrafish larvae phenotypic screen. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11174. [PMID: 38750129 PMCID: PMC11096340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for anxiety and depression show limited efficacy in many patients, indicating the need for further research into the underlying mechanisms. JNK1 has been shown to regulate anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours in mice, however the effectors downstream of JNK1 are not known. Here we compare the phosphoproteomes from wild-type and Jnk1-/- mouse brains and identify JNK1-regulated signalling hubs. We next employ a zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae behavioural assay to identify an antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like (AA) phenotype based on 2759 measured stereotypic responses to clinically proven antidepressant and anxiolytic (AA) drugs. Employing machine learning, we classify an AA phenotype from extracted features measured during and after a startle battery in fish exposed to AA drugs. Using this classifier, we demonstrate that structurally independent JNK inhibitors replicate the AA phenotype with high accuracy, consistent with findings in mice. Furthermore, pharmacological targeting of JNK1-regulated signalling hubs identifies AKT, GSK-3, 14-3-3 ζ/ε and PKCε as downstream hubs that phenocopy clinically proven AA drugs. This study identifies AKT and related signalling molecules as mediators of JNK1-regulated antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like behaviours. Moreover, the assay shows promise for early phase screening of compounds with anti-stress-axis properties and for mode of action analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hong
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Christel Sourander
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Benjamin Hackl
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jedidiah S Patton
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jismi John
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Paatero
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Eleanor Coffey
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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3
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Lee HB, Shams S, Dang Thi VH, Boyum GE, Modhurima R, Hall EM, Green IK, Cervantes EM, Miguez FE, Clark KJ. Key HPI axis receptors facilitate light adaptive behavior in larval zebrafish. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7759. [PMID: 38565594 PMCID: PMC10987622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate stress response (SR) is mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and contributes to generating context appropriate physiological and behavioral changes. Although the HPA axis plays vital roles both in stressful and basal conditions, research has focused on the response under stress. To understand broader roles of the HPA axis in a changing environment, we characterized an adaptive behavior of larval zebrafish during ambient illumination changes. Genetic abrogation of glucocorticoid receptor (nr3c1) decreased basal locomotor activity in light and darkness. Some key HPI axis receptors (mc2r [ACTH receptor], nr3c1), but not nr3c2 (mineralocorticoid receptor), were required to adapt to light more efficiently but became dispensable when longer illumination was provided. Such light adaptation was more efficient in dimmer light. Our findings show that the HPI axis contributes to the SR, facilitating the phasic response and maintaining an adapted basal state, and that certain adaptations occur without HPI axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han B Lee
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Soaleha Shams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Viet Ha Dang Thi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Grace E Boyum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rodsy Modhurima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Emma M Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Izzabella K Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Karl J Clark
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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4
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Ballester Roig MN, Roy PG, Hannou L, Delignat-Lavaud B, Sully Guerrier TA, Bélanger-Nelson E, Dufort-Gervais J, Mongrain V. Transcriptional regulation of the mouse EphA4, Ephrin-B2 and Ephrin-A3 genes by the circadian clock machinery. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:983-1003. [PMID: 37551686 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2237580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms originate from molecular feedback loops. In mammals, the transcription factors CLOCK and BMAL1 act on regulatory elements (i.e. E-boxes) to shape biological functions in a rhythmic manner. The EPHA4 receptor and its ligands Ephrins (EFN) are cell adhesion molecules regulating neurotransmission and neuronal morphology. Previous studies showed the presence of E-boxes in the genes of EphA4 and specific Ephrins, and that EphA4 knockout mice have an altered circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. We thus hypothesized that the core clock machinery regulates the gene expression of EphA4, EfnB2 and EfnA3. CLOCK and BMAL1 (or NPAS2 and BMAL2) were found to have transcriptional activity on distal and proximal regions of EphA4, EfnB2 and EfnA3 putative promoters. A constitutively active form of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β; a negative regulator of CLOCK and BMAL1) blocked the transcriptional induction. Mutating the E-boxes of EphA4 distal promoter sequence reduced transcriptional induction. EPHA4 and EFNB2 protein levels did not show circadian variations in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus or prefrontal cortex. The findings uncover that core circadian transcription factors can regulate the gene expression of elements of the Eph/Ephrin system, which might contribute to circadian rhythmicity in biological processes in the brain or peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Neus Ballester Roig
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Recherche CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Gabriel Roy
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Recherche CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Valérie Mongrain
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Recherche CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Chin JSR, Phan TAN, Albert LT, Keene AC, Duboué ER. Long lasting anxiety following early life stress is dependent on glucocorticoid signaling in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12826. [PMID: 35896563 PMCID: PMC9329305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic adversity in early childhood is associated with increased anxiety and a propensity for substance abuse later in adulthood, yet the effects of early life stress (ELS) on brain development remain poorly understood. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a powerful model for studying neurodevelopment and stress. Here, we describe a zebrafish model of ELS and identify a role for glucocorticoid signaling during a critical window in development that leads to long-term changes in brain function. Larval fish subjected to chronic stress in early development exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior and elevated glucocorticoid levels later in life. Increased stress-like behavior was only observed when fish were subjected to ELS within a precise time window in early development, revealing a temporal critical window of sensitivity. Moreover, enhanced anxiety-like behavior only emerges after two months post-ELS, revealing a developmentally specified delay in the effects of ELS. ELS leads to increased levels of baseline cortisol, and resulted in a dysregulation of cortisol receptors' mRNA expression, suggesting long-term effects on cortisol signaling. Together, these findings reveal a 'critical window' for ELS to affect developmental reprogramming of the glucocorticoid receptor pathway, resulting in chronic elevated stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S R Chin
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL, 33407, USA
| | - Tram-Anh N Phan
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL, 33407, USA
| | - Lydia T Albert
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL, 33407, USA
| | - Alex C Keene
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Erik R Duboué
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL, 33407, USA.
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6
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Simone BW, Lee HB, Daby CL, Ata H, Restrepo-Castillo S, Martínez-Gálvez G, Kar B, Gendron WA, Clark KJ, Ekker SC. Chimeric RNA: DNA TracrRNA Improves Homology-Directed Repair In Vitro and In Vivo. CRISPR J 2022; 5:40-52. [PMID: 34935462 PMCID: PMC8892967 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 90% of human pathogenic mutations are caused by small genetic variations, and methods to correct these errors efficiently are critically important. One way to make small DNA changes is providing a single-stranded oligo deoxynucleotide (ssODN) containing an alteration coupled with a targeted double-strand break (DSB) at the target locus in the genome. Coupling an ssODN donor with a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated DSB is one of the most streamlined approaches to introduce small changes. However, in many systems, this approach is inefficient and introduces imprecise repair at the genetic junctions. We herein report a technology that uses spatiotemporal localization of an ssODN with CRISPR-Cas9 to improve gene alteration. We show that by fusing an ssODN template to the trans-activating RNA (tracrRNA), we recover precise genetic alterations, with increased integration and precision in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we show that this technology can be used to enhance gene conversion with other gene editing tools such as transcription activator like effector nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W. Simone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Han B. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Camden L. Daby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hirotaka Ata
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Santiago Restrepo-Castillo
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gabriel Martínez-Gálvez
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bibekananda Kar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - William A.C. Gendron
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Karl J. Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen C. Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Address correspondence to: Stephen C. Ekker, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA,
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7
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Takesono A, Kudoh T, Tyler CR. Application of Transgenic Zebrafish Models for Studying the Effects of Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Embryonic Brain Development. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:718072. [PMID: 35264948 PMCID: PMC8900011 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.718072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental pollutants that mimic hormones and/or disrupt their function. Estrogenic EDCs (eEDCs) interfere with endogenous estrogen signalling pathway(s) and laboratory animal and human epidemiological studies have provided evidence for a causal link between exposure to them during embryonic/early life and neurological impairments. However, our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanism(s) underlying eEDCs exposure effects on brain development, tissue architecture and function and behaviour are limited. Transgenic (TG) zebrafish models offer new approach methodologies (NAMs) to help identify the modes of action (MoAs) of EDCs and their associated impacts on tissue development and function. Estrogen biosensor TG zebrafish models have been applied to study eEDC interactions and resulting transcriptional activation (via a fluorescent reporter expression) across the entire body of the developing zebrafish embryo, including in real time. These estrogen biosensor TG zebrafish models are starting to deepen our understanding of the spatiotemporal actions of eEDCs and their resulting impacts on neurological development, brain function and behaviour. In this review, we first investigate the links between early life exposure to eEDCs and neurodevelopmental alterations in model organisms (rodents and zebrafish) and humans. We then present examples of the application of estrogen biosensor and other TG zebrafish models for elucidating the mechanism(s) underlying neurodevelopmental toxicities of eEDCs. In particular we illustrate the utility of combining estrogen biosensor zebrafish models with other TG zebrafish models for understanding the effects of eEDCs on the brain, spanning cellular processes, brain circuitry, neurophysiology and behaviour. Finally, we discuss the future prospects of TG zebrafish models as experimental models for studying more complex scenarios for exposure to contaminant mixtures on neurological development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Takesono
- *Correspondence: Aya Takesono, ; Charles R. Tyler,
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8
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Nozari A, Gagné R, Lu C, Yauk C, Trudeau VL. Brief Developmental Exposure to Fluoxetine Causes Life-Long Alteration of the Brain Transcriptome in Zebrafish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:847322. [PMID: 35573988 PMCID: PMC9097470 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.847322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine (FLX) and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are widely used to treat depressive disorders during pregnancy. Early-life exposure to FLX is known to disrupt the normal function of the stress axis in humans, rodents, and teleosts. We used a zebrafish line with a cortisol-inducible fluorescent transgene to study the effects of developmental daily exposure to FLX (54 µg/L) on the transcriptomic profile of brain tissues in exposed larvae and later as 6-month-old adults. High throughput RNA sequencing was conducted on brain tissues in unstressed and stressed conditions. Long-lasting effects of FLX were observed in telencephalon (Tel) and hypothalamus (Hyp) of adult zebrafish with 1927 and 5055 genes significantly (≥1.2 fold-change, false-discovery p-value < 0.05) dysregulated in unstressed condition, respectively. Similar findings were observed in Hyp with 1245 and 723 genes being significantly dysregulated in stressed adults, respectively. Differentially expressed genes converted to Homo sapiens orthologues were used for Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The results showed alteration of pathways involved in neuroendocrine signaling, cholesterol metabolism and synaptogenesis. Enriched networks included lipid metabolism, molecular transport, and nervous system development. Analysis of putative upstream transcription regulators showed potential dysregulation of clocka and nr3c1 which control circadian rhythm, stress response, cholesterol metabolism and histone modifications. Several genes involved in epigenetic regulation were also affected by FLX, including dnmt3a, adarb1, adarb2, hdac4, hdac5, hdac8, and atf2. We report life-long disruptive effects of FLX on pathways associated with neuroendocrine signaling, stress response and the circadian rhythm, and all of which are implicated in the development of depressive disorders in humans. Our results raise concern for the persistent endocrine-disrupting potential of brief antidepressant exposure during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Nozari
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Remi Gagné
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Chunyu Lu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carole Yauk
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vance L. Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Vance L. Trudeau,
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9
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Eachus H, Choi MK, Ryu S. The Effects of Early Life Stress on the Brain and Behaviour: Insights From Zebrafish Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:657591. [PMID: 34368117 PMCID: PMC8335398 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.657591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The early life period represents a window of increased vulnerability to stress, during which exposure can lead to long-lasting effects on brain structure and function. This stress-induced developmental programming may contribute to the behavioural changes observed in mental illness. In recent decades, rodent studies have significantly advanced our understanding of how early life stress (ELS) affects brain development and behaviour. These studies reveal that ELS has long-term consequences on the brain such as impairment of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, altering learning and memory. Despite such advances, several key questions remain inadequately answered, including a comprehensive overview of brain regions and molecular pathways that are altered by ELS and how ELS-induced molecular changes ultimately lead to behavioural changes in adulthood. The zebrafish represents a novel ELS model, with the potential to contribute to answering some of these questions. The zebrafish offers some important advantages such as the ability to non-invasively modulate stress hormone levels in a whole animal and to visualise whole brain activity in freely behaving animals. This review discusses the current status of the zebrafish ELS field and its potential as a new ELS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Eachus
- Living Systems Institute and College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Min-Kyeung Choi
- Living Systems Institute and College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Soojin Ryu
- Living Systems Institute and College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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10
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Vettorazzi S, Nalbantoglu D, Gebhardt JCM, Tuckermann J. A guide to changing paradigms of glucocorticoid receptor function-a model system for genome regulation and physiology. FEBS J 2021; 289:5718-5743. [PMID: 34213830 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a bona fide ligand-regulated transcription factor. Cloned in the 80s, the GR has become one of the best-studied and clinically most relevant members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Cooperative activity of GR with other transcription factors and a plethora of coregulators contribute to the tissue- and context-specific response toward the endogenous and pharmacological glucocorticoids (GCs). Furthermore, nontranscriptional activities in the cytoplasm are emerging as an additional function of GR. Over the past 40 years, the concepts of GR mechanisms of action had been constantly changing. Different methodologies in the pregenomic and genomic era of molecular biological research and recent cutting-edge technology in single-cell and single-molecule analysis are steadily evolving the views, how the GR in particular and transcriptional regulation in general act in physiological and pathological processes. In addition to the development of technologies for GR analysis, the use of model organisms provides insights how the GR in vivo executes GC action in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and energy metabolism. The model organisms, namely the mouse, but also rats, zebrafish, and recently fruit flies carrying mutations of the GR became a major driving force to analyze the molecular function of GR in disease models. This guide provides an overview of the exciting research and paradigm shifts in the GR field from past to present with a focus on GR transcription factor networks, GR DNA-binding and single-cell analysis, and model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Vettorazzi
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Denis Nalbantoglu
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Germany
| | | | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Germany
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11
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Lai KP, Gong Z, Tse WKF. Zebrafish as the toxicant screening model: Transgenic and omics approaches. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 234:105813. [PMID: 33812311 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The production of large amounts of synthetic industrial and biomedical compounds, together with environmental pollutants, poses a risk to our ecosystem and induces negative effects on the health of wildlife and human beings. With the emergence of the global problem of chemical contamination, the adverse biological effects of these chemicals are gaining attention among the scientific communities, industry, governments, and the public. Among these chemicals, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are regarded as one of the major global issues that potentially affecting our health. There is an urgent need of understanding the potential hazards of such chemicals. Zebrafish have been widely used in the aquatic toxicology. In this review, we first discuss the strategy of transgenic lines that used in the toxicological studies, followed by summarizing the current omics approaches (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics) on toxicities of EDCs in this model. We will also discuss the possible transgenerational effects in zebrafish and future prospective of the integrated omics approaches with customized transgenic organism. To conclude, we summarize the current findings in the field, and provide our opinions on future environmental toxicity research in the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Po Lai
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, PR China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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12
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Dietrich K, Fiedler IA, Kurzyukova A, López-Delgado AC, McGowan LM, Geurtzen K, Hammond CL, Busse B, Knopf F. Skeletal Biology and Disease Modeling in Zebrafish. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:436-458. [PMID: 33484578 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are teleosts (bony fish) that share with mammals a common ancestor belonging to the phylum Osteichthyes, from which their endoskeletal systems have been inherited. Indeed, teleosts and mammals have numerous genetically conserved features in terms of skeletal elements, ossification mechanisms, and bone matrix components in common. Yet differences related to bone morphology and function need to be considered when investigating zebrafish in skeletal research. In this review, we focus on zebrafish skeletal architecture with emphasis on the morphology of the vertebral column and associated anatomical structures. We provide an overview of the different ossification types and osseous cells in zebrafish and describe bone matrix composition at the microscopic tissue level with a focus on assessing mineralization. Processes of bone formation also strongly depend on loading in zebrafish, as we elaborate here. Furthermore, we illustrate the high regenerative capacity of zebrafish bones and present some of the technological advantages of using zebrafish as a model. We highlight zebrafish axial and fin skeleton patterning mechanisms, metabolic bone disease such as after immunosuppressive glucocorticoid treatment, as well as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and osteopetrosis research in zebrafish. We conclude with a view of why larval zebrafish xenografts are a powerful tool to study bone metastasis. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Dietrich
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Imke Ak Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kurzyukova
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alejandra C López-Delgado
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lucy M McGowan
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karina Geurtzen
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Knopf
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Zarantoniello M, Bortoletti M, Olivotto I, Ratti S, Poltronieri C, Negrato E, Caberlotto S, Radaelli G, Bertotto D. Salinity, Temperature and Ammonia Acute Stress Response in Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Juveniles: A Multidisciplinary Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E97. [PMID: 33419050 PMCID: PMC7825456 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the acute response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles exposed to temperature, salinity and ammonia stress. Radioimmunoassay was used to evaluate cortisol levels, whereas insulin-like growth factors (igf1 and igf2), myostatin (mstn), heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) and glucocorticoid receptor (gr) gene expression was assessed trough Real-Time PCR. The presence and localization of IGF-I and HSP70 were investigated by immunohistochemistry. In all the stress conditions, a significant increase in cortisol levels was observed reaching higher values in the thermic and chemical stress groups. Regarding fish growth markers, igf1 gene expression was significantly higher only in fish subjected to heat shock stress while, at 60 min, igf2 gene expression was significantly lower in all the stressed groups. Temperature and ammonia changes resulted in a higher mstn gene expression. Molecular analyses on stress response evidenced a time dependent increase in hsp70 gene expression, that was significantly higher at 60 min in fish exposed to heat shock and chemical stress. Furthermore, the same experimental groups were characterized by a significantly higher gr gene expression respect to the control one. Immunostaining for IGF-I and HSP70 antibodies was observed in skin, gills, liver, and digestive system of gilthead seabream juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zarantoniello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Martina Bortoletti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Carlo Poltronieri
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Elena Negrato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Stefano Caberlotto
- Valle Ca’ Zuliani Società Agricola Srl, I-34074 Monfalcone, Gorizia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Radaelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniela Bertotto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
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14
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Nozari A, Do S, Trudeau VL. Applications of the SR4G Transgenic Zebrafish Line for Biomonitoring of Stress-Disrupting Compounds: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:727777. [PMID: 34867778 PMCID: PMC8635770 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.727777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic zebrafish models have been successfully used in biomonitoring and risk assessment studies of environmental pollutants, including xenoestrogens, pesticides, and heavy metals. We employed zebrafish larva (transgenic SR4G line) with a cortisol-inducible green fluorescence protein reporter (eGFP) as a model to detect stress responses upon exposure to compounds with environmental impact, including bisphenol A (BPA), vinclozolin (VIN), and fluoxetine (FLX). Cortisol, fluorescence signal, and mRNA levels of eGFP and 11 targeted genes were measured in a homogenized pool of zebrafish larvae, with six experimental replicates for each endpoint. Eleven targeted genes were selected according to their association with stress-axis and immediate early response class of genes. Hydrocortisone (CORT)and dexamethasone (DEX) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. All measurements were done in two unstressed and stressed condition using standardized net handling as the stressor. A significant positive linear correlation between cortisol levels and eGFP mRNA levels was observed (r> 0.9). Based on eGFP mRNA levels in unstressed and stressed larvae two predictive models were trained (Random Forest and Logistic Regression). Both these models could correctly predict the blunted stress response upon exposure to BPA, VIN, FLX and the negative control, DEX. The negative predictive value (NPV) of these models were 100%. Similar NPV was observed when the predictive models trained based on the mRNA levels of the eleven assessed genes. Measurement of whole-body fluorescence intensity signal was not significant to detect blunted stress response. Our findings support the use of SR4G transgenic larvae as an in vivo biomonitoring model to screen chemicals for their stress-disrupting potentials. This is important because there is increasing evidence that brief exposures to environmental pollutants modify the stress response and critical coping behaviors for several generations.
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15
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Hartig EI, Zhu S, King BL, Coffman JA. Chronic cortisol exposure in early development leads to neuroendocrine dysregulation in adulthood. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:366. [PMID: 32746894 PMCID: PMC7398215 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Chronic early life stress can affect development of the neuroendocrine stress system, leading to its persistent dysregulation and consequently increased disease risk in adulthood. One contributing factor is thought to be epigenetic programming in response to chronic cortisol exposure during early development. We have previously shown that zebrafish embryos treated chronically with cortisol develop into adults with constitutively elevated whole-body cortisol and aberrant immune gene expression. Here we further characterize that phenotype by assessing persistent effects of the treatment on cortisol tissue distribution and dynamics, chromatin accessibility, and activities of glucocorticoid-responsive regulatory genes klf9 and fkbp5. To that end cortisol levels in different tissues of fed and fasted adults were measured using ELISA, open chromatin in adult blood cells was mapped using ATAC-seq, and gene activity in adult blood and brain cells was measured using qRT-PCR. Results Adults derived from cortisol-treated embryos have elevated whole-body cortisol with aberrantly regulated tissue distribution and dynamics that correlate with differential activity of klf9 and fkbp5 in blood and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shusen Zhu
- MDI Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, USA
| | - Benjamin L King
- MDI Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - James A Coffman
- MDI Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, USA. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
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16
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Brun NR, van Hage P, Hunting ER, Haramis APG, Vink SC, Vijver MG, Schaaf MJM, Tudorache C. Polystyrene nanoplastics disrupt glucose metabolism and cortisol levels with a possible link to behavioural changes in larval zebrafish. Commun Biol 2019; 2:382. [PMID: 31646185 PMCID: PMC6802380 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic nanoparticles originating from weathering plastic waste are emerging contaminants in aquatic environments, with unknown modes of action in aquatic organisms. Recent studies suggest that internalised nanoplastics may disrupt processes related to energy metabolism. Such disruption can be crucial for organisms during development and may ultimately lead to changes in behaviour. Here, we investigated the link between polystyrene nanoplastic (PSNP)-induced signalling events and behavioural changes. Larval zebrafish exhibited PSNP accumulation in the pancreas, which coincided with a decreased glucose level. By using hyperglycemic and glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) mutant larvae, we demonstrate that the PSNP-induced disruption in glucose homoeostasis coincided with increased cortisol secretion and hyperactivity in challenge phases. Our work sheds new light on a potential mechanism underlying nanoplastics toxicity in fish, suggesting that the adverse effect of PSNPs are at least in part mediated by Gr activation in response to disrupted glucose homeostasis, ultimately leading to aberrant locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja R. Brun
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Patrick van Hage
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Suzanne C. Vink
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martina G. Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Engineering brain activity patterns by neuromodulator polytherapy for treatment of disorders. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2620. [PMID: 31197165 PMCID: PMC6565674 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional drug screens and treatments often ignore the underlying complexity of brain network dysfunctions, resulting in suboptimal outcomes. Here we ask whether we can correct abnormal functional connectivity of the entire brain by identifying and combining multiple neuromodulators that perturb connectivity in complementary ways. Our approach avoids the combinatorial complexity of screening all drug combinations. We develop a high-speed platform capable of imaging more than 15000 neurons in 50ms to map the entire brain functional connectivity in large numbers of vertebrates under many conditions. Screening a panel of drugs in a zebrafish model of human Dravet syndrome, we show that even drugs with related mechanisms of action can modulate functional connectivity in significantly different ways. By clustering connectivity fingerprints, we algorithmically select small subsets of complementary drugs and rapidly identify combinations that are significantly more effective at correcting abnormal networks and reducing spontaneous seizures than monotherapies, while minimizing behavioral side effects. Even at low concentrations, our polytherapy performs superior to individual drugs even at highest tolerated concentrations. Brain disorders are associated with network dysfunctions that are not addressed by conventional drug screens. Here, the authors use high-throughput functional imaging of brain activity in zebrafish larvae to study the effects of individual drugs on network connectivity and demonstrate an algorithm that predicts the most effective drug combinations to normalize both the activity patterns and the animal behavior.
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18
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Nelson CM, Lennon VA, Lee H, Krug RG, Kamalova A, Madigan NN, Clark KJ, Windebank AJ, Henley JR. Glucocorticoids Target Ependymal Glia and Inhibit Repair of the Injured Spinal Cord. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:56. [PMID: 31069223 PMCID: PMC6491705 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Following injury, the mammalian spinal cord forms a glial scar and fails to regenerate. In contrast, vertebrate fish spinal cord tissue regenerates significantly to restore function. Cord transection in zebrafish (Danio rerio) initially causes paralysis and neural cell death. Subsequently, ependymal glia proliferate, bipolar glia extend across the lesion, and new neurons are born; axons from spared and nascent neurons extend along trans-lesional glial bridges to restore functional connectivity. Here we report that glucocorticoids, used in the clinical management of spinal cord injury, directly inhibit neural repair by targeting ependymal glia independently of hematogenous cells and microglia. After transecting injury, the glucocorticoid receptor in ependymal glia is regulated differentially in zebrafish (becoming inactive) vs. the rat (becoming active). Glucocorticoid blockade of neural regeneration via a direct effect on ependymal glia has important therapeutic implications for the putative benefit of corticosteroids in early management of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Nelson
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Vanda A Lennon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Han Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Randall G Krug
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aichurok Kamalova
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Karl J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - John R Henley
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
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19
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Glucococorticoid receptor activation exacerbates aminoglycoside-induced damage to the zebrafish lateral line. Hear Res 2019; 377:12-23. [PMID: 30878773 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics have potent antibacterial properties but cause hearing loss in up to 25% of patients. These drugs are commonly administered in patients with high glucocorticoid stress hormone levels and can be combined with exogenous glucocorticoid treatment. However, the interaction of stress and aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss has not been fully explored. In this study, we investigated the effect of the glucocorticoid stress hormone cortisol on hair cells in the zebrafish lateral line as an important step toward understanding how physiological stressors modulate hair cell survival. We found that 24-hr cortisol incubation sensitized hair cells to neomycin damage. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation demonstrates that sensitization depended on the action of the glucocorticoid receptor but not the mineralocorticoid receptor. Blocking endogenous cortisol production reduced hair cell susceptibility to neomycin, further evidence that glucocorticoids modulate aminoglycoside ototoxicity. Glucocorticoid transcriptional activity was apparent in lateral line hair cells, suggesting a direct action of cortisol in these aminoglycoside-sensitive cells. Our work shows that the stress hormone cortisol can increase hair cell sensitivity to aminoglycoside damage, which highlights the importance of recognizing stress and the impacts of glucocorticoid signaling in both ototoxicity research and clinical practice.
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20
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Lee HB, Schwab TL, Sigafoos AN, Gauerke JL, Krug RG, Serres MR, Jacobs DC, Cotter RP, Das B, Petersen MO, Daby CL, Urban RM, Berry BC, Clark KJ. Novel zebrafish behavioral assay to identify modifiers of the rapid, nongenomic stress response. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 18:e12549. [PMID: 30588759 PMCID: PMC6446827 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
When vertebrates face acute stressors, their bodies rapidly undergo a repertoire of physiological and behavioral adaptations, which is termed the stress response. Rapid changes in heart rate and blood glucose levels occur via the interaction of glucocorticoids and their cognate receptors following hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. These physiological changes are observed within minutes of encountering a stressor and the rapid time domain rules out genomic responses that require gene expression changes. Although behavioral changes corresponding to physiological changes are commonly observed, it is not clearly understood to what extent hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation dictates adaptive behavior. We hypothesized that rapid locomotor response to acute stressors in zebrafish requires hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis activation. In teleost fish, interrenal cells are functionally homologous to the adrenocortical layer. We derived eight frameshift mutants in genes involved in HPI axis function: two mutants in exon 2 of mc2r (adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor), five in exon 2 or 5 of nr3c1 (glucocorticoid receptor [GR]) and two in exon 2 of nr3c2 (mineralocorticoid receptor [MR]). Exposing larval zebrafish to mild environmental stressors, acute changes in salinity or light illumination, results in a rapid locomotor response. We show that this locomotor response requires a functioning HPI axis via the action of mc2r and the canonical GR encoded by nr3c1 gene, but not MR (nr3c2). Our rapid behavioral assay paradigm based on HPI axis biology can be used to screen for genetic and environmental modifiers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and to investigate the effects of corticosteroids and their cognate receptor interactions on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han B. Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesRochesterMinnesota
| | - Tanya L. Schwab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Ashley N. Sigafoos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Jennifer L. Gauerke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Randall G. Krug
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesRochesterMinnesota
| | - MaKayla R. Serres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Dakota C. Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Ryan P. Cotter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Biswadeep Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Morgan O. Petersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Camden L. Daby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Rhianna M. Urban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Bethany C. Berry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Karl J. Clark
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
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21
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Weger M, Weger BD, Görling B, Poschet G, Yildiz M, Hell R, Luy B, Akcay T, Güran T, Dickmeis T, Müller F, Krone N. Glucocorticoid deficiency causes transcriptional and post-transcriptional reprogramming of glutamine metabolism. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:376-389. [PMID: 30266295 PMCID: PMC6197330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deficient glucocorticoid biosynthesis leading to adrenal insufficiency is life-threatening and is associated with significant co-morbidities. The affected pathways underlying the pathophysiology of co-morbidities due to glucocorticoid deficiency remain poorly understood and require further investigation. Methods To explore the pathophysiological processes related to glucocorticoid deficiency, we have performed global transcriptional, post-transcriptional and metabolic profiling of a cortisol-deficient zebrafish mutant with a disrupted ferredoxin (fdx1b) system. Findings fdx1b−/− mutants show pervasive reprogramming of metabolism, in particular of glutamine-dependent pathways such as glutathione metabolism, and exhibit changes of oxidative stress markers. The glucocorticoid-dependent post-transcriptional regulation of key enzymes involved in de novo purine synthesis was also affected in this mutant. Moreover, fdx1b−/− mutants exhibit crucial features of primary adrenal insufficiency, and mirror metabolic changes detected in primary adrenal insufficiency patients. Interpretation Our study provides a detailed map of metabolic changes induced by glucocorticoid deficiency as a consequence of a disrupted ferredoxin system in an animal model of adrenal insufficiency. This improved pathophysiological understanding of global glucocorticoid deficiency informs on more targeted translational studies in humans suffering from conditions associated with glucocorticoid deficiency. Fund Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowships for Career Development, HGF-programme BIFTM, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, BBSRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Weger
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Benjamin D Weger
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benjamin Görling
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Institute for Biological Interfaces 4 - Magnetic Resonance, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melek Yildiz
- Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital, Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Luy
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Institute for Biological Interfaces 4 - Magnetic Resonance, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Teoman Akcay
- Istinye University Gaziosmanpasa Medical Park Hospital Gaziosmanpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tülay Güran
- Marmara University, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Thomas Dickmeis
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ferenc Müller
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nils Krone
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK; Department of Biomedical Science, The Bateson Centre, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK..
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22
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Krug RG, Lee HB, El Khoury LY, Sigafoos AN, Petersen MO, Clark KJ. The endocannabinoid gene faah2a modulates stress-associated behavior in zebrafish. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190897. [PMID: 29304078 PMCID: PMC5756047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to orchestrate appropriate physiological and behavioral responses to stress is important for survival, and is often dysfunctional in neuropsychiatric disorders that account for leading causes of global disability burden. Numerous studies have shown that the endocannabinoid neurotransmitter system is able to regulate stress responses and could serve as a therapeutic target for the management of these disorders. We used quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions to show that genes encoding enzymes that synthesize (abhd4, gde1, napepld), enzymes that degrade (faah, faah2a, faah2b), and receptors that bind (cnr1, cnr2, gpr55-like) endocannabinoids are expressed in zebrafish (Danio rerio). These genes are conserved in many other vertebrates, including humans, but fatty acid amide hydrolase 2 has been lost in mice and rats. We engineered transcription activator-like effector nucleases to create zebrafish with mutations in cnr1 and faah2a to test the role of these genes in modulating stress-associated behavior. We showed that disruption of cnr1 potentiated locomotor responses to hyperosmotic stress. The increased response to stress was consistent with rodent literature and served to validate the use of zebrafish in this field. Moreover, we showed for the first time that disruption of faah2a attenuated the locomotor responses to hyperosmotic stress. This later finding suggests that FAAH2 may be an important mediator of stress responses in non-rodent vertebrates. Accordingly, FAAH and FAAH2 modulators could provide distinct therapeutic options for stress-aggravated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall G. Krug
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (Neurobiology of Disease Track), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Han B. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (Neurobiology of Disease Track), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Louis Y. El Khoury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Ashley N. Sigafoos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Morgan O. Petersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Karl J. Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Brady C, Denora M, Shannon I, Clark KJ, Rich A. Intestinal Transit Time and Cortisol-Mediated Stress in Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2017; 14:404-410. [PMID: 28727940 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal motility, the spontaneous and rhythmic smooth muscle contraction, is a complex process that is regulated by overlapping and redundant regulatory mechanisms. Primary regulators intrinsic to the gastrointestinal tract include interstitial cells of Cajal, enteric neurons, and smooth muscle cells. Extrinsic primary regulators include the autonomic nervous system, immune system, and the endocrine system. Due to this complexity, a reductionist approach may be inappropriate if the ultimate goal is to understand motility regulation in vivo. Motility can be directly visualized in intact zebrafish, with intact regulatory systems, because larvae are transparent. Intestinal motility can therefore be measured in a complete system. However, the intestinal tract may respond to external influences, such as handling, which may invoke a stress response and influence intestinal transit. We used SR4G transgenic zebrafish, which express green fluorescent protein following activation of glucocorticoid receptors, and showed that handling required for the intestinal motility assay induces stress. Separate experiments showed that exogenous application of hydrocortisone did not influence intestinal transit, suggesting that handling may not interfere with transit measurements in intact zebrafish larvae. These experiments contribute to further development of the zebrafish model for intestinal motility research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Brady
- 1 Department of Biology, SUNY Brockport , Brockport, New York
| | - Maxwell Denora
- 1 Department of Biology, SUNY Brockport , Brockport, New York
| | - Ian Shannon
- 1 Department of Biology, SUNY Brockport , Brockport, New York
| | - Karl J Clark
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adam Rich
- 1 Department of Biology, SUNY Brockport , Brockport, New York
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24
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J. M. Schaaf M. The First Fifteen Years of Steroid Receptor Research in Zebrafish; Characterization and Functional Analysis of the Receptors. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.11131/2017/101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Chen Q, Li C, Gong Z, Chan ECY, Snyder SA, Lam SH. Common deregulated gene expression profiles and morphological changes in developing zebrafish larvae exposed to environmental-relevant high to low concentrations of glucocorticoids. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 172:429-439. [PMID: 28092764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids have been detected in environmental waters and their biological potency have raised concerns of their impact on aquatic vertebrates especially fish. In this study, developing zebrafish larvae exposed to representative glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, prednisolone and triamcinolone) at 50 pM to 50 nM from 3 h post-fertilisation to 5 days post-fertilisation were investigated. Microarray analysis identified 1255, 1531, and 2380 gene probes, which correspondingly mapped to 660, 882 and 1238 human/rodent homologs, as deregulated by dexamethasone, prednisolone and triamcinolone, respectively. A total of 248 gene probes which mapped to 159 human/rodent homologs were commonly deregulated by the three glucocorticoids. These homologs were associated with over 20 molecular functions from cell cycle to cellular metabolisms, and were involved in the development and function of connective tissue, nervous, haematological, and digestive systems. Glucocorticoid receptor signalling, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response and RAR signalling were among the top perturbed canonical pathways. Morphological analyses using four transgenic zebrafish lines revealed that the hepatic and endothelial-vascular systems were affected by all three glucocorticoids while nervous, pancreatic and myeloid cell systems were affected by one of them. Quantitative real-time PCR detected significant change in the expression of seven genes at 50 pM of all three glucocorticoids, a concentration comparable to total glucocorticoids reported in environmental waters. Three genes (cry2b, fbxo32, and klhl38b) responded robustly to all glucocorticoid concentrations tested. The common deregulated genes with the associated biological processes and morphological changes can be used for biological inference of glucocorticoid exposure in fish for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Chen
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Caixia Li
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shane A Snyder
- University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Siew Hong Lam
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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26
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Noyes PD, Garcia GR, Tanguay RL. ZEBRAFISH AS AN IN VIVO MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE CHEMICAL DESIGN. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2016; 18:6410-6430. [PMID: 28461781 PMCID: PMC5408959 DOI: 10.1039/c6gc02061e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Heightened public awareness about the many thousands of chemicals in use and present as persistent contaminants in the environment has increased the demand for safer chemicals and more rigorous toxicity testing. There is a growing recognition that the use of traditional test models and empirical approaches is impractical for screening for toxicity the many thousands of chemicals in the environment and the hundreds of new chemistries introduced each year. These realities coupled with the green chemistry movement have prompted efforts to implement more predictive-based approaches to evaluate chemical toxicity early in product development. While used for many years in environmental toxicology and biomedicine, zebrafish use has accelerated more recently in genetic toxicology, high throughput screening (HTS), and behavioral testing. This review describes major advances in these testing methods that have positioned the zebrafish as a highly applicable model in chemical safety evaluations and sustainable chemistry efforts. Many toxic responses have been shown to be shared among fish and mammals owing to their generally well-conserved development, cellular networks, and organ systems. These shared responses have been observed for chemicals that impair endocrine functioning, development, and reproduction, as well as those that elicit cardiotoxicity and carcinogenicity, among other diseases. HTS technologies with zebrafish enable screening large chemical libraries for bioactivity that provide opportunities for testing early in product development. A compelling attribute of the zebrafish centers on being able to characterize toxicity mechanisms across multiple levels of biological organization from the genome to receptor interactions and cellular processes leading to phenotypic changes such as developmental malformations. Finally, there is a growing recognition of the links between human and wildlife health and the need for approaches that allow for assessment of real world multi-chemical exposures. The zebrafish is poised to be an important model in bridging these two conventionally separate areas of toxicology and characterizing the biological effects of chemical mixtures that could augment its role in sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela D. Noyes
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Gloria R. Garcia
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Robert L. Tanguay
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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27
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Hartig EI, Zhu S, King BL, Coffman JA. Cortisol-treated zebrafish embryos develop into pro-inflammatory adults with aberrant immune gene regulation. Biol Open 2016; 5:1134-41. [PMID: 27444789 PMCID: PMC5004618 DOI: 10.1242/bio.020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic early-life stress increases adult susceptibility to numerous health problems linked to chronic inflammation. One way that this may occur is via glucocorticoid-induced developmental programming. To gain insight into such programming we treated zebrafish embryos with cortisol and examined the effects on both larvae and adults. Treated larvae had elevated whole-body cortisol and glucocorticoid signaling, and upregulated genes associated with defense response and immune system processes. In adulthood the treated fish maintained elevated basal cortisol levels in the absence of exogenous cortisol, and constitutively mis-expressed genes involved in defense response and its regulation. Adults derived from cortisol-treated embryos displayed defective tailfin regeneration, heightened basal expression of pro-inflammatory genes, and failure to appropriately regulate those genes following injury or immunological challenge. These results support the hypothesis that chronically elevated glucocorticoid signaling early in life directs development of a pro-inflammatory adult phenotype, at the expense of immunoregulation and somatic regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen I Hartig
- MDI Biological Laboratory, Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
| | - Shusen Zhu
- MDI Biological Laboratory, Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
| | - Benjamin L King
- MDI Biological Laboratory, Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
| | - James A Coffman
- MDI Biological Laboratory, Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
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28
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Zebrafish biosensor for toxicant induced muscle hyperactivity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23768. [PMID: 27029555 PMCID: PMC4815012 DOI: 10.1038/srep23768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust and sensitive detection systems are a crucial asset for risk management of chemicals, which are produced in increasing number and diversity. To establish an in vivo biosensor system with quantitative readout for potential toxicant effects on motor function, we generated a transgenic zebrafish line TgBAC(hspb11:GFP) which expresses a GFP reporter under the control of regulatory elements of the small heat shock protein hspb11. Spatiotemporal hspb11 transgene expression in the musculature and the notochord matched closely that of endogenous hspb11 expression. Exposure to substances that interfere with motor function induced a dose-dependent increase of GFP intensity beginning at sub-micromolar concentrations, while washout of the chemicals reduced the level of hspb11 transgene expression. Simultaneously, these toxicants induced muscle hyperactivity with increased calcium spike height and frequency. The hspb11 transgene up-regulation induced by either chemicals or heat shock was eliminated after co-application of the anaesthetic MS-222. TgBAC(hspb11:GFP) zebrafish embryos provide a quantitative measure of muscle hyperactivity and represent a robust whole organism system for detecting chemicals that affect motor function.
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29
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Chen Q, Jia A, Snyder SA, Gong Z, Lam SH. Glucocorticoid activity detected by in vivo zebrafish assay and in vitro glucocorticoid receptor bioassay at environmental relevant concentrations. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1162-9. [PMID: 26461441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are pharmaceutical contaminants of emerging concern due to their incomplete removal during wastewater treatment, increased presence in aquatic environment and their biological potency. The zebrafish is a popular model for aquatic toxicology and environmental risk assessment. This study aimed to determine if glucocorticoids at environmental concentrations would perturb expression of selected glucocorticoid-responsive genes in zebrafish and to investigate their potentials as an in vivo zebrafish assay in complementing in vitro glucocorticoid receptor bioassay. The relative expression of eleven glucocorticoid-responsive genes in zebrafish larvae and liver of adult male zebrafish exposed to three representative glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, prednisolone and triamcinolone) was determined. The expression of pepck, baiap2 and pxr was up-regulated in zebrafish larvae and the expression of baiap2, pxr and mmp-2 was up-regulated in adult zebrafish exposed to glucocorticoids at concentrations equivalent to total glucocorticoids reported in environmental samples. The responsiveness of the specific genes were sufficiently robust in zebrafish larvae exposed to a complex environmental sample detected with in vitro glucocorticoid activity equivalent to 478 pM dexamethasone (DEX-EQ) and confirmed to contain low concentration (0.2 ng/L or less) of the targeted glucocorticoids, and possibly other glucocorticoid-active compounds. The findings provided in vivo relevance to the in vitro glucocorticoid activity and suggested that the environmental sample can perturb glucocorticoid-responsive genes in its original, or half the diluted, concentration as may be found in the environment. The study demonstrated the important complementary roles of in vivo zebrafish and in vitro bioassays coupled with analytical chemistry in monitoring environmental glucocorticoid contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Chen
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Ai Jia
- University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Shane A Snyder
- University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Siew Hong Lam
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
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30
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31
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Fonseka TM, Wen XY, Foster JA, Kennedy SH. Zebrafish models of major depressive disorders. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:3-14. [PMID: 26452974 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a model species for translational research in various neuroscience areas, including depressive disorders. Because of their physiological (neuroanatomical, neuroendocrine, neurochemical) and genetic homology to mammals, robust phenotypes, and value in high-throughput genetic and chemical genetic screens, zebrafish are ideal for developing valid experimental models of major depression and discovering novel therapeutics. Behavioral testing approaches, such as approach-avoidance, cognitive, and social paradigms, are available in zebrafish and have utility in identifying depression-like indices in zebrafish in response to physiological, genetic, environmental, and/or psychopharmacological alterations. In addition, the high sensitivity of zebrafish to commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs supports the use of this model as an invaluable tool for pharmacological research and drug screening. This Review outlines the benefits of using the zebrafish model for depression studies and summarizes the current research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trehani M Fonseka
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao-Yan Wen
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Krug RG, Clark KJ. Elucidating cannabinoid biology in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Gene 2015; 570:168-79. [PMID: 26192460 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The number of annual cannabinoid users exceeds 100,000,000 globally and an estimated 9% of these individuals will suffer from dependency. Although exogenous cannabinoids, like those contained in marijuana, are known to exert their effects by disrupting the endocannabinoid system, a dearth of knowledge exists about the potential toxicological consequences on public health. Conversely, the endocannabinoid system represents a promising therapeutic target for a plethora of disorders because it functions to endogenously regulate a vast repertoire of physiological functions. Accordingly, the rapidly expanding field of cannabinoid biology has sought to leverage model organisms in order to provide both toxicological and therapeutic insights about altered endocannabinoid signaling. The primary goal of this manuscript is to review the existing field of cannabinoid research in the genetically tractable zebrafish model-focusing on the cannabinoid receptor genes, cnr1 and cnr2, and the genes that produce enzymes for synthesis and degradation of the cognate ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol. Consideration is also given to research that has studied the effects of exposure to exogenous phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids that are known to interact with cannabinoid receptors. These results are considered in the context of either endocannabinoid gene expression or endocannabinoid gene function, and are integrated with findings from rodent studies. This provides the framework for a discussion of how zebrafish may be leveraged in the future to provide novel toxicological and therapeutic insights in the field of cannabinoid biology, which has become increasingly significant given recent trends in cannabis legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall G Krug
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Graduate School, Neurobiology of Disease Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karl J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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