1
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Mao J, Burdett HL, Kamenos NA. Efficient carbon recycling between calcification and photosynthesis in red coralline algae. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20230598. [PMID: 38889774 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Red coralline algae create abundant, spatially vast, reef ecosystems throughout our coastal oceans with significant ecosystem service provision, but our understanding of their basic physiology is lacking. In particular, the balance and linkages between carbon-producing and carbon-sequestering processes remain poorly constrained, with significant implications for understanding their role in carbon sequestration and storage. Using dual radioisotope tracing, we provide evidence for coupling between photosynthesis (which requires CO2) and calcification (which releases CO2) in the red coralline alga Boreolithothamnion soriferum (previously Lithothamnion soriferum)-a marine ecosystem engineer widely distributed across Atlantic mid-high latitudes. Of the sequestered HCO3 -, 38 ± 22% was deposited as carbonate skeleton while 39 ± 14% was incorporated into organic matter via photosynthesis. Only 38 ± 2% of the sequestered HCO3 - was transformed into CO2, and almost 40% of that was internally recycled as photosynthetic substrate, reducing the net release of carbon to 23 ± 3% of the total uptake. The calcification rate was strongly dependent on photosynthetic substrate production, supporting the presence of photosynthetically enhanced calcification. The efficient carbon-recycling physiology reported here suggests that calcifying algae may not contribute as much to marine CO2 release as is currently assumed, supporting a reassessment of their role in blue carbon accounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University , Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - H L Burdett
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
| | - N A Kamenos
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
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2
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James K, Macreadie PI, Burdett HL, Davies I, Kamenos NA. It's time to broaden what we consider a 'blue carbon ecosystem'. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17261. [PMID: 38712641 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Photoautotrophic marine ecosystems can lock up organic carbon in their biomass and the associated organic sediments they trap over millennia and are thus regarded as blue carbon ecosystems. Because of the ability of marine ecosystems to lock up organic carbon for millennia, blue carbon is receiving much attention within the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as a nature-based solution (NBS) to climate change, but classically still focuses on seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, and tidal marshes. However, other coastal ecosystems could also be important for blue carbon storage, but remain largely neglected in both carbon cycling budgets and NBS strategic planning. Using a meta-analysis of 253 research publications, we identify other coastal ecosystems-including mud flats, fjords, coralline algal (rhodolith) beds, and some components or coral reef systems-with a strong capacity to act as blue carbon sinks in certain situations. Features that promote blue carbon burial within these 'non-classical' blue carbon ecosystems included: (1) balancing of carbon release by calcification via carbon uptake at the individual and ecosystem levels; (2) high rates of allochthonous organic carbon supply because of high particle trapping capacity; (3) high rates of carbon preservation and low remineralization rates; and (4) location in depositional environments. Some of these features are context-dependent, meaning that these ecosystems were blue carbon sinks in some locations, but not others. Therefore, we provide a universal framework that can evaluate the likelihood of a given ecosystem to behave as a blue carbon sink for a given context. Overall, this paper seeks to encourage consideration of non-classical blue carbon ecosystems within NBS strategies, allowing more complete blue carbon accounting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter I Macreadie
- Marine Research and Innovation Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi L Burdett
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Norrbyn, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Nicholas A Kamenos
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Norrbyn, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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3
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Melbourne LA, Brodie J, Rayfield EJ, Titelboim D, Lord OT, Schmidt DN. Environmental impacts on the structural integrity of British rhodoliths. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13473. [PMID: 37596363 PMCID: PMC10439216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Coralline algae form complex habitats which are biodiversity hotspots. Experimental studies suggest that climate change will decrease coralline algal structural integrity. These experiments, however, lack information on local morphological variability and how much structural change would be needed to threaten habitat formation. Here, using finite element modelling, we assess variability in cellular structure and chemical composition of the carbonate skeleton of four coralline algal species from Britain in contemporary and historical specimens collected over the last 130 years. Cellular and mineral properties are highly variable within species, between sites and through time, with structurally weaker cells in the southern species and contemporary material compared to northern taxa and historical material. Yet, temporal differences in strength were smaller than spatial differences. Our work supports long term experiments which show the adaptation potential of this group. Our results suggest that future anthropogenic climate change may lead to loss of habitat complexity in the south and expansion of structurally weaker southern species into northern sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne A Melbourne
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK.
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA.
| | - Juliet Brodie
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Emily J Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Danna Titelboim
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Oliver T Lord
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Daniela N Schmidt
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
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4
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Optimising a method for aragonite precipitation in simulated biogenic calcification media. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278627. [PMID: 36459517 PMCID: PMC9718392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolving how factors such as temperature, pH, biomolecules and mineral growth rate influence the geochemistry and structure of biogenic CaCO3, is essential to the effective development of palaeoproxies. Here we optimise a method to precipitate the CaCO3 polymorph aragonite from seawater, under tightly controlled conditions that simulate the saturation state (Ω) of coral calcification fluids. We then use the method to explore the influence of aspartic acid (one of the most abundant amino acids in coral skeletons) on aragonite structure and morphology. Using ≥200 mg of aragonite seed (surface area 0.84 m2), to provide a surface for mineral growth, in a 330 mL seawater volume, generates reproducible estimates of precipitation rate over Ωaragonite = 6.9-19.2. However, unseeded precipitations are highly variable in duration and do not provide consistent estimates of precipitation rate. Low concentrations of aspartic acid (1-10 μM) promote aragonite formation, but high concentrations (≥ 1 mM) inhibit precipitation. The Raman spectra of aragonite precipitated in vitro can be separated from the signature of the starting seed by ensuring that at least 60% of the analysed aragonite is precipitated in vitro (equivalent to using a seed of 200 mg and precipitating 300 mg aragonite in vitro). Aspartic acid concentrations ≥ 1mM caused a significant increase in the full width half maxima of the Raman aragonite v1 peak, reflective of increased rotational disorder in the aragonite structure. Changes in the organic content of coral skeletons can drive variations in the FWHM of the Raman aragonite ν1 peak, and if not accounted for, may confuse the interpretation of calcification fluid saturation state from this parameter.
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Jardim VL, Gauthier O, Toumi C, Grall J. Quantifying maerl (rhodolith) habitat complexity along an environmental gradient at regional scale in the Northeast Atlantic. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 181:105768. [PMID: 36240648 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Maerl beds are ecologically important marine biogenic habitats founded on a few species of free-living coralline algae that aggregate and form highly complex rhodoliths. The high biodiversity found in these habitats have been mainly justified by the structural complexity that they provide. However, few attempts to quantify this complexity have been made. Maerl species distribution, density, rhodolith growth forms, and shapes vary with environmental conditions. Hydrodynamics and depth have been shown to drive morphology. Using species-specific metrics such as sphericity and branching density, as well as diameter and fractal dimension at the rhodolith level, and maerl density at the habitat level, we quantified the habitat complexity within ten maerl beds at a regional scale (along ∼400 km of the coastline of Brittany in Western France). Using both long-term monitoring data and environmental models, we investigated how maerl habitat complexity varies among beds and which environmental conditions drive those differences. The effects of currents, exposure to wind-generated waves, temperature and sediment granulometry were evaluated. We confirmed variations in complexity in maerl beds at the habitat and rhodolith levels at local and regional scales, which might have ecological and conservational implications for their associated biodiversity. The analysed environmental conditions drive around a third of the variance in habitat complexity. Sediment granulometry is the main driver of maerl habitat complexity in Brittany, while the isolated effects of depth and hydrodynamics accounted for less than 5% of the variability each. Our results have important implications for paleoecology, and we suggest that maerl facies should be interpreted carefully. Our study provides a first attempt at explicitly quantifying maerl habitat complexity, and further contributes to the understanding of this fundamental ecological question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Jardim
- LEMAR, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Olivier Gauthier
- LEMAR, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 29280, Plouzané, France; OSU IUEM, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Chirine Toumi
- LEMAR, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Jacques Grall
- LEMAR, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 29280, Plouzané, France; OSU IUEM, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, 29280, Plouzané, France
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Young CS, Lee CS, Sylvers LH, Venkatesan AK, Gobler CJ. The invasive red seaweed, Dasysiphonia japonica, forms harmful algal blooms: Mortality in early life stage fish and bivalves and identification of putative toxins. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102294. [PMID: 36195420 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the rate of introduction of non-indigenous macroalgae has increased. While invasive seaweeds often outcompete native species for substrata, their direct effects on marine life are rarely described. Here, we describe 'red water' events caused by the decay of blooms of the invasive red seaweed, Dasysiphonia japonica, in Great South Bay, NY, USA, and the ability of water from such events to induce rapid and significant mortality in larval and juvenile fish (Menidia beryllina, Menidia menidia, and Cyprinodon variegatus) and larval bivalves (Mercenaria mercenaria and Crassostrea virginica). All species studied experienced significant (p<0.05) reductions in survival when exposed to macroalgae in a state of decay, seawater in which the alga was previously decayed, or both. Both bivalve species experienced 50-60% increases in mortality when exposed to decaying D. japonica for ∼ one week, despite normoxic conditions. Among fish, significant increases (40-80%) in mortality were observed after 24 h exposure to decayed D. japonica and one-week exposures caused, on average, 90% mortality in larval M. beryllina, 50% mortality in juvenile (∼3 cm) M. menidia, and 50% mortality in larval C. variegatus. All fish and bivalve mortality occurred under normoxic conditions (dissolved oxygen (DO) >7 mg L-1) and low ammonium levels (< 20 µM), with the exception of C. variegatus, which expired under conditions of decayed D. japonica coupled with reduced DO caused by the alga. Screening of water with decayed D. japonica using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed compounds with mass-to-charge ratios matching caulerpin, a known algal toxin that causes fish and shellfish mortality, and several other putative toxicants at elevated levels. Collectively, the high levels of mortality (50-90%) of larval and juvenile fish and bivalves exposed to decaying D. japonica under normoxic conditions coupled with the observation of 'red water' events in estuaries collectively indicate the red seaweed, D. japonica, can create harmful algal blooms (HABs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Young
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA
| | - Cheng-Shiuan Lee
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Laine H Sylvers
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA
| | - Arjun K Venkatesan
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
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7
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Peña V, Harvey BP, Agostini S, Porzio L, Milazzo M, Horta P, Le Gall L, Hall-Spencer JM. Major loss of coralline algal diversity in response to ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4785-4798. [PMID: 34268846 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Calcified coralline algae are ecologically important in rocky habitats in the marine photic zone worldwide and there is growing concern that ocean acidification will severely impact them. Laboratory studies of these algae in simulated ocean acidification conditions have revealed wide variability in growth, photosynthesis and calcification responses, making it difficult to assess their future biodiversity, abundance and contribution to ecosystem function. Here, we apply molecular systematic tools to assess the impact of natural gradients in seawater carbonate chemistry on the biodiversity of coralline algae in the Mediterranean and the NW Pacific, link this to their evolutionary history and evaluate their potential future biodiversity and abundance. We found a decrease in the taxonomic diversity of coralline algae with increasing acidification with more than half of the species lost in high pCO2 conditions. Sporolithales is the oldest order (Lower Cretaceous) and diversified when ocean chemistry favoured low Mg calcite deposition; it is less diverse today and was the most sensitive to ocean acidification. Corallinales were also reduced in cover and diversity but several species survived at high pCO2 ; it is the most recent order of coralline algae and originated when ocean chemistry favoured aragonite and high Mg calcite deposition. The sharp decline in cover and thickness of coralline algal carbonate deposits at high pCO2 highlighted their lower fitness in response to ocean acidification. Reductions in CO2 emissions are needed to limit the risk of losing coralline algal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Peña
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Ben P Harvey
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sylvain Agostini
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Lucia Porzio
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paulo Horta
- Laboratory of Phycology, Department of Botany, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Line Le Gall
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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8
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Koerich G, Costa GB, Sissini MN, Ortiz CL, Canever BF, Oliveira W, Tonkin JD, Horta PA. Physiology, niche characteristics and extreme events: Current and future habitat suitability of a rhodolith-forming species in the Southwestern Atlantic. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 169:105394. [PMID: 34166865 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Given the ecological and biogeochemical importance of rhodolith beds, it is necessary to investigate how future environmental conditions will affect these organisms. We investigated the impacts of increased nutrient concentrations, acidification, and marine heatwaves on the performance of the rhodolith-forming species Lithothamnion crispatum in a short-term experiment, including the recovery of individuals after stressor removal. Furthermore, we developed an ecological niche model to establish which environmental conditions determine its current distribution along the Brazilian coast and to project responses to future climate scenarios. Although L. crispatum suffered a reduction in photosynthetic performance when exposed to stressors, they returned to pre-experiment values following the return of individuals to control conditions. The model showed that the most important variables in explaining the current distribution of L. crispatum on the Brazilian coast were maximum nitrate and temperature. In future ocean conditions, the model predicted a range expansion of habitat suitability for this species of approximately 58.5% under RCP 8.5. Physiological responses to experimental future environmental conditions corroborated model predictions of the expansion of this species' habitat suitability in the future. This study, therefore, demonstrates the benefits of applying combined approaches to examine potential species responses to climate-change drivers from multiple angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Koerich
- Phycology Laboratory, Botanical Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Giulia Burle Costa
- Phycology Laboratory, Botanical Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Oceanography, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marina Nasri Sissini
- Phycology Laboratory, Botanical Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carlos Lopez Ortiz
- Phycology Laboratory, Botanical Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Willian Oliveira
- Phycology Laboratory, Botanical Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jonathan D Tonkin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Paulo Antunes Horta
- Phycology Laboratory, Botanical Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Oceanography, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Calcification in free-living coralline algae is strongly influenced by morphology: Implications for susceptibility to ocean acidification. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11232. [PMID: 34045570 PMCID: PMC8160205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodolith beds built by free-living coralline algae are important ecosystems for marine biodiversity and carbonate production. Yet, our mechanistic understanding regarding rhodolith physiology and its drivers is still limited. Using three rhodolith species with different branching morphologies, we investigated the role of morphology in species’ physiology and the implications for their susceptibility to ocean acidification (OA). For this, we determined the effects of thallus topography on diffusive boundary layer (DBL) thickness, the associated microscale oxygen and pH dynamics and their relationship with species’ metabolic and light and dark calcification rates, as well as species’ responses to short-term OA exposure. Our results show that rhodolith branching creates low-flow microenvironments that exhibit increasing DBL thickness with increasing branch length. This, together with species’ metabolic rates, determined the light-dependent pH dynamics at the algal surface, which in turn dictated species’ calcification rates. While these differences did not translate in species-specific responses to short-term OA exposure, the differences in the magnitude of diurnal pH fluctuations (~ 0.1–1.2 pH units) between species suggest potential differences in phenotypic plasticity to OA that may result in different susceptibilities to long-term OA exposure, supporting the general view that species’ ecomechanical characteristics must be considered for predicting OA responses.
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Abstract
AbstractThe rhodolith-forming coralline red algal species Lithothamnion glaciale is the key ecosystem engineer of rhodolith beds on the coast of Svalbard. Because it significantly increases local biodiversity in this high-Arctic environment, we investigate the potential impact of changing environmental parameters on its calcite skeleton. Using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and environmental data from the Norwegian government’s environmental monitoring, we show that the magnesium concentration within an analysed algal calcite skeleton decreases linearly and significantly over a 40-year time span (R2 = 0.267, pperm < 0.001). Mg/Ca ratios show the most significant correlation with atmospheric CO2 concentrations (R2 = 0.614, p < 0.001), and lower correlations to sea ice cover and seawater temperature. This raises the question of whether the Mg/Ca in the rhodolith skeleton is reflecting an increase in aqueous pCO2 that drives ongoing ocean acidification. Since such a change in geochemistry may alter the stability of the calcite skeleton, our results could imply an impact on the future role of the rhodoliths as ecosystem engineers and consequently on Arctic biodiversity.
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11
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A possible link between coral reef success, crustose coralline algae and the evolution of herbivory. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17748. [PMID: 33082388 PMCID: PMC7575568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustose coralline red algae (CCA) play a key role in the consolidation of many modern tropical coral reefs. It is unclear, however, if their function as reef consolidators was equally pronounced in the geological past. Using a comprehensive database on ancient reefs, we show a strong correlation between the presence of CCA and the formation of true coral reefs throughout the last 150 Ma. We investigated if repeated breakdowns in the potential capacity of CCA to spur reef development were associated with sea level, ocean temperature, CO2 concentration, CCA species diversity, and/or the evolution of major herbivore groups. Model results show that the correlation between the occurrence of CCA and the development of true coral reefs increased with CCA diversity and cooler ocean temperatures while the diversification of herbivores had a transient negative effect. The evolution of novel herbivore groups compromised the interaction between CCA and true reef growth at least three times in the investigated time interval. These crises have been overcome by morphological adaptations of CCA.
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Marques JA, Flores F, Patel F, Bianchini A, Uthicke S, Negri AP. Acclimation history modulates effect size of calcareous algae (Halimeda opuntia) to herbicide exposure under future climate scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140308. [PMID: 32846507 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical marine habitat-builders such as calcifying green algae can be susceptible to climate change (warming and acidification). This study evaluated the cumulative effects of ocean warming (OW), ocean acidification (OA) and the herbicide diuron on the calcifying green algae Halimeda opuntia. We also assessed the influence of acclimation history to experimental climate change conditions on physiological responses. H. opuntia were exposed for 15 days to orthogonal combinations of three climate scenarios [ambient (28 °C, pCO2 = 378 ppm), 2050 (29 °C, pCO2 = 567 ppm) and 2100 (30 °C, pCO2 = 721 ppm)] and to six diuron concentrations (up to 29 μg L-1). Half of the H. opuntia had been acclimated for eight months to the climate scenarios in a mesocosm approach, while the remaining half were not pre-acclimated, as is current practice in most experiments. Climate effects on quantum yield (ΔF/Fm'), photosynthesis and calcification in future climate scenarios were significantly stronger (by -24, -46 and +26%, respectively) in non-acclimated algae, suggesting experimental bias may exaggerate effects in organisms not appropriately acclimated to future-climate conditions. Thus, full analysis was done on acclimated plants only. Interactive effects of future climate scenarios and diuron were observed for ΔF/Fm', while the detrimental effects of climate and diuron on net photosynthesis and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were additive. Calcification-related enzymes were negatively affected only by diuron, with inhibition of Ca-ATPase and upregulation of carbonic anhydrase. The combined and consistent physiological and biochemical evidence of negative impacts (across six indicators) of both herbicide and future-climate conditions on the health of H. opuntia highlights the need to address both climate change and water quality. Guideline values for contaminants may also need to be lowered considering 'climate adjusted thresholds'. Importantly, this study highlights the value of applying substantial future climate acclimation periods in experimental studies to avoid exaggerated organism responses to OW and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane A Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Florita Flores
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia.
| | - Frances Patel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia.
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Sven Uthicke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia.
| | - Andrew P Negri
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia.
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Guy-Haim T, Silverman J, Wahl M, Aguirre J, Noisette F, Rilov G. Epiphytes provide micro-scale refuge from ocean acidification. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 161:105093. [PMID: 32798779 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coralline algae, a major calcifying component of coastal shallow water communities, have been shown to be one of the more vulnerable taxonomic groups to ocean acidification (OA). Under OA, the interaction between corallines and epiphytes was previously described as both positive and negative. We hypothesized that the photosynthetic activity and the complex structure of non-calcifying epiphytic algae that grow on corallines ameliorate the chemical microenvironmental conditions around them, providing protection from OA. Using mesocosm and microsensor experiments, we showed that the widespread coralline Ellisolandia elongata is less susceptible to the detrimental effects of OA when covered with non-calcifying epiphytic algae, and its diffusive boundary layer is thicker than when not covered by epiphytes. By modifying the microenvironmental carbonate chemistry, epiphytes, facilitated by OA, create micro-scale shield (and refuge) with more basic conditions that may allow the persistence of corallines associated with them during acidified conditions. Such ecological refugia could also assist corallines under near-future anthropogenic OA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Guy-Haim
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 8030, Haifa, 31080, Israel; The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel; GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Experimental Ecology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, 24105, Germany.
| | - Jacob Silverman
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 8030, Haifa, 31080, Israel
| | - Martin Wahl
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Experimental Ecology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Julio Aguirre
- Department of Stratigraphy and Paleontology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/n, 18002, Granada, Spain
| | - Fanny Noisette
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gil Rilov
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 8030, Haifa, 31080, Israel; The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
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14
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Cardone F, Corriero G, Longo C, Mercurio M, Onen Tarantini S, Gravina MF, Lisco S, Moretti M, De Giosa F, Giangrande A, Nonnis Marzano C, Pierri C. Massive bioconstructions built by Neopycnodonte cochlear (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in a mesophotic environment in the central Mediterranean Sea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6337. [PMID: 32286422 PMCID: PMC7156399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper provides a multidisciplinary fine-scale description of a Mediterranean mesophotic new habitat dominated by the bivalve Neopycnodonte cochlear (Poli, 1795), building large and thick pinnacles on vertical cliffs at two study areas along the southern Italian coast. The pinnacles, constituted by a multilayered aggregation of living and dead specimens of N. cochlear, were interconnected with each other to form a framework of high structural complexity, never observed before for this species. The bioconstruction, considerably extended, resulted very complex and diversified in the associated community of structuring organisms. This latter included 165 taxa attributable to different ecological groups occurring in different microhabitats of the bioconstruction. Among the secondary structuring taxa there were scleractinians, serpulids and bryozoans, all contributing to the deposition of calcium carbonate, and poriferans, helping to bind shells together or eroding carbonate by boring species. In comparison with coralligenous sensu stricto and the recently described Mediterranean mesophotic coral reef, the Neopycnodonte bioconstruction showed peculiar features, since it lacked the major contribution of encrusting coralline algae and scleractinians as reef builders, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frine Cardone
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4 - 70125, Bari, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9 - 00196, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Corriero
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4 - 70125, Bari, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9 - 00196, Roma, Italy
| | - Caterina Longo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4 - 70125, Bari, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9 - 00196, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Mercurio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4 - 70125, Bari, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9 - 00196, Roma, Italy
| | - Senem Onen Tarantini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4 - 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Flavia Gravina
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9 - 00196, Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica s.n.c. 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefania Lisco
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9 - 00196, Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4 - 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9 - 00196, Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4 - 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco De Giosa
- Environmental Surveys S.r.l. (ENSU), Via de Gasperi - 74123, Taranto, Italy
| | - Adriana Giangrande
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9 - 00196, Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni - 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Carlotta Nonnis Marzano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4 - 70125, Bari, Italy. .,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9 - 00196, Roma, Italy.
| | - Cataldo Pierri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4 - 70125, Bari, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (CNR-IRET), Via Salaria km 29.300 - 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
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15
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Sordo L, Santos R, Barrote I, Silva J. Temperature amplifies the effect of high CO 2 on the photosynthesis, respiration, and calcification of the coralline algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11000-11009. [PMID: 31641450 PMCID: PMC6802031 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of ocean acidification (OA) and global warming is expected to have a significant effect on the diversity and functioning of marine ecosystems, particularly on calcifying algae such as rhodoliths (maërl) that form extensive beds worldwide, from polar to tropical regions. In addition, the increasing frequency of extreme events, such as heat waves, threatens coastal ecosystems and may affect their capacity to fix blue carbon. The few studies where the simultaneous effects of both temperature and CO2 were investigated have revealed contradictory results. To assess the effect that high temperature spells can have on the maërl beds under OA, we tested the short-time effects of temperature and CO2 on the net photosynthesis, respiration, and calcification of the recently described species Phymatolithon lusitanicum, the most common maërl species of southern Portugal. Photosynthesis, calcification, and respiration increased with temperature, and the differences among treatments were enhanced under high CO2. We found that in the short term, the metabolic rates of Phymatolithon lusitanicum will increase with CO2 and temperature as will the coupling between calcification and photosynthesis. However, under high CO2, this coupling will favor photosynthesis over calcification, which, in the long term, can have a negative effect on the blue carbon fixing capacity of the maërl beds from southern Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sordo
- Marine Plant Ecology Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
- Portuguese Institute of Ocean and Atmosphere (IPMA)OlhãoPortugal
| | - Rui Santos
- Marine Plant Ecology Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - Isabel Barrote
- Marine Plant Ecology Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - João Silva
- Marine Plant Ecology Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
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16
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Schubert N, Salazar VW, Rich WA, Vivanco Bercovich M, Almeida Saá AC, Fadigas SD, Silva J, Horta PA. Rhodolith primary and carbonate production in a changing ocean: The interplay of warming and nutrients. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 676:455-468. [PMID: 31048175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rhodolith beds, like many other marine ecosystems, are affected by climate change that is causing an increase in the magnitude and frequency of extreme high temperature events (heat waves). Unfortunately, this does not represent the sole peril for these communities, as coastal urbanization in conjunction with altered precipitation patterns can increase terrestrial-derived nutrient input. In Brazil, rhodolith beds are among the most extensive coastal benthic ecosystems, but despite their vast distribution and great ecological and economic importance, studies on the productivity of these communities and the impact of changing environmental conditions are almost non-existent. This study addressed the individual and combined effects of increases in temperature and nutrient concentration on the physiological performance of two widely distributed rhodolith species, Lithothamnion crispatum and Melyvonnea erubescens. The results showed species-specific responses in net photosynthetic performance, with no response in L. crispatum, while M. erubescens responded negatively to both increase in temperature and nutrients. In contrast, calcification in both species showed a significant decline at high temperature. No interactive effects were found between temperature and nutrients, yet their combined negative effects were additive, resulting in negative daily-integrated net productivity and a large decline in daily carbonate production in both species. This has strong implications for rhodolith bed primary productivity and carbonate production, as heat waves may potentially cause a strong decline in carbonate production (ca. 50% loss), accompanied by a severe drop in primary productivity that will be even more pronounced under high-nutrient conditions. Also, the species-specific responses to changes in temperature and nutrient concentration suggest that the magnitude of impact of these factors on rhodolith bed productivity will depend on the species dominating the community and may finally result in changes in rhodolith community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schubert
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
| | - V W Salazar
- Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - W A Rich
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - M Vivanco Bercovich
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - A C Almeida Saá
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - S D Fadigas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - J Silva
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - P A Horta
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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17
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Hind KR, Starko S, Burt JM, Lemay MA, Salomon AK, Martone PT. Trophic control of cryptic coralline algal diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15080-15085. [PMID: 31285351 PMCID: PMC6660763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900506116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how trophic dynamics drive variation in biodiversity is essential for predicting the outcomes of trophic downgrading across the world's ecosystems. However, assessing the biodiversity of morphologically cryptic lineages can be problematic, yet may be crucial to understanding ecological patterns. Shifts in keystone predation that favor increases in herbivore abundance tend to have negative consequences for the biodiversity of primary producers. However, in nearshore ecosystems, coralline algal cover increases when herbivory is intense, suggesting that corallines may uniquely benefit from trophic downgrading. Because many coralline algal species are morphologically cryptic and their diversity has been globally underestimated, increasing the resolution at which we distinguish species could dramatically alter our conclusions about the consequences of trophic dynamics for this group. In this study, we used DNA barcoding to compare the diversity and composition of cryptic coralline algal assemblages at sites that differ in urchin biomass and keystone predation by sea otters. We show that while coralline cover is greater in urchin-dominated sites (or "barrens"), which are subject to intense grazing, coralline assemblages in these urchin barrens are significantly less diverse than in kelp forests and are dominated by only 1 or 2 species. These findings clarify how food web structure relates to coralline community composition and reconcile patterns of total coralline cover with the widely documented pattern that keystone predation promotes biodiversity. Shifts in coralline diversity and distribution associated with transitions from kelp forests to urchin barrens could have ecosystem-level effects that would be missed by ignoring cryptic species' identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine R Hind
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Samuel Starko
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Jenn M Burt
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | | | - Anne K Salomon
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4;
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
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18
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Cross EL, Harper EM, Peck LS. Thicker Shells Compensate Extensive Dissolution in Brachiopods under Future Ocean Acidification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5016-5026. [PMID: 30925214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organisms with long generation times require phenotypic plasticity to survive in changing environments until genetic adaptation can be achieved. Marine calcifiers are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification due to dissolution and a reduction in shell-building carbonate ions. Long-term experiments assess organisms' abilities to acclimatize or even adapt to environmental change. Here we present an unexpected compensatory response to extensive shell dissolution in a highly calcium-carbonate-dependent organism after long-term culture in predicted end-century acidification and warming conditions. Substantial shell dissolution with decreasing pH posed a threat to both a polar ( Liothyrella uva) and a temperate ( Calloria inconspicua) brachiopod after 7 months and 3 months exposure, respectively, with more extensive dissolution in the polar species. This impact was reflected in decreased outer primary layer thickness in the polar brachiopod. A compensatory response of increasing inner secondary layer thickness, and thereby producing a thicker shell, was exhibited by the polar species. Less extensive dissolution in the temperate brachiopod did not affect shell thickness. Increased temperature did not impact shell dissolution or thickness. Brachiopod ability to produce a thicker shell when extensive shell dissolution occurs suggests this marine calcifier has great plasticity in calcification providing insights into how similar species might cope under future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Cross
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing Street , Cambridge , CB2 3EQ , United Kingdom
- British Antarctic Survey , Natural Environment Research Council , High Cross, Madingley Road , Cambridge , CB3 0ET , United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M Harper
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing Street , Cambridge , CB2 3EQ , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey , Natural Environment Research Council , High Cross, Madingley Road , Cambridge , CB3 0ET , United Kingdom
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19
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DeCarlo TM, Comeau S, Cornwall CE, Gajdzik L, Guagliardo P, Sadekov A, Thillainath EC, Trotter J, McCulloch MT. Investigating marine bio-calcification mechanisms in a changing ocean with in vivo and high-resolution ex vivo Raman spectroscopy. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1877-1888. [PMID: 30689259 PMCID: PMC6916197 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification poses a serious threat to marine calcifying organisms, yet experimental and field studies have found highly diverse responses among species and environments. Our understanding of the underlying drivers of differential responses to ocean acidification is currently limited by difficulties in directly observing and quantifying the mechanisms of bio-calcification. Here, we present Raman spectroscopy techniques for characterizing the skeletal mineralogy and calcifying fluid chemistry of marine calcifying organisms such as corals, coralline algae, foraminifera, and fish (carbonate otoliths). First, our in vivo Raman technique is the ideal tool for investigating non-classical mineralization pathways. This includes calcification by amorphous particle attachment, which has recently been controversially suggested as a mechanism by which corals resist the negative effects of ocean acidification. Second, high-resolution ex vivo Raman mapping reveals complex banding structures in the mineralogy of marine calcifiers, and provides a tool to quantify calcification responses to environmental variability on various timescales from days to years. We describe the new insights into marine bio-calcification that our techniques have already uncovered, and we consider the wide range of questions regarding calcifier responses to global change that can now be proposed and addressed with these new Raman spectroscopy tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. DeCarlo
- Oceans Graduate SchoolThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Steeve Comeau
- Oceans Graduate SchoolThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Present address:
Sorbonne Université, CNRS‐INSU, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de 30 Villefranche181 chemin du Lazaret, F–06230 Villefranche‐sur‐merFrance
| | - Christopher E. Cornwall
- Oceans Graduate SchoolThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Present address:
School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew‐Zealand
| | - Laura Gajdzik
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, TrEnD LaboratoryCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Paul Guagliardo
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and AnalysisThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Aleksey Sadekov
- Oceans Graduate SchoolThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Emma C. Thillainath
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Julie Trotter
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Earth SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Malcolm T. McCulloch
- Oceans Graduate SchoolThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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21
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Comeau S, Cornwall CE, DeCarlo TM, Krieger E, McCulloch MT. Similar controls on calcification under ocean acidification across unrelated coral reef taxa. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4857-4868. [PMID: 29957854 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is a major threat to marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs which are heavily reliant on calcareous species. OA decreases seawater pH and calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω), and increases the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Intense scientific effort has attempted to determine the mechanisms via which ocean acidification (OA) influences calcification, led by early hypotheses that calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω) is the main driver. We grew corals and coralline algae for 8-21 weeks, under treatments where the seawater parameters Ω, pH, and DIC were manipulated to examine their differential effects on calcification rates and calcifying fluid chemistry (Ωcf , pHcf , and DICcf ). Here, using long duration experiments, we provide geochemical evidence that differing physiological controls on carbonate chemistry at the site of calcification, rather than seawater Ω, are the main determinants of calcification. We found that changes in seawater pH and DIC rather than Ω had the greatest effects on calcification and calcifying fluid chemistry, though the effects of seawater carbonate chemistry were limited. Our results demonstrate the capacity of organisms from taxa with vastly different calcification mechanisms to regulate their internal chemistry under extreme chemical conditions. These findings provide an explanation for the resistance of some species to OA, while also demonstrating how changes in seawater DIC and pH under OA influence calcification of key coral reef taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Comeau
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS-INSU, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Christopher E Cornwall
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas M DeCarlo
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Erik Krieger
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Fachbereich 2 Biologie/Chemie, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Malcolm T McCulloch
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Crawley, WA, Australia
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22
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McCoy SJ, Kamenos NA. Coralline algal skeletal mineralogy affects grazer impacts. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4775-4783. [PMID: 30030870 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In macroalgal-dominated systems, herbivory is a major driver in controlling ecosystem structure. However, the role of altered plant-herbivore interactions and effects of changes to trophic control under global change are poorly understood. This is because both macroalgae and grazers themselves may be affected by global change, making changes in plant-herbivore interactions hard to predict. Coralline algae lay down a calcium carbonate skeleton, which serves as protection from grazing and is preserved in archival samples. Here, we compare grazing damage and intensity to coralline algae in situ over 4 decades characterized by changing seawater acidity. While grazing intensity, herbivore abundance and identity remained constant over time, grazing wound width increased together with Mg content of the skeleton and variability in its mineral organization. In one species, decreases in skeletal organization were found concurrent with deeper skeletal damage by grazers over time since the 1980s. Thus, in a future characterized by acidification, we suggest coralline algae may be more prone to grazing damage, mediated by effects of variability between individuals and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J McCoy
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Nicholas A Kamenos
- School of Geographical and Earth Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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23
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Hofmann LC, Schoenrock K, de Beer D. Arctic Coralline Algae Elevate Surface pH and Carbonate in the Dark. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1416. [PMID: 30319676 PMCID: PMC6167962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Red coralline algae are projected to be sensitive to ocean acidification, particularly in polar oceans. As important ecosystem engineers, their potential sensitivity has broad implications, and understanding their carbon acquisition mechanisms is necessary for making reliable predictions. Therefore, we investigated the localized carbonate chemistry at the surface of Arctic coralline algae using microsensors. We report for the first time carbonate ion concentration and pH measurements ([CO3 2-]) at and above the algal surface in the microenvironment. We show that surface pH and [CO3 2-] are higher than the bulk seawater in the light, and even after hours of darkness. We further show that three species of Arctic coralline algae have efficient carbon concentrating mechanisms including direct bicarbonate uptake and indirect bicarbonate use via a carbonic anhydrase enzyme. Our results suggest that Arctic corallines have strong biological control over their surface chemistry, where active calcification occurs, and that net dissolution in the dark does not occur. We suggest that the elevated pH and [CO3 2-] in the dark could be explained by a high rate of light independent carbon fixation that reduces respiratory CO2 release. This mechanism could provide a potential adaptation to ocean acidification in Arctic coralline algae, which has important implications for future Arctic marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie C. Hofmann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Microsensor Group, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kathryn Schoenrock
- Department of Geographical and Earth Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Microsensor Group, Bremen, Germany
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24
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Cavalcanti GS, Shukla P, Morris M, Ribeiro B, Foley M, Doane MP, Thompson CC, Edwards MS, Dinsdale EA, Thompson FL. Rhodoliths holobionts in a changing ocean: host-microbes interactions mediate coralline algae resilience under ocean acidification. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:701. [PMID: 30249182 PMCID: PMC6154897 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Life in the ocean will increasingly have to contend with a complex matrix of concurrent shifts in environmental properties that impact their physiology and control their life histories. Rhodoliths are coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) that are photosynthesizers, calcifiers, and ecosystem engineers and therefore represent important targets for ocean acidification (OA) research. Here, we exposed live rhodoliths to near-future OA conditions to investigate responses in their photosynthetic capacity, calcium carbonate production, and associated microbiome using carbon uptake, decalcification assays, and whole genome shotgun sequencing metagenomic analysis, respectively. The results from our live rhodolith assays were compared to similar manipulations on dead rhodolith (calcareous skeleton) biofilms and water column microbial communities, thereby enabling the assessment of host-microbiome interaction under climate-driven environmental perturbations. Results Under high pCO2 conditions, live rhodoliths exhibited positive physiological responses, i.e. increased photosynthetic activity, and no calcium carbonate biomass loss over time. Further, whereas the microbiome associated with live rhodoliths remained stable and resembled a healthy holobiont, the microbial community associated with the water column changed after exposure to elevated pCO2. Conclusions Our results suggest that a tightly regulated microbial-host interaction, as evidenced by the stability of the rhodolith microbiome recorded here under OA-like conditions, is important for host resilience to environmental stress. This study extends the scarce comprehension of microbes associated with rhodolith beds and their reaction to increased pCO2, providing a more comprehensive approach to OA studies by assessing the host holobiont. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5064-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle S Cavalcanti
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil. .,Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
| | - Priya Shukla
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Megan Morris
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Bárbara Ribeiro
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Mariah Foley
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Michael P Doane
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Cristiane C Thompson
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Matthew S Edwards
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | | | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil.
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25
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Cornwall CE, Comeau S, DeCarlo TM, Moore B, D'Alexis Q, McCulloch MT. Resistance of corals and coralline algae to ocean acidification: physiological control of calcification under natural pH variability. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1168. [PMID: 30089625 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification is a threat to the continued accretion of coral reefs, though some undergo daily fluctuations in pH exceeding declines predicted by 2100. We test whether exposure to greater pH variability enhances resistance to ocean acidification for the coral Goniopora sp. and coralline alga Hydrolithon reinboldii from two sites: one with low pH variability (less than 0.15 units daily; Shell Island) and a site with high pH variability (up to 1.4 pH units daily; Tallon Island). We grew populations of both species for more than 100 days under a combination of differing pH variability (high/low) and means (ambient pH 8.05/ocean acidification pH 7.65). Calcification rates of Goniopora sp. were unaffected by the examined variables. Calcification rates of H. reinboldii were significantly faster in Tallon than in Shell Island individuals, and Tallon Island individuals calcified faster in the high variability pH 8.05 treatment compared with all others. Geochemical proxies for carbonate chemistry within the calcifying fluid (cf) of both species indicated that only mean seawater pH influenced pHcf pH treatments had no effect on proxies for Ωcf These limited responses to extreme pH treatments demonstrate that some calcifying taxa may be capable of maintaining constant rates of calcification under ocean acidification by actively modifying Ωcf.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Cornwall
- Oceans Graduate School and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009 Western Australia, Australia .,ARC Centre for Coral Reef Studies, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia
| | - S Comeau
- Oceans Graduate School and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009 Western Australia, Australia.,ARC Centre for Coral Reef Studies, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia
| | - T M DeCarlo
- Oceans Graduate School and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009 Western Australia, Australia.,ARC Centre for Coral Reef Studies, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia
| | - B Moore
- Oceans Graduate School and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009 Western Australia, Australia
| | - Q D'Alexis
- Oceans Graduate School and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009 Western Australia, Australia
| | - M T McCulloch
- Oceans Graduate School and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009 Western Australia, Australia.,ARC Centre for Coral Reef Studies, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia
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26
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Sordo L, Santos R, Barrote I, Silva J. High CO 2 decreases the long-term resilience of the free-living coralline algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4781-4792. [PMID: 29876057 PMCID: PMC5980507 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mäerl/rhodolith beds are protected habitats that may be affected by ocean acidification (OA), but it is still unclear how the availability of CO 2 will affect the metabolism of these organisms. Some of the inconsistencies found among OA experimental studies may be related to experimental exposure time and synergetic effects with other stressors. Here, we investigated the long-term (up to 20 months) effects of OA on the production and calcification of the most common mäerl species of southern Portugal, Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Both the photosynthetic and calcification rates increased with CO 2 after the first 11 months of the experiment, whereas respiration slightly decreased with CO 2. After 20 months, the pattern was reversed. Acidified algae showed lower photosynthetic and calcification rates, as well as lower accumulated growth than control algae, suggesting that a metabolic threshold was exceeded. Our results indicate that long-term exposure to high CO 2 will decrease the resilience of Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Our results also show that shallow communities of these rhodoliths may be particularly at risk, while deeper rhodolith beds may become ocean acidification refuges for this biological community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sordo
- Marine Plant Ecology Research GroupCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - Rui Santos
- Marine Plant Ecology Research GroupCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - Isabel Barrote
- Marine Plant Ecology Research GroupCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - João Silva
- Marine Plant Ecology Research GroupCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
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27
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Huggett MJ, McMahon K, Bernasconi R. Future warming and acidification result in multiple ecological impacts to a temperate coralline alga. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2769-2782. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan J. Huggett
- Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science; Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr; Joondalup WA 6027 Australia
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr; Joondalup WA 6027 Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; The University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Kathryn McMahon
- Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science; Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr; Joondalup WA 6027 Australia
| | - Rachele Bernasconi
- Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science; Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr; Joondalup WA 6027 Australia
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28
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Kamya PZ, Byrne M, Mos B, Hall L, Dworjanyn SA. Indirect effects of ocean acidification drive feeding and growth of juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0778. [PMID: 28592677 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The indirect effects of changing climate in modulating trophic interactions can be as important as the direct effects of climate stressors on consumers. The success of the herbivorous juvenile stage of the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, may be affected by the impacts of ocean conditions on its crustose coralline algal (CCA) food. To partition the direct effects of near future ocean acidification on juvenile COTS and indirect effects through changes in their CCA food, COTS were grown in three pHT levels (7.9, 7.8, 7.6) and fed CCA grown at similar pH levels. Consumption of CCA by COTS was bolstered when the COTS were grown in low pH and when they were fed CCA grown in low pH regardless of the pH in which the COTS were reared. COTS fed CCA grown at pH 7.6 grew fastest, but the pH/pCO2 that the COTS were reared in had no direct effect on growth. Ocean acidification conditions decreased the C : N ratio and carbonate levels in the CCA. Bolstered growth in COTS may be driven by enhanced palatability, increased nutritive state and reduced defences of their CCA food. These results indicate that near future acidification will increase the success of early juvenile COTS and boost recruitment into the coral-eating life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Z Kamya
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Medical Science and School of Life Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benjamin Mos
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lauren Hall
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Symon A Dworjanyn
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Kamenos NA, Perna G, Gambi MC, Micheli F, Kroeker KJ. Coralline algae in a naturally acidified ecosystem persist by maintaining control of skeletal mineralogy and size. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1159. [PMID: 27733544 PMCID: PMC5069505 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on marine calcifiers, the trade-offs among different sublethal responses within individual species and the emergent effects of these trade-offs must be determined in an ecosystem setting. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) provide a model to test the ecological consequences of such sublethal effects as they are important in ecosystem functioning, service provision, carbon cycling and use dissolved inorganic carbon to calcify and photosynthesize. Settlement tiles were placed in ambient pH, low pH and extremely low pH conditions for 14 months at a natural CO2 vent. The size, magnesium (Mg) content and molecular-scale skeletal disorder of CCA patches were assessed at 3.5, 6.5 and 14 months from tile deployment. Despite reductions in their abundance in low pH, the largest CCA from ambient and low pH zones were of similar sizes and had similar Mg content and skeletal disorder. This suggests that the most resilient CCA in low pH did not trade-off skeletal structure to maintain growth. CCA that settled in the extremely low pH, however, were significantly smaller and exhibited altered skeletal mineralogy (high Mg calcite to gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate)), although at present it is unclear if these mineralogical changes offered any fitness benefits in extreme low pH. This field assessment of biological effects of OA provides endpoint information needed to generate an ecosystem relevant understanding of calcifying system persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Kamenos
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - G Perna
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - M C Gambi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Dohrn-Benthic Ecology Center, Villa Dohrn, Punta San Pietro 80077 Ischia, Naples, Italy
| | - F Micheli
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - K J Kroeker
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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30
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Cornwall CE, Comeau S, McCulloch MT. Coralline algae elevate pH at the site of calcification under ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4245-4256. [PMID: 28370806 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Coralline algae provide important ecosystem services but are susceptible to the impacts of ocean acidification. However, the mechanisms are uncertain, and the magnitude is species specific. Here, we assess whether species-specific responses to ocean acidification of coralline algae are related to differences in pH at the site of calcification within the calcifying fluid/medium (pHcf ) using δ11 B as a proxy. Declines in δ11 B for all three species are consistent with shifts in δ11 B expected if B(OH)4- was incorporated during precipitation. In particular, the δ11 B ratio in Amphiroa anceps was too low to allow for reasonable pHcf values if B(OH)3 rather than B(OH)4- was directly incorporated from the calcifying fluid. This points towards δ11 B being a reliable proxy for pHcf for coralline algal calcite and that if B(OH)3 is present in detectable proportions, it can be attributed to secondary postincorporation transformation of B(OH)4- . We thus show that pHcf is elevated during calcification and that the extent is species specific. The net calcification of two species of coralline algae (Sporolithon durum, and Amphiroa anceps) declined under elevated CO2 , as did their pHcf . Neogoniolithon sp. had the highest pHcf , and most constant calcification rates, with the decrease in pHcf being ¼ that of seawater pH in the treatments, demonstrating a control of coralline algae on carbonate chemistry at their site of calcification. The discovery that coralline algae upregulate pHcf under ocean acidification is physiologically important and should be included in future models involving calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Cornwall
- School of Earth Sciences and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Steeve Comeau
- School of Earth Sciences and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Malcolm T McCulloch
- School of Earth Sciences and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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31
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O'Leary JK, Barry JP, Gabrielson PW, Rogers-Bennett L, Potts DC, Palumbi SR, Micheli F. Calcifying algae maintain settlement cues to larval abalone following algal exposure to extreme ocean acidification. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5774. [PMID: 28720836 PMCID: PMC5515930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) increasingly threatens marine systems, and is especially harmful to calcifying organisms. One important question is whether OA will alter species interactions. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) provide space and chemical cues for larval settlement. CCA have shown strongly negative responses to OA in previous studies, including disruption of settlement cues to corals. In California, CCA provide cues for seven species of harvested, threatened, and endangered abalone. We exposed four common CCA genera and a crustose calcifying red algae, Peyssonnelia (collectively CCRA) from California to three pCO2 levels ranging from 419–2,013 µatm for four months. We then evaluated abalone (Haliotis rufescens) settlement under ambient conditions among the CCRA and non-algal controls that had been previously exposed to the pCO2 treatments. Abalone settlement and metamorphosis increased from 11% in the absence of CCRA to 45–69% when CCRA were present, with minor variation among CCRA genera. Though all CCRA genera reduced growth during exposure to increased pCO2, abalone settlement was unaffected by prior CCRA exposure to increased pCO2. Thus, we find no impacts of OA exposure history on CCRA provision of settlement cues. Additionally, there appears to be functional redundancy in genera of CCRA providing cues to abalone, which may further buffer OA effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K O'Leary
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Monterey, Pacific Grove, United States of America. .,California Sea Grant, Department of Biology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, United States of America.
| | - James P Barry
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, United States of America
| | - Paul W Gabrielson
- Biology Department, Herbarium, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura Rogers-Bennett
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America.,California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Marine Region, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
| | - Donald C Potts
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen R Palumbi
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Monterey, Pacific Grove, United States of America
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Monterey, Pacific Grove, United States of America
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32
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Cornwall CE, Revill AT, Hall-Spencer JM, Milazzo M, Raven JA, Hurd CL. Inorganic carbon physiology underpins macroalgal responses to elevated CO 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46297. [PMID: 28417970 PMCID: PMC5394685 DOI: 10.1038/srep46297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of CO2 on photosynthetic organisms will be a key driver of ecosystem change under ocean acidification. Predicting the responses of macroalgal species to ocean acidification is complex, but we demonstrate that the response of assemblages to elevated CO2 are correlated with inorganic carbon physiology. We assessed abundance patterns and a proxy for CO2:HCO3- use (δ13C values) of macroalgae along a gradient of CO2 at a volcanic seep, and examined how shifts in species abundance at other Mediterranean seeps are related to macroalgal inorganic carbon physiology. Five macroalgal species capable of using both HCO3- and CO2 had greater CO2 use as concentrations increased. These species (and one unable to use HCO3-) increased in abundance with elevated CO2 whereas obligate calcifying species, and non-calcareous macroalgae whose CO2 use did not increase consistently with concentration, declined in abundance. Physiological groupings provide a mechanistic understanding that will aid us in determining which species will benefit from ocean acidification and why.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Cornwall
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- School of Earth Sciences, Oceans Institute, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | | | - Jason M. Hall-Spencer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
- Shimoda Marine Research Centre, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Marco Milazzo
- DiSTeM, CoNISMa, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - John A. Raven
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Catriona L. Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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33
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Krayesky-Self S, Schmidt WE, Phung D, Henry C, Sauvage T, Camacho O, Felgenhauer BE, Fredericq S. Eukaryotic Life Inhabits Rhodolith-forming Coralline Algae (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta), Remarkable Marine Benthic Microhabitats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45850. [PMID: 28368049 PMCID: PMC5377461 DOI: 10.1038/srep45850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodoliths are benthic calcium carbonate nodules accreted by crustose coralline red algae which recently have been identified as useful indicators of biomineral changes resulting from global climate change and ocean acidification. This study highlights the discovery that the interior of rhodoliths are marine biodiversity hotspots that function as seedbanks and temporary reservoirs of previously unknown stages in the life history of ecologically important dinoflagellate and haptophyte microalgae. Whereas the studied rhodoliths originated from offshore deep bank pinnacles in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, the present study opens the door to assess the universality of endolithic stages among bloom-forming microalgae spanning different phyla, some of public health concerns (Prorocentrum) in marine ecosystems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William E Schmidt
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-3602, USA
| | - Delena Phung
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-3602, USA
| | - Caroline Henry
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-3602, USA
| | - Thomas Sauvage
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-3602, USA.,Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34949, USA
| | - Olga Camacho
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-3602, USA
| | | | - Suzanne Fredericq
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-3602, USA
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34
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Effects of Ocean Warming and Acidification on Rhodolith/Maërl Beds. RHODOLITH/MAËRL BEDS: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29315-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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35
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Hofmann LC, Koch M, de Beer D. Biotic Control of Surface pH and Evidence of Light-Induced H+ Pumping and Ca2+-H+ Exchange in a Tropical Crustose Coralline Alga. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159057. [PMID: 27459463 PMCID: PMC4961294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, an incomplete mechanistic understanding of tropical reef macroalgae photosynthesis and calcification restricts predictions of how these important autotrophs will respond to global change. Therefore, we investigated the mechanistic link between inorganic carbon uptake pathways, photosynthesis and calcification in a tropical crustose coralline alga (CCA) using microsensors. We measured pH, oxygen (O2), and calcium (Ca2+) dynamics and fluxes at the thallus surface under ambient (8.1) and low (7.8) seawater pH (pHSW) and across a range of irradiances. Acetazolamide (AZ) was used to inhibit extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CAext), which mediates hydrolysis of HCO3-, and 4,4′ diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulphonate (DIDS) that blocks direct HCO3- uptake by anion exchange transport. Both inhibited photosynthesis, suggesting both diffusive uptake of CO2 via HCO3- hydrolysis to CO2 and direct HCO3- ion transport are important in this CCA. Surface pH was raised approximately 0.3 units at saturating irradiance, but less when CAext was inhibited. Surface pH was lower at pHSW 7.8 than pHSW 8.1 in the dark, but not in the light. The Ca2+ fluxes were large, complex and temporally variable, but revealed net Ca2+ uptake under all conditions. The temporal variability in Ca2+ dynamics was potentially related to localized dissolution during epithallial cell sloughing, a strategy of CCA to remove epiphytes. Simultaneous Ca2+ and pH dynamics suggest the presence of Ca2+/H+ exchange. Rapid light-induced H+ surface dynamics that continued after inhibition of photosynthesis revealed the presence of a light-mediated, but photosynthesis-independent, proton pump. Thus, the study indicates metabolic control of surface pH can occur in CCA through photosynthesis and light-inducible H+ pumps. Our results suggest that complex light-induced ion pumps play an important role in biological processes related to inorganic carbon uptake and calcification in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie C. Hofmann
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Marguerite Koch
- Aquatic Plant Ecology Lab, Biological Sciences Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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Scherner F, Pereira CM, Duarte G, Horta PA, e Castro CB, Barufi JB, Pereira SMB. Effects of Ocean Acidification and Temperature Increases on the Photosynthesis of Tropical Reef Calcified Macroalgae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154844. [PMID: 27158820 PMCID: PMC4861303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is a global phenomenon that is considered an important threat to marine ecosystems. Ocean acidification and increased seawater temperatures are among the consequences of this phenomenon. The comprehension of the effects of these alterations on marine organisms, in particular on calcified macroalgae, is still modest despite its great importance. There are evidences that macroalgae inhabiting highly variable environments are relatively resilient to such changes. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate experimentally the effects of CO2-driven ocean acidification and temperature rises on the photosynthesis of calcified macroalgae inhabiting the intertidal region, a highly variable environment. The experiments were performed in a reef mesocosm in a tropical region on the Brazilian coast, using three species of frondose calcifying macroalgae (Halimeda cuneata, Padina gymnospora, and Tricleocarpa cylindrica) and crustose coralline algae. The acidification experiment consisted of three treatments with pH levels below those occurring in the region (-0.3, -0.6, -0.9). For the temperature experiment, three temperature levels above those occurring naturally in the region (+1, +2, +4°C) were determined. The results of the acidification experiment indicate an increase on the optimum quantum yield by T. cylindrica and a decline of this parameter by coralline algae, although both only occurred at the extreme acidification treatment (-0.9). The energy dissipation mechanisms of these algae were also altered at this extreme condition. Significant effects of the temperature experiment were limited to an enhancement of the photosynthetic performance by H. cuneata although only at a modest temperature increase (+1°C). In general, the results indicate a possible photosynthetic adaptation and/or acclimation of the studied macroalgae to the expected future ocean acidification and temperature rises, as separate factors. Such relative resilience may be a result of the highly variable environment they inhabit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Scherner
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171–900, Recife, PE, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Cristiano Macedo Pereira
- Instituto Coral Vivo, Estrada da Balsa, km 4,5, Arraial d'Ajuda, 45816–000, Porto Seguro, BA, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Duarte
- Instituto Coral Vivo, Estrada da Balsa, km 4,5, Arraial d'Ajuda, 45816–000, Porto Seguro, BA, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Departamento de Inverterbrados, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940–040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo Antunes Horta
- Instituto Coral Vivo, Estrada da Balsa, km 4,5, Arraial d'Ajuda, 45816–000, Porto Seguro, BA, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Botânica, Trindade, 88010–970, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Clovis Barreira e Castro
- Instituto Coral Vivo, Estrada da Balsa, km 4,5, Arraial d'Ajuda, 45816–000, Porto Seguro, BA, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Departamento de Inverterbrados, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940–040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Bonomi Barufi
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Botânica, Trindade, 88010–970, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Barreto Pereira
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171–900, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Humana e Meio Ambiente, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, 55608–680, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
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Hennige SJ, Wicks LC, Kamenos NA, Perna G, Findlay HS, Roberts JM. Hidden impacts of ocean acidification to live and dead coral framework. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20150990. [PMID: 26290073 PMCID: PMC4632617 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-water corals, such as Lophelia pertusa, are key habitat-forming organisms found throughout the world's oceans to 3000 m deep. The complex three-dimensional framework made by these vulnerable marine ecosystems support high biodiversity and commercially important species. Given their importance, a key question is how both the living and the dead framework will fare under projected climate change. Here, we demonstrate that over 12 months L. pertusa can physiologically acclimate to increased CO2, showing sustained net calcification. However, their new skeletal structure changes and exhibits decreased crystallographic and molecular-scale bonding organization. Although physiological acclimatization was evident, we also demonstrate that there is a negative correlation between increasing CO2 levels and breaking strength of exposed framework (approx. 20-30% weaker after 12 months), meaning the exposed bases of reefs will be less effective 'load-bearers', and will become more susceptible to bioerosion and mechanical damage by 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hennige
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - L C Wicks
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - N A Kamenos
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - G Perna
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - H S Findlay
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - J M Roberts
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-5928, USA Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 IQA, UK
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Lauringson V, Kotta J. Mussels of a marginal population affect the patterns of ambient macrofauna: A case study from the Baltic Sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 116:10-17. [PMID: 26970684 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In contemporary ecosystems, organisms are increasingly confronted with suboptimal living conditions. We aimed to understand the role of ecosystem engineering species in suboptimal habitats from a population inhabiting the species range margin in naturally stressful conditions. We determined the impact of 2-4 cm sized patches of dwarfed mussels Mytilus trossulus close to its lower salinity limit in the North-Eastern Baltic Sea, on epibenthic community patterns. Mussels affected total macrofaunal abundance and biomass and the taxonomic and functional community structure based on abundances, as well as the species composition of macrofauna. Mussels did not affect ephemeral algae or sediment chlorophyll content, but increased the abundance, biomass, richness, and diversity of grazers, within a radius approximately twelve times the size of mussel patches. We can expect marginal populations of ecosystem engineers in suboptimal habitats to contribute to spatial heterogeneity in biotic patterns and eventual ecosystem stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velda Lauringson
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Mäealuse 14, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Jonne Kotta
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Mäealuse 14, Tallinn, Estonia
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Ragazzola F, Foster LC, Jones CJ, Scott TB, Fietzke J, Kilburn MR, Schmidt DN. Impact of high CO2 on the geochemistry of the coralline algae Lithothamnion glaciale. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20572. [PMID: 26853562 PMCID: PMC4744931 DOI: 10.1038/srep20572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coralline algae are a significant component of the benthic ecosystem. Their ability to withstand physical stresses in high energy environments relies on their skeletal structure which is composed of high Mg-calcite. High Mg-calcite is, however, the most soluble form of calcium carbonate and therefore potentially vulnerable to the change in carbonate chemistry resulting from the absorption of anthropogenic CO2 by the ocean. We examine the geochemistry of the cold water coralline alga Lithothamnion glaciale grown under predicted future (year 2050) high pCO2 (589 μatm) using Electron microprobe and NanoSIMS analysis. In the natural and control material, higher Mg calcite forms clear concentric bands around the algal cells. As expected, summer growth has a higher Mg content compared to the winter growth. In contrast, under elevated CO2 no banding of Mg is recognisable and overall Mg concentrations are lower. This reduction in Mg in the carbonate undermines the accuracy of the Mg/Ca ratio as proxy for past temperatures in time intervals with significantly different carbonate chemistry. Fundamentally, the loss of Mg in the calcite may reduce elasticity thereby changing the structural properties, which may affect the ability of L. glaciale to efficiently function as a habitat former in the future ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ragazzola
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - L C Foster
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - C J Jones
- Interface Analysis Centre, School of Physics, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - T B Scott
- Interface Analysis Centre, School of Physics, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - J Fietzke
- GEOMAR
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstrße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - M R Kilburn
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - D N Schmidt
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
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Vargas-Ángel B, Richards CL, Vroom PS, Price NN, Schils T, Young CW, Smith J, Johnson MD, Brainard RE. Baseline Assessment of Net Calcium Carbonate Accretion Rates on U.S. Pacific Reefs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142196. [PMID: 26641885 PMCID: PMC4671731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive quantitative baseline assessment of in situ net calcium carbonate accretion rates (g CaCO3 cm-2 yr-1) of early successional recruitment communities on Calcification Accretion Unit (CAU) plates deployed on coral reefs at 78 discrete sites, across 11 islands in the central and south Pacific Oceans. Accretion rates varied substantially within and between islands, reef zones, levels of wave exposure, and island geomorphology. For forereef sites, mean accretion rates were the highest at Rose Atoll, Jarvis, and Swains Islands, and the lowest at Johnston Atoll and Tutuila. A comparison between reef zones showed higher accretion rates on forereefs compared to lagoon sites; mean accretion rates were also higher on windward than leeward sites but only for a subset of islands. High levels of spatial variability in net carbonate accretion rates reported herein draw attention to the heterogeneity of the community assemblages. Percent cover of key early successional taxa on CAU plates did not reflect that of the mature communities present on surrounding benthos, possibly due to the short deployment period (2 years) of the experimental units. Yet, net CaCO3 accretion rates were positively correlated with crustose coralline algae (CCA) percent cover on the surrounding benthos and on the CAU plates, which on average represented >70% of the accreted material. For foreeefs and lagoon sites combined CaCO3 accretion rates were statistically correlated with total alkalinity and Chlorophyll-a; a GAM analysis indicated that SiOH and Halimeda were the best predictor variables of accretion rates on lagoon sites, and total alkalinity and Chlorophyll-a for forereef sites, demonstrating the utility of CAUs as a tool to monitor changes in reef accretion rates as they relate to ocean acidification. This study underscores the pivotal role CCA play as a key benthic component and supporting actively calcifying reefs; high Mg-calcite exoskeletons makes CCA extremely susceptible changes in ocean water pH, emphasizing the far-reaching threat that ocean acidification poses to the ecological function and persistence of coral reefs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Vargas-Ángel
- Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96818, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cristi L. Richards
- 2525 Date St. Apt. 3101, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96826–5420, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Vroom
- Ocean Associates, 1846 Wasp Blvd. Bldg., # 176, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96818, United States of America
| | - Nichole N. Price
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, Maine, 04544, United States of America
| | - Tom Schils
- University of Guam Marine Laboratory, Mangilao, Guam, 96913, United States of America
| | - Charles W. Young
- Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96818, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Maggie D. Johnson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Russell E. Brainard
- NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, 1846 Wasp Blvd. Bldg. # 176, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96818, United States of America
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Roleda MY, Cornwall CE, Feng Y, McGraw CM, Smith AM, Hurd CL. Effect of Ocean Acidification and pH Fluctuations on the Growth and Development of Coralline Algal Recruits, and an Associated Benthic Algal Assemblage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140394. [PMID: 26469945 PMCID: PMC4607452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coralline algae are susceptible to the changes in the seawater carbonate system associated with ocean acidification (OA). However, the coastal environments in which corallines grow are subject to large daily pH fluctuations which may affect their responses to OA. Here, we followed the growth and development of the juvenile coralline alga Arthrocardia corymbosa, which had recruited into experimental conditions during a prior experiment, using a novel OA laboratory culture system to simulate the pH fluctuations observed within a kelp forest. Microscopic life history stages are considered more susceptible to environmental stress than adult stages; we compared the responses of newly recruited A. corymbosa to static and fluctuating seawater pH with those of their field-collected parents. Recruits were cultivated for 16 weeks under static pH 8.05 and 7.65, representing ambient and 4× preindustrial pCO2 concentrations, respectively, and two fluctuating pH treatments of daily [Formula: see text] (daytime pH = 8.45, night-time pH = 7.65) and daily [Formula: see text] (daytime pH = 8.05, night-time pH = 7.25). Positive growth rates of new recruits were recorded in all treatments, and were highest under static pH 8.05 and lowest under fluctuating pH 7.65. This pattern was similar to the adults' response, except that adults had zero growth under fluctuating pH 7.65. The % dry weight of MgCO3 in calcite of the juveniles was reduced from 10% at pH 8.05 to 8% at pH 7.65, but there was no effect of pH fluctuation. A wide range of fleshy macroalgae and at least 6 species of benthic diatoms recruited across all experimental treatments, from cryptic spores associated with the adult A. corymbosa. There was no effect of experimental treatment on the growth of the benthic diatoms. On the community level, pH-sensitive species may survive lower pH in the presence of diatoms and fleshy macroalgae, whose high metabolic activity may raise the pH of the local microhabitat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuanyuan Feng
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Abigail M. Smith
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Catriona L. Hurd
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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42
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Fitzer SC, Vittert L, Bowman A, Kamenos NA, Phoenix VR, Cusack M. Ocean acidification and temperature increase impact mussel shell shape and thickness: problematic for protection? Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4875-84. [PMID: 26640667 PMCID: PMC4662322 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification threatens organisms that produce calcium carbonate shells by potentially generating an under-saturated carbonate environment. Resultant reduced calcification and growth, and subsequent dissolution of exoskeletons, would raise concerns over the ability of the shell to provide protection for the marine organism under ocean acidification and increased temperatures. We examined the impact of combined ocean acidification and temperature increase on shell formation of the economically important edible mussel Mytilus edulis. Shell growth and thickness along with a shell thickness index and shape analysis were determined. The ability of M. edulis to produce a functional protective shell after 9 months of experimental culture under ocean acidification and increasing temperatures (380, 550, 750, 1000 μatm pCO 2, and 750, 1000 μatm pCO 2 + 2°C) was assessed. Mussel shells grown under ocean acidification conditions displayed significant reductions in shell aragonite thickness, shell thickness index, and changes to shell shape (750, 1000 μatm pCO 2) compared to those shells grown under ambient conditions (380 μatm pCO 2). Ocean acidification resulted in rounder, flatter mussel shells with thinner aragonite layers likely to be more vulnerable to fracture under changing environments and predation. The changes in shape presented here could present a compensatory mechanism to enhance protection against predators and changing environments under ocean acidification when mussels are unable to grow thicker shells. Here, we present the first assessment of mussel shell shape to determine implications for functional protection under ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Fitzer
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Liberty Vittert
- School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Adrian Bowman
- School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Nicholas A Kamenos
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Vernon R Phoenix
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Maggie Cusack
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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43
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Fabricius KE, Kluibenschedl A, Harrington L, Noonan S, De'ath G. In situ changes of tropical crustose coralline algae along carbon dioxide gradients. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9537. [PMID: 25835382 PMCID: PMC5381686 DOI: 10.1038/srep09537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustose coralline algae (CCA) fulfill important ecosystem functions in coral reefs, including reef framework stabilization and induction of larval settlement. To investigate in situ the effects of high carbon dioxide on CCA communities, we deployed settlement tiles at three tropical volcanic CO2 seeps in Papua New Guinea along gradients spanning from 8.1 to 7.4 pH. After 5 and 13 months deployment, there was a steep transition from CCA presence to absence around pH 7.8 (660 μatm pCO2): 98% of tiles had CCA at pH > 7.8, whereas only 20% of tiles had CCA at pH ≤ 7.8. As pH declined from 8.0 to 7.8, the least and most sensitive CCA species lost 43% and 85% of cover, respectively. Communities on upward facing surfaces exposed to high light and high grazing pressure showed less steep losses than those on shaded surfaces with low grazing. Direct CO2 effects on early life stages were the main mechanisms determining CCA cover, rather than competitive interactions with other benthic groups. Importantly, declines were steepest at near-ambient pH, suggesting that CCA may have already declined in abundance due to the recent seawater pH decline of 0.1 units, and that future severe losses are likely with increasing ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Fabricius
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville Qld 4810, Australia
| | - A Kluibenschedl
- 1] Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville Qld 4810, Australia [2] Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - L Harrington
- James Cook University, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia
| | - S Noonan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville Qld 4810, Australia
| | - G De'ath
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville Qld 4810, Australia
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44
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Fitzer SC, Zhu W, Tanner KE, Phoenix VR, Kamenos NA, Cusack M. Ocean acidification alters the material properties of Mytilus edulis shells. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:rsif.2014.1227. [PMID: 25540244 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) and the resultant changing carbonate saturation states is threatening the formation of calcium carbonate shells and exoskeletons of marine organisms. The production of biominerals in such organisms relies on the availability of carbonate and the ability of the organism to biomineralize in changing environments. To understand how biomineralizers will respond to OA the common blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, was cultured at projected levels of pCO2 (380, 550, 750, 1000 µatm) and increased temperatures (ambient, ambient plus 2°C). Nanoindentation (a single mussel shell) and microhardness testing were used to assess the material properties of the shells. Young's modulus (E), hardness (H) and toughness (KIC) were measured in mussel shells grown in multiple stressor conditions. OA caused mussels to produce shell calcite that is stiffer (higher modulus of elasticity) and harder than shells grown in control conditions. The outer shell (calcite) is more brittle in OA conditions while the inner shell (aragonite) is softer and less stiff in shells grown under OA conditions. Combining increasing ocean pCO2 and temperatures as projected for future global ocean appears to reduce the impact of increasing pCO2 on the material properties of the mussel shell. OA may cause changes in shell material properties that could prove problematic under predation scenarios for the mussels; however, this may be partially mitigated by increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Fitzer
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Wenzhong Zhu
- School of Engineering, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | | | - Vernon R Phoenix
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas A Kamenos
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Maggie Cusack
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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45
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McCoy SJ, Kamenos NA. Coralline algae (Rhodophyta) in a changing world: integrating ecological, physiological, and geochemical responses to global change. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:6-24. [PMID: 26986255 PMCID: PMC4964943 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Coralline algae are globally distributed benthic primary producers that secrete calcium carbonate skeletons. In the context of ocean acidification, they have received much recent attention due to the potential vulnerability of their high-Mg calcite skeletons and their many important ecological roles. Herein, we summarize what is known about coralline algal ecology and physiology, providing context to understand their responses to global climate change. We review the impacts of these changes, including ocean acidification, rising temperatures, and pollution, on coralline algal growth and calcification. We also assess the ongoing use of coralline algae as marine climate proxies via calibration of skeletal morphology and geochemistry to environmental conditions. Finally, we indicate critical gaps in our understanding of coralline algal calcification and physiology and highlight key areas for future research. These include analytical areas that recently have become more accessible, such as resolving phylogenetic relationships at all taxonomic ranks, elucidating the genes regulating algal photosynthesis and calcification, and calibrating skeletal geochemical metrics, as well as research directions that are broadly applicable to global change ecology, such as the importance of community-scale and long-term experiments in stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J McCoy
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, 1101 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Nicholas A Kamenos
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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46
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Self-recognition in corals facilitates deep-sea habitat engineering. Sci Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/srep06782 and 6177=6177-- wqgt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Hennige SJ, Morrison CL, Form AU, Büscher J, Kamenos NA, Roberts JM. Self-recognition in corals facilitates deep-sea habitat engineering. Sci Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/srep06782 and 6177=6177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Self-recognition in corals facilitates deep-sea habitat engineering. Sci Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/srep06782 and 5665=5386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Hennige SJ, Morrison CL, Form AU, Büscher J, Kamenos NA, Roberts JM. Self-recognition in corals facilitates deep-sea habitat engineering. Sci Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/srep06782 and 6021=2284-- izjp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Hennige SJ, Morrison CL, Form AU, Büscher J, Kamenos NA, Roberts JM. Self-recognition in corals facilitates deep-sea habitat engineering. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6782. [PMID: 25345760 PMCID: PMC5381374 DOI: 10.1038/srep06782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of coral reefs to engineer complex three-dimensional habitats is central to their success and the rich biodiversity they support. In tropical reefs, encrusting coralline algae bind together substrates and dead coral framework to make continuous reef structures, but beyond the photic zone, the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa also forms large biogenic reefs, facilitated by skeletal fusion. Skeletal fusion in tropical corals can occur in closely related or juvenile individuals as a result of non-aggressive skeletal overgrowth or allogeneic tissue fusion, but contact reactions in many species result in mortality if there is no ‘self-recognition’ on a broad species level. This study reveals areas of ‘flawless’ skeletal fusion in Lophelia pertusa, potentially facilitated by allogeneic tissue fusion, are identified as having small aragonitic crystals or low levels of crystal organisation, and strong molecular bonding. Regardless of the mechanism, the recognition of ‘self’ between adjacent L. pertusa colonies leads to no observable mortality, facilitates ecosystem engineering and reduces aggression-related energetic expenditure in an environment where energy conservation is crucial. The potential for self-recognition at a species level, and subsequent skeletal fusion in framework-forming cold-water corals is an important first step in understanding their significance as ecological engineers in deep-seas worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hennige
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - C L Morrison
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | - A U Form
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - J Büscher
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - N A Kamenos
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - J M Roberts
- 1] Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland [2] Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland [3] University of North Carolina Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
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