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Rong N, Liu J. Development of animal models for emerging infectious diseases by breaking the barrier of species susceptibility to human pathogens. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2178242. [PMID: 36748729 PMCID: PMC9970229 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2178242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases pose a serious threat to public health security, human health and economic development. After an outbreak, an animal model for an emerging infectious disease is urgently needed for studying the etiology, host immune mechanisms and pathology of the disease, evaluating the efficiency of vaccines or drugs against infection, and minimizing the time available for animal model development, which is usually hindered by the nonsusceptibility of common laboratory animals to human pathogens. Thus, we summarize the technologies and methods that induce animal susceptibility to human pathogens, which include viral receptor humanization, pathogen-targeted tissue humanization, immunodeficiency induction and screening for naturally susceptible animal species. Furthermore, the advantages and deficiencies of animal models developed using each method were analyzed, and these will guide the selection of susceptible animals and potentially reduce the time needed to develop animal models during epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Jiangning Liu
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2
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Roy CN, Shu ST, Kline C, Rigatti L, Smithgall TE, Ambrose Z. Use of pediatric thymus to humanize mice for HIV-1 mucosal transmission. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17067. [PMID: 37816950 PMCID: PMC10564933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice have been used to study human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission, pathogenesis, and treatment. The ability of pediatric thymus tissue implanted either in the leg (Leg PedThy) or under the renal capsule (Renal PedThy) with allogeneic CD34+ hematopoietic cells (HSCs) in NSG mice was evaluated for reconstitution of human immune cells and for rectal transmission of HIV-1. These mice were compared to traditional BLT mice implanted with fetal liver and thymus under the renal capsule and mice injected only with HSCs. Renal PedThy mice had similar immune reconstitution in the blood, spleen and intestine as BLT mice, while Leg PedThy mice had transient detection of immune cells, particularly CD4+ T cells and macrophages, the target cells for HIV-1 infection. Rectal transmission and replication of HIV-1 was efficient in BLT mice but lower and more variable in Renal PedThy mice. HIV-1 was poorly transmitted in HSC mice and not transmitted in Leg PedThy mice, which correlated with the frequencies of target cells in the spleen and intestine. Humanization of NSG mice with pediatric thymus was successful when implanted under the kidney capsule, but led to less efficient HIV-1 rectal transmission and replication compared to BLT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra N Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sherry T Shu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Kline
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lora Rigatti
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zandrea Ambrose
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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3
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Fukuhara T, Ueda Y, Lee SI, Odaka T, Nakajima S, Fujisawa JI, Okuma K, Naganuma M, Okazaki K, Kondo N, Kamioka Y, Matsumoto M, Kinashi T. Thymocyte Development of Humanized Mice Is Promoted by Interactions with Human-Derived Antigen Presenting Cells upon Immunization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11705. [PMID: 37511462 PMCID: PMC10380196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses in humanized mice are generally inefficient without co-transplantation of human thymus or HLA transgenes. Previously, we generated humanized mice via the intra-bone marrow injection of CD133+ cord blood cells into irradiated adult immunodeficient mice (IBMI-huNSG mice), which could mount functional immune responses against HTLV-1, although the underlying mechanisms were still unknown. Here, we investigated thymocyte development in IBMI-huNSG mice, focusing on the roles of human and mouse MHC restriction. IBMI-huNSG mice had normal developmental profiles but aberrant thymic structures. Surprisingly, the thymic medulla-like regions expanded after immunization due to enhanced thymocyte expansion in association with the increase in HLA-DR+ cells, including CD205+ dendritic cells (DCs). The organ culture of thymus from immunized IBMI-huNSG mice with a neutralizing antibody to HLA-DR showed the HLA-DR-dependent expansion of CD4 single positive thymocytes. Mature peripheral T-cells exhibited alloreactive proliferation when co-cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Live imaging of the thymus from immunized IBMI-huNSG mice revealed dynamic adhesive contacts of human-derived thymocytes and DCs accompanied by Rap1 activation. These findings demonstrate that an increase in HLA-DR+ cells by immunization promotes HLA-restricted thymocyte expansion in humanized mice, offering a unique opportunity to generate humanized mice with ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takataro Fukuhara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ueda
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sung-Il Lee
- Department of Model Animal, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tokifumi Odaka
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakajima
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Fujisawa
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Naganuma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kondo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamioka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Kuramoto 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
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4
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Schönherr-Hellec S, Chatzopoulou E, Barnier JP, Atlas Y, Dupichaud S, Guilbert T, Dupraz Y, Meyer J, Chaussain C, Gorin C, Nassif X, Germain S, Muller L, Coureuil M. Implantation of engineered human microvasculature to study human infectious diseases in mouse models. iScience 2023; 26:106286. [PMID: 36942053 PMCID: PMC10024136 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models for studying human pathogens are crucially lacking. We describe the implantation in mice of engineered human mature microvasculature consisting of endothelial and perivascular cells embedded in collagen hydrogel that allows investigation of pathogen interactions with the endothelium, including in vivo functional studies. Using Neisseria meningitidis as a paradigm of human-restricted infection, we demonstrated the strength and opportunities associated with the use of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Schönherr-Hellec
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Eirini Chatzopoulou
- Université Paris Cité, UPR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, UFR Odontologie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Barnier
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Atlas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Dupichaud
- Cell Imaging Platform, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yves Dupraz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Julie Meyer
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- Université Paris Cité, UPR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, UFR Odontologie, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Services Médecines bucco-dentaire (GH Paris Sud-Sorbonne Université, Paris Nord-Université Paris Cité), Paris, France
| | - Caroline Gorin
- Université Paris Cité, UPR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, UFR Odontologie, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Services Médecines bucco-dentaire (GH Paris Sud-Sorbonne Université, Paris Nord-Université Paris Cité), Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nassif
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Germain
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Muller
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Corresponding author
| | - Mathieu Coureuil
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
- Corresponding author
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5
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Guo T, Deng Q, Qiu Z, Rong L. HIV infection dynamics and viral rebound: Modeling results from humanized mice. J Theor Biol 2023; 567:111490. [PMID: 37054969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV persists in infected individuals. The virus also rebounds after the cessation of cART. The sources contributing to viral persistence and rebound are not fully understood. When viral rebound occurs, what affects the time to rebound and how to delay the rebound remain unclear. In this paper, we started with the data fitting of an HIV infection model to the viral load data in treated and untreated humanized myeloid-only mice (MoM) in which macrophages serve as the target of HIV infection. By fixing the parameter values for macrophages from the MoM fitting, we fit a mathematical model including the infection of two target cell populations to the viral load data from humanized bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) mice, in which both CD4+ T cells and macrophages are the target of HIV infection. Data fitting suggests that the viral load decay in BLT mice under treatment has three phases. The loss of infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages is a major contributor to the first two phases of viral decay, and the last phase may be due to the latent infection of CD4+ T cells. Numerical simulations using parameter estimates from the data fitting show that the pre-ART viral load and the latent reservoir size at treatment cessation can affect viral growth rate and predict the time to viral rebound. Model simulations further reveal that early and prolonged cART can delay the viral rebound after cessation of treatment, which may have implications in the search for functional control of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Aliyun School of Big Data, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Qi Deng
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhipeng Qiu
- Center for Basic Teaching and Experiment, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214443, China
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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6
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Recent Developments in NSG and NRG Humanized Mouse Models for Their Use in Viral and Immune Research. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020478. [PMID: 36851692 PMCID: PMC9962986 DOI: 10.3390/v15020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models have been widely used in virology, immunology, and oncology in the last decade. With advances in the generation of knockout mouse strains, it is now possible to generate animals in which human immune cells or human tissue can be engrafted. These models have been used for the study of human infectious diseases, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of humanized mice to model human-specific viral infections. A human immune system in these models is crucial to understand the pathogenesis observed in human patients, which allows for better treatment design and vaccine development. Recent advances in our knowledge about viral pathogenicity and immune response using NSG and NRG mice are reviewed in this paper.
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7
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Nagornykh AM, Tyumentseva MA, Tyumentsev AI, Akimkin VG. Anatomical and physiological aspects of the HIV infection pathogenesis in animal models. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the entire pathogenesis of HIV infection, from penetration at the gates of infection to the induction of severe immunodeficiency, is an essential tool for the development of new treatment methods. Less than 40 years of research into the mechanisms of HIV infection that lead to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have accumulated a huge amount of information, but HIV's own unique variability identifies new whitespaces.
Despite the constant improvement of the protocols of antiretroviral therapy and the success of its use, it has not yet been possible to stop the spread of HIV infection. The development of new protocols and the testing of new groups of antiretroviral drugs is possible, first of all, due to the improvement of animal models of the HIV infection pathogenesis. Their relevance, undoubtedly increases, but still depends on specific research tasks, since none of the in vivo models can comprehensively simulate the mechanism of the infection pathology in humans which leads to multi-organ damage.
The aim of the review was to provide up-to-date information on known animal models of HIV infection, focusing on the method of their infection and anatomical, physiological and pathological features.
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8
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Lang J, Leal AD, Marín-Jiménez JA, Hartman SJ, Shulman J, Navarro NM, Lewis MS, Capasso A, Bagby SM, Yacob BW, MacBeth M, Freed BM, Eckhardt SG, Jordan K, Blatchford PJ, Pelanda R, Lieu CH, Messersmith WA, Pitts TM. Cabozantinib sensitizes microsatellite stable colorectal cancer to immune checkpoint blockade by immune modulation in human immune system mouse models. Front Oncol 2022; 12:877635. [PMID: 36419897 PMCID: PMC9676436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.877635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been found to be effective in metastatic MSI-high colorectal cancers (CRC), however, have no efficacy in microsatellite stable (MSS) cancers, which comprise the majority of mCRC cases. Cabozantinib is a small molecule multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is FDA approved in advanced renal cell, medullary thyroid, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Using Human Immune System (HIS) mice, we tested the ability of cabozantinib to prime MSS-CRC tumors to enhance the potency of immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab. In four independent experiments, we implanted distinct MSS-CRC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) into the flanks of humanized BALB/c-Rag2nullIl2rγnullSirpαNOD (BRGS) mice that had been engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells at birth. For each PDX, HIS-mice cohorts were treated with vehicle, nivolumab, cabozantinib, or the combination. In three out of the four models, the combination had a lower tumor growth rate compared to vehicle or nivolumab-treated groups. Furthermore, interrogation of the HIS in immune organs and tumors by flow cytometry revealed increased Granzyme B+, TNFα+ and IFNγ+ CD4+ T cells among the human tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TIL) that correlated with reduced tumor growth in the combination-treated HIS-mice. Notably, slower growth correlated with increased expression of the CD4+ T cell ligand, HLA-DR, on the tumor cells themselves. Finally, the cabozantinib/nivolumab combination was tested in comparison to cobimetinib/atezolizumab. Although both combinations showed tumor growth inhibition, cabozantinib/nivolumab had enhanced cytotoxic IFNγ and TNFα+ T cells. This pre-clinical in vivo data warrants testing the combination in clinical trials for patients with MSS-CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alexis D. Leal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Juan A. Marín-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-L´Hospitalet), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah J. Hartman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy Shulman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Natalie M. Navarro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Matthew S. Lewis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Stacey M. Bagby
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Bethlehem W. Yacob
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Morgan MacBeth
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brian M. Freed
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kimberly Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Patrick J. Blatchford
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christopher H. Lieu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Wells A. Messersmith
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Todd M. Pitts
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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Comparing Current and Next-generation Humanized Mouse Models for Advancing HIV and HIV/Mtb Co-infection Studies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091927. [PMID: 36146734 PMCID: PMC9500899 DOI: 10.3390/v14091927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In people living with HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the major cause of death. Due to the increased morbidity/mortality in co-infection, further research is urgently required. A limiting factor to research in HIV and HIV/Mtb co-infection is the lack of accessible in vivo models. Next-generation humanized mice expressing HLA transgenes report improved human immune reconstitution and functionality, which may better recapitulate human disease. This study compares well-established huNRG mice and next-generation HLA I/II-transgenic (huDRAG-A2) mice for immune reconstitution, disease course, and pathology in HIV and TB. HuDRAG-A2 mice have improved engraftment of key immune cell types involved in HIV and TB disease. Upon intravaginal HIV-1 infection, both models developed significant HIV target cell depletion in the blood and tissues. Upon intranasal Mtb infection, both models sustained high bacterial load within the lungs and tissue dissemination. Some huDRAG-A2 granulomas appeared more classically organized, characterized by focal central necrosis, multinucleated giant cells, and foamy macrophages surrounded by a halo of CD4+ T cells. HIV/Mtb co-infection in huNRG mice trended towards worsened TB pathology and showed potential for modeling co-infection. Both huNRG and huDRAG-A2 mice are viable options for investigating HIV and TB, but the huDRAG-A2 model may offer advantages.
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Sitta J, Claudio PP, Howard CM. Virus-Based Immuno-Oncology Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061441. [PMID: 35740462 PMCID: PMC9220907 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been extensively explored in recent years with encouraging results in selected types of cancer. Such success aroused interest in the expansion of such indications, requiring a deep understanding of the complex role of the immune system in carcinogenesis. The definition of hot vs. cold tumors and the role of the tumor microenvironment enlightened the once obscure understanding of low response rates of solid tumors to immune check point inhibitors. Although the major scope found in the literature focuses on the T cell modulation, the innate immune system is also a promising oncolytic tool. The unveiling of the tumor immunosuppressive pathways, lead to the development of combined targeted therapies in an attempt to increase immune infiltration capability. Oncolytic viruses have been explored in different scenarios, in combination with various chemotherapeutic drugs and, more recently, with immune check point inhibitors. Moreover, oncolytic viruses may be engineered to express tumor specific pro-inflammatory cytokines, antibodies, and antigens to enhance immunologic response or block immunosuppressive mechanisms. Development of preclinical models capable to replicate the human immunologic response is one of the major challenges faced by these studies. A thorough understanding of immunotherapy and oncolytic viruses’ mechanics is paramount to develop reliable preclinical models with higher chances of successful clinical therapy application. Thus, in this article, we review current concepts in cancer immunotherapy including the inherent and synthetic mechanisms of immunologic enhancement utilizing oncolytic viruses, immune targeting, and available preclinical animal models, their advantages, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Sitta
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | - Pier Paolo Claudio
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center & Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | - Candace M. Howard
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Goyal G, Prabhala P, Mahajan G, Bausk B, Gilboa T, Xie L, Zhai Y, Lazarovits R, Mansour A, Kim MS, Patil A, Curran D, Long JM, Sharma S, Junaid A, Cohen L, Ferrante TC, Levy O, Prantil‐Baun R, Walt DR, Ingber DE. Ectopic Lymphoid Follicle Formation and Human Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Responses Recapitulated in an Organ-on-a-Chip. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103241. [PMID: 35289122 PMCID: PMC9109055 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoid follicles (LFs) are responsible for generation of adaptive immune responses in secondary lymphoid organs and form ectopically during chronic inflammation. A human model of ectopic LF formation will provide a tool to understand LF development and an alternative to non-human primates for preclinical evaluation of vaccines. Here, it is shown that primary human blood B- and T-lymphocytes autonomously assemble into ectopic LFs when cultured in a 3D extracellular matrix gel within one channel of a two-channel organ-on-a-chip microfluidic device. Superfusion via a parallel channel separated by a microporous membrane is required for LF formation and prevents lymphocyte autoactivation. These germinal center-like LFs contain B cells expressing Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase and exhibit plasma cell differentiation upon activation. To explore their utility for seasonal vaccine testing, autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells are integrated into LF Chips. The human LF chips demonstrate improved antibody responses to split virion influenza vaccination compared to 2D cultures, which are enhanced by a squalene-in-water emulsion adjuvant, and this is accompanied by increases in LF size and number. When inoculated with commercial influenza vaccine, plasma cell formation and production of anti-hemagglutinin IgG are observed, as well as secretion of cytokines similar to vaccinated humans over clinically relevant timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girija Goyal
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Pranav Prabhala
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Gautam Mahajan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Bruce Bausk
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Department of PathologyBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Tal Gilboa
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Department of PathologyBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Liangxia Xie
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Department of PathologyBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Yunhao Zhai
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Roey Lazarovits
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Adam Mansour
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Aditya Patil
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Danielle Curran
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Jaclyn M. Long
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Abidemi Junaid
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Limor Cohen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Department of PathologyBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Thomas C. Ferrante
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Oren Levy
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Rachelle Prantil‐Baun
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - David R. Walt
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Department of PathologyBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of SurgeryBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02139USA
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12
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Nauman G, Danzl NM, Lee J, Borsotti C, Madley R, Fu J, Hölzl MA, Dahmani A, Dorronsoro Gonzalez A, Chavez É, Campbell SR, Yang S, Satwani P, Liu K, Sykes M. Defects in Long-Term APC Repopulation Ability of Adult Human Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) Compared with Fetal Liver HSCs. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1652-1663. [PMID: 35315788 PMCID: PMC8976823 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice reconstituted with immune systems from patients, or personalized immune (PI) mice, are powerful tools for understanding human disease. Compared with immunodeficient mice transplanted with human fetal thymus tissue and fetal liver-derived CD34+ cells administered i.v. (Hu/Hu mice), PI mice, which are transplanted with human fetal thymus and adult bone marrow (aBM) CD34+ cells, demonstrate reduced levels of human reconstitution. We characterized APC and APC progenitor repopulation in human immune system mice and detected significant reductions in blood, bone marrow (BM), and splenic APC populations in PI compared with Hu/Hu mice. APC progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were less abundant in aBM CD34+ cells compared with fetal liver-derived CD34+ cell preparations, and this reduction in APC progenitors was reflected in the BM of PI compared with Hu/Hu mice 14-20 wk posttransplant. The number of HSCs increased in PI mice compared with the originally infused BM cells and maintained functional repopulation potential, because BM from some PI mice 28 wk posttransplant generated human myeloid and lymphoid cells in secondary recipients. Moreover, long-term PI mouse BM contained functional T cell progenitors, evidenced by thymopoiesis in thymic organ cultures. Injection of aBM cells directly into the BM cavity, transgenic expression of hematopoietic cytokines, and coinfusion of human BM-derived mesenchymal stem cells synergized to enhance long-term B cell and monocyte levels in PI mice. These improvements allow a sustained time frame of 18-22 wk where APCs and T cells are present and greater flexibility for modeling immune disease pathogenesis and immunotherapies in PI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Nauman
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nichole M Danzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jaeyop Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Chiara Borsotti
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Rachel Madley
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jianing Fu
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Markus A Hölzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Alexander Dahmani
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Akaitz Dorronsoro Gonzalez
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Éstefania Chavez
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Sean R Campbell
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Suxiao Yang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Prakash Satwani
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT; and
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
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13
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Geh D, Leslie J, Rumney R, Reeves HL, Bird TG, Mann DA. Neutrophils as potential therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:257-273. [PMID: 35022608 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The success of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab treatment contributed to a shift in systemic therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) towards combinations that include cancer immunotherapeutic agents. Thus far, the principal focus of cancer immunotherapy has been on interrupting immune checkpoints that suppress antitumour lymphocytes. As well as lymphocytes, the HCC environment includes numerous other immune cell types, among which neutrophils are emerging as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of HCC. A growing body of evidence supports neutrophils as key mediators of the immunosuppressive environment in which some cancers develop, as well as drivers of tumour progression. If neutrophils have a similar role in HCC, approaches that target or manipulate neutrophils might have therapeutic benefits, potentially including sensitization of tumours to conventional immunotherapy. Several neutrophil-directed therapies for patients with HCC (and other cancers) are now entering clinical trials. This Review outlines the evidence in support of neutrophils as drivers of HCC and details their mechanistic roles in development, progression and metastasis, highlighting the reasons that neutrophils are well worth investigating despite the challenges associated with studying them. Neutrophil-modulating anticancer therapies entering clinical trials are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Geh
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jack Leslie
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rob Rumney
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen L Reeves
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary Team, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas G Bird
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Derek A Mann
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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14
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Hibl BM, Dailey Garnes NJM, Kneubehl AR, Vogt MB, Spencer Clinton JL, Rico-Hesse RR. Mosquito-bite infection of humanized mice with chikungunya virus produces systemic disease with long-term effects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009427. [PMID: 34106915 PMCID: PMC8189471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging, mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for acute to chronic arthralgias and neuropathies. Although it originated in central Africa, recent reports of disease have come from many parts of the world, including the Americas. While limiting human CHIKV cases through mosquito control has been used, it has not been entirely successful. There are currently no licensed vaccines or treatments specific for CHIKV disease, thus more work is needed to develop effective countermeasures. Current animal research on CHIKV is often not representative of human disease. Most models use CHIKV needle inoculation via unnatural routes to create immediate viremia and localized clinical signs; these methods neglect the natural route of transmission (the mosquito vector bite) and the associated human immune response. Since mosquito saliva has been shown to have a profound effect on viral pathogenesis, we evaluated a novel model of infection that included the natural vector, Aedes species mosquitoes, transmitting CHIKV to mice containing components of the human immune system. Humanized mice infected by 3-6 mosquito bites showed signs of systemic infection, with demonstrable viremia (by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent antibody assay), mild to moderate clinical signs (by observation, histology, and immunohistochemistry), and immune responses consistent with human infection (by flow cytometry and IgM ELISA). This model should give a better understanding of human CHIKV disease and allow for more realistic evaluations of mechanisms of pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne M. Hibl
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Natalie J. M. Dailey Garnes
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander R. Kneubehl
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Megan B. Vogt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Spencer Clinton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rebecca R. Rico-Hesse
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Marín-Jiménez JA, Capasso A, Lewis MS, Bagby SM, Hartman SJ, Shulman J, Navarro NM, Yu H, Rivard CJ, Wang X, Barkow JC, Geng D, Kar A, Yingst A, Tufa DM, Dolan JT, Blatchford PJ, Freed BM, Torres RM, Davila E, Slansky JE, Pelanda R, Eckhardt SG, Messersmith WA, Diamond JR, Lieu CH, Verneris MR, Wang JH, Kiseljak-Vassiliades K, Pitts TM, Lang J. Testing Cancer Immunotherapy in a Human Immune System Mouse Model: Correlating Treatment Responses to Human Chimerism, Therapeutic Variables and Immune Cell Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:607282. [PMID: 33854497 PMCID: PMC8040953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.607282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of cancer. Although the success of immunotherapy is remarkable, it is still limited to a subset of patients. More than 1500 clinical trials are currently ongoing with a goal of improving the efficacy of immunotherapy through co-administration of other agents. Preclinical, small-animal models are strongly desired to increase the pace of scientific discovery, while reducing the cost of combination drug testing in humans. Human immune system (HIS) mice are highly immune-deficient mouse recipients rtpeconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells. These HIS-mice are capable of growing human tumor cell lines and patient-derived tumor xenografts. This model allows rapid testing of multiple, immune-related therapeutics for tumors originating from unique clinical samples. Using a cord blood-derived HIS-BALB/c-Rag2nullIl2rγnullSIRPαNOD (BRGS) mouse model, we summarize our experiments testing immune checkpoint blockade combinations in these mice bearing a variety of human tumors, including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, lung, adrenocortical, melanoma and hematological malignancies. We present in-depth characterization of the kinetics and subsets of the HIS in lymph and non-lymph organs and relate these to protocol development and immune-related treatment responses. Furthermore, we compare the phenotype of the HIS in lymph tissues and tumors. We show that the immunotype and amount of tumor infiltrating leukocytes are widely-variable and that this phenotype is tumor-dependent in the HIS-BRGS model. We further present flow cytometric analyses of immune cell subsets, activation state, cytokine production and inhibitory receptor expression in peripheral lymph organs and tumors. We show that responding tumors bear human infiltrating T cells with a more inflammatory signature compared to non-responding tumors, similar to reports of "responding" patients in human immunotherapy clinical trials. Collectively these data support the use of HIS mice as a preclinical model to test combination immunotherapies for human cancers, if careful attention is taken to both protocol details and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Marín-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-L’Hospitalet), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Matthew S. Lewis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Stacey M. Bagby
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sarah J. Hartman
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy Shulman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Natalie M. Navarro
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hui Yu
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Chris J. Rivard
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jessica C. Barkow
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Degui Geng
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Adwitiya Kar
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ashley Yingst
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dejene M. Tufa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James T. Dolan
- Rocky Vista College of Osteopathic Medicine – OMS3, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO, United States
| | - Patrick J. Blatchford
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brian M. Freed
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jill E. Slansky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Wells A. Messersmith
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Diamond
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christopher H. Lieu
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael R. Verneris
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jing H. Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Todd M. Pitts
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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16
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Rosewell Shaw A, Porter CE, Yip T, Mah WC, McKenna MK, Dysthe M, Jung Y, Parihar R, Brenner MK, Suzuki M. Oncolytic adeno-immunotherapy modulates the immune system enabling CAR T-cells to cure pancreatic tumors. Commun Biol 2021; 4:368. [PMID: 33742099 PMCID: PMC7979740 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High expression levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) have been associated with poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, HER2-targeting immunotherapies have been unsuccessful to date. Here we increase the breadth, potency, and duration of anti-PDAC HER2-specific CAR T-cell (HER2.CART) activity with an oncolytic adeno-immunotherapy that produces cytokine, immune checkpoint blockade, and a safety switch (CAdTrio). Combination treatment with CAdTrio and HER2.CARTs cured tumors in two PDAC xenograft models and produced durable tumor responses in humanized mice. Modifications to the tumor immune microenvironment contributed to the antitumor activity of our combination immunotherapy, as intratumoral CAdTrio treatment induced chemotaxis to enable HER2.CART migration to the tumor site. Using an advanced PDAC model in humanized mice, we found that local CAdTrio treatment of primary tumor stimulated systemic host immune responses that repolarized distant tumor microenvironments, improving HER2.CART anti-tumor activity. Overall, our data demonstrate that CAdTrio and HER2.CARTs provide complementary activities to eradicate metastatic PDAC and may represent a promising co-operative therapy for PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rosewell Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Caroline E Porter
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany Yip
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Way-Champ Mah
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K McKenna
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Dysthe
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Youngrock Jung
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robin Parihar
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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17
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Gillgrass A, Wessels JM, Yang JX, Kaushic C. Advances in Humanized Mouse Models to Improve Understanding of HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 11:617516. [PMID: 33746940 PMCID: PMC7973037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.617516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy has transformed human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) from a deadly infection into a chronic disease, it does not clear the viral reservoir, leaving HIV-1 as an uncurable infection. Currently, 1.2 million new HIV-1 infections occur globally each year, with little decrease over many years. Therefore, additional research is required to advance the current state of HIV management, find potential therapeutic strategies, and further understand the mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis and prevention strategies. Non-human primates (NHP) have been used extensively in HIV research and have provided critical advances within the field, but there are several issues that limit their use. Humanized mouse (Hu-mouse) models, or immunodeficient mice engrafted with human immune cells and/or tissues, provide a cost-effective and practical approach to create models for HIV research. Hu-mice closely parallel multiple aspects of human HIV infection and disease progression. Here, we highlight how innovations in Hu-mouse models have advanced HIV-1 research in the past decade. We discuss the effect of different background strains of mice, of modifications on the reconstitution of the immune cells, and the pros and cons of different human cells and/or tissue engraftment methods, on the ability to examine HIV-1 infection and immune response. Finally, we consider the newest advances in the Hu-mouse models and their potential to advance research in emerging areas of mucosal infections, understand the role of microbiota and the complex issues in HIV-TB co-infection. These innovations in Hu-mouse models hold the potential to significantly enhance mechanistic research to develop novel strategies for HIV prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gillgrass
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jocelyn M. Wessels
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jack X. Yang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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18
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Lee MW, Miljanic M, Triplett T, Ramirez C, Aung KL, Eckhardt SG, Capasso A. Current methods in translational cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:7-30. [PMID: 32929562 PMCID: PMC7897192 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in pre-clinical screening tools, that more reliably predict the clinical effects and adverse events of candidate therapeutic agents, has ushered in a new era of drug development and screening. However, given the rapid pace with which these models have emerged, the individual merits of these translational research tools warrant careful evaluation in order to furnish clinical researchers with appropriate information to conduct pre-clinical screening in an accelerated and rational manner. This review assesses the predictive utility of both well-established and emerging pre-clinical methods in terms of their suitability as a screening platform for treatment response, ability to represent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug properties, and lastly debates the translational limitations and benefits of these models. To this end, we will describe the current literature on cell culture, organoids, in vivo mouse models, and in silico computational approaches. Particular focus will be devoted to discussing gaps and unmet needs in the literature as well as current advancements and innovations achieved in the field, such as co-clinical trials and future avenues for refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Lee
- Department of Medical Education, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mihailo Miljanic
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Todd Triplett
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Craig Ramirez
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kyaw L Aung
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - S Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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19
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Wen J, Wang L, Ren J, Kranz E, Chen S, Wu D, Kanazawa T, Chen I, Lu Y, Kamata M. Nanoencapsulated rituximab mediates superior cellular immunity against metastatic B-cell lymphoma in a complement competent humanized mouse model. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001524. [PMID: 33593826 PMCID: PMC7888328 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the numerous applications of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in cancer therapeutics, animal models available to test the therapeutic efficacy of new mAbs are limited. NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice are one of the most highly immunodeficient strains and are universally used as a model for testing cancer-targeting mAbs. However, this strain lacks several factors necessary to fully support antibody-mediated effector functions-including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)-due to the absence of immune cells as well as a mutation in the Hc gene, which is needed for a functional complement system. METHODS We have developed a humanized mouse model using a novel NSG strain, NOD.Cg-Hc1 Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG-Hc1), which contains the corrected mutation in the Hc gene to support CDC in addition to other mechanisms endowed by humanization. With this model, we reevaluated the anticancer efficacies of nanoencapsulated rituximab after xenograft of the human Burkitt lymphoma cell line 2F7-BR44. RESULTS As expected, xenografted humanized NSG-Hc1 mice supported superior lymphoma clearance of native rituximab compared with the parental NSG strain. Nanoencapsulated rituximab with CXCL13 conjugation as a targeting ligand for lymphomas further enhanced antilymphoma activity in NSG-Hc1 mice and, more importantly, mediated antilymphoma cellular responses. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that NSG-Hc1 mice can serve as a feasible model for both studying antitumor treatment using cancer targeting as well as understanding induction mechanisms of antitumor cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emiko Kranz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shilin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Toshio Kanazawa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irvin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yunfeng Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Arts and Humanities, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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20
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Hewitt JA, Lutz C, Florence WC, Pitt MLM, Rao S, Rappaport J, Haigwood NL. ACTIVating Resources for the COVID-19 Pandemic: In Vivo Models for Vaccines and Therapeutics. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:646-659. [PMID: 33152279 PMCID: PMC7528903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Preclinical Working Group of Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV), a public-private partnership spearheaded by the National Institutes of Health, has been charged with identifying, prioritizing, and communicating SARS-CoV-2 preclinical resources. Reviewing SARS-CoV-2 animal model data facilitates standardization and harmonization and informs knowledge gaps and prioritization of limited resources. To date, mouse, hamster, ferret, guinea pig, and non-human primates have been investigated. Several species are permissive for SARS-CoV-2 replication, often exhibiting mild disease with resolution, reflecting most human COVID-19 cases. More severe disease develops in a few models, some associated with advanced age, a risk factor for human disease. This review provides a snapshot that recommends the suitability of models for testing vaccines and therapeutics, which may evolve as our understanding of COVID-19 disease biology improves. COVID-19 is a complex disease, and individual models recapitulate certain aspects of disease; therefore, the coordination and assessment of animal models is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Hewitt
- Office of Biodefense, Research Resources and Translational Research, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Cathleen Lutz
- In Vivo Pharmacology, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - William C Florence
- Office of Biodefense, Research Resources and Translational Research, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Louise M Pitt
- Office of the Commander, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Srinivas Rao
- Sanofi Research and Development, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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21
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Matas‐Céspedes A, Brown L, Mahbubani KT, Bareham B, Higgins J, Curran M, de Haan L, Lapointe J, Stebbings R, Saeb‐Parsy K. Use of human splenocytes in an innovative humanised mouse model for prediction of immunotherapy-induced cytokine release syndrome. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1202. [PMID: 33173582 PMCID: PMC7641894 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Humanised mice have emerged as valuable models for pre-clinical testing of the safety and efficacy of immunotherapies. Given the variety of models available, selection of the most appropriate humanised mouse model is critical in study design. Here, we aimed to develop a model for predicting cytokine release syndrome (CRS) while minimising graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). METHODS To overcome donor-induced variation, we directly compared the in vitro and in vivo immune phenotype of immunodeficient NSG mice reconstituted with human bone marrow (BM) CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or spleen mononuclear cells (SPMCs) from the same human donors. SPMC engraftment in NSG-dKO mice, which lack MHC class I and II, was also evaluated as a strategy to limit GvHD. Another group of mice was engrafted with umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34+ HSCs. Induction of CRS in vivo was investigated upon administration of the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3. RESULTS PBMC- and SPMC-reconstituted NSG mice showed short-term survival, with engrafted human T cells exhibiting mostly an effector memory phenotype. Survival in SPMC-reconstituted NSG-dKO mice was significantly longer. Conversely, both BM and UCB-HSC models showed longer survival, without demonstrable GvHD and a more naïve T-cell phenotype. PBMC- and SPMC-reconstituted mice, but not BM-HSC or UCB-HSC mice, experienced severe clinical signs of CRS upon administration of OKT3. CONCLUSION PBMC- and SPMC-reconstituted NSG mice better predict OKT3-mediated CRS. The SPMC model allows generation of large experimental groups, and the use of NSG-dKO mice mitigates the limitation of early GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Matas‐Céspedes
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety SciencesR&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Lee Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety SciencesR&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Krishnaa T Mahbubani
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Bethany Bareham
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Jackie Higgins
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Michelle Curran
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety SciencesR&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Lolke de Haan
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety SciencesR&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
- Present address:
ADC TherapeuticsLondonUK
| | | | | | - Kourosh Saeb‐Parsy
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
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22
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Mrochen DM, Fernandes de Oliveira LM, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Staphylococcus aureus Host Tropism and Its Implications for Murine Infection Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7061. [PMID: 32992784 PMCID: PMC7582387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathobiont of humans as well as a multitude of animal species. The high prevalence of multi-resistant and more virulent strains of S. aureus necessitates the development of new prevention and treatment strategies for S. aureus infection. Major advances towards understanding the pathogenesis of S. aureus diseases have been made using conventional mouse models, i.e., by infecting naïve laboratory mice with human-adapted S.aureus strains. However, the failure to transfer certain results obtained in these murine systems to humans highlights the limitations of such models. Indeed, numerous S. aureus vaccine candidates showed promising results in conventional mouse models but failed to offer protection in human clinical trials. These limitations arise not only from the widely discussed physiological differences between mice and humans, but also from the lack of attention that is paid to the specific interactions of S. aureus with its respective host. For instance, animal-derived S. aureus lineages show a high degree of host tropism and carry a repertoire of host-specific virulence and immune evasion factors. Mouse-adapted S.aureus strains, humanized mice, and microbiome-optimized mice are promising approaches to overcome these limitations and could improve transferability of animal experiments to human trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Liliane M. Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
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23
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Wege AK, Kirchhammer N, Kazandjian LV, Prassl S, Brandt M, Piendl G, Ortmann O, Fischer S, Brockhoff G. A novel rabbit derived anti-HER2 antibody with pronounced therapeutic effectiveness on HER2-positive breast cancer cells in vitro and in humanized tumor mice (HTM). J Transl Med 2020; 18:316. [PMID: 32799890 PMCID: PMC7429704 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibody based cancer therapies have achieved convincing success rates combining enhanced tumor specificity and reduced side effects in patients. Trastuzumab that targets the human epidermal growth factor related receptor 2 (HER2) is one of the greatest success stories in this field. For decades, trastuzumab based treatment regimens are significantly improving the prognosis of HER2-positive breast cancer patients both in the metastatic and the (neo-) adjuvant setting. Nevertheless, ≥ 50% of trastuzumab treated patients experience de-novo or acquired resistance. Therefore, an enhanced anti-HER2 targeting with improved treatment efficiency is still aspired. Methods Here, we determined cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the treatment of HER2-positive BC cells with a new rabbit derived HER2 specific chimeric monoclonal antibody called “B100″. We evaluated the B100 treatment efficiency of HER2-positive BC cells with different sensitivity to trastuzumab both in vitro and in the presence of a human immune system in humanized tumor mice. Results B100 not only efficiently blocks cell proliferation but more importantly induces apoptotic tumor cell death. Detailed in vitro analyses of B100 in comparison to trastuzumab (and pertuzumab) revealed equivalent HER2 internalization and recycling capacity, similar Fc receptor signaling, but different HER2 epitope recognition with high binding and treatment efficiency. In trastuzumab resistant SK-BR-3 based humanized tumor mice the B100 treatment eliminated the primary tumor but even more importantly eradicated metastasized tumor cells in lung, liver, brain, and bone marrow. Conclusion Overall, B100 demonstrated an enhanced anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in an enhanced preclinical HTM in vivo model compared to trastuzumab or pertuzumab. Thus, the use of B100 is a promising option to complement and to enhance established treatment regimens for HER2-positive (breast) cancer and to overcome trastuzumab resistance. Extended preclinical analyses using appropriate models and clinical investigations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kathrin Wege
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Kirchhammer
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Gerhard Piendl
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Gero Brockhoff
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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24
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Locke LW, Schlesinger LS, Crouser ED. Current Sarcoidosis Models and the Importance of Focusing on the Granuloma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1719. [PMID: 32849608 PMCID: PMC7417311 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability to effectively model sarcoidosis in the laboratory or in animals continues to hinder the discovery and translation of new, targeted treatments. The granuloma is the signature pathological hallmark of sarcoidosis, yet there are significant knowledge gaps that exist with regard to how granulomas form. Significant progress toward improved therapeutic and prognostic strategies in sarcoidosis hinges on tractable experimental models that recapitulate the process of granuloma formation in sarcoidosis and allow for mechanistic insights into the molecular events involved. Through its inherent representation of the complex genetics underpinning immune cell dysregulation in sarcoidosis, a recently developed in vitro human granuloma model holds promise in providing detailed mechanistic insight into sarcoidosis–specific disease regulating pathways at play during early stages of granuloma formation. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate current sarcoidosis models and assess their potential to progress the field toward the goal of improved therapies in this disease. We conclude with the potential integrated use of preclinical models to accelerate progress toward identifying and testing new drugs and drug combinations that can be rapidly brought to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon W Locke
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogens Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Elliott D Crouser
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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25
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Theobald SJ, Kreer C, Khailaie S, Bonifacius A, Eiz-Vesper B, Figueiredo C, Mach M, Backovic M, Ballmaier M, Koenig J, Olbrich H, Schneider A, Volk V, Danisch S, Gieselmann L, Ercanoglu MS, Messerle M, von Kaisenberg C, Witte T, Klawonn F, Meyer-Hermann M, Klein F, Stripecke R. Repertoire characterization and validation of gB-specific human IgGs directly cloned from humanized mice vaccinated with dendritic cells and protected against HCMV. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008560. [PMID: 32667948 PMCID: PMC7363084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes serious complications to immune compromised hosts. Dendritic cells (iDCgB) expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-alpha and HCMV-gB were developed to promote de novo antiviral adaptive responses. Mice reconstituted with a human immune system (HIS) were immunized with iDCgB and challenged with HCMV, resulting into 93% protection. Immunization stimulated the expansion of functional effector memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cells recognizing gB. Machine learning analyses confirmed bone marrow T/CD4+, liver B/IgA+ and spleen B/IgG+ cells as predictive biomarkers of immunization (≈87% accuracy). CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses against gB were validated. Splenic gB-binding IgM-/IgG+ B cells were sorted and analyzed at a single cell level. iDCgB immunizations elicited human-like IgG responses with a broad usage of various IgG heavy chain V gene segments harboring variable levels of somatic hypermutation. From this search, two gB-binding human monoclonal IgGs were generated that neutralized HCMV infection in vitro. Passive immunization with these antibodies provided proof-of-concept evidence of protection against HCMV infection. This HIS/HCMV in vivo model system supported the validation of novel active and passive immune therapies for future clinical translation. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen. As long as the immune system is functional, T and B cells can control HCMV. Yet, for patients who have debilitated immune functions, HCMV infections and reactivations cause major complications. Vaccines or antibodies to prevent or treat HCMV are not yet approved. Novel animal models for testing new immunization approaches are emerging and are important tools to identify biomedical products with a reasonable chance to work in patients. Here, we used a model based on mice transplanted with human immune cells and infected with a traceable HCMV. We tested a cell vaccine (iDCgB) carrying gB, a potent HCMV antigen. The model showed that iDCgB halted the HCMV infection in more than 90% of the mice. We found that antibodies were key players mediating protection. Using state-of-the-art methods, we were able to use the sequences of the human antibodies generated in the mice to construct and produce monoclonal antibodies in the laboratory. Proof-of-concept experiments indicated that administration of these monoclonal antibodies into mice protected them against HCMV infection. In summary, this humanized mouse model was useful to test a vaccine and to generate and test novel antibodies that can be further developed for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Theobald
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sahamoddin Khailaie
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Agnes Bonifacius
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanca Figueiredo
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute of Virology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marija Backovic
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Ballmaier
- Research Facility Cell Sorting, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Koenig
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Olbrich
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valery Volk
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Simon Danisch
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Meryem Seda Ercanoglu
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- Instiute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Clinic of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Biostatistics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Information Engineering, Ostfalia University, Wolfenbuettel, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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26
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Lee FT, Dangi A, Shah S, Burnette M, Yang YG, Kirk AD, Hering BJ, Miller SD, Luo X. Rejection of xenogeneic porcine islets in humanized mice is characterized by graft-infiltrating Th17 cells and activated B cells. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1538-1550. [PMID: 31883299 PMCID: PMC7286695 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Xenogeneic porcine islet transplantation is a promising potential therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Understanding human immune responses against porcine islets is crucial for the design of optimal immunomodulatory regimens for effective control of xenogeneic rejection of porcine islets in humans. Humanized mice are a valuable tool for studying human immune responses and therefore present an attractive alternative to human subject research. Here, by using a pig-to-humanized mouse model of xenogeneic islet transplantation, we described the human immune response to transplanted porcine islets, a process characterized by dense islet xenograft infiltration of human CD45+ cells comprising activated human B cells, CD4+ CD44+ IL-17+ Th17 cells, and CD68+ macrophages. In addition, we tested an experimental immunomodulatory regimen in promoting long-term islet xenograft survival, a triple therapy consisting of donor splenocytes treated with ethylcarbodiimide (ECDI-SP), and peri-transplant rituximab and rapamycin. We observed that the triple therapy effectively inhibited graft infiltration of T and B cells as well as macrophages, promoted transitional B cells both in the periphery and in the islet xenografts, and provided a superior islet xenograft protection. Our study therefore indicates an advantage of donor ECDI-SP treatment in controlling human immune cells in promoting long-term islet xenograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances T. Lee
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anil Dangi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sahil Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ilinois
| | - Melanie Burnette
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Allan D. Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bernhard J. Hering
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Recent advances in long-acting nanoformulations for delivery of antiretroviral drugs. J Control Release 2020; 324:379-404. [PMID: 32461114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In spite of introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; inaccessibility and poor adherence to oral cART costs 10 in 100,000 death worldwide. Failure in adherence leads to viral rebound, emergence of drug resistance and anticipated HIV infection in high risk individuals. Various Long-acting antiretroviral (LA ARV) nanoformulations including nano-prodrug, solid drug nanoparticles (SDN), nanocrystals, aspherical nanoparticles, polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles have shown plasma/tissue drug concentration in the therapeutic range for several weeks during pre-clinical evaluation. LA ARV nanoformulations therefore have replaced cART as better alternative for the treatment of HIV infection. Cabenuva™ is recently approved by Health Canada containing LA cabotegravir+LA rilpivirine nanocrystals (ViiV healthcare) for once monthly administration by intramuscular route. The LA nanoformulation due to its nanosize insist on better stability, delivery to lymphatic, slow release into systemic circulation via lymphatic-circulatory system conjoint and secondary drug depot within infiltered immune cells at site of administration and systemic circulation in contrast to conventional drugs. However, the pharmacokinetic, biodistribution and efficacy of LA nanoformulations hinge onto physicochemical properties of the drugs and route of administration. Therefore, current review emphasizes on these contradistinctive factors that affects the reproducibility, safety, efficacy and toxicity of LA anti-HIV nanoformulations. Moreover, it expatiates on application of profuse nanoformulations for long-acting effect with promising preclinical discoveries and two clinical leads. To add on, utilization of physiology-based and mechanism-based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo animal models which could lead to enhanced safety and efficacy of LA ARV nanoformulations in humans have been included.
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28
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Modeling the Efficacy of Oncolytic Adenoviruses In Vitro and In Vivo: Current and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030619. [PMID: 32155969 PMCID: PMC7139921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAd) selectively target and lyse tumor cells and enhance anti- tumor immune responses. OAds have been used as promising cancer gene therapies for many years and there are a multitude of encouraging pre-clinical studies. However, translating OAd therapies to the clinic has had limited success, in part due to the lack of realistic pre-clinical models to rigorously test the efficacy of OAds. Solid tumors have a heterogenous and hostile microenvironment that provides many barriers to OAd treatment, including structural and immunosuppressive components that cannot be modeled in two-dimensional tissue culture. To replicate these characteristics and bridge the gap between pre-clinical and clinical success, studies must test OAd therapy in three-dimensional culture and animal models. This review focuses on current methods to test OAd efficacy in vitro and in vivo and the development of new model systems to test both oncolysis and immune stimulatory components of oncolytic adenovirotherapy.
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29
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Lam MT, Mace EM, Orange JS. A research-driven approach to the identification of novel natural killer cell deficiencies affecting cytotoxic function. Blood 2020; 135:629-637. [PMID: 31945148 PMCID: PMC7046607 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell deficiencies (NKDs) are an emerging phenotypic subtype of primary immune deficiency. NK cells provide a defense against virally infected cells using a variety of cytotoxic mechanisms, and patients who have defective NK cell development or function can present with atypical, recurrent, or severe herpesviral infections. The current pipeline for investigating NKDs involves the acquisition and clinical assessment of patients with a suspected NKD followed by subsequent in silico, in vitro, and in vivo laboratory research. Evaluation involves initially quantifying NK cells and measuring NK cell cytotoxicity and expression of certain NK cell receptors involved in NK cell development and function. Subsequent studies using genomic methods to identify the potential causative variant are conducted along with variant impact testing to make genotype-phenotype connections. Identification of novel genes contributing to the NKD phenotype can also be facilitated by applying the expanding knowledge of NK cell biology. In this review, we discuss how NKDs that affect NK cell cytotoxicity can be approached in the clinic and laboratory for the discovery of novel gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, and
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
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30
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Perdomo-Celis F, Medina-Moreno S, Davis H, Bryant J, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT, Kottilil S, Zapata JC. High activation and skewed T cell differentiation are associated with low IL-17A levels in a hu-PBL-NSG-SGM3 mouse model of HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 200:185-198. [PMID: 31951011 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The humanized NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor γ-chainnull (NSG) mouse model has been widely used for the study of HIV pathogenesis. Here, NSG mice with transgenic expression of human stem cell factor (SCF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-3 (NSG-SGM3) were injected with peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL mice) from two HIV-infected (HIV+ ) patients who were under anti-retroviral therapy (ART; referred as HIV+ mice) or one HIV-seronegative healthy volunteer (HIV- ). Such mice are either hu-PBL-NSG-SGM3 HIV+ or HIV- mice, depending on the source of PBL. The kinetics of HIV replication and T cell responses following engraftment were evaluated in peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid tissues. High HIV replication and low CD4 : CD8 ratios were observed in HIV+ mice in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Consistent with high activation and skewed differentiation of T cells from the HIV-infected donor, HIV+ mice exhibited a higher T cell co-expression of human leukocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR) and CD38 than HIV- mice, as well as a shifted differentiation to a CCR7- CD45RA+ terminal effector profile, even in the presence of ART. In addition, HIV replication and the activation/differentiation disturbances of T cells were associated with decreased plasma levels of IL-17A. Thus, this hu-PBL-NSG-SGM3 mouse model recapitulates some immune disturbances occurring in HIV-infected patients, underlying its potential use for studying pathogenic events during this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Davis
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - S Kottilil
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Human iPSC-derived microglia assume a primary microglia-like state after transplantation into the neonatal mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25293-25303. [PMID: 31772018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913541116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are essential for maintenance of normal brain function, with dysregulation contributing to numerous neurological diseases. Protocols have been developed to derive microglia-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However, primary microglia display major differences in morphology and gene expression when grown in culture, including down-regulation of signature microglial genes. Thus, in vitro differentiated microglia may not accurately represent resting primary microglia. To address this issue, we transplanted microglial precursors derived in vitro from hiPSCs into neonatal mouse brains and found that the cells acquired characteristic microglial morphology and gene expression signatures that closely resembled primary human microglia. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of transplanted microglia showed similar cellular heterogeneity as primary human cells. Thus, hiPSCs-derived microglia transplanted into the neonatal mouse brain assume a phenotype and gene expression signature resembling that of resting microglia residing in the human brain, making chimeras a superior tool to study microglia in human disease.
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32
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Barcia Durán JG, Lis R, Rafii S. Haematopoietic stem cell reprogramming and the hope for a universal blood product. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3253-3265. [PMID: 31725897 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the only adult stem cells with a demonstrated clinical use, even though a tractable method to maintain and expand human HSCs in vitro has not yet been found. Owing to the introduction of transplantation strategies for the treatment of haematological malignancies and, more recently, the promise of gene therapy, the need to improve the generation, manipulation and scalability of autologous or allogeneic HSCs has risen steeply over the past decade. In that context, reprogramming strategies based on the expression of exogenous transcription factors have emerged as a means to produce functional HSCs in vitro. These approaches largely stem from the assumption that key master transcription factors direct the expression of downstream target genes thereby triggering haematopoiesis. Both somatic and pluripotent cells have been used to this end, yielding variable results in terms of haematopoietic phenotype and functionality. Here, we present an overview of the haematopoietic reprogramming methods reported to date, provide the appropriate historical context and offer some critical insight about where the field stands at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gabriel Barcia Durán
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raphaël Lis
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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33
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Shaw AR, Suzuki M. Immunology of Adenoviral Vectors in Cancer Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:418-429. [PMID: 31890734 PMCID: PMC6909129 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses are a commonly utilized virus for gene therapy platforms worldwide. Since adenovirus components are characterized as highly immunogenic, their immunogenicity inhibits the widespread use of adenoviral vectors to treat genetic disorders. However, stimulation of the immune response can be exploited for cancer immunotherapy platforms, and thus adenoviral vectors are used for therapeutic gene transfer, vaccines, and oncolytic agents in the cancer gene therapy field. It is now accepted that the generation of anti-tumor immune responses induced by oncolytic adenovirus treatments is critical for their anti-tumor efficacy. As such, in cancer immunotherapy with adenoviral vectors, a balance must be struck between induction of anti-adenoviral and anti-tumor immune responses. The recent trend in adenoviral-based cancer gene therapy is the development of adenoviral vectors to enhance immune responses and redirect them toward tumors. This review focuses on anti-adenoviral immunity and how adenovirotherapies skew the immune response toward an anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rosewell Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Cell Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Cell Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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34
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Radaelli E, Santagostino SF, Sellers RS, Brayton CF. Immune Relevant and Immune Deficient Mice: Options and Opportunities in Translational Research. ILAR J 2019; 59:211-246. [PMID: 31197363 PMCID: PMC7114723 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1989 ILAR published a list and description of immunodeficient rodents used in research. Since then, advances in understanding of molecular mechanisms; recognition of genetic, epigenetic microbial, and other influences on immunity; and capabilities in manipulating genomes and microbiomes have increased options and opportunities for selecting mice and designing studies to answer important mechanistic and therapeutic questions. Despite numerous scientific breakthroughs that have benefitted from research in mice, there is debate about the relevance and predictive or translational value of research in mice. Reproducibility of results obtained from mice and other research models also is a well-publicized concern. This review summarizes resources to inform the selection and use of immune relevant mouse strains and stocks, aiming to improve the utility, validity, and reproducibility of research in mice. Immune sufficient genetic variations, immune relevant spontaneous mutations, immunodeficient and autoimmune phenotypes, and selected induced conditions are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara F Santagostino
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Cory F Brayton
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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35
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Benabdallah B, Désaulniers-Langevin C, Colas C, Li Y, Rousseau G, Guimond JV, Haddad E, Beauséjour C. Natural Killer Cells Prevent the Formation of Teratomas Derived From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2580. [PMID: 31787975 PMCID: PMC6854018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The safe utilization of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derivatives in clinical use is attributed to the complete elimination of the risk of forming teratomas after transplantation. The extent by which such a risk exists in immune-competent hosts is mostly unknown. Here, using humanized mice reconstituted with fetal hematopoietic stem cells and autologous thymus tissue (bone-liver-thymus humanized mice [Hu-BLT]) or following the adoptive transfer of peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) (Hu-AT), we evaluated the capacity of immune cells to prevent or eliminate teratomas derived from human iPSCs (hiPSCs). Our results showed that the injection of hiPSCs failed to form teratomas in Hu-AT mice reconstituted with allogeneic or autologous PBMCs or purified natural killer (NK) cells alone. However, teratomas were observed in Hu-AT mice reconstituted with autologous PBMCs depleted from NK cells. In line with these results, Hu-BLT, which do not have functional NK cells, could not prevent the growth of teratomas. Finally, we found that established teratomas were not targeted by NK cells and instead were efficiently rejected by allogeneic but not autologous T cells in Hu-AT mice. Overall, our findings suggest that autologous hiPSC-derived therapies are unlikely to form teratomas in the presence of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chloé Colas
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yuanyi Li
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Rousseau
- Centre de recherche du CIUSSS du Nord-de-Île-de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean V. Guimond
- CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Beauséjour
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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36
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Skirecki T, Drechsler S, Hoser G, Jafarmadar M, Siennicka K, Pojda Z, Kawiak J, Osuchowski MF. The Fluctuations of Leukocytes and Circulating Cytokines in Septic Humanized Mice Vary With Outcome. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1427. [PMID: 31297113 PMCID: PMC6607920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains a major challenge in translational research given its heterogeneous pathophysiology and the lack of specific therapeutics. The use of humanized mouse chimeras with transplanted human hematopoietic cells may improve the clinical relevance of pre-clinical studies. However, knowledge of the human immuno-inflammatory response during sepsis in humanized mice is scarce; it is unclear how similar or divergent mouse and human-origin immuno-inflammatory responses in sepsis are. In this study, we evaluated the early outcome-dependent immuno-inflammatory response in humanized mice generated in the NSG strain after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis. Mice were observed for 32 h post-CLP and were assigned to either predicted-to-die (P-DIE) or predicted-to-survive (P-SUR) groups for retrospective comparisons. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 6 and 24 h, whereas the bone marrow and spleen were collected between 24 and 32 h post-CLP. In comparison to P-SUR, P-DIE humanized mice had a 3-fold higher frequency of human splenic monocytes and their CD80 expression was reduced by 1.3-fold; there was no difference in the HLA-DR expression. Similarly, the expression of CD80 on the bone marrow monocytes from P-DIE mice was decreased by 32% (p < 0.05). Sepsis induced a generalized up-regulation of both human and murine plasma cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8/KC, MCP-1); it was additionally aggravated in P-DIE vs. P-SUR. Human cytokines were strongly overridden by the murine ones (approx. ratio 1:9) but human TNFα was 7-fold higher than mouse TNFα. Interestingly, transplantation of human cells did not influence murine cytokine response in NSG mice, but humanized NSG mice were more susceptible to sepsis in comparison with NSG mice (79 vs. 33% mortality; p < 0.05). In conclusion, our results show that humanized mice reflect selected aspects of human immune responses in sepsis and therefore may be a feasible alternative in preclinical immunotherapy modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Skirecki
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Susanne Drechsler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Grazyna Hoser
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mohammad Jafarmadar
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Siennicka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Pojda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kawiak
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin F Osuchowski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
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37
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Kinetics of Early Innate Immune Activation during HIV-1 Infection of Humanized Mice. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02123-18. [PMID: 30867315 PMCID: PMC6532090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02123-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is associated with aberrant immune activation; however, most model systems for HIV-1 have been used during established infection. Here, we utilize ultrasensitive HIV-1 quantification to delineate early events during the eclipse, burst, and chronic phases of HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. We show that very early in infection, HIV-1 suppresses peripheral type I interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) responses, including the HIV-1 restriction factor IFI44. At the peak of innate immune activation, prior to CD4 T cell loss, HIV-1 infection differentially affects peripheral and lymphoid Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression profiles in T cells and macrophages. This results in a trend toward an altered activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). The subsequent type I and III IFN responses result in preferential induction of peripheral ISG responses. Following this initial innate immune activation, peripheral expression of the HIV-1 restriction factor SAM domain- and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) returns to levels below those observed in uninfected mice, suggesting that HIV-1 interferes with their basal expression. However, peripheral cells still retain their responsiveness to exogenous type I IFN, whereas splenic cells show a reduction in select ISGs in response to IFN. This demonstrates the highly dynamic nature of very early HIV-1 infection and suggests that blocks to the induction of HIV-1 restriction factors contribute to the establishment of viral persistence.IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is restricted to humans and some nonhuman primates (e.g., chimpanzee and gorilla). Alternative model systems based on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques are available but do not recapitulate all aspects of HIV-1 infection and disease. Humanized mice, which contain a human immune system, can be used to study HIV-1, but only limited information on early events and immune responses is available to date. Here, we describe very early immune responses to HIV-1 and demonstrate a suppression of cell-intrinsic innate immunity. Furthermore, we show that HIV-1 infection interacts differently with innate immune responses in blood and lymphoid organs.
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38
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Supp DM. Animal Models for Studies of Keloid Scarring. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8:77-89. [PMID: 31832272 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2018.0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Keloid scarring is a disfiguring fibroproliferative disorder that can significantly impair the quality of life in affected individuals. The mechanisms that initiate keloid scarring are incompletely understood, and keloids remain one of the most challenging skin conditions to treat. Keloids are unique to humans; thus, the lack of adequate animal models has hindered research efforts aimed at prevention and effective therapeutic intervention. Recent Advances: In the absence of a suitable animal model, keloid researchers often rely on studying excised keloid scar tissue and keloid-derived cultured cells. Recently, in vivo models have been described that involve transplantation to mice of reconstructed skin containing keloid-derived fibroblasts and/or keratinocytes. These mouse-human hybrid animal models display some similarities with keloids and may enable investigation of novel therapies, although no model yet recapitulates all the features of human keloid scarring. Critical Issues: Differences in skin physiology and modes of healing contribute to challenges in modeling keloids in laboratory animals. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that cells of the immune system contribute to keloid pathology. The need to use immunodeficient hosts for transplanted human keloid cells in recently described animal models precludes studying the role of the immune system in keloid scarring. Future Directions: Future animal models may take advantage of humanized mice with immune systems reconstituted using human immune cells. Such models, when combined with grafted tissues prepared using keloid-derived cells, might enable investigation of complex interactions between systemic and local factors that combine to promote keloid scar formation and may aid in the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy M. Supp
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children—Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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39
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Rossa C, D'Silva NJ. Immune-relevant aspects of murine models of head and neck cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:3973-3988. [PMID: 30696955 PMCID: PMC6533118 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) cause significant mortality and morbidity. There have been few advances in therapeutic management of HNC in the past 4 to 5 decades, which support the need for studies focusing on HNC biology. In recent years, increased recognition of the relevance of the host response in cancer progression has led to novel therapeutic strategies and putative biomarkers of tumor aggressiveness. However, tumor-immune interactions are highly complex and vary with cancer type. Pre-clinical, in vivo models represent an important and necessary step in understanding biological processes involved in development, progression and treatment of HNC. Rodents (mice, rats, hamsters) are the most frequently used animal models in HNC research. The relevance and utility of information generated by studies in murine models is unquestionable, but it is also limited in application to tumor-immune interactions. In this review, we present information regarding the immune-specific characteristics of the murine models most commonly used in HNC research, including immunocompromised and immunocompetent animals. The particular characteristics of xenograft, chemically induced, syngeneic, transgenic, and humanized models are discussed in order to provide context and insight for researchers interested in the in vivo study of tumor-immune interactions in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rossa
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, UNESP-State University of Sao Paulo, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara - SP, Brazil. .,Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Dagur RS, Branch-Woods A, Mathews S, Joshi PS, Quadros RM, Harms DW, Cheng Y, Miles SM, Pirruccello SJ, Gurumurthy CB, Gorantla S, Poluektova LY. Human-like NSG mouse glycoproteins sialylation pattern changes the phenotype of human lymphocytes and sensitivity to HIV-1 infection. BMC Immunol 2019; 20:2. [PMID: 30616506 PMCID: PMC6322283 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of immunodeficient mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells is an accepted approach to study human-specific infectious diseases such as HIV-1 and to investigate multiple aspects of human immune system development. However, mouse and human are different in sialylation patterns of proteins due to evolutionary mutations of the CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene that prevent formation of N-glycolylneuraminic acid from N-acetylneuraminic acid. How changes in the mouse glycoproteins’ chemistry affect phenotype and function of transplanted human hematopoietic stem cells and mature human immune cells in the course of HIV-1 infection are not known. Results We mutated mouse CMAH in the NOD/scid-IL2Rγc−/− (NSG) mouse strain, which is widely used for the transplantation of human cells, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The new strain provides a better environment for human immune cells. Transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells leads to broad B cells repertoire, higher sensitivity to HIV-1 infection, and enhanced proliferation of transplanted peripheral blood lymphocytes. The mice showed no effect on the clearance of human immunoglobulins and enhanced transduction efficiency of recombinant adeno-associated viral vector rAAV2/DJ8. Conclusion NSG-cmah−/− mice expand the mouse models suitable for human cells transplantation, and this new model has advantages in generating a human B cell repertoire. This strain is suitable to study different aspects of the human immune system development, provide advantages in patient-derived tissue and cell transplantation, and could allow studies of viral vectors and infectious agents that are sensitive to human-like sialylation of mouse glycoproteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12865-018-0279-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghubendra Singh Dagur
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Amanda Branch-Woods
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Saumi Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Poonam S Joshi
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rolen M Quadros
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Donald W Harms
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | | | | | - Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, Omaha, NE, USA.,Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, of University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Mehler VJ, Burns C, Moore ML. Concise Review: Exploring Immunomodulatory Features of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Humanized Mouse Models. Stem Cells 2018; 37:298-305. [PMID: 30395373 PMCID: PMC6446739 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With their immunosuppressive features, human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), sometimes also termed as mesenchymal stem cells, hold great potential as a cell-based therapy for various immune-mediated diseases. Indeed, MSCs have already been approved as a treatment for graft versus host disease. However, contradictory data from clinical trials and lack of conclusive proof of efficacy hinder the progress toward wider clinical use of MSCs and highlight the need for more relevant disease models. Humanized mice are increasingly used as models to study immune-mediated disease, as they simulate human immunobiology more closely than conventional murine models. With further advances in their resemblance to human immunobiology, it is very likely that humanized mice will be used more commonly as models to investigate MSCs with regard to their therapeutic safety and their immunomodulatory effect and its underlying mechanisms. Recent studies that explore the immunosuppressive features of MSCs in humanized mouse models will be discussed in this review. Stem Cells 2019;37:298-305.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera J Mehler
- Endocrinology Section, Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Burns
- Endocrinology Section, Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie L Moore
- Endocrinology Section, Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
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Howe DG, Blake JA, Bradford YM, Bult CJ, Calvi BR, Engel SR, Kadin JA, Kaufman TC, Kishore R, Laulederkind SJF, Lewis SE, Moxon SAT, Richardson JE, Smith C. Model organism data evolving in support of translational medicine. Lab Anim (NY) 2018; 47:277-289. [PMID: 30224793 PMCID: PMC6322546 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-018-0150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Model organism databases (MODs) have been collecting and integrating biomedical research data for 30 years and were designed to meet specific needs of each model organism research community. The contributions of model organism research to understanding biological systems would be hard to overstate. Modern molecular biology methods and cost reductions in nucleotide sequencing have opened avenues for direct application of model organism research to elucidating mechanisms of human diseases. Thus, the mandate for model organism research and databases has now grown to include facilitating use of these data in translational applications. Challenges in meeting this opportunity include the distribution of research data across many databases and websites, a lack of data format standards for some data types, and sustainability of scale and cost for genomic database resources like MODs. The issues of widely distributed data and application of data standards are some of the challenges addressed by FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Re-usable) data principles. The Alliance of Genome Resources is now moving to address these challenges by bringing together expertly curated research data from fly, mouse, rat, worm, yeast, zebrafish, and the Gene Ontology consortium. Centralized multi-species data access, integration, and format standardization will lower the data utilization barrier in comparative genomics and translational applications and will provide a framework in which sustainable scale and cost can be addressed. This article presents a brief historical perspective on how the Alliance model organisms are complementary and how they have already contributed to understanding the etiology of human diseases. In addition, we discuss four challenges for using data from MODs in translational applications and how the Alliance is working to address them, in part by applying FAIR data principles. Ultimately, combined data from these animal models are more powerful than the sum of the parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Howe
- The Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | | | - Yvonne M Bradford
- The Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Stacia R Engel
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ranjana Kishore
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Stanley J F Laulederkind
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Suzanna E Lewis
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sierra A T Moxon
- The Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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Altmann DM. Mapping innate and adaptive immune function in arbovirus infections. Immunology 2018; 154:1-2. [PMID: 29667753 PMCID: PMC5904694 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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