1
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Ofodile J, Alves MR, Liang Y, Franklin EB, Lunderberg DM, Ivey CE, Singer BC, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Characterizing PM 2.5 Emissions and Temporal Evolution of Organic Composition from Incense Burning in a California Residence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5047-5057. [PMID: 38437595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The chemical composition of incense-generated organic aerosol in residential indoor air has received limited attention in Western literature. In this study, we conducted incense burning experiments in a single-family California residence during vacancy. We report the chemical composition of organic fine particulate matter (PM2.5), associated emission factors (EFs), and gas-particle phase partitioning for indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Speciated organic PM2.5 measurements were made using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-HR-ToF-MS) and semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (SV-TAG). Organic PM2.5 EFs ranged from 7 to 31 mg g-1 for burned incense and were largely comprised of polar and oxygenated species, with high abundance of biomass-burning tracers such as levoglucosan. Differences in PM2.5 EFs and chemical profiles were observed in relation to the type of incense burned. Nine indoor SVOCs considered to originate from sources other than incense combustion were enhanced during incense events. Time-resolved concentrations of these SVOCs correlated well with PM2.5 mass (R2 > 0.75), suggesting that low-volatility SVOCs such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate partitioned to incense-generated PM2.5. Both direct emissions and enhanced partitioning of low-volatility indoor SVOCs to incense-generated PM2.5 can influence inhalation exposures during and after indoor incense use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ofodile
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yutong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David M Lunderberg
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cesunica E Ivey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett C Singer
- Indoor Environment Group, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Cummings BE, Pothier MA, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Waring MS. Model Framework for Predicting Semivolatile Organic Material Emissions Indoors from Organic Aerosol Measurements: Applications to HOMEChem Stir-Frying. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17374-17383. [PMID: 37930106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cooking activities emit myriad low-volatility, semivolatile, and highly volatile organic compounds that together form particles that can accumulate to large indoor concentrations. Absorptive partitioning thermodynamics governs the particle-phase organic aerosol concentration mainly via temperature and sorbing mass impacts. Cooking activities can increase the organic sorbing mass by 1-2 orders of magnitude, increasing particle-phase concentrations and affecting emission rate calculations. Although recent studies have begun to probe the volatility characteristics of indoor cooking particles, parametrizations of cooking particle mass emissions have largely neglected these thermodynamic considerations. Here, we present an improved thermodynamics-based model framework for estimating condensable organic material emission rates from a time series of observed concentrations, given that adequate measurements or assumptions can be made about the volatility of the emitted species. We demonstrate the performance of this methodology by applying data from stir-frying experiments performed during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign to a two-zone box model representing the UTest House. Preliminary estimates of organic mass emitted on a per-stir-fry basis for three types of organic aerosol factors are presented. Our analysis highlights that using traditional nonvolatile particle models and emission characterizations for some organic aerosol emitting activities can incorrectly attribute concentration changes to emissions rather than thermodynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Cummings
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Matson A Pothier
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Michael S Waring
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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3
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Kristensen K, Lunderberg DM, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Tian Y, Arata C, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Gas-Particle Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Compounds in a Residence: Influence of Particles from Candles, Cooking, and Outdoors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3260-3269. [PMID: 36796310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) represent an important class of indoor pollutants. The partitioning of SVOCs between airborne particles and the adjacent air influences human exposure and uptake. Presently, little direct experimental evidence exists about the influence of indoor particle pollution on the gas-particle phase partitioning of indoor SVOCs. In this study, we present time-resolved gas- and particle-phase distribution data for indoor SVOCs in a normally occupied residence using semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography. Although SVOCs in indoor air are found mostly in the gas phase, we show that indoor particles from cooking, candle use, and outdoor particle infiltration strongly affect the gas-particle phase distribution of specific indoor SVOCs. From gas- and particle-phase measurements of SVOCs spanning a range of chemical functionalities (alkanes, alcohols, alkanoic acids, and phthalates) and volatilities (vapor pressures from 10-13 to 10-4 atm), we find that the chemical composition of the airborne particles influences the partitioning of individual SVOC species. During candle burning, the enhanced partitioning of gas-phase SVOCs to indoor particles not only affects the particle composition but also enhances surface off-gassing, thereby increasing the total airborne concentration of specific SVOCs, including diethylhexyl phthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
- Now at Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David M Lunderberg
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
- Now at BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
- Now at Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
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4
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Molinier B, Arata C, Katz EF, Lunderberg DM, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Volatile Methyl Siloxanes and Other Organosilicon Compounds in Residential Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15427-15436. [PMID: 36327170 PMCID: PMC9670844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) are ubiquitous in indoor environments due to their use in personal care products. This paper builds on previous work identifying sources of VMS by synthesizing time-resolved proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer VMS concentration measurements from four multiweek indoor air campaigns to elucidate emission sources and removal processes. Temporal patterns of VMS emissions display both continuous and episodic behavior, with the relative importance varying among species. We find that the cyclic siloxane D5 is consistently the most abundant VMS species, mainly attributable to personal care product use. Two other cyclic siloxanes, D3 and D4, are emitted from oven and personal care product use, with continuous sources also apparent. Two linear siloxanes, L4 and L5, are also emitted from personal care product use, with apparent additional continuous sources. We report measurements for three other organosilicon compounds found in personal care products. The primary air removal pathway of the species examined in this paper is ventilation to the outdoors, which has implications for atmospheric chemistry. The net removal rate is slower for linear siloxanes, which persist for days indoors after episodic release events. This work highlights the diversity in sources of organosilicon species and their persistence indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Molinier
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erin F. Katz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David M. Lunderberg
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- College
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pawel K. Misztal
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Civil,
Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Kim K, Lee S, Choi Y, Kim D. Emissions of Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds in Residential Environments and Temporal Emission Patterns: Implications for Sampling Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12601. [PMID: 36231902 PMCID: PMC9564960 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the occurrences of fungi-derived microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) in various indoor materials and their detection in residential environments, despite mVOCs being linked to several acute health effects. We identified various mVOCs emitted from fungi grown on PVC wallpaper, silicone rubber, and malt extract agar. We also investigated mVOCs temporal emission and whether fungi-derived VOCs concentration can be used to estimate fungal concentration in the air using active and passive air sampling methods. Among the three fungal growth media included in this study, silicone rubber produced the most variety of mVOCs: 106 compounds (from Aspergillus niger), 35 compounds (from Alternaria alternata), and 85 compounds (from Penicillium chrysogenum). We also found the emission patterns of eight chemical classes (i.e., aromatics, ethers, aliphatics, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, chlorides, and nitrides) from the three different fungi. From the results of our field experiments in 11 residential environments, passive air samplers led to higher correlations coefficients (0.08 to 0.86) between mVOCs' air concentrations and airborne fungal concentrations, compared with active air samplers, which showed negative correlation coefficients (-0.99 to -0.02) for most compounds. This study elucidated the occurrence and temporal emission patterns of fungal VOCs in residential environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daekeun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
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6
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Hodshire AL, Carter E, Mattila JM, Ilacqua V, Zambrana J, Abbatt JPD, Abeleira A, Arata C, DeCarlo PF, Goldstein AH, Ruiz LH, Vance ME, Wang C, Farmer DK. Detailed Investigation of the Contribution of Gas-Phase Air Contaminants to Exposure Risk during Indoor Activities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12148-12157. [PMID: 35952310 PMCID: PMC9454252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Analytical capabilities in atmospheric chemistry provide new opportunities to investigate indoor air. HOMEChem was a chemically comprehensive indoor field campaign designed to investigate how common activities, such as cooking and cleaning, impacted indoor air in a test home. We combined gas-phase chemical data of all compounds, excluding those with concentrations <1 ppt, with established databases of health effect thresholds to evaluate potential risks associated with gas-phase air contaminants and indoor activities. The chemical composition of indoor air is distinct from outdoor air, with gaseous compounds present at higher levels and greater diversity─and thus greater predicted hazard quotients─indoors than outdoors. Common household activities like cooking and cleaning induce rapid changes in indoor air composition, raising levels of multiple compounds with high risk quotients. The HOMEChem data highlight how strongly human activities influence the air we breathe in the built environment, increasing the health risk associated with exposure to air contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Hodshire
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - James M. Mattila
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Vito Ilacqua
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Washington District of Columbia 20460, United States
| | - Jordan Zambrana
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Washington District of Columbia 20460, United States
| | | | - Andrew Abeleira
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter F. DeCarlo
- Department
of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21212, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marina E. Vance
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
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7
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Coffaro B, Weisel CP. Reactions and Products of Squalene and Ozone: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7396-7411. [PMID: 35648815 PMCID: PMC9231367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This critical review describes the squalene-ozone (SqOz) reaction, or squalene ozonolysis. Ambient ozone penetrates indoors and drives indoor air chemistry. Squalene, a component of human skin oil, contains six carbon-carbon double bonds and is very reactive with ozone. Bioeffluents from people contribute to indoor air chemistry and affect the indoor air quality, resulting in exposures because people spend the majority of their time indoors. The SqOz reaction proceeds through various formation pathways and produces compounds that include aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and dicarbonyl species, which have a range of volatilities. In this critical review of SqOz chemistry, information on the mechanism of reaction, reaction probability, rate constants, and reaction kinetics are compiled. Characterizations of SqOz reaction products have been done in laboratory experiments and real-world settings. The effect of multiple environmental parameters (ozone concentration, air exchange rate (AER), temperature, and relative humidity (RH)) in indoor settings are summarized. This critical review concludes by identifying the paucity of available exposure, health, and toxicological data for known reaction products. Key knowledge gaps about SqOz reactions leading to indoor exposures and adverse health outcomes are provided as well as an outlook on where the field is headed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breann Coffaro
- Environmental
and Health Sciences Institute and Graduate Program in Exposure Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway Township, New
Jersey 08854, United
States
| | - Clifford P. Weisel
- Environmental
and Health Sciences Institute and School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway Township, New
Jersey 08854, United
States
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8
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Wu S, Hayati SK, Kim E, de la Mata AP, Harynuk JJ, Wang C, Zhao R. Henry's Law Constants and Indoor Partitioning of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7143-7152. [PMID: 35522906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) play an essential role in many environmental fields, such as indoor air quality. Long-term exposure to odorous and toxic MVOCs can negatively affect the health of occupants. Recently, the involvement of surface reservoirs in indoor chemistry has been realized, which signifies the importance of the phase partitioning of volatile organic pollutants. However, reliable partition coefficients of many MVOCs are currently lacking. Equilibrium partition coefficients, such as Henry's law constant, H, are crucial for understanding the environmental behavior of chemicals. This study aims to experimentally determine the H values and their temperature dependence for key MVOCs under temperature relevant to the indoor environment. The H values were determined with the inert gas-stripping (IGS) method and variable phase ratio headspace (VPR-HS) technique. A two-dimensional partitioning model was applied to predict the indoor phase distribution of MVOCs and potential exposure pathways to the residences. The findings show that the MVOCs are likely distributed between the gas and weakly polar (e.g., organic-rich) reservoirs indoors. Temperature and the volume of reservoirs can sensitively affect indoor partitioning. Our results give a more comprehensive view of indoor chemical partitioning and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Siti K Hayati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Erica Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - A Paulina de la Mata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - James J Harynuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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9
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Huo Y, Guo H, Lyu X, Yao D. Emission characteristics, sources, and airborne fate of speciated organics in particulate matters in a Hong Kong residence. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13017. [PMID: 35347786 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies warn of the adverse health effects of indoor particulate matters (PM). However, little is known about the molecular compositions and emission characteristics of PM-bound organics (OM) indoors, a critical group of species with highest concentration and complexity in indoor PM. In a Hong Kong residence where prescribed activities were performed with normal frequency and intensity, we found that the activities significantly elevated not only the total concentration but also the fraction of OM in indoor PM. However, the concentration of the total PM-bound OM outdoors (10.3 ± 0.7 μg/m3 ) surpassed that for the indoor counterpart during the undisturbed period (8.2 ± 0.1 μg/m3 ), that is, period when there was no activity with high emission of PM but the residual effects of previous activities might remain. Emissions of indoor activities involving combustion or high-temperature processes significantly elevated the indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios for a majority of organic species. In addition, gas-to-particle partitioning, secondary formation, carrying-over (residues of pollutants in the air), and re-emission also modulated the I/O ratios of some compounds. Chemically comprehensive emission profiles of speciated organics were obtained for 5 indoor activities in the residence. While the indoor contribution to PM-bound OM was estimated to be not higher than 13.1% during the undisturbed period, carrying-over and/or re-emission seemed to exist for certain compounds emitted from cigarette smoking and incense burning. This study enhances knowledge on emissions and airborne fate of speciated organics in indoor PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxi Huo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dawen Yao
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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10
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Salthammer T, Grimme S, Stahn M, Hohm U, Palm WU. Quantum Chemical Calculation and Evaluation of Partition Coefficients for Classical and Emerging Environmentally Relevant Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:379-391. [PMID: 34931808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Octanol/water (KOW), octanol/air (KOA), and hexadecane/air (KHdA) partition coefficients are calculated for 67 organic compounds of environmental concern using computational chemistry. The extended CRENSO workflow applied here includes the calculation of extensive conformer ensembles with semiempirical methods and refinement through density functional theory, taking into account solvation models, especially COSMO-RS, and thermostatistical contributions. This approach is particularly advantageous for describing large and nonrigid molecules. With regard to KOW and KHdA, one can refer to many experimental data from direct and indirect measurement methods, and very good matches with results from our quantum chemical workflow are evident. In the case of the KOA values, however, good matches are only obtained for the experimentally determined values. Larger systematic deviations between data computed here and available, nonexperimental quantitative structure-activity relationship literature data occur in particular for phthalic acid esters and organophosphate esters. From a critical analysis of the coefficients calculated in this work and comparison with available literature data, we conclude that the presented quantum chemical composite approach is the most powerful so far for calculating reliable partition coefficients because all physical contributions to the conformational free energy are considered and the structure ensembles for the two phases are generated independently and consistently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Stahn
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Uwe Hohm
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Braunschweig─Institute of Technology, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolf-Ulrich Palm
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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11
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Collins DB, Farmer DK. Unintended Consequences of Air Cleaning Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12172-12179. [PMID: 34464124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Amplified interest in maintaining clean indoor air associated with the airborne transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 have led to an expansion in the market for commercially available air cleaning systems. While the optimal way to mitigate indoor air pollutants or contaminants is to control (remove) the source, air cleaners are a tool for use when absolute source control is not possible. Interventions for indoor air quality management include physical removal of pollutants through ventilation or collection on filters and sorbent materials, along with chemically reactive processes that transform pollutants or seek to deactivate biological entities. This perspective intends to highlight the perhaps unintended consequences of various air cleaning approaches via indoor air chemistry. Introduction of new chemical agents or reactive processes can initiate complex chemistry that results in the release of reactive intermediates and/or byproducts into the indoor environment. Since air cleaning systems are often continuously running to maximize their effectiveness and most people spend a vast majority of their time indoors, human exposure to both primary and secondary products from air cleaners may represent significant exposure risk. This Perspective highlights the need for further study of chemically reactive air cleaning and disinfection methods before broader adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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12
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Kvasnicka J, Cohen Hubal EA, Rodgers TFM, Diamond ML. Textile Washing Conveys SVOCs from Indoors to Outdoors: Application and Evaluation of a Residential Multimedia Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12517-12527. [PMID: 34472344 PMCID: PMC9590288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Indoor environments have elevated concentrations of numerous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Textiles provide a large surface area for accumulating SVOCs, which can be transported to outdoors through washing. A multimedia model was developed to estimate advective transport rates (fluxes) of 14 SVOCs from indoors to outdoors by textile washing, ventilation, and dust removal/disposal. Most predicted concentrations were within 1 order of magnitude of measurements from a study of 26 Canadian homes. Median fluxes to outdoors [μg·(year·home)-1] spanned approximately 4 orders of magnitude across compounds, according to the variability in estimated aggregate emissions to indoor air. These fluxes ranged from 2 (2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether, BDE-28) to 30 200 (diethyl phthalate, DEP) for textile washing, 12 (BDE-28) to 123 200 (DEP) for ventilation, and 0.1 (BDE-28) to 4200 (bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DEHP) for dust removal. Relative contributions of these pathways to the total flux to outdoors strongly depended on physical-chemical properties. Textile washing contributed 20% tris-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) to 62% tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP) on average. These results suggest that residential textile washing can be an important transport pathway to outdoors for SVOCs emitted to indoor air, with implications for human and ecological exposure. Interventions should try to balance the complex tradeoff of textile washing by minimizing exposures for both human occupants and aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kvasnicka
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Elaine A. Cohen Hubal
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, 27711, U.S.A
| | - Timothy F. M. Rodgers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Miriam L. Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Corresponding Author: Miriam L. Diamond, Department of Earth Sciences and School of the Environment, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B1, 1 (416) 978-1586,
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13
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Lyu X, Huo Y, Yang J, Yao D, Li K, Lu H, Zeren Y, Guo H. Real-time molecular characterization of air pollutants in a Hong Kong residence: Implication of indoor source emissions and heterogeneous chemistry. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1340-1352. [PMID: 33772878 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high health risks associated with indoor air pollutants and long-term exposure, indoor air quality has received increasing attention. In this study, we put emphasis on the molecular composition, source emissions, and chemical aging of air pollutants in a residence with designed activities mimicking ordinary Hong Kong homes. More than 150 air pollutants were detected at molecular level, 87 of which were quantified at a time resolution of not less than 1 hour. The indoor-to-outdoor ratios were higher than 1 for most of the primary air pollutants, due to emissions of indoor activities and indoor backgrounds (especially for aldehydes). In contrast, many secondary air pollutants exhibited higher concentrations in outdoor air. Painting ranked first in aldehyde emissions, which also caused great enhancement of aromatics. Incense burning had the highest emissions of particle-phase organics, with vanillic acid and syringic acid as markers. The other noteworthy fingerprints enabled by online measurements included linoleic acid, cholesterol, and oleic acid for cooking, 2,5-dimethylfuran, stigmasterol, iso-/anteiso-alkanes, and fructose isomers for smoking, C28 -C34 even n-alkanes for candle burning, and monoterpenes for the use of air freshener, cleaning agents, and camphor oil. We showed clear evidence of chemical aging of cooking emissions, giving a hint of indoor heterogeneous chemistry. This study highlights the value of organic molecules measured at high time resolutions in enhancing our knowledge on indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunxi Huo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dawen Yao
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaimin Li
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoxian Lu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yangzong Zeren
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Langer S, de Wit CA, Giovanoulis G, Fäldt J, Karlson L. The effect of reduction measures on concentrations of hazardous semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air and dust of Swedish preschools. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1673-1682. [PMID: 33876839 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Young children spend a substantial part of their waking time in preschools. It is therefore important to reduce the load of hazardous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the preschools' indoor environment. The presence and levels of five SVOC groups were evaluated (1) in a newly built preschool, (2) before and after renovation of a preschool, and (3) in a preschool where SVOC-containing articles were removed. The new building and the renovation were performed using construction materials that were approved with respect to content of restricted chemicals. SVOC substance groups were measured in indoor air and settled dust and included phthalates and alternative plasticizers, organophosphate esters (OPEs), brominated flame retardants, and bisphenols. The most abundant substance groups in both indoor air and dust were phthalates and alternative plasticizers and OPEs. SVOC concentrations were lower or of the same order of magnitude as those reported in comparable studies. The relative Cumulative Hazard Quotient (HQcum ) was used to assess the effects of the different reduction measures on children's SVOC exposure from indoor air and dust in the preschools. HQcum values were low (1.0-6.1%) in all three preschools and decreased further after renovation and article substitution. The SVOCs concentrations decreased significantly more in the preschool renovated with the approved building materials than in the preschool where the SVOC-containing articles were removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jenny Fäldt
- City of Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, Environmental Analysis, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linnéa Karlson
- City of Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, Environmental Analysis, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Finewax Z, Pagonis D, Claflin MS, Handschy AV, Brown WL, Jenks O, Nault BA, Day DA, Lerner BM, Jimenez JL, Ziemann PJ, de Gouw JA. Quantification and source characterization of volatile organic compounds from exercising and application of chlorine-based cleaning products in a university athletic center. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1323-1339. [PMID: 33337567 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Humans spend approximately 90% of their time indoors, impacting their own air quality through occupancy and activities. Human VOC emissions indoors from exercise are still relatively uncertain, and questions remain about emissions from chlorine-based cleaners. To investigate these and other issues, the ATHLETic center study of Indoor Chemistry (ATHLETIC) campaign was conducted in the weight room of the Dal Ward Athletic Center at the University of Colorado Boulder. Using a Vocus Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (Vocus PTR-TOF), an Aerodyne Gas Chromatograph (GC), an Iodide-Chemical Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (I-CIMS), and Picarro cavity ringdown spectrometers, we alternated measurements between the weight room and supply air, allowing for determination of VOC, NH3 , H2 O, and CO2 emission rates per person (emission factors). Human-derived emission factors were higher than previous studies of measuring indoor air quality in rooms with individuals at rest and correlated with increased CO2 emission factors. Emission factors from personal care products (PCPs) were consistent with previous studies and typically decreased throughout the day. In addition, N-chloraldimines were observed in the gas phase after the exercise equipment was cleaned with a dichlor solution. The chloraldimines likely originated from reactions of free amino acids with HOCl on gym surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Finewax
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Demetrios Pagonis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Anne V Handschy
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Wyatt L Brown
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Olivia Jenks
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin A Nault
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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16
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Sheu R, Fortenberry CF, Walker MJ, Eftekhari A, Stönner C, Bakker A, Peccia J, Williams J, Morrison GC, Williams BJ, Gentner DR. Evaluating Indoor Air Chemical Diversity, Indoor-to-Outdoor Emissions, and Surface Reservoirs Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10255-10267. [PMID: 34270218 PMCID: PMC8461992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Detailed offline speciation of gas- and particle-phase organic compounds was conducted using gas/liquid chromatography with traditional and high-resolution mass spectrometers in a hybrid targeted/nontargeted analysis. Observations were focused on an unoccupied home and were compared to two other indoor sites. Observed gas-phase organic compounds span the volatile to semivolatile range, while functionalized organic aerosols extend from intermediate volatility to ultra-low volatility, including a mix of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur-containing species. Total gas-phase abundances of hydrocarbon and oxygenated gas-phase complex mixtures were elevated indoors and strongly correlated in the unoccupied home. While gas-phase concentrations of individual compounds generally decreased slightly with greater ventilation, their elevated ratios relative to controlled emissions of tracer species suggest that the dilution of gas-phase concentrations increases off-gassing from surfaces and other indoor reservoirs, with volatility-dependent responses to dynamically changing environmental factors. Indoor-outdoor emissions of gas-phase intermediate-volatility/semivolatile organic hydrocarbons from the unoccupied home averaged 6-11 mg h-1, doubling with ventilation. While the largest single-compound emissions observed were furfural (61-275 mg h-1) and acetic acid, observations spanned a wide range of individual volatile chemical products (e.g., terpenoids, glycol ethers, phthalates, other oxygenates), highlighting the abundance of long-lived reservoirs resulting from prior indoor use or materials, and their gradual transport outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sheu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Claire F Fortenberry
- Department of Energy, Environmental, & Chemical Engineering and Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Michael J Walker
- Department of Energy, Environmental, & Chemical Engineering and Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Azin Eftekhari
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27515, United States
| | - Christof Stönner
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Alexa Bakker
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27515, United States
| | - Brent J Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental, & Chemical Engineering and Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Drew R Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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17
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Lunderberg DM, Misztal PK, Liu Y, Arata C, Tian Y, Kristensen K, Weber RJ, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. High-Resolution Exposure Assessment for Volatile Organic Compounds in Two California Residences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6740-6751. [PMID: 33945266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Time spent in residences substantially contributes to human exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Such exposures have been difficult to study deeply, in part because VOC concentrations and indoor occupancy vary rapidly. Using a fast-response online mass spectrometer, we report time-resolved exposures from multi-season sampling of more than 200 VOCs in two California residences. Chemical-specific source apportionment revealed that time-averaged exposures for most VOCs were mainly attributable to continuous indoor emissions from buildings and their static contents. Also contributing to exposures were occupant-related activities, such as cooking, and outdoor-to-indoor transport. Health risk assessments are possible for a subset of observed VOCs. Acrolein, acetaldehyde, and acrylic acid concentrations were above chronic advisory health guidelines, whereas exposures for other assessable species were typically well below the guideline levels. Studied residences were built in the mid-20th century, indicating that VOC emissions even from older buildings and their contents can substantially contribute to occupant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lunderberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert J Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Kim K, Shin HM, Wong L, Young TM, Bennett DH. Temporal variability of indoor dust concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:693-701. [PMID: 33022817 PMCID: PMC8021600 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The determinants of the temporal variability of indoor dust concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) remain mostly unexplored. We examined temporal variability of dust concentrations and factors affecting dust concentrations for a wide range of SVOCs. We collected dust samples three times from 29 California homes during a period of 22 months and quantified concentrations of 47 SVOCs in 87 dust samples. We computed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) using three samples collected within the same house. We calculated correlation coefficients (r) between two seasons with similar climate (spring and fall) and between two seasons with opposite climate (summer and winter). Among 26 compounds that were detected in more than 50% of the samples at all three visits, 20 compounds had ICCs above 0.50 and 6 compounds had ICCs below 0.50. For 19 out of 26 compounds, correlation coefficients between spring and fall (r = 0.48-0.98) were higher than those between summer and winter (r = 0.09-0.92), implying seasonal effects on dust concentrations. Our study showed that within-home temporal variability of dust concentrations was small (ICC > 0.50) for most SVOCs, but dust concentrations may vary over time for some SVOCs with seasonal variations in source rates, such as product use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghoon Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Luann Wong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Young
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Deborah H. Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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19
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Eichler CMA, Hubal EAC, Xu Y, Cao J, Bi C, Weschler CJ, Salthammer T, Morrison GC, Koivisto AJ, Zhang Y, Mandin C, Wei W, Blondeau P, Poppendieck D, Liu X, Delmaar CJE, Fantke P, Jolliet O, Shin HM, Diamond ML, Shiraiwa M, Zuend A, Hopke PK, von Goetz N, Kulmala M, Little JC. Assessing Human Exposure to SVOCs in Materials, Products, and Articles: A Modular Mechanistic Framework. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:25-43. [PMID: 33319994 PMCID: PMC7877794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the current state of knowledge of chemical emissions from indoor sources, partitioning among indoor compartments, and the ensuing indoor exposure leads to a proposal for a modular mechanistic framework for predicting human exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Mechanistically consistent source emission categories include solid, soft, frequent contact, applied, sprayed, and high temperature sources. Environmental compartments are the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, indoor surfaces, and clothing. Identified research needs are the development of dynamic emission models for several of the source emission categories and of estimation strategies for critical model parameters. The modular structure of the framework facilitates subsequent inclusion of new knowledge, other chemical classes of indoor pollutants, and additional mechanistic processes relevant to human exposure indoors. The framework may serve as the foundation for developing an open-source community model to better support collaborative research and improve access for application by stakeholders. Combining exposure estimates derived using this framework with toxicity data for different end points and toxicokinetic mechanisms will accelerate chemical risk prioritization, advance effective chemical management decisions, and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elaine A Cohen Hubal
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Patrice Blondeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - LaSIE, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle 77447, France
| | - Dustin Poppendieck
- Engineering Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Christiaan J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A0B9, Canada
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5708, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | | | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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20
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Brown WL, Day DA, Stark H, Pagonis D, Krechmer JE, Liu X, Price DJ, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Masoud CG, Wang DS, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Arata C, Lunderberg DM, Goldstein AH, Farmer DK, Vance ME, Jimenez JL. Real-time organic aerosol chemical speciation in the indoor environment using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:141-155. [PMID: 32696534 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and composition of organic aerosol (OA) in indoor environments requires rapid measurements, since many emissions and processes have short timescales. However, real-time molecular-level OA measurements have not been reported indoors. Here, we present quantitative measurements, at a time resolution of five seconds, of molecular ions corresponding to diverse aerosol-phase species, by applying extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) to indoor air analysis for the first time, as part of the highly instrumented HOMEChem field study. We demonstrate how the complex spectra of EESI-MS are screened in order to extract chemical information and investigate the possibility of interference from gas-phase semivolatile species. During experiments that simulated the Thanksgiving US holiday meal preparation, EESI-MS quantified multiple species, including fatty acids, carbohydrates, siloxanes, and phthalates. Intercomparisons with Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer suggest that EESI-MS quantified a large fraction of OA. Comparisons with FIGAERO-CIMS shows similar signal levels and good correlation, with a range of 100 for the relative sensitivities. Comparisons with SV-TAG for phthalates and with SV-TAG and AMS for total siloxanes also show strong correlation. EESI-MS observations can be used with gas-phase measurements to identify co-emitted gas- and aerosol-phase species, and this is demonstrated using complementary gas-phase PTR-MS observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt L Brown
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Harald Stark
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Demetrios Pagonis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Derek J Price
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine G Masoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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21
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Wickliffe JK, Stock TH, Howard JL, Frahm E, Simon-Friedt BR, Montgomery K, Wilson MJ, Lichtveld MY, Harville E. Increased long-term health risks attributable to select volatile organic compounds in residential indoor air in southeast Louisiana. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21649. [PMID: 33303920 PMCID: PMC7730171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent a broad class of chemicals, many of which can be found in indoor air including residential indoor air. VOCs derive from a variety of sources including cleaning products, cooking practices, fragrances and fresheners, hobbies and at-home work behaviors. This study examined residential indoor air in homes (n = 99) in southeast Louisiana using passive organic vapor monitors and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine if select VOCs were present, at what concentrations, and if those posed any potential long-term health risks. Twenty-nine VOCs were targeted in cross-sectional analyses using a 48-h sampling period. Twelve VOCs were detected in most of the homes sampled including xylenes, pinenes, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, hexane, pentane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. Concentrations of alkanes and BTEX compounds were highly correlated (Spearman's r > 0.63, p < 0.0001). Using health risk measures (i.e. reference concentrations [RfCs] and inhalation unit risks [IURs]) available from the USEPA non-cancer risk assessments and cancer risk assessments were developed for some of these VOCs. Alkanes and BTEX compounds likely come from the same indoor source(s). Using existing health standards published by the USEPA, no unacceptable non-cancer risks were evident except under extremely high concentrations. Lifetime cancer risks, on the other hand, may well be considered unacceptable for chloroform and benzene (upper IUR) and for the combination of chloroform, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride. These exceeded a 1 in 10,000 cancer risk threshold in 35-50% of our simulations. Further study of residential indoor air in low-income women's homes in this area is needed. Including a larger number of VOCs may reveal yet more potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Wickliffe
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100 #8360, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Thomas H Stock
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jessi L Howard
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100 #8360, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Ericka Frahm
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100 #8360, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Bridget R Simon-Friedt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100 #8360, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Krista Montgomery
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100 #8360, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Mark J Wilson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100 #8360, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Maureen Y Lichtveld
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100 #8360, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Emily Harville
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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22
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Kvasnicka J, Cohen Hubal E, Ladan J, Zhang X, Diamond ML. Transient Multimedia Model for Investigating the Influence of Indoor Human Activities on Exposure to SVOCs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10772-10782. [PMID: 32786603 PMCID: PMC8637498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence suggests that human occupants indoors, through their presence and activities, can influence the dynamics of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). To better understand these dynamics, a transient multimedia human exposure model was developed (Activity-Based Indoor Chemical Assessment Model (ABICAM)). This model parametrizes mass-balance equations as functions of time-dependent human activities. As a case study, ABICAM simulated exposures of an archetypal adult and toddler over 24 h to diethyl phthalate (DEP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) that span a wide range of gas-particle partitioning tendencies. Under baseline (no activities beyond respiration), the toddler's time-average internal doses were three to four times higher than the adult's, due to differences in physical human attributes (e.g., inhalation rate). When time-dependent activities were considered, interindividual (e.g., adult vs toddler) variability was accentuated by up to a factor of 3 for BBzP. Activities with the greatest influence on time-average internal dose were showering (-71% for BBzP), cooking (+27% for DEHP), and sleeping (-26% for DEHP). Overall, the results support the hypotheses that (1) transient indoor activities can give rise to intraindividual variability in estimated internal doses of SVOCs, and (2) interindividual variability in such exposure can result from differences in activity patterns and physical human attributes, according to a compound's physical-chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kvasnicka
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Elaine Cohen Hubal
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - John Ladan
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
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23
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Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ. Indoor acids and bases. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:559-644. [PMID: 32233033 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous acids and bases influence indoor air quality. The most abundant of these species are CO2 (acidic) and NH3 (basic), both emitted by building occupants. Other prominent inorganic acids are HNO3 , HONO, SO2 , H2 SO4 , HCl, and HOCl. Prominent organic acids include formic, acetic, and lactic; nicotine is a noteworthy organic base. Sources of N-, S-, and Cl-containing acids can include ventilation from outdoors, indoor combustion, consumer product use, and chemical reactions. Organic acids are commonly more abundant indoors than outdoors, with indoor sources including occupants, wood, and cooking. Beyond NH3 and nicotine, other noteworthy bases include inorganic and organic amines. Acids and bases partition indoors among the gas-phase, airborne particles, bulk water, and surfaces; relevant thermodynamic parameters governing the partitioning are the acid-dissociation constant (Ka ), Henry's law constant (KH ), and the octanol-air partition coefficient (Koa ). Condensed-phase water strongly influences the fate of indoor acids and bases and is also a medium for chemical interactions. Indoor surfaces can be large reservoirs of acids and bases. This extensive review of the state of knowledge establishes a foundation for future inquiry to better understand how acids and bases influence the suitability of indoor environments for occupants, cultural artifacts, and sensitive equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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24
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Gallon V, Le Cann P, Sanchez M, Dematteo C, Le Bot B. Emissions of VOCs, SVOCs, and mold during the construction process: Contribution to indoor air quality and future occupants' exposure. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:691-710. [PMID: 31943356 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Building materials and human activities are important sources of contamination indoors, but little information is available regarding contamination during construction process which could persist during the whole life of buildings. In this study, six construction stages on two construction sites were investigated regarding the emissions of 43 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 46 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and the presence of 4 genera of mold. Results show that the future indoor air quality does not only depend on the emissions of each building product but that it is also closely related to the whole implementation process. Mold spore measurements can reach 1400 CFU/m3 , which is particularly high compared with the concentrations usually measured in indoor environments. Relatively low concentrations of VOCs were observed, in relation to the use of low emissive materials. Among SVOCs analyzed, some phthalates, permethrin, and hydrocarbons were found in significant concentrations upon the delivery of building as well as triclosan, suspected to be endocrine disruptor, and yet prohibited in the treatment of materials and construction since 2014. As some regulations exist for VOC emissions, it is necessary to implement them for SVOCs due to their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gallon
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Le Cann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
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25
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Lunderberg DM, Kristensen K, Tian Y, Arata C, Misztal PK, Liu Y, Kreisberg N, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Patel S, Vance ME, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Surface Emissions Modulate Indoor SVOC Concentrations through Volatility-Dependent Partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6751-6760. [PMID: 32379430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measurements by semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (SV-TAG) were used to investigate how semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) partition among indoor reservoirs in (1) a manufactured test house under controlled conditions (HOMEChem campaign) and (2) a single-family residence when vacant (H2 campaign). Data for phthalate diesters and siloxanes suggest that volatility-dependent partitioning processes modulate airborne SVOC concentrations through interactions with surface-laden condensed-phase reservoirs. Airborne concentrations of SVOCs with vapor pressures in the range of C13 to C23 alkanes were observed to be correlated with indoor air temperature. Observed temperature dependencies were quantitatively similar to theoretical predictions that assumed a surface-air boundary layer with equilibrium partitioning maintained at the air-surface interface. Airborne concentrations of SVOCs with vapor pressures corresponding to C25 to C31 alkanes correlated with airborne particle mass concentration. For SVOCs with higher vapor pressures, which are expected to be predominantly gaseous, correlations with particle mass concentration were weak or nonexistent. During primary particle emission events, enhanced gas-phase emissions from condensed-phase reservoirs partitioned to airborne particles, contributing substantially to organic particulate matter. An emission event related to oven-usage was inferred to deposit siloxanes in condensed-phase reservoirs throughout the house, leading to the possibility of reemission during subsequent periods with high particle loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lunderberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nathan Kreisberg
- Aerosol Dynamics Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sameer Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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26
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Yeoman AM, Shaw M, Carslaw N, Murrells T, Passant N, Lewis AC. Simplified speciation and atmospheric volatile organic compound emission rates from non-aerosol personal care products. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:459-472. [PMID: 32034823 PMCID: PMC7217173 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from personal care products (PCPs) can affect indoor air quality and outdoor air quality when ventilated. In this paper, we determine a set of simplified VOC species profiles and emission rates for a range of non-aerosol PCPs. These have been constructed from individual vapor analysis from 36 products available in the UK, using equilibrium headspace analysis with selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). A simplified speciation profile is created based on the observations, comprising four alcohols, two cyclic volatile siloxanes, and monoterpenes (grouped as limonene). Estimates are made for individual unit-of-activity VOC emissions for dose-usage of shampoos, shower gel, conditioner, liquid foundation, and moisturizer. We use these values as inputs to the INdoor air Detailed Chemical Model (INDCM) and compare results against real-world case-study experimental data. Activity-based emissions are then scaled based on plausible usage patterns to estimate the potential scale of annual per-person emissions for each product type (eg, 2 g limonene person-1 yr-1 from shower gels). Annual emissions from non-aerosol PCPs for the UK are then calculated (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 0.25 ktonne yr-1 and limonene 0.15 ktonne yr-1 ) and these compared with the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory estimates for non-aerosol cosmetics and toiletries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Yeoman
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry LaboratoriesUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Marvin Shaw
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry LaboratoriesUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and GeographyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Tim Murrells
- Ricardo Energy & Environment Gemini BuildingHarwellUK
| | - Neil Passant
- Ricardo Energy & Environment Gemini BuildingHarwellUK
| | - Alastair C. Lewis
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry LaboratoriesUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of YorkYorkUK
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27
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Price DJ, Day DA, Pagonis D, Stark H, Algrim LB, Handschy AV, Liu S, Krechmer JE, Miller SL, Hunter JF, de Gouw JA, Ziemann PJ, Jimenez JL. Budgets of Organic Carbon Composition and Oxidation in Indoor Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13053-13063. [PMID: 31652057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of indoor air at the University of Colorado, Boulder art museum was measured by a suite of gas- and particle-phase instruments. Over 80% of the total observed organic carbon (TOOC) mass (100 μg m-3) consisted of reduced compounds (carbon oxidation state, OSC < -0.5) with high volatility (log10 C* > 7) and low carbon number (nC < 6). The museum TOOC was compared to other indoor and outdoor locations, which increased according to the following trend: remote < rural ≤ urban < indoor ≤ megacity. The museum TOOC was comparable to a university classroom and 3× less than residential environments. Trends in the total reactive flux were remote < indoor < rural < urban < megacity. High volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations compensated low oxidant concentrations indoors to result in an appreciable reactive flux. Total hydroxyl radical (OH), ozone (O3), nitrate radical (NO3), and chlorine atom (Cl) reactivities for each location followed a similar trend to TOOC. High human occupancy events increased all oxidant reactivities in the museum by 65-125%. The lifetimes of O3, NO3, OH, and Cl reactivities were 13 h, 15 h, 23 days, and 189 days, respectively, corresponding to over 88% of indoor VOC oxidant reactivity being consumed outdoors after ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Harald Stark
- Aerodyne Research Inc. , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Jordan E Krechmer
- Aerodyne Research Inc. , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | | | - James F Hunter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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28
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Farmer DK, Vance ME, Abbatt JPD, Abeleira A, Alves MR, Arata C, Boedicker E, Bourne S, Cardoso-Saldaña F, Corsi R, DeCarlo PF, Goldstein AH, Grassian VH, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Jimenez JL, Kahan TF, Katz EF, Mattila JM, Nazaroff WW, Novoselac A, O'Brien RE, Or VW, Patel S, Sankhyan S, Stevens PS, Tian Y, Wade M, Wang C, Zhou S, Zhou Y. Overview of HOMEChem: House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1280-1300. [PMID: 31328749 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00228f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) study is a collaborative field investigation designed to probe how everyday activities influence the emissions, chemical transformations and removal of trace gases and particles in indoor air. Sequential and layered experiments in a research house included cooking, cleaning, variable occupancy, and window-opening. This paper describes the overall design of HOMEChem and presents preliminary case studies investigating the concentrations of reactive trace gases, aerosol particles, and surface films. Cooking was a large source of VOCs, CO2, NOx, and particles. By number, cooking particles were predominantly in the ultrafine mode. Organic aerosol dominated the submicron mass, and, while variable between meals and throughout the cooking process, was dominated by components of hydrocarbon character and low oxygen content, similar to cooking oil. Air exchange in the house ensured that cooking particles were present for only short periods. During unoccupied background intervals, particle concentrations were lower indoors than outdoors. The cooling coils of the house ventilation system induced cyclic changes in water soluble gases. Even during unoccupied periods, concentrations of many organic trace gases were higher indoors than outdoors, consistent with housing materials being potential sources of these compounds to the outdoor environment. Organic material accumulated on indoor surfaces, and exhibited chemical signatures similar to indoor organic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523.
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29
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Lunderberg DM, Kristensen K, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Tian Y, Arata C, Wernis R, Kreisberg N, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Characterizing Airborne Phthalate Concentrations and Dynamics in a Normally Occupied Residence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7337-7346. [PMID: 31180211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters, commonly used as plasticizers, can be found indoors in the gas phase, in airborne particulate matter, in dust, and on surfaces. The dynamic behavior of phthalates indoors is not fully understood. In this study, time-resolved measurements of airborne phthalate concentrations and associated gas-particle partitioning data were acquired in a normally occupied residence. The vapor pressure and associated gas-particle partitioning of measured phthalates influenced their airborne dynamic behavior. Concentrations of higher vapor pressure phthalates correlated well with indoor temperature, with little discernible influence from direct occupant activity. Conversely, occupant-related behaviors substantially influenced the concentrations and dynamic behavior of a lower vapor pressure compound, diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), mainly through production of particulate matter during cooking events. The proportion of airborne DEHP in the particle phase was experimentally observed to increase under higher particle mass concentrations and lower indoor temperatures in correspondence with theory. Experimental observations indicate that indoor surfaces of the residence are large reservoirs of phthalates. The results also indicate that two key factors influenced by human behavior-temperature and particle mass concentration-cause short-term changes in airborne phthalate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lunderberg
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Rebecca Wernis
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Nathan Kreisberg
- Aerosol Dynamics Inc. , Berkeley , California 94710 , United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
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