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Hsu VP, Haessler S, Banach DB, Batshon LJ, Branch-Elliman W, Dumyati G, Jump RLP, Malani AN, Mathew TA, Murthy RK, Pergam SA, Shenoy ES, Weber DJ. SHEA position statement on pandemic preparedness for policymakers: introduction and overview. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2024:1-3. [PMID: 38835222 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2024.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Throughout history, pandemics and their aftereffects have spurred society to make substantial improvements in healthcare. After the Black Death in 14th century Europe, changes were made to elevate standards of care and nutrition that resulted in improved life expectancy.1 The 1918 influenza pandemic spurred a movement that emphasized public health surveillance and detection of future outbreaks and eventually led to the creation of the World Health Organization Global Influenza Surveillance Network.2 In the present, the COVID-19 pandemic exposed many of the pre-existing problems within the US healthcare system, which included (1) a lack of capacity to manage a large influx of contagious patients while simultaneously maintaining routine and emergency care to non-COVID patients; (2) a "just in time" supply network that led to shortages and competition among hospitals, nursing homes, and other care sites for essential supplies; and (3) longstanding inequities in the distribution of healthcare and the healthcare workforce. The decades-long shift from domestic manufacturing to a reliance on global supply chains has compounded ongoing gaps in preparedness for supplies such as personal protective equipment and ventilators. Inequities in racial and socioeconomic outcomes highlighted during the pandemic have accelerated the call to focus on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) within our communities. The pandemic accelerated cooperation between government entities and the healthcare system, resulting in swift implementation of mitigation measures, new therapies and vaccinations at unprecedented speeds, despite our fragmented healthcare delivery system and political divisions. Still, widespread misinformation or disinformation and political divisions contributed to eroded trust in the public health system and prevented an even uptake of mitigation measures, vaccines and therapeutics, impeding our ability to contain the spread of the virus in this country.3 Ultimately, the lessons of COVID-19 illustrate the need to better prepare for the next pandemic. Rising microbial resistance, emerging and re-emerging pathogens, increased globalization, an aging population, and climate change are all factors that increase the likelihood of another pandemic.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Hsu
- AdventHealth, Altamonte Springs, FL, USA
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Haessler
- Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School - Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - David B Banach
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Westyn Branch-Elliman
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ghinwa Dumyati
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Community Health, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Robin L P Jump
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) at the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Trini A Mathew
- HealthTAMCycle3, PLLC, Troy, MI, USA
- Corewell Health, Taylor, Michigan, USA
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Oakland University William Beaumont, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Rekha K Murthy
- Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven A Pergam
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica S Shenoy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA
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Haq Z, Nazir J, Manzoor T, Saleem A, Hamadani H, Khan AA, Saleem Bhat S, Jha P, Ahmad SM. Zoonotic spillover and viral mutations from low and middle-income countries: improving prevention strategies and bridging policy gaps. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17394. [PMID: 38827296 PMCID: PMC11144393 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of zoonotic spillover events and viral mutations in low and middle-income countries presents a critical global health challenge. Contributing factors encompass cultural practices like bushmeat consumption, wildlife trade for traditional medicine, habitat disruption, and the encroachment of impoverished settlements onto natural habitats. The existing "vaccine gap" in many developing countries exacerbates the situation by allowing unchecked viral replication and the emergence of novel mutant viruses. Despite global health policies addressing the root causes of zoonotic disease emergence, there is a significant absence of concrete prevention-oriented initiatives, posing a potential risk to vulnerable populations. This article is targeted at policymakers, public health professionals, researchers, and global health stakeholders, particularly those engaged in zoonotic disease prevention and control in low and middle-income countries. The article underscores the importance of assessing potential zoonotic diseases at the animal-human interface and comprehending historical factors contributing to spillover events. To bridge policy gaps, comprehensive strategies are proposed that include education, collaborations, specialized task forces, environmental sampling, and the establishment of integrated diagnostic laboratories. These strategies advocate simplicity and unity, breaking down barriers, and placing humanity at the forefront of addressing global health challenges. Such a strategic and mental shift is crucial for constructing a more resilient and equitable world in the face of emerging zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfqarul Haq
- ICMR project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Junaid Nazir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tasaduq Manzoor
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Afnan Saleem
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - H. Hamadani
- ICMR project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Azmat Alam Khan
- ICMR project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sahar Saleem Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Priyanka Jha
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Moso MA, Taiaroa G, Steinig E, Zhanduisenov M, Butel-Simoes G, Savic I, Taouk ML, Chea S, Moselen J, O'Keefe J, Prestedge J, Pollock GL, Khan M, Soloczynskyj K, Fernando J, Martin GE, Caly L, Barr IG, Tran T, Druce J, Lim CK, Williamson DA. Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral detection and whole genome sequencing from COVID-19 rapid antigen test devices: a laboratory evaluation study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e317-e325. [PMID: 38359857 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been high uptake of rapid antigen test device use for point-of-care COVID-19 diagnosis. Individuals who are symptomatic but test negative on COVID-19 rapid antigen test devices might have a different respiratory viral infection. We aimed to detect and sequence non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses from rapid antigen test devices, which could assist in the characterisation and surveillance of circulating respiratory viruses in the community. METHODS We applied archival clinical nose and throat swabs collected between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2022, that previously tested positive for a common respiratory virus (adenovirus, influenza, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], or seasonal coronavirus; 132 swabs and 140 viral targets) on PCR to two commercially available COVID-19 rapid antigen test devices, the Panbio COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device and Roche SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Self-Test. In addition, we collected 31 COVID-19 rapid antigen test devices used to test patients who were symptomatic at The Royal Melbourne Hospital emergency department in Melbourne, Australia. We extracted total nucleic acid from the device paper test strips and assessed viral recovery using multiplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) and capture-based whole genome sequencing. Sequence and genome data were analysed through custom computational pipelines, including subtyping. FINDINGS Of the 140 respiratory viral targets from archival samples, 89 (64%) and 88 (63%) were positive on rtPCR for the relevant taxa following extraction from Panbio or Roche rapid antigen test devices, respectively. Recovery was variable across taxa: we detected influenza A in nine of 18 samples from Panbio and seven of 18 from Roche devices; parainfluenza in 11 of 20 samples from Panbio and 12 of 20 from Roche devices; human metapneumovirus in 11 of 16 from Panbio and 14 of 16 from Roche devices; seasonal coronavirus in eight of 19 from Panbio and two of 19 from Roche devices; rhinovirus in 24 of 28 from Panbio and 27 of 28 from Roche devices; influenza B in four of 15 in both devices; and RSV in 16 of 18 in both devices. Of the 31 COVID-19 devices collected from The Royal Melbourne Hospital emergency department, 11 tested positive for a respiratory virus on rtPCR, including one device positive for influenza A virus, one positive for RSV, four positive for rhinovirus, and five positive for SARS-CoV-2. Sequences of target respiratory viruses from archival samples were detected in 55 (98·2%) of 56 samples from Panbio and 48 (85·7%) of 56 from Roche rapid antigen test devices. 98 (87·5%) of 112 viral genomes were completely assembled from these data, enabling subtyping for RSV and influenza viruses. All 11 samples collected from the emergency department had viral sequences detected, with near-complete genomes assembled for influenza A and RSV. INTERPRETATION Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses can be detected and sequenced from COVID-19 rapid antigen devices. Recovery of near full-length viral sequences from these devices provides a valuable opportunity to expand genomic surveillance programmes for public health monitoring of circulating respiratory viruses. FUNDING Australian Government Medical Research Future Fund and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Moso
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George Taiaroa
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eike Steinig
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Madiyar Zhanduisenov
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Grace Butel-Simoes
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivana Savic
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mona L Taouk
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Socheata Chea
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean Moselen
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacinta O'Keefe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Prestedge
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgina L Pollock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad Khan
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Soloczynskyj
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Janath Fernando
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Genevieve E Martin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leon Caly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Tran
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chuan K Lim
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Zou Y, Sun X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Ye X, Tu J, Yu R, Huang P. Integrating single-cell RNA sequencing data to genome-wide association analysis data identifies significant cell types in influenza A virus infection and COVID-19. Brief Funct Genomics 2024; 23:110-117. [PMID: 37340787 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
With the global pandemic of COVID-19, the research on influenza virus has entered a new stage, but it is difficult to elucidate the pathogenesis of influenza disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have greatly shed light on the role of host genetic background in influenza pathogenesis and prognosis, whereas single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has enabled unprecedented resolution of cellular diversity and in vivo following influenza disease. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of influenza GWAS and scRNA-seq data to reveal cell types associated with influenza disease and provide clues to understanding pathogenesis. We downloaded two GWAS summary data, two scRNA-seq data on influenza disease. After defining cell types for each scRNA-seq data, we used RolyPoly and LDSC-cts to integrate GWAS and scRNA-seq. Furthermore, we analyzed scRNA-seq data from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a healthy population to validate and compare our results. After processing the scRNA-seq data, we obtained approximately 70 000 cells and identified up to 13 cell types. For the European population analysis, we determined an association between neutrophils and influenza disease. For the East Asian population analysis, we identified an association between monocytes and influenza disease. In addition, we also identified monocytes as a significantly related cell type in a dataset of healthy human PBMCs. In this comprehensive analysis, we identified neutrophils and monocytes as influenza disease-associated cell types. More attention and validation should be given in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zou
- Department of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xifang Sun
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jurong Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Jurong, China
| | - Yidi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junlan Tu
- Department of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongbin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Meredith LW, Aboualy M, Ochola R, Ozel M, Abubakar A, Barakat A. A phased strengthening of laboratory capacity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region during the COVID-19 pandemic. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13225. [PMID: 38322196 PMCID: PMC10844753 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) faces ongoing challenges in its public health system due to limited resources, logistical issues, and political disruptions. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the need for stronger laboratory capacities to handle the increased demand for testing. In a phased response, EMR countries utilized the National Influenza Centers to rapidly establish and scale molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. The expansion of capacity included strong collaborations between public health bodies and private and academic sectors to decentralize and expand testing to the subnational level. To ensure that the quality of testing was not impacted by rapid expansion, national and subnational laboratories were enrolled in external quality assurance programs for the duration of the response. Implementation of genomic surveillance was prioritized for variant tracking, leading to the establishment of regional sequencing reference laboratories and the distribution of MinION sequencing platforms to complex emergency countries who previously had limited experience with pathogen sequencing. Challenges included a lack of technical expertise, including in implementing novel diagnostic assays and sequencing, a lack of bioinformatics expertise in the region, and significant logistical and procurement challenges. The collaborative approach, coordinated through the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, enabled all 22 countries to achieve SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic capabilities, highlighting the pivotal role of laboratories in global health security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W. Meredith
- Infectious Hazard Management, Department of Health EmergencyWorld Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional OfficeCairoEgypt
| | - Mustafa Aboualy
- Infectious Hazard Management, Department of Health EmergencyWorld Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional OfficeCairoEgypt
| | - Rachel Ochola
- Infectious Hazard Management, Department of Health EmergencyWorld Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional OfficeCairoEgypt
| | - Mehmet Ozel
- Infectious Hazard Management, Department of Health EmergencyWorld Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional OfficeCairoEgypt
| | - Abdinasir Abubakar
- Infectious Hazard Management, Department of Health EmergencyWorld Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional OfficeCairoEgypt
| | - Amal Barakat
- Infectious Hazard Management, Department of Health EmergencyWorld Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional OfficeCairoEgypt
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Badheeb M, Zarich S, Fara FI, Alam MM. Permanent Complete Heart Block: A Rare Complication of Influenza Infection. Cureus 2023; 15:e51166. [PMID: 38283436 PMCID: PMC10813590 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular complications of viral illnesses are often underestimated in clinical practice. The influenza virus, one of the most prevalent viral infections, has been associated with a wide spectrum of arrhythmias that are typically transient and self-resolving. We present the case of a 60-year-old female with no prior cardiac comorbidities who developed a complete heart block after an influenza infection. She presented to the clinic with flu-like symptoms and was found to have a complete heart block with a junctional escape rhythm. Polymerase chain reaction testing subsequently confirmed an influenza A infection. She was initially placed on a temporary pacemaker. However, a permanent dual-chamber pacemaker was implanted as bradycardia persisted. Later follow-ups in the cardiology clinic showed that the patient remained dependent on the pacemaker. While there are a few descriptions of influenza-induced transient atrioventricular block, cases of influenza-induced permanent complete heart block are extremely rare, particularly in the absence of severe myocardial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Badheeb
- Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, USA
| | - Stuart Zarich
- Cardiology, Yale New Haven Health, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, USA
| | - Faria Islam Fara
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Md Mashiul Alam
- Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
- Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, USA
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Zhang XX, Jin YZ, Lu YH, Huang LL, Wu CX, Lv S, Chen Z, Xiang H, Zhou XN. Infectious disease control: from health security strengthening to health systems improvement at global level. Glob Health Res Policy 2023; 8:38. [PMID: 37670331 PMCID: PMC10478312 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-023-00319-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the twenty first century, the outbreaks of global infectious diseases have caused several public health emergencies of international concern, imposing an enormous impact on population health, the economy, and social development. The COVID-19 pandemic has once again exposed deficiencies in existing global health systems, emergency management, and disease surveillance, and highlighted the importance of developing effective evaluation tools. This article outlines current challenges emerging from infectious disease control from the perspective of global health, elucidated through influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases. The discordance among government actors and absent data sharing platforms or tools has led to unfulfilled targets in health system resilience and a capacity gap in infectious disease response. The current situation calls for urgent action to tackle these threats of global infectious diseases with joined forces through more in-depth international cooperation and breaking governance barriers from the purview of global health. Overall, a systematic redesign should be considered to enhance the resilience of health systems, which warrants a great need to sustain capacity-building efforts in emergency preparedness and response and raises an emerging concern of data integration in the concept of One Health that aims to address shared health threats at the human-animal-environment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Zhang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Zi Jin
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Han Lu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Global Health Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Lu Huang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang-Xin Wu
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Lv
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- School of Economics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xiang
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Wasik BR, Rothschild E, Voorhees IEH, Reedy SE, Murcia PR, Pusterla N, Chambers TM, Goodman LB, Holmes EC, Kile JC, Parrish CR. Understanding the divergent evolution and epidemiology of H3N8 influenza viruses in dogs and horses. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead052. [PMID: 37692894 PMCID: PMC10484056 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species virus transmission events can lead to dire public health emergencies in the form of epidemics and pandemics. One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, FL, USA, after emerging among horses in South America. In the early 21st century, the American lineage of EIV diverged into two 'Florida' clades that persist today, while an EIV transferred to dogs around 1999 and gave rise to the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), first reported in 2004. Here, we compare CIV in dogs and EIV in horses to reveal their host-specific evolution, to determine the sources and connections between significant outbreaks, and to gain insight into the factors controlling their different evolutionary fates. H3N8 CIV only circulated in North America, was geographically restricted after the first few years, and went extinct in 2016. Of the two EIV Florida clades, clade 1 circulates widely and shows frequent transfers between the USA and South America, Europe and elsewhere, while clade 2 was globally distributed early after it emerged, but since about 2018 has only been detected in Central Asia. Any potential zoonotic threat of these viruses to humans can only be determined with an understanding of its natural history and evolution. Our comparative analysis of these three viral lineages reveals distinct patterns and rates of sequence variation yet with similar overall evolution between clades, suggesting epidemiological intervention strategies for possible eradication of H3N8 EIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Evin Rothschild
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ian E H Voorhees
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stephanie E Reedy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas M Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Public and Ecosystems Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James C Kile
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Sakpere W, Sakpere AB, Olanipekun I, Simon YO. Impact analysis of COVID-19 on Nigerian workers' productivity using multiple correspondence analysis. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2023; 21:e01780. [PMID: 38620132 PMCID: PMC10291860 DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic became a global health concern, many business activities have had to adjust to the protocols required to keep people safe, thereby altering the work structures of many professionals. With data gathered from 466 respondents in Nigeria, of which approximately 70% are from the South-West, this study shows how the factors associated with the health crisis have affected work productivity during this period. The snowball survey research design techniques with the two-way interaction model were employed. Multiple Correspondence Analysis was used to analyse and understand multiple and pairwise qualitative factors that influence productivity. The first part of the analysis identified boredom, remuneration, internet availability, fear of COVID-19 and depressing news of COVID-19 as the factors that had significant impacts on workers' productivity. The second part of the analysis shows how the categories of the five significant factors were either associated or not with productivity. An analysis of each of these factors showed that fear of the disease was associated with slight productivity but access to internet facilities and remuneration were strongly associated with improved work productivity, while boredom and depressing news about COVID-19 were associated with non-productivity during this period. Further evidence also showed that training and new skills acquisition might improve workers' productivity much more. We, therefore, recommend dynamic skills acquisition, training, and investment in tools and services that will enhance flexibility with the changing work structure that comes because of global crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Sakpere
- Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria. (Contribution: Study design, Data collection, Statistical analysis, Data interpretation, Manuscript preparation, Literature search)
| | - Aderonke Busayo Sakpere
- University of Ibadan, Nigeria. (Contribution: Study design, Data collection, Statistical analysis, Data interpretation)
| | - Ifedolapo Olanipekun
- Adeyemi College of Education, Nigeria. (Contribution: Study design, Data collection, Literature search)
| | - Yaya OlaOluwa Simon
- University of Ibadan, Nigeria. (Contribution: Statistical analysis, Data interpretation)
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10
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Hennessey K, Pezzoli L, Mantel C. A framework for seroepidemiologic investigations in future pandemics: insights from an evaluation of WHO's Unity Studies initiative. Health Res Policy Syst 2023; 21:34. [PMID: 37194007 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-023-00973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WHO Unity Studies initiative supports countries, especially low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), in conducting seroepidemiologic studies for rapidly informing responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ten generic study protocols were developed which standardized epidemiologic and laboratory methods. WHO provided technical support, serological assays and funding for study implementation. An external evaluation was conducted to assess (1) the usefulness of study findings in guiding response strategies, (2) management and support to conduct studies and (3) capacity built from engagement with the initiative. METHODS The evaluation focused on the three most frequently used protocols, namely first few cases, household transmission and population-based serosurvey, 66% of 339 studies tracked by WHO. All 158 principal investigators (PIs) with contact information were invited to complete an online survey. A total of 19 PIs (randomly selected within WHO regions), 14 WHO Unity focal points at the country, regional and global levels, 12 WHO global-level stakeholders and eight external partners were invited to be interviewed. Interviews were coded in MAXQDA™, synthesized into findings and cross-verified by a second reviewer. RESULTS Among 69 (44%) survey respondents, 61 (88%) were from LMICs. Ninety-five percent gave positive feedback on technical support, 87% reported that findings contributed to COVID-19 understanding, 65% to guiding public health and social measures, and 58% to guiding vaccination policy. Survey and interview group responses showed that the main technical barriers to using study findings were study quality, variations in study methods (challenge for meta-analysis), completeness of reporting study details and clarity of communicating findings. Untimely study findings were another barrier, caused by delays in ethical clearance, receipt of serological assays and approval to share findings. There was strong agreement that the initiative created equitable research opportunities, connected expertise and facilitated study implementation. Around 90% of respondents agreed the initiative should continue in the future. CONCLUSIONS The Unity Studies initiative created a highly valued community of practice, contributed to study implementation and research equity, and serves as a valuable framework for future pandemics. To strengthen this platform, WHO should establish emergency-mode procedures to facilitate timeliness and continue to build capacity to rapidly conduct high-quality studies and communicate findings in a format friendly to decision-makers.
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11
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Ranjan Wijesinghe P, Sharma D, Vaishnav B, Mukherjee R, Pawar P, Mohapatra A, Buddha N, Ceniza Salvador E, Kakkar M. An appraisal of peer-reviewed published literature on Influenza, 2000-2021 from countries in South-East Asia Region. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1127891. [PMID: 37139386 PMCID: PMC10149947 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1127891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza poses a major public health challenge in South-East Asia Region (SEAR). To address the challenge, there is a need to generate contextual evidence that could inform policy makers and program managers for response preparedness and impact mitigation. The World Health Organization has identified priority areas across five streams for research evidence generation at a global level (WHO Public Health Research Agenda). Stream 1 focuses on research for reducing the risk of emergence, Stream 2 on limiting the spread, Stream 3 on minimizing the impact, Stream 4 on optimizing the treatment and Stream 5 on promoting public health tools and technologies for Influenza. However, evidence generation from SEAR has been arguably low and needs a relook for alignment with priorities. This study aimed to undertake a bibliometric analysis of medical literature on Influenza over the past 21 years to identify gaps in research evidence and for identifying major areas for focusing with a view to provide recommendations to member states and SEAR office for prioritizing avenues for future research. Methods We searched Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases in August 2021. We identified studies on influenza published from the 11 countries in WHO SEAR in the date range of 1 January 2000-31 December 2021. Data was retrieved, tagged and analyzed based on the WHO priority streams for Influenza, member states, study design and type of research. Bibliometric analysis was done on Vosviewer. Findings We included a total of 1,641 articles (Stream 1: n = 307; Stream 2: n = 516; Stream 3: n = 470; Stream 4: n = 309; Stream 5: n = 227). Maximum number of publications were seen in Stream 2, i.e., limiting the spread of pandemic, zoonotic, and seasonal epidemic influenza which majorly included transmission, spread of virus at global and local levels and public health measures to limit the transmission. The highest number of publications was from India (n = 524) followed by Thailand (n = 407), Indonesia (n = 214) and Bangladesh (n = 158). Bhutan (n = 10), Maldives (n = 1), Democratic People's Republic of Korea (n = 1), and Timor-Leste (n = 3) had the least contribution in Influenza research. The top-most journal was PloS One which had the maximum number of influenza articles (n = 94) published from SEAR countries. Research that generated actionable evidence, i.e., implementation and intervention related topics were less common. Similarly, research on pharmaceutical interventions and on innovations was low. SEAR member states had inconsistent output across the five priority research streams, and there was a much higher scope and need for collaborative research. Basic science research showed declining trends and needed reprioritization. Interpretation While a priority research agenda has been set for influenza at the global level through the WHO Global Influenza Program since 2009, and subsequently revisited in 2011 and again in 2016-2017, a structured contextualized approach to guide actionable evidence generation activities in SEAR has been lacking. In the backset of the Global Influenza Strategy 2019-2030 and the COVID-19 pandemic, attuning research endeavors in SEAR could help in improved pandemic influenza preparedness planning. There is a need to prioritize contextually relevant research themes within priority streams. Member states must inculcate a culture of within and inter-country collaboration to produce evidence that has regional as well as global value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Ranjan Wijesinghe
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health House, New Delhi, India
| | - Divita Sharma
- Executive Office, Generating Research Insights for Development Council (GRID Council), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bharathi Vaishnav
- Executive Office, Generating Research Insights for Development Council (GRID Council), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritika Mukherjee
- Executive Office, Generating Research Insights for Development Council (GRID Council), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Pawar
- Executive Office, Generating Research Insights for Development Council (GRID Council), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Archisman Mohapatra
- Executive Office, Generating Research Insights for Development Council (GRID Council), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nilesh Buddha
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health House, New Delhi, India
| | - Edwin Ceniza Salvador
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health House, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kakkar
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health House, New Delhi, India
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12
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Chen C, Jiang D, Yan D, Pi L, Zhang X, Du Y, Liu X, Yang M, Zhou Y, Ding C, Lan L, Yang S. The global region-specific epidemiologic characteristics of influenza: World Health Organization FluNet data from 1996 to 2021. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 129:118-124. [PMID: 36773717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate region-specific epidemiologic characteristics of influenza and influenza transmission zones (ITZs). METHODS Weekly influenza surveillance data of 156 countries from 1996 to 2021 were obtained using FluNet. Joinpoint regression was used to describe global influenza virus trends, and clustering analyses were used to classify the ITZs. RESULTS The global median average positive rate for total influenza virus was 16.19% (interquartile range: 11.62-25.70%). Overall, three major subtypes (influenza H1, H3, and B viruses) showed alternating epidemics. Notably, the proportion of influenza B viruses increased significantly from July 2020 to June 2021, reaching 62.66%. The primary peaks of influenza virus circulation in the north were earlier than those in the south. Global influenza virus circulation was significantly characterized by seven ITZs, including "Northern America" (primary peak: week 10), "Eastern & Southern-Asia" (primary peak: week 10), "Europe" (primary peak: week 11), "Asia-Europe" (primary peak: week 12), "Southern-America" (primary peak: week 30), "Oceania-Melanesia-Polynesia" (primary peak: week 39), and "Africa" (primary peak: week 46). CONCLUSION Global influenza virus circulation was significantly characterized by seven ITZs that could be applied to influenza surveillance and warning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daixi Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danying Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lucheng Pi
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Group, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaobao Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Du
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengya Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shigui Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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13
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An Old Acquaintance: Could Adenoviruses Be Our Next Pandemic Threat? Viruses 2023; 15:v15020330. [PMID: 36851544 PMCID: PMC9966032 DOI: 10.3390/v15020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are one of the most important pathogens detected in acute respiratory diseases in pediatrics and immunocompromised patients. In 1953, Wallace Rowe described it for the first time in oropharyngeal lymphatic tissue. To date, more than 110 types of HAdV have been described, with different cellular tropisms. They can cause respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, even urinary tract inflammation, although most infections are asymptomatic. However, there is a population at risk that can develop serious and even lethal conditions. These viruses have a double-stranded DNA genome, 25-48 kbp, 90 nm in diameter, without a mantle, are stable in the environment, and resistant to fat-soluble detergents. Currently the diagnosis is made with lateral flow immunochromatography or molecular biology through a polymerase chain reaction. This review aimed to highlight the HAdV variability and the pandemic potential that a HAdV3 and 7 recombinant could have considering the aggressive outbreaks produced in health facilities. Herein, we described the characteristics of HAdV, from the infection to treatment, vaccine development, and the evaluation of the social determinants of health associated with HAdV, suggesting the necessary measures for future sanitary control to prevent disasters such as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with an emphasis on the use of recombinant AdV vaccines to control other potential pandemics.
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Marcenac P, McCarron M, Davis W, Igboh LS, Mott JA, Lafond KE, Zhou W, Sorrells M, Charles MD, Gould P, Arriola CS, Veguilla V, Guthrie E, Dugan VG, Kondor R, Gogstad E, Uyeki TM, Olsen SJ, Emukule GO, Saha S, Greene C, Bresee JS, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Fry AM, Jernigan DB, Azziz-Baumgartner E. Leveraging International Influenza Surveillance Systems and Programs during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:S26-S33. [PMID: 36502434 DOI: 10.3201/eid2813.212248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A network of global respiratory disease surveillance systems and partnerships has been built over decades as a direct response to the persistent threat of seasonal, zoonotic, and pandemic influenza. These efforts have been spearheaded by the World Health Organization, country ministries of health, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, nongovernmental organizations, academic groups, and others. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention worked closely with ministries of health in partner countries and the World Health Organization to leverage influenza surveillance systems and programs to respond to SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Countries used existing surveillance systems for severe acute respiratory infection and influenza-like illness, respiratory virus laboratory resources, pandemic influenza preparedness plans, and ongoing population-based influenza studies to track, study, and respond to SARS-CoV-2 infections. The incorporation of COVID-19 surveillance into existing influenza sentinel surveillance systems can support continued global surveillance for respiratory viruses with pandemic potential.
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15
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Ghosh A, Panda P, Halder AK, Cordeiro MNDS. In silico characterization of aryl benzoyl hydrazide derivatives as potential inhibitors of RdRp enzyme of H5N1 influenza virus. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1004255. [PMID: 36225563 PMCID: PMC9548590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1004255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a potential therapeutic target for the discovery of novel antiviral agents for the treatment of life-threatening infections caused by newly emerged strains of the influenza virus. Being one of the most conserved enzymes among RNA viruses, RdRp and its inhibitors require further investigations to design novel antiviral agents. In this work, we systematically investigated the structural requirements for antiviral properties of some recently reported aryl benzoyl hydrazide derivatives through a range of in silico tools such as 2D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (2D-QSAR), 3D-QSAR, structure-based pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The 2D-QSAR models developed in the current work achieved high statistical reliability and simultaneously afforded in-depth mechanistic interpretability towards structural requirements. The structure-based pharmacophore model developed with the docked conformation of one of the most potent compounds with the RdRp protein of H5N1 influenza strain was utilized for developing a 3D-QSAR model with satisfactory statistical quality validating both the docking and the pharmacophore modeling methodologies performed in this work. However, it is the atom-based alignment of the compounds that afforded the most statistically reliable 3D-QSAR model, the results of which provided mechanistic interpretations consistent with the 2D-QSAR results. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations performed with the apoprotein as well as the docked complex of RdRp revealed the dynamic stability of the ligand at the proposed binding site of the receptor. At the same time, it also supported the mechanistic interpretations drawn from 2D-, 3D-QSAR and pharmacophore modeling. The present study, performed mostly with open-source tools and webservers, returns important guidelines for research aimed at the future design and development of novel anti-viral agents against various RNA viruses like influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus-1, hepatitis C virus, corona virus, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Ghosh
- Dr. B. C. Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Parthasarathi Panda
- Dr. B. C. Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
- *Correspondence: Parthasarathi Panda, ; Maria Natalia D. S. Cordeiro,
| | - Amit Kumar Halder
- Dr. B. C. Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Natalia D. S. Cordeiro
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Parthasarathi Panda, ; Maria Natalia D. S. Cordeiro,
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Ziegler T, Moen A, Zhang W, Cox NJ. Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System: 70 years of responding to the expected and preparing for the unexpected. Lancet 2022; 400:981-982. [PMID: 36154679 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thedi Ziegler
- Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland.
| | - Ann Moen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Global Influenza Programme, Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness, WHO Emergency Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Varghese PM, Kishore U, Rajkumari R. Innate and adaptive immune responses against Influenza A Virus: Immune evasion and vaccination strategies. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Influenza Myopericarditis and Pericarditis: A Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144123. [PMID: 35887887 PMCID: PMC9316162 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopericarditis is a rare complication of influenza infection. The presentation may range from mild and frequently unrecognized, to fulminant and potentially complicated by cardiogenic and/or obstructive shock (tamponade), which is associated with high mortality. We performed a review of literature on all influenza pericarditis and myopericarditis cases according to PRISMA guidelines using the PubMed search engine of the Medline database. Seventy-five cases of influenza myopericarditis and isolated pericarditis were identified from 1951 to 2021. Influenza A was reported twice as often as influenza B; however, influenza type did not correlate with outcome. Men and elderly patients were more likely to have isolated pericarditis, while women and younger patients were more likely to have myopericarditis. All included patients had pericardial effusion, while 36% had tamponade. Tamponade was more common in those with isolated pericarditis (41.2%) than myopericarditis (13.8%). Cardiogenic shock was more common in patients with myopericarditis (64%), with an overall mortality rate of 14.7%. Nearly 88% of the recovered patients remained without long-term complications reported. Conclusion: Influenza A appears a more common cause of pericarditis and myopericarditis. Isolated pericarditis was more commonly associated with tamponade but without reported deaths, whereas myopericarditis was more commonly associated with cardiogenic shock and death (19%).
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Trends in Influenza Infections in Three States of India from 2015-2021: Has There Been a Change during COVID-19 Pandemic? Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7060110. [PMID: 35736988 PMCID: PMC9228248 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7060110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and public health response to the pandemic has caused huge setbacks in the management of other infectious diseases. In the present study, we aimed to (i) assess the trends in numbers of samples from patients with influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory syndrome tested for influenza and the number and proportion of cases detected from 2015−2021 and (ii) examine if there were changes during the COVID-19 period (2020−2021) compared to the pre-COVID-19 period (2015−2019) in three states of India. The median (IQR) number of samples tested per month during the pre-COVID-19 period was 653 (395−1245), compared to 27 (11−98) during the COVID-19 period (p value < 0.001). The median (IQR) number of influenza cases detected per month during the pre-COVID-19 period was 190 (113−372), compared to 29 (27−30) during the COVID-19 period (p value < 0.001). Interrupted time series analysis (adjusting for seasonality and testing charges) confirmed a significant reduction in the total number of samples tested and influenza cases detected during the COVID-19 period. However, there was no change in the influenza positivity rate between pre-COVID-19 (29%) and COVID-19 (30%) period. These findings suggest that COVID-19-related disruptions, poor health-seeking behavior, and overburdened health systems might have led to a reduction in reported influenza cases rather than a true reduction in disease transmission.
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Whitlock F, Murcia PR, Newton JR. A Review on Equine Influenza from a Human Influenza Perspective. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061312. [PMID: 35746783 PMCID: PMC9229935 DOI: 10.3390/v14061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have a main natural reservoir in wild birds. IAVs are highly contagious, continually evolve, and have a wide host range that includes various mammalian species including horses, pigs, and humans. Furthering our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and cross-species transmissions is therefore essential. This review focuses on what is known regarding equine influenza virus (EIV) virology, pathogenesis, immune responses, clinical aspects, epidemiology (including factors contributing to local, national, and international transmission), surveillance, and preventive measures such as vaccines. We compare EIV and human influenza viruses and discuss parallels that can be drawn between them. We highlight differences in evolutionary rates between EIV and human IAVs, their impact on antigenic drift, and vaccine strain updates. We also describe the approaches used for the control of equine influenza (EI), which originated from those used in the human field, including surveillance networks and virological analysis methods. Finally, as vaccination in both species remains the cornerstone of disease mitigation, vaccine technologies and vaccination strategies against influenza in horses and humans are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Whitlock
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.W.); (P.R.M.)
- Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance (EIDS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Pablo R. Murcia
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.W.); (P.R.M.)
| | - J. Richard Newton
- Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance (EIDS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
- Correspondence:
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Global respiratory virus surveillance: strengths, gaps, and way forward. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 121:184-189. [PMID: 35584744 PMCID: PMC9107382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current situation The global influenza surveillance and response system (GISRS), coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO), is a global framework for surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses, data collection, laboratory capacity building, genomic data submission and archival, standardization, and calibration of reagents and vaccine strains, production of seasonal influenza vaccines and creating a facilitatory regulatory environment for the same. Gaps WHO-designated national influenza centers (NICs) are entrusted with establishing surveillance in their respective countries. National and subnational surveillance remains weak in most parts of the world because of varying capacities of the NICs, lack of funds, poor human and veterinary surveillance mechanisms, lack of intersectoral coordination, and varying commitments of the local government. Way forward As influenza viruses have a wide variety of nonhuman hosts, it is critical to strengthen surveillance at local levels for timely detection of untypable or novel strains with potential to cause epidemics or pandemics. In this article, we have proposed possible strategies to strengthen and expand local capacities for respiratory virus surveillance through the designated NICs of the WHO.
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22
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Lin FH, Chou YC, Chien WC, Chung CH, Hsieh CJ, Yu CP. The Most Common Location of Schools with Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Clusters in Taiwan, 2011-2019. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9050720. [PMID: 35626897 PMCID: PMC9139427 DOI: 10.3390/children9050720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clusters of acute upper respiratory tract infections are mainly caused by type A or B influenza virus. Numerous factors modify the risk of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) cluster transmission. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics, differences, and epidemic trends in influenza viruses and in non-influenza respiratory pathogens, and the distribution of the sites of URTI cluster events in Taiwan from 2011 to 2019. We examined the publicly available annual summary data on 1864 confirmed URTI clusters in the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan CDC) from 2011 to 2019. URTI clusters were mainly divided into 1295 clusters of influenza virus infections, 149 clusters of non-influenza respiratory pathogen infections, 341 clusters of pathogens not detected by routine tests, and 79 clusters of unchecked samples. There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) in the event numbers of URTI clusters among influenza and non-influenza respiratory pathogens between 2011 and 2019. There were statistically significant differences (p = 0.01) in instances of URTI clusters among non-influenza respiratory pathogens between 2011 and 2019. There were also statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) in instances of URTI clusters in different locations between 2011 and 2019. In all the pathogens of URTI clusters (odds ratio (OR) = 1.89−2.25, p = 0.002−0.004), most single infections were influenza A viruses (64.9%, 937/1444). Respiratory syncytial virus single infections were most numerous (43.0%, 64/149) among the non-influenza respiratory pathogens of URTI clusters. Of the institutions where URTI clusters occurred, schools had the most cases (50.1%, 933/1864) (OR = 1.41−3.02, p < 0.001−0.04). After the categorization of isolated virus strains by gene sequencing, it was found that, of the seasonal influenza A viruses, the H1N1 subtype viruses were predominantly A/California/07/2009, A/Michigan/45/2015, and A/Brisbane/02/2018, and the H3N2 subtype viruses were predominantly A/Hong Kong/4801/2014, A/Singapore/INFIMH-16−0019/2016, and A/Switzerland/8060/2017, during 2017−2019. Of the influenza B viruses, B/Brisbane/60/2008 (B/Vic) was the dominant type, and some were B/Massachusetts/02/2012 (B/Yam) and B/PHUKET/3073/2013 (B/Yam). This study is the first report of confirmed events of URTI clusters from surveillance data provided by the Taiwan CDC (2011−2019). This study highlights the importance of long-term, geographically extended studies, particularly for highly fluctuating pathogens, for understanding the implications of the transmission of URTI clusters in Taiwanese populations. Knowledge gaps and important data have been identified to inform future surveillance and research efforts in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Huang Lin
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (F.-H.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (F.-H.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (F.-H.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (F.-H.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jeng Hsieh
- Department of Health Care Administration, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 22061, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Peng Yu
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (F.-H.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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23
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Huang Z, Li H, Liu S, Jia J, Zheng Y, Cao B. Identification of Neutrophil-Related Factor LCN2 for Predicting Severity of Patients With Influenza A Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854172. [PMID: 35495713 PMCID: PMC9039618 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza and COVID-19 are respiratory infectious diseases that are characterized by high contagiousness and high mutation and pose a serious threat to global health. After Influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe cases may develop into acute lung injury. Immune factors act as an important role during infection and inflammation. However, the molecular immune mechanisms still remain unclear. We aimed to explore immune-related host factors and core biomarker for severe infection, to provide a new therapeutic target of host factor in patients. Methods Gene expression profiles were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus and the Seurat R package was used for data process of single-cell transcriptome. Differentially expressed gene analysis and cell cluster were used to explore core host genes and source cells of genes. We performed Gene Ontology enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis to explore potential biological functions of genes. Gene set variation analysis was used to evaluate the important gene set variation score for different samples. We conduct Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to test plasma concentrations of Lipocalin 2 (LCN2). Results Multiple virus-related, cytokine-related, and chemokine-related pathways involved in process of IAV infection and inflammatory response mainly derive from macrophages and neutrophils. LCN2 mainly in neutrophils was significantly upregulated after either IAV or SARS-CoV-2 infection and positively correlated with disease severity. The plasma LCN2 of influenza patients were elevated significantly compared with healthy controls by ELISA and positively correlated with disease severity of influenza patients. Further bioinformatics analysis revealed that LCN2 involved in functions of neutrophils, including neutrophil degranulation, neutrophil activation involved in immune response, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Conclusion The neutrophil-related LCN2 could be a promising biomarker for predicting severity of patients with IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infection and may as a new treatment target in severe patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Huang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ju Jia
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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24
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Liu X, Liang J, Yu Y, Han X, Yu L, Chen F, Xu Z, Chen Q, Jin M, Dong C, Zhou HB, Lan K, Wu S. Discovery of Aryl Benzoyl Hydrazide Derivatives as Novel Potent Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors of Influenza A Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp). J Med Chem 2022; 65:3814-3832. [PMID: 35212527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses possess a high antigenic shift, and the approved anti-influenza drugs are extremely limited, which makes the development of novel anti-influenza drugs for the clinical treatment and prevention of influenza outbreaks imperative. Herein, we report a series of novel aryl benzoyl hydrazide analogs as potent anti-influenza agents. Particularly, analogs 10b, 10c, 10g, 11p, and 11q exhibited potent inhibitory activity against the avian H5N1 flu strain with EC50 values ranging from 0.009 to 0.034 μM. Moreover, compound 11q exhibited nanomolar antiviral effects against both the H1N1 virus and Flu B virus and possessed good oral bioavailability and inhibitory activity against influenza A virus in a mouse model. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested that these compounds exert anti-influenza virus effects mainly by interacting with the PB1 subunit of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). These results revealed that 11q has the potential to become a potent clinical candidate to combat seasonal influenza and influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jinsen Liang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yongshi Yu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xin Han
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mengyu Jin
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chune Dong
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hai-Bing Zhou
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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25
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Jiang Y, Tong YQ, Fang B, Zhang WK, Yu XJ. Applying the Moving Epidemic Method to Establish the Influenza Epidemic Thresholds and Intensity Levels for Age-Specific Groups in Hubei Province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031677. [PMID: 35162701 PMCID: PMC8834852 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-aged children were reported to act as the main transmitter during influenza epidemic seasons. It is vital to set up an early detection method to help with the vaccination program in such a high-risk population. However, most relative studies only focused on the general population. Our study aims to describe the influenza epidemiology characteristics in Hubei Province and to introduce the moving epidemic method to establish the epidemic thresholds for age-specific groups. METHODS We divided the whole population into pre-school, school-aged and adult groups. The virology data from 2010/2011 to 2017/2018 were applied to the moving epidemic method to establish the epidemic thresholds for the general population and age-specific groups for the detection of influenza in 2018/2019. The performances of the model were compared by the cross-validation process. RESULTS The epidemic threshold for school-aged children in the 2018/2019 season was 15.42%. The epidemic thresholds for influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 and influenza B were determined as 5.68%, 6.12% and 10.48%, respectively. The median start weeks of the school-aged children were similar to the general population. The cross-validation process showed that the sensitivity of the model established with school-aged children was higher than those established with the other age groups in total influenza, H1N1 and influenza B, while it was only lower than the general population group in H3N2. CONCLUSIONS This study proved the feasibility of applying the moving epidemic method in Hubei Province. Additional influenza surveillance and vaccination strategies should be well-organized for school-aged children to reduce the disease burden of influenza in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Y.J.); (W.-k.Z.)
| | - Ye-qing Tong
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China; (Y.-q.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Bin Fang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China; (Y.-q.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Wen-kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Y.J.); (W.-k.Z.)
| | - Xue-jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Y.J.); (W.-k.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Hawksbee L, McKee M, King L. Don't worry about the drug industry's profits when considering a waiver on covid-19 intellectual property rights. BMJ 2022; 376:e067367. [PMID: 35101900 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-067367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hawksbee
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lawrence King
- Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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27
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Abstract
Influenza is a common respiratory infection that causes considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide each year. In recent years, along with the improvement in computational resources, there have been a number of important developments in the science of influenza surveillance and forecasting. Influenza surveillance systems have been improved by synthesizing multiple sources of information. Influenza forecasting has developed into an active field, with annual challenges in the United States that have stimulated improved methodologies. Work continues on the optimal approaches to assimilating surveillance data and information on relevant driving factors to improve estimates of the current situation (nowcasting) and to forecast future dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Taslim Ali
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China;
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China;
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28
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Singer SJ, Glassman J, Glaseroff A, Joseph GA, Jauregui A, Mulaney B, Kelly SS, Thomas S, Vilendrer S, Tietschert MV. Impact of COVID-19 on Primary Care Practice Sites and Their Vulnerable Patients. Adv Health Care Manag 2021; 20. [PMID: 34779184 DOI: 10.1108/s1474-823120210000020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: While COVID-19 has upended lives, it has also catalyzed innovation with potential to advance health delivery. Yet, we know little about how the delivery system, and primary care in particular, has responded and how this has impacted vulnerable patients. We aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on primary care practice sites and their vulnerable patients and to identify explanations for variation. Approach: We developed and administered a survey to practice managers and physician leaders from 173 primary care practice sites, October-November 2020. We report and graphically depict results from univariate analysis and examine potential explanations for variation in practices' process innovations in response to COVID-19 by assessing bivariate relationships between seven dependent variables and four independent variables. Findings: Among 96 (55.5%) respondents, primary care practice sites on average took more safety (8.5 of 12) than financial (2.5 of 17) precautions in response to COVID-19. Practice sites varied in their efforts to protect patients with vulnerabilities, providing care initially postponed, and experience with virtual visits. Financial risk, practice size, practitioner age, and emergency preparedness explained variation in primary care practices' process innovations. Many practice sites plan to sustain virtual visits, dependent mostly on patient and provider preference and continued reimbursement. Value: While findings indicate rapid and substantial innovation, conditions must enable primary care practice sites to build on and sustain innovations, to support care for vulnerable populations, including those with multiple chronic conditions and socio-economic barriers to health, and to prepare primary care for future emergencies.
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29
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Hammond A, Cozza V, Hirve S, Medina MJ, Pereyaslov D, Zhang W. Leveraging Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System for the COVID-19 Pandemic Response and Beyond. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:937-940. [PMID: 34745695 PMCID: PMC8563333 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aspen Hammond
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Cozza
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Siddhi Hirve
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Jo Medina
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dmitriy Pereyaslov
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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30
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Chorazka M, Flury D, Herzog K, Albrich WC, Vuichard-Gysin D. Clinical outcomes of adults hospitalized for laboratory confirmed respiratory syncytial virus or influenza virus infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253161. [PMID: 34292983 PMCID: PMC8297903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe disease in adults, but far less is known than for influenza. The aim of our study was to compare the disease course of RSV infections with influenza infections among hospitalized adults. Methods We retrieved clinical data from an ongoing surveillance of adults hospitalized with RSV or influenza virus infection in two acute care hospitals in North-Eastern Switzerland during the winter seasons 2017/2018 and 2018/2019. Our main analysis compared the odds between RSV and influenza patients for admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) or in-hospital death within 7 days after admission. Results There were 548 patients, of whom 79 (14.4%) had an RSV and 469 (85.6%) an influenza virus infection. Both groups were similar with respect to age, sex, smoking status, nutritional state, and comorbidities. More RSV patients had an infiltrate on chest radiograph on admission (46.4% vs 29.9%, p = .007). The proportion of patients with RSV who died or were admitted to ICU within seven days after admission was 19.0% compared to 10.2% in influenza patients (p = .024). In multivariable analysis, a higher leukocyte count (adjusted OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02–1.13, p = .013) and the presence of a pneumonic infiltrate (aOR 3.41, 95% CI 1.93–6.02) significantly increased the risk for experiencing the adverse primary outcome while the effect of the underlying viral pathogen became attenuated (aOR 1.18, 95% CI 0.58–2.41, p = .0.655). Conclusions Our results suggest that RSV is responsible for clinical courses at least as severe as influenza in adults. This supports the need for better guidance on diagnostic strategies as well as on preventive and therapeutic measures for hospitalized adults with RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chorazka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Muensterlingen, Thurgau Hospital Group, Muensterlingen, Switzerland
| | - Domenica Flury
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Herzog
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Thurgau Hospital Group, Muensterlingen, Switzerland
| | - Werner C. Albrich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Vuichard-Gysin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Muensterlingen, Thurgau Hospital Group, Muensterlingen, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital Muensterlingen, Thurgau Hospital Group, Muensterlingen, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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31
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Sandor AM, Sturdivant MS, Ting JPY. Influenza Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:2509-2520. [PMID: 34021048 PMCID: PMC8722349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza and the current COVID-19 pandemic represent looming global health challenges. Efficacious and safe vaccines remain the frontline tools for mitigating both influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced diseases. This review will discuss the existing strategies for influenza vaccines and how these strategies have informed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. It will also discuss new vaccine platforms and potential challenges for both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Sandor
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; and
| | - Michael S Sturdivant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jenny P Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC;
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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32
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Bai H, Zhao J, Ma C, Wei H, Li X, Fang Q, Yang P, Wang Q, Wang D, Xin L. Impact of RNA degradation on influenza diagnosis in the surveillance system. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 100:115388. [PMID: 34030102 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continuous evolution of influenza viruses is monitored by the World Health Organization Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System. Sample quality is essential for surveillance quality. METHODS To evaluate the RNA degradation of clinical samples, influenza-like illness samples were collected from four sentinel hospitals, and seasonal influenza was tested by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and quantified by digital reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction at different time points. RESULTS RNA degradation was observed in the majority of samples eight days after sample collection. A significant and faster rate of RNA content reduction was observed in low viral load samples (<10 copies/µl) than in high viral load samples (>10 copies/μl), stored at 2 to 8°C for up to eight days. RNase P (RNP) RNA, which is a key indicator to evaluate sample collection quality, was detected. Sample collection quality was uneven in different hospitals. CONCLUSION Low viral load samples increase the risk of false negatives due to RNA degradation to undetectable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Bai
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiashen Zhao
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hejiang Wei
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyan Li
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongqiong Fang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xin
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Kim YH, Hong KJ, Kim H, Nam JH. Influenza vaccines: Past, present, and future. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2243. [PMID: 33949021 PMCID: PMC8209895 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Globally, infection by seasonal influenza viruses causes 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 290,000-650,000 respiratory deaths each year. Various influenza vaccines, including inactivated split- and subunit-type, recombinant and live attenuated vaccines, have been developed since the 1930s when it was discovered that influenza viruses could be cultivated in embryonated eggs. However, the protection rate offered by these vaccines is rather low, especially in very young children and the elderly. In this review, we describe the history of influenza vaccine development, the immune responses induced by the vaccines and the adjuvants applied. Further, we suggest future directions for improving the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in all age groups. This includes the development of an influenza vaccine that induces a balanced T helper cell type 1 and type 2 immune responses based on the understanding of the immune system, and the development of a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine that can increase effectiveness despite antigen shifts and drifts, which are characteristics of the influenza virus. A brighter future can be envisaged if the development of an adjuvant that is safe and effective is realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of R&D, SK Bioscience, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Jong Hong
- UIC Foundation, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Department of R&D, SK Bioscience, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Bamunuarachchi G, Pushparaj S, Liu L. Interplay between host non-coding RNAs and influenza viruses. RNA Biol 2021; 18:767-784. [PMID: 33404285 PMCID: PMC8078518 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1872170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection through seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics has been a major public health concern for decades. Incomplete protection from vaccination and increased antiviral resistance due to frequent mutations of influenza viruses have led to a continuous need for new therapeutic options. The functional significance of host protein and influenza virus interactions has been established, but relatively less is known about the interaction of host noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, with influenza viruses. In this review, we summarize host noncoding RNA profiles during influenza virus infection and the regulation of influenza virus infection by host noncoding RNAs. Influenza viral non-coding RNAs are briefly discussed. Increased understanding of the molecular regulation of influenza viral replication will be beneficial in identifying potential therapeutic targets against the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan Bamunuarachchi
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
| | - Samuel Pushparaj
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
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Harrington WN, Kackos CM, Webby RJ. The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:737-749. [PMID: 33953324 PMCID: PMC8099712 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus is a global threat to human health causing unpredictable yet recurring pandemics, the last four emerging over the course of a hundred years. As our knowledge of influenza virus evolution, distribution, and transmission has increased, paths to pandemic preparedness have become apparent. In the 1950s, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a global influenza surveillance network that is now composed of institutions in 122 member states. This and other surveillance networks monitor circulating influenza strains in humans and animal reservoirs and are primed to detect influenza strains with pandemic potential. Both the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the WHO have also developed pandemic risk assessment tools that evaluate specific aspects of emerging influenza strains to develop a systematic process of determining research and funding priorities according to the risk of emergence and potential impact. Here, we review the history of influenza pandemic preparedness and the current state of preparedness, and we propose additional measures for improvement. We also comment on the intersection between the influenza pandemic preparedness network and the current SARS-CoV-2 crisis. We must continually evaluate and revise our risk assessment and pandemic preparedness plans and incorporate new information gathered from research and global crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter N Harrington
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christina M Kackos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Umuhoza T, Bulimo WD, Oyugi J, Musabyimana JP, Kinengyere AA, Mancuso JD. Prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and adenoviruses in East Africa Community partner states of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2007-2020). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249992. [PMID: 33905425 PMCID: PMC8078816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses are responsible for a large proportion of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Human influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory-syncytial-virus, and adenoviruses are among the leading cause of ARTIs. Epidemiological evidence of those respiratory viruses is limited in the East Africa Community (EAC) region. This review sought to identify the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, and adenoviruses among cases of ARTI in the EAC from 2007 to 2020. Methods A literature search was conducted in Medline, Global Index Medicus, and the grey literature from public health institutions and programs in the EAC. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction. We used a random effects model to pool the prevalence estimate across studies. We assessed heterogeneity with the I2 statistic, and Cochran’s Q test, and further we did subgroup analysis. This review was registered with PROSPERO under registration number CRD42018110186. Results A total of 12 studies met the eligibility criteria for the studies documented from 2007 to 2020. The overall pooled prevalence of adenoviruses was 13% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6–21, N = 28829), respiratory syncytial virus 11% (95% CI: 7–15, N = 22627), and parainfluenza was 9% (95% CI: 7–11, N = 28363). Pooled prevalence of reported ARTIs, all ages, and locality varied in the included studies. Studies among participants with severe acute respiratory disease had a higher pooled prevalence of all the three viruses. Considerable heterogeneity was noted overall and in subgroup analysis. Conclusion Our findings indicate that human adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus are prevalent in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. These three respiratory viruses contribute substantially to ARTIs in the EAC, particularly among those with severe disease and those aged five and above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Umuhoza
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wallace D. Bulimo
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Directorate – Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Alison A. Kinengyere
- Sir Albert Cook Library, College of Health Sciences, University Makerere, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James D. Mancuso
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Carroll D, Morzaria S, Briand S, Johnson CK, Morens D, Sumption K, Tomori O, Wacharphaueasadee S. Preventing the next pandemic: the power of a global viral surveillance network. BMJ 2021; 372:n485. [PMID: 33712471 PMCID: PMC7953426 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dennis Carroll and colleagues call for a global early warning system to detect viruses with pandemic potential
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhash Morzaria
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sylvie Briand
- Global Infectious Hazard Preparedness, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - David Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith Sumption
- Joint Centre for Zoonotic Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Supaporn Wacharphaueasadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Thailand
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Adlhoch C, Mook P, Lamb F, Ferland L, Melidou A, Amato-Gauci AJ, Pebody R. Very little influenza in the WHO European Region during the 2020/21 season, weeks 40 2020 to 8 2021. Euro Surveill 2021; 26:2100221. [PMID: 33739256 PMCID: PMC7976381 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.11.2100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Between weeks 40 2020 and 8 2021, the World Health Organization European Region experienced a 99.8% reduction in sentinel influenza virus positive detections (33/25,606 tested; 0.1%) relative to an average of 14,966/39,407 (38.0%; p < 0.001) over the same time in the previous six seasons. COVID-19 pandemic public health and physical distancing measures may have extinguished the 2020/21 European seasonal influenza epidemic with just a few sporadic detections of all viral subtypes. This might possibly continue during the remainder of the influenza season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piers Mook
- World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Favelle Lamb
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Ferland
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angeliki Melidou
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Richard Pebody
- World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sparrow E, Wood JG, Chadwick C, Newall AT, Torvaldsen S, Moen A, Torelli G. Global production capacity of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in 2019. Vaccine 2021; 39:512-520. [PMID: 33341308 PMCID: PMC7814984 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines will be an important element in mitigating the impact of an influenza pandemic. While research towards developing universal influenza vaccines is ongoing, the current strategy for vaccine supply in a pandemic relies on seasonal influenza vaccine production to be switched over to pandemic vaccines. Understanding how much vaccine could be produced, in which regions of the world and in what timeframe is critical to informing influenza pandemic preparedness. Through the Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines, 2006-2016, WHO promoted an increase in vaccine production capacity and monitors the landscape through periodically surveying influenza vaccine manufacturers. This study compares global capacity for production of influenza vaccines in 2019 with estimates from previous surveys; provides an overview of countries with established production facilities; presents vaccine production by type and manufacturing process; and discusses limitations to these estimates. Results of the current survey show that estimated annual seasonal influenza vaccine production capacity changed little since 2015 increasing from 1.47 billion to 1.48 billion doses with potential maximum annual influenza pandemic vaccine production capacity increasing from 6.37 billion to 8.31 billion doses. However, this figure should be interpreted with caution as it presents a best-case scenario with several assumptions which may impact supply. Further, pandemic vaccines would not be immediately available and could take four to six months for first supplies with several more months needed to reach maximum capacity. A moderate-case scenario is also presented of 4.15 billion doses of pandemic vaccine in 12 months. It is important to note that two doses of pandemic vaccine are likely to be required to elicit an adequate immune response. Continued efforts are needed to ensure the sustainability of this production and to conduct research for vaccines that are faster to produce and more broadly protective taking into account lessons learned from COVID-19 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Sparrow
- The World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - James G Wood
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Chadwick
- The World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony T Newall
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Siranda Torvaldsen
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Women and Babies Research, The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, NSW, Australia
| | - Ann Moen
- The World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Faustino B, Branco Vasco A, Delgado J, Farinha-Fernandes A, Guerreiro JC. Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 related social distancing on loneliness, psychological needs and symptomatology. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY (MILANO) 2020; 23:492. [PMID: 33585299 PMCID: PMC7875069 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2020.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Loneliness may be a consequence of social distancing, a measure imposed by several governments to try to reduce the contagion of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite being necessary, this measure may have thus caused a rise in mental health issues, leading to higher psychological distress and symptomatology. Thus, it is also important to explore how loneliness relates to the regulation of psychological needs. This study aims to explore the relationships between loneliness, symptomatology, and the regulation of psychological needs. 142 individuals (M age=32.7, SD=10.9), answered self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional design. Results show that loneliness is positively correlated with symptomatology and difficulties in the regulation of psychological needs, with these relationships being mediated by psychological distress and psychological well-being. We discuss our results with a focus on loneliness and related psychopathological symptomatology, as they seem to be core factors in the regulation of psychological needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of Lisbon
- Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Integrative Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Branco Vasco
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of Lisbon
- Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Integrative Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Delgado
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of Lisbon
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Abstract
Viral myocarditis is not uncommon but the role of the influenza virus in causing myocarditis is less studied. It is difficult to diagnose influenza myocarditis. Due to bacterial and viral co-infection during influenza outbreaks, it becomes more difficult to distinguish influenza myocarditis from other causes. Our article provides current information on influenza myocarditis. We did a literature search using appropriate terms and reviewed articles published by November 2020. Our study highlights the incidence of influenza myocarditis and the need to become aware of this condition, especially during epidemics and pandemics. Our study highlights that although influenza myocarditis is a rare condition, it can be fatal. There should be increased awareness about the condition. By the early diagnosis and treatment of influenza myocarditis, we can prevent fatal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischit Baral
- Internal Medicine, McLaren Flint/Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, USA
| | - Prakash Adhikari
- Internal Medicine, Piedmont Athens Regional Medical Center, Athens, USA
| | - Govinda Adhikari
- Internal Medicine, McLaren Flint/Michigan State University, Flint, USA
| | - Sandip Karki
- Internal Medicine, McLaren Flint/Michigan State University, Flint, USA
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Gong Z, Veuthey J, Han Z. What makes people intend to take protective measures against influenza? Perceived risk, efficacy, or trust in authorities. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:1298-1304. [PMID: 32739234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza outbreaks occur annually across the world, causing a global health challenge. This study aims to explore the association between risk perception (perceived severity and perceived probability), perceived efficacy (individual's efficacy and government's efficacy), trust in authorities, and intention to implement influenza protective behaviors. METHODS The data (N = 1,372) used in this paper comes from the 2013 Taiwan Social Change Survey dataset. Six intentions of protective behaviors (getting vaccinated, wearing a mask, washing hands, avoiding going to public settings, sanitizing home, and eating nutritional supplements) were investigated. Tobit and ordered logistic regressions were used to conduct data analysis. RESULTS Respondents were most inclined to washing hands, followed by wearing a mask, avoiding going to public settings, getting vaccine, sanitizing their homes, and eating nutritional supplements. Perceived severity and individual's efficacy were positively correlated with all 6 behavioral intentions. Trust in authorities has positive effect on all the protective behaviors except sanitizing home. Moreover, perceived probability has positive relationships with overall intention, intention to wear mask, and intention to wash hands. Government's efficacy was only positively correlated with eating nutritional supplements. CONCLUSIONS Perceived severity and perceived response efficacy towards flu, as well as trust in authorities were relatively important factors in motivating people's intention to adopt influenza protective behaviors.
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Tang S, Zhu W, Wang BZ. Influenza Vaccines toward Universality through Nanoplatforms and Given by Microneedle Patches. Viruses 2020; 12:E1212. [PMID: 33114336 PMCID: PMC7690886 DOI: 10.3390/v12111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is one of the top threats to public health. The best strategy to prevent influenza is vaccination. Because of the antigenic changes in the major surface antigens of influenza viruses, current seasonal influenza vaccines need to be updated every year to match the circulating strains and are suboptimal for protection. Furthermore, seasonal vaccines do not protect against potential influenza pandemics. A universal influenza vaccine will eliminate the threat of both influenza epidemics and pandemics. Due to the massive challenge in realizing influenza vaccine universality, a single vaccine strategy cannot meet the need. A comprehensive approach that integrates advances in immunogen designs, vaccine and adjuvant nanoplatforms, and vaccine delivery and controlled release has the potential to achieve an effective universal influenza vaccine. This review will summarize the advances in the research and development of an affordable universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.T.); (W.Z.)
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In Vitro Combinations of Baloxavir Acid and Other Inhibitors against Seasonal Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101139. [PMID: 33049959 PMCID: PMC7599940 DOI: 10.3390/v12101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two antiviral classes, the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) and polymerase inhibitors (baloxavir marboxil and favipiravir) can be used to prevent and treat influenza infections during seasonal epidemics and pandemics. However, prolonged treatment may lead to the emergence of drug resistance. Therapeutic combinations constitute an alternative to prevent resistance and reduce antiviral doses. Therefore, we evaluated in vitro combinations of baloxavir acid (BXA) and other approved drugs against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) subtypes. The determination of an effective concentration inhibiting virus cytopathic effects by 50% (EC50) for each drug and combination indexes (CIs) were based on cell viability. CompuSyn software was used to determine synergism, additivity or antagonism between drugs. Combinations of BXA and NAIs or favipiravir had synergistic effects on cell viability against the two influenza A subtypes. Those effects were confirmed using a physiological and predictive ex vivo reconstructed human airway epithelium model. On the other hand, the combination of BXA and ribavirin showed mixed results. Overall, BXA stands as a good candidate for combination with several existing drugs, notably oseltamivir and favipiravir, to improve in vitro antiviral activity. These results should be considered for further animal and clinical evaluations.
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45
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Li Z, Zaiser SA, Shang P, Heiden DL, Hajovsky H, Katwal P, DeVries B, Baker J, Richt JA, Li Y, He B, Fang Y, Huber VC. A chimeric influenza hemagglutinin delivered by parainfluenza virus 5 vector induces broadly protective immunity against genetically divergent influenza a H1 viruses in swine. Vet Microbiol 2020; 250:108859. [PMID: 33039727 PMCID: PMC7500346 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An HA-based vaccine candidate, created by DNA shuffling (HA-113), can be immunogenic when recombinant antigen is expressed by PIV5 (PIV5-113). Immunity induced by the PIV5-113 vaccine can protect mice against infection with 4 of 5 parental HAs used to create the vaccine. Immunity induced by PIV5-113 can protect pigs against infection with an influenza virus isolate that is known to be infectious in pigs.
Pigs are an important reservoir for human influenza viruses, and influenza causes significant economic loss to the swine industry. As demonstrated during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, control of swine influenza virus infection is a critical step toward blocking emergence of human influenza virus. An effective vaccine that can induce broadly protective immunity against heterologous influenza virus strains is critically needed. In our previous studies [McCormick et al., 2015; PLoS One, 10(6):e0127649], we used molecular breeding (DNA shuffling) strategies to increase the breadth of the variable and conserved epitopes expressed within a single influenza A virus chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Chimeric HAs were constructed using parental HAs from the 2009 pandemic virus and swine influenza viruses that had a history of zoonotic transmission to humans. In the current study, we used parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV-5) as a vector to express one of these chimeric HA antigens, HA-113. Recombinant PIV-5 expressing HA-113 (PIV5-113) were rescued, and immunogenicity and protective efficacy were tested in both mouse and pig models. The results showed that PIV5-113 can protect mice and pigs against challenge with viruses expressing parental HAs. The protective immunity was extended against other genetically diversified influenza H1-expressing viruses. Our work demonstrates that PIV5-based influenza vaccines are efficacious as vaccines for pigs. The PIV5 vaccine vector and chimeric HA-113 antigen are discussed in the context of the development of universal influenza vaccines and the potential contribution of PIV5-113 as a candidate universal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, United States
| | - Sarah A Zaiser
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Pengcheng Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, United States
| | - Dustin L Heiden
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Heather Hajovsky
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Pratik Katwal
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Baylor DeVries
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Jack Baker
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Juergen A Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, United States
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, United States
| | - Biao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, United States.
| | - Ying Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, United States.
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States.
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Umuhoza T, Bulimo WD, Oyugi J, Schnabel D, Mancuso JD. Prevalence and factors influencing the distribution of influenza viruses in Kenya: Seven-year hospital-based surveillance of influenza-like illness (2007-2013). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237857. [PMID: 32822390 PMCID: PMC7446924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza viruses remain a global threat with the potential to trigger outbreaks and pandemics. Globally, seasonal influenza viruses’ mortality range from 291 243–645 832 annually, of which 17% occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa. We sought to estimate the overall prevalence of influenza infections in Kenya, identifying factors influencing the distribution of these infections, and describe trends in occurrence from 2007 to 2013. Methods Surveillance was conducted at eight district hospital sites countrywide. Participants who met the case definition for influenza-like illness were enrolled in the surveillance program. The nasopharyngeal specimens were collected from all participants. We tested all specimens for influenza viruses with quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. Bivariate and multivariate log-binomial regression was performed with a statistically significant level of p<0.005. An administrative map of Kenya was used to locate the geographical distribution of surveillance sites in counties. We visualized the monthly trend of influenza viruses with a graph and chart using exponential smoothing at a damping factor of 0.5 over the study period (2007–2013). Results A total of 17446 participants enrolled in the program. The overall prevalence of influenza viruses was 19% (n = 3230), of which 76% (n = 2449) were type A, 21% (n = 669) type B and 3% (n = 112) A/ B coinfection. Of those with type A, 59% (n = 1451) were not subtyped. Seasonal influenza A/H3N2 was found in 48% (n = 475), influenza A/H1N1/pdm 2009 in 43% (n = 434), and seasonal influenza A/ H1N1 in 9% (n = 88) participants. Both genders were represented, whereas a large proportion of participants 55% were ≤1year age. Influenza prevalence was high, 2 times more in other age categories compared to ≤1year age. Category of occupation other than children and school attendees had a high prevalence of influenza virus (p< <0.001). The monthly trends of influenza viruses’ positivity showed no seasonal pattern. Influenza types A and B co-circulated throughout the annual calendar during seven years of the surveillance. Conclusions Influenza viruses circulate year-round and occur among children as well as the adult population in Kenya. Occupational and school-based settings showed a higher prevalence of influenza viruses. There were no regular seasonal patterns for influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Umuhoza
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wallace D. Bulimo
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United State Army Medical Research Directorate – Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Schnabel
- US President’s Malaria Initiative, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - James D. Mancuso
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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CD137 costimulation enhances the antiviral activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells against influenza virus. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:74. [PMID: 32488072 PMCID: PMC7266814 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza epidemics and pandemics are constant threats to global public health. Although strategies including vaccines and antiviral drugs have achieved great advances in controlling influenza virus infection, the efficacy of these strategies is limited by the highly frequent mutations in the viral genome and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Our previous study indicated that boosting the immunity of human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells with the phosphoantigen pamidronate could be a therapeutic strategy to treat seasonal and avian influenza virus infections. However, one notable drawback of γδ-T cell-based immunotherapy is the rapid exhaustion of proliferation and effector responses due to repeated treatments with phosphoantigens. Here, we found that the expression of CD137 was inducible in Vγ9Vδ2-T cells following antigenic stimulation. CD137+ Vγ9Vδ2-T cells displayed more potent antiviral activity against influenza virus than their CD137− counterparts in vitro and in Rag2-/- γc-/- mice. We further demonstrated that CD137 costimulation was essential for Vγ9Vδ2-T cell activation, proliferation, survival and effector functions. In humanized mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CD137 costimulation with a recombinant human CD137L protein boosted the therapeutic effects of pamidronate against influenza virus. Our study provides a novel strategy of targeting CD137 to improve the efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based immunotherapy.
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Thompson AJ, Cao L, Ma Y, Wang X, Diedrich JK, Kikuchi C, Willis S, Worth C, McBride R, Yates JR, Paulson JC. Human Influenza Virus Hemagglutinins Contain Conserved Oligomannose N-Linked Glycans Allowing Potent Neutralization by Lectins. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:725-735.e5. [PMID: 32298658 PMCID: PMC7158820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinins (HAs) from human influenza viruses adapt to bind α2-6-linked sialosides, overcoming a receptor-defined species barrier distinct from the α2-3 specificity of avian virus progenitors. Additionally, human-adapted HAs gain glycosylation sites over time, although their biological function is poorly defined. Using quantitative glycomic analysis, we show that HAs from human pandemic viruses exhibit significant proportions of high-mannose type N-linked glycans throughout the head domain. By contrast, poorly adapted avian-origin HAs contain predominately complex-type glycans, which have greater structural diversity. Although oligomannose levels vary, they are present in all tested recombinant HAs and whole viruses and can be specifically targeted for universal detection. The positions of high-mannose glycosites on the HA of human H1N1 and H3N2 strains are conserved. Additionally, high-mannose-binding lectins possess a broad capacity to neutralize and prevent infection with contemporary H3N2 strains. These findings reveal the biological significance of HA glycosylation and therapeutic potential of targeting these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Liwei Cao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuanhui Ma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chika Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shelby Willis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charli Worth
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines prevent influenza-related illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, these vaccines are not as effective as other viral vaccines, and there is clearly room for improvement. Here, we review the history of seasonal influenza vaccines, describe challenges associated with producing influenza vaccine antigens, and discuss the inherent difficulties of updating influenza vaccine strains each influenza season. We argue that seasonal influenza vaccines can be dramatically improved by modernizing antigen production processes and developing models that are better at predicting viral evolution. Resources should be specifically dedicated to improving seasonal influenza vaccines while developing entirely new vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , ,
| | - Elizabeth M Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , ,
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , ,
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50
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Samadder S. Drosophila melanogaster: A Robust Tool to Study Candidate Drug against Epidemic and Pandemic Diseases. ANIMAL MODELS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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