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Papadopoulou S, Stefi AL, Meletiou-Christou MS, Christodoulakis NS, Gkikas D, Rhizopoulou S. Structural and Physiological Traits of Compound Leaves of Ceratonia siliqua Trees Grown in Urban and Suburban Ambient Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:514. [PMID: 36771599 PMCID: PMC9920102 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ceratonia siliqua L. (carob tree) is an endemic plant to the eastern Mediterranean region. In the present study, anatomical and physiological traits of successively grown compound leaves (i.e., the first, third, fifth and seventh leaves) of C. siliqua were investigated in an attempt to evaluate their growth under urban and suburban environmental conditions. Chlorophyll and phenolic content, as well as the specific leaf area of the compound leaves were determined. Structural traits of leaflets (i.e., thickness of palisade and spongy parenchyma, abaxial and adaxial epidermis, as well as abaxial and adaxial periclinal wall) were also investigated in expanding and fully expanded leaflets. Fully expanded leaflets from urban sites exhibited increased thickness of the lamina and the palisade parenchyma, while the thickness of the spongy parenchyma was thicker in suburban specimens. The palisade tissue was less extended than the spongy tissue in expanding leaflets, while the opposite held true for the expanded leaflets. Moreover, the thickness of the adaxial and the abaxial epidermises, as well as the adaxial and abaxial periclinal wall were higher in suburban leaflets. The chlorophyll content increased concomitantly with the specific leaf area (SLA) of both expanding and expanded leaflets, and strong positive correlations were detected, while the phenolic content declined with the increased SLA of expanding and expanded leaflets. It is noteworthy that the SLA of expanding leaflets in the suburban site was comparable to the SLA of expanded leaflets experiencing air pollution in urban sites; the size and the mass of leaf blades of C. siliqua possess adaptive features to air pollution. These results, linked to the functional structure of expanding and expanded successive foliar tissues, provide valuable assessment information coordinated with an adaptive process and yield of carob trees exposed to the considered ambient conditions, which have not hitherto been published.
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Qaderi MM, Martel AB, Strugnell CA. Environmental Factors Regulate Plant Secondary Metabolites. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12030447. [PMID: 36771531 PMCID: PMC9920071 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic environmental stresses can alter plant metabolism, leading to inhibition or promotion of secondary metabolites. Although the crucial roles of these compounds in plant acclimation and defense are well known, their response to climate change is poorly understood. As the effects of climate change have been increasing, their regulatory aspects on plant secondary metabolism becomes increasingly important. Effects of individual climate change components, including high temperature, elevated carbon dioxide, drought stress, enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation, and their interactions on secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, terpenes, and alkaloids, continue to be studied as evidence mounting. It is important to understand those aspects of secondary metabolites that shape the success of certain plants in the future. This review aims to present and synthesize recent advances in the effects of climate change on secondary metabolism, delving from the molecular aspects to the organismal effects of an increased or decreased concentration of these compounds. A thorough analysis of the current knowledge about the effects of climate change components on plant secondary metabolites should provide us with the required information regarding plant performance under climate change conditions. Further studies should provide more insight into the understanding of multiple environmental factors effects on plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirwais M. Qaderi
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Ashley B. Martel
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Courtney A. Strugnell
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
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Sasidharan H, Chembrakuniyil M, Krishnan S. Green root cultures for enhanced production of camptothecin in Pyrenacantha volubilis Hook. J Biotechnol 2022; 360:62-70. [PMID: 36272577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The roots of Pyrenacantha volubilis contain camptothecin (CPT), a high-value bioactive compound possessing anticancer and anti-HIV properties. Isolated root cultures of P. volubilis established in half MS media fortified with 0.3 mgL-1 indole-3-acetic acid and 0.2 mgL-1 indole-3-butyric acid and transferred to light conditions resulted in induction of green roots which obtained a maximum biomass content of 1.09 ± 0.03 g fresh weight with a growth index of 2.07 ± 0.02 in 60 days. The chlorophyll and camptothecin content of the roots was found to increase throughout the culture period attaining a maximum total chlorophyll content of 2.97 ± 0.004 mgg-1 fresh weight in 60 days and CPT content of 2.59 ± 0.02 mgg-1dry weight in 50 days. In the elicitation studies, the green roots treated with 200 mgL-1 yeast extract yielded a maximum camptothecin content of 5.3 ± 0.40 mgg-1 dry weight in 7 days of incubation, which was a 1.94 fold increase in camptothecin content than the control cultures. The thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis further confirmed the presence of camptothecin (2.17 ± 0.04 mgg-1DW) in the 30 day old in vitro root samples. The overall results suggest the feasibility of green root cultures of P. volubilis as an efficient system for sustainable in vitro production of camptothecin provided further scaling up experiments in bio reactors are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima Sasidharan
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, India
| | - Midhu Chembrakuniyil
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, India
| | - Satheeshkumar Krishnan
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, India.
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Lupitu A, Moisa C, Gavrilaş S, Dochia M, Chambre D, Ciutină V, Copolovici DM, Copolovici L. The Influence of Elevated CO 2 on Volatile Emissions, Photosynthetic Characteristics, and Pigment Content in Brassicaceae Plants Species and Varieties. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070973. [PMID: 35406953 PMCID: PMC9002909 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will determine a sharp increase in carbon dioxide in the following years. To study the influence of elevated carbon dioxide on plants, we grew 13 different species and varieties from the Brassicaceae family at three carbon dioxide concentrations: 400, 800, and 1200 ppmv. The photosynthetic parameters (assimilation rate and stomatal conductance to water vapor) increase for all species. The emission of monoterpenes increases for plants grown at elevated carbon dioxide while the total polyphenols and flavonoids content decrease. The chlorophyll content is affected only for some species (such as Lipidium sativum), while the β-carotene concentrations in the leaves were not affected by carbon dioxide.
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Li W, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang S, Yun Y, Cui J, Peng Y. Elevated CO 2 concentration affects survival, but not development, reproduction, or predation of the predator Hylyphantes graminicola (Araneae: Linyphiidae). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117791. [PMID: 34280744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 concentrations can change the multi-level nutritional relationship of the ecosystem through the cascading effect of the food chain. To date, few studies have investigated the effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the Araneae species through the tritrophic system. Hylyphantes graminicola (Araneae: Linyphiidae) is distributed widely in Asia and is a dominant predator in cotton fields. This study investigated chemical components in the food chain of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)-cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii)-predator (H. graminicola) and compared the development, reproduction, and predation of H. graminicola under ambient (400 ppm) and elevated concentration of CO2 (800 ppm). The results showed that the elevated CO2 concentration increased the chemicals of cotton and cotton aphid, but it did not affect the nutrients, development, reproduction, and predation of the spider. However, the survival rate of the spider was significantly decreased in elevated CO2. The results will further our understanding of the role of natural enemies in an environment with elevated CO2 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shichang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yueli Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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Zhang L, Sun Y, Cheng J, Cui G, Huang Y, Yang Z. Warming mitigates the enhancement effect of elevated air CO 2 on anti-grazer morphological defense in Scenedesmus obliquus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145341. [PMID: 33517020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 and temperature are increasing, which will have substantial impacts on interactions among organisms. While each stressor in isolation has been studied extensively, there has been less focus on their combined effects on the interspecies interaction. In order to reveal how warming and elevated CO2 interact on the induced defense of phytoplankton, we investigated the combined influences of elevated CO2 (750 ppm vs 390 ppm) and high temperature (28 °C and 31 °C vs 25 °C) on grazer Daphnia-induced morphological defense in Scenedesmus obliquus. Results showed that S. obliquus formed big-sized colonies (e.g., four- and eight-celled colonies) as response to Daphnia infochemicals, resulting in an increase in the number of cells per particle. Elevated CO2 further decreased the proportion of unicells from >40% in the populations growing at 390 ppm CO2 without Daphnia filtrate to <7% in the populations growing at 750 ppm CO2 with Daphnia filtrate, with the formation of more than 90% colonies, thus enhancing this morphological defense in S. obliquus. However, under elevated CO2, increasing temperature up to 31 °C remarkably increased the four-celled colonies by at least 159% but decreased the eight-celled colonies by 37% compared with 25 °C. As a result, the maximum cells per particle were significantly decreased to the 390 ppm CO2-grown level at high temperature. The time to reach the maximum cells per particle was also shortened by high temperature under elevated CO2. These results suggest that high temperature has an overwhelming inhibitory effect on the enhanced anti-grazer defense by elevated CO2, which provides significant implications for forecasting the predator-prey interaction changes in freshwater ecosystem under future climate regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiahui Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guilian Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Morris P, Carter EB, Hauck B, Hughes JW, Allison G, Theodorou MK. Responses of Lotus corniculatus to environmental change. 4: Root carbohydrate levels at defoliation and regrowth climatic conditions are major drivers of phenolic content and forage quality. PLANTA 2021; 253:38. [PMID: 33464416 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Differential accumulation of root carbohydrates at defoliation have a higher impact than regrowth environmental conditions on the phenolic content and feed quality of the perennial forage legume Lotus corniculatus. The unpredictable nature of proanthocyanidin (condensed tannin) accumulation in regrowth vegetation of the perennial forage legume Lotus corniculatus represents a dilemma to the wider use of this species in agriculture, and a potential problem in the nutritional ecology of some terrestrial herbivores, as variable condensed tannin levels can result in either beneficial or detrimental effects on animal nutrition. However, the source of this variation has not been extensively explored. High levels of carbon allocation to roots during low-temperature preconditioning of clonal plants were found to significantly increase condensed tannin and flavonol levels in regrowth foliage, while low levels of carbon allocation to roots during periods of high-temperature preconditioning significantly decreased condensed tannin and flavonol levels. Phenolic accumulation and tissue digestibility were also differentially affected by regrowth of these defoliated plants at high CO2 concentrations and by drought. Lower rates of digestion generally paralleled increases in tannin levels in regrowth leaves under the different environmental conditions, with rates of digestion falling in high tannin plants, despite correspondingly higher levels of leaf carbohydrates. Differential accumulation of root carbohydrates between seasons and years may therefore explain some of the variability found in the nutritional quality of the forage of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Morris
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK.
| | - Eunice B Carter
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Barbara Hauck
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - John-Wayne Hughes
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Gordon Allison
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Michael K Theodorou
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, Agriculture Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
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Popović Z, Krstić-Milošević D, Marković M, Vidaković V, Bojović S. Gentiana asclepiadea L. from Two High Mountainous Habitats: Inter- and Intrapopulation Variability Based on Species' Phytochemistry. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010140. [PMID: 33445468 PMCID: PMC7827789 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural populations of Gentiana asclepiadea L., located at two mountainous sites, were HPLC-analyzed regarding the contents of six representative secondary metabolites. The contents of swertiamarin (SWM), gentiopicrin (GP), sweroside (SWZ), mangiferin (MGF), isoorientin (ISOOR), and isovitexin (ISOV) were determined in six populations (three per study site), and separately for aboveground and belowground plant parts. PCA showed a clear separation of four groups according to the contents of the analyzed secondary metabolites. Out of six analyzed compounds, five were present in all samples and only one (SWZ) was found in Golija populations (belowground parts) but not in Vlasina populations, and its presence can be indicative of the geolocation of populations. Clear separation of groups was mostly affected by the different contents of chemical compounds in plant parts (aboveground versus belowground) and by the differences related to population origin (higher content of SWM and GP in belowground parts of individuals from Vlasina populations and higher content of MGF and ISOOR of individuals from Golija populations). The results of this study contribute to the spatiochemical profiling of G. asclepiadea populations and a better understanding of inter- and intrapopulation variability of pharmacologically important compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Popović
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.); (V.V.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dijana Krstić-Milošević
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milena Marković
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.); (V.V.); (S.B.)
| | - Vera Vidaković
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.); (V.V.); (S.B.)
| | - Srđan Bojović
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.); (V.V.); (S.B.)
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CO2 enrichment: Enhancing antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities in Arthrospira platensis. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Morris H, Hietala AM, Jansen S, Ribera J, Rosner S, Salmeia KA, Schwarze FWMR. Using the CODIT model to explain secondary metabolites of xylem in defence systems of temperate trees against decay fungi. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:701-720. [PMID: 31420666 PMCID: PMC7182590 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In trees, secondary metabolites (SMs) are essential for determining the effectiveness of defence systems against fungi and why defences are sometimes breached. Using the CODIT model (Compartmentalization of Damage/Dysfunction in Trees), we explain defence processes at the cellular level. CODIT is a highly compartmented defence system that relies on the signalling, synthesis and transport of defence compounds through a three-dimensional lattice of parenchyma against the spread of decay fungi in xylem. SCOPE The model conceptualizes 'walls' that are pre-formed, formed during and formed after wounding events. For sapwood, SMs range in molecular size, which directly affects performance and the response times in which they can be produced. When triggered, high-molecular weight SMs such as suberin and lignin are synthesized slowly (phytoalexins), but can also be in place at the time of wounding (phytoanticipins). In contrast, low-molecular weight phenolic compounds such as flavonoids can be manufactured de novo (phytoalexins) rapidly in response to fungal colonization. De novo production of SMs can be regulated in response to fungal pathogenicity levels. The protective nature of heartwood is partly based on the level of accumulated antimicrobial SMs (phytoanticipins) during the transitionary stage into a normally dead substance. Effectiveness against fungal colonization in heartwood is largely determined by the genetics of the host. CONCLUSION Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of SMs in trees in the context of CODIT, with emphasis on the relationship between defence, carbohydrate availability and the hydraulic system.We also raise the limitations of the CODIT model and suggest its modification, encompassing other defence theory concepts. We envisage the development of a new defence system that is modular based and incorporates all components (and organs) of the tree from micro- to macro-scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Morris
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ari M Hietala
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Javier Ribera
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Khalifah A Salmeia
- Laboratory of Advanced Fibers, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Francis W M R Schwarze
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Austen N, Walker HJ, Lake JA, Phoenix GK, Cameron DD. The Regulation of Plant Secondary Metabolism in Response to Abiotic Stress: Interactions Between Heat Shock and Elevated CO 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1463. [PMID: 31803207 PMCID: PMC6868642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Future climate change is set to have an impact on the physiological performance of global vegetation. Increasing temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration will affect plant growth, net primary productivity, photosynthetic capability, and other biochemical functions that are essential for normal metabolic function. Alongside the primary metabolic function effects of plant growth and development, the effect of stress on plant secondary metabolism from both biotic and abiotic sources will be impacted by changes in future climate. Using an untargeted metabolomic fingerprinting approach alongside emissions measurements, we investigate for the first time how elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature both independently and interactively impact on plant secondary metabolism through resource allocation, with a resulting "trade-off" between secondary metabolic processes in Salix spp. and in particular, isoprene biosynthesis. Although it has been previously reported that isoprene is suppressed in times of elevated CO2, and that isoprene emissions increase as a response to short-term heat shock, no study has investigated the interactive effects at the metabolic level. We have demonstrated that at a metabolic level isoprene is still being produced during periods of both elevated CO2 and temperature, and that ultimately temperature has the greater effect. With global temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations rising as a result of anthropogenic activity, it is imperative to understand the interactions between atmospheric processes and global vegetation, especially given that global isoprene emissions have the potential to contribute to atmospheric warming mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Austen
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Heather J Walker
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Janice Ann Lake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth K Phoenix
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Stark S, Martz F. Gender Dimorphism Does Not Affect Secondary Compound Composition in Juniperus communis After Shoot Cutting in Northern Boreal Forests. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1910. [PMID: 30622553 PMCID: PMC6308805 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to a difference in plant resource allocation to reproduction, the males of dioecious plants may be more growth-orientated, whereas females may allocate more resources for synthesizing secondary compounds. This mechanism is considered to cause gender-specific differences in the plant responses to the loss of plant biomass. Here, we tested gender dimorphism in the responses of common juniper (Juniperus communis) to shoot cutting in four juniper populations located in northern boreal forests in Finland. We collected shoots from uncut junipers and from junipers subjected to shoot cutting in the previous year, and analyzed them for their shoot growth as well as phenolic and terpenoid concentrations. There were no differences in foliar phenolic or terpenoid concentrations between the males and the females. Shoot cutting increased phenolic but not terpenoid concentrations, similarly, in both males and females. Our study reveals that the nature of gender dimorphism may differ among species and locations, which should be considered in theories on plant gender dimorphism. Given the similar phenolic and terpene concentrations in both genders, the different sexes in the northern juniper populations might experience equal levels of herbivory. This lack of gender dimorphism in biotic interactions could result from the high need of plant secondary metabolites (PSM) against abiotic stresses, which is typical for juniper at high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Stark
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
- Production System Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Françoise Martz
- Production System Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Rovaniemi, Finland
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13
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de Simón BF, Cadahía E, Aranda I. Metabolic response to elevated CO 2 levels in Pinus pinaster Aiton needles in an ontogenetic and genotypic-dependent way. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:202-212. [PMID: 30216778 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global climate changes involve elevated atmospheric [CO2], fostering the carbon allocation to tree sink tissues, partitioning it into metabolic pathways. We use metabolomics analysis in adult and juvenile needles of four Pinus pinaster genotypes exposed to two levels of growth [CO2]: ambient (400 μmol mol-1) and enriched (800 μmol mol-1), to know if the metabolic responses are genotype-dependent and vary according to the stage of needle ontogeny. The eCO2-induced changes in the needle metabolomes are more significant in secondary metabolism pathways and especially meaningful in juvenile needles. The heteroblasty has important consequences in the expression of the metabolome, and on the plasticity to CO2, determining the level of specific metabolite accumulation, showing an interdependence between adult and juvenile needles. The P. pinaster needle metabolomes also show clear quantitative differences linked to genotype, as well as regarding the metabolic response to eCO2, showing both, common and genotype-specific biochemical responses. Thus, the changes in flavonol levels are mainly genotype-independent, while those in terpenoid and free fatty acids are mainly genotype-dependent, ratifying the importance of genotype to determine the metabolic response to eCO2. To understand the adaptation mechanisms that tree species can develop to cope with eCO2 it is necessary to know the genetically distinct responses within a species to recognize the CO2-induced changes from the divergent approaches, what can facilitate knowing also the possible interrelation of the physiological and metabolic responses. That could explain the controversial effects of eCO2 on the carbon-based metabolite in conifers, at the inter- and intra-specific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida Fernández de Simón
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estrella Cadahía
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía Del Agua (INAGEA), Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
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14
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Liu JX, Feng K, Wang GL, Xu ZS, Wang F, Xiong AS. Elevated CO 2 induces alteration in lignin accumulation in celery (Apium graveolens L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:310-319. [PMID: 29653434 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important regulator of plant growth and development, and its proportion in the atmosphere continues to rise now. Lignin is one of the major secondary products in plants with vital biological functions. However, the relationship between CO2 level and xylogenesis in celery is still unknown. In order to investigate the effects of increasing CO2 concentration on lignin accumulation in celery, 'Jinnanshiqin' were exposed to two CO2 applications, 400 (e0) and 1000 μmol mol-1 (e1), respectively. Plant morphology and lignin distribution in celery plants treated with elevated CO2 did not change significantly. There was an upward trend on lignin content in celery leaves, and the transcript abundance of 12 genes involved in lignin metabolism has altered in response to elevated CO2. The effects of high level of CO2 on different tissues were different. Our works confirmed that CO2 may play an important role in lignin accumulation in celery leaves. The current study will offer new evidence to understand the regulation mechanism of lignin biosynthesis under elevated CO2 and provide a reference to improve celery quality by adjusting the growth environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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15
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Randriamanana TR, Nissinen K, Ovaskainen A, Lavola A, Peltola H, Albrectsen B, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Does fungal endophyte inoculation affect the responses of aspen seedlings to carbon dioxide enrichment? FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Zhang Y, Virjamo V, Du W, Yin Y, Nissinen K, Nybakken L, Guo H, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Effects of soil pyrene contamination on growth and phenolics in Norway spruce (Picea abies) are modified by elevated temperature and CO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12788-12799. [PMID: 29473139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
With the constant accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and increasing temperature and CO2 levels, plants will inevitably be exposed to combined stress. Studies on the effects of such combined stresses are needed to develop mitigation and adaptation measures. Here, we investigated the effects of soil pyrene contamination (50 mg kg-1) on growth and phenolics of 1-year-old Norway spruce seedlings from five different origins in Finland at elevated temperature (+ 2 °C) and CO2 (+ 360 ppm). Pyrene significantly decreased spruce height growth (0-48%), needle biomass (0-44%), stem biomass (0-43%), and total phenolic concentrations in needles (2-13%) and stems (1-19%) compared to control plants. Elevated temperature alone did not affect growth but led to lower concentrations of total phenolics in needles (5-29%) and stems (5-18%) in both soil treatments. By contrast, elevated CO2 led to higher needle biomass (0-39%) in pyrene-spiked soils and higher concentrations of stem phenolics (0-18%) in pyrene-spiked and control soils compared to ambient treatments. The decrease in height growth and phenolic concentrations caused by pyrene was greater at elevated temperature, while elevated CO2 only marginally modified the response. Seedlings from different origins showed different responses to the combined environmental stressors. The changes in growth and in the quantity and quality of phenolics in this study suggest that future climate changes will aggravate the negative influence of soil pyrene pollution on northern conifer forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Virpi Virjamo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Wenchao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Katri Nissinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Line Nybakken
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
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17
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Xu D, Schaum CE, Lin F, Sun K, Munroe JR, Zhang XW, Fan X, Teng LH, Wang YT, Zhuang ZM, Ye N. Acclimation of bloom-forming and perennial seaweeds to elevated pCO 2 conserved across levels of environmental complexity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4828-4839. [PMID: 28346724 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae contribute approximately 15% of the primary productivity in coastal marine ecosystems, fix up to 27.4 Tg of carbon per year, and provide important structural components for life in coastal waters. Despite this ecological and commercial importance, direct measurements and comparisons of the short-term responses to elevated pCO2 in seaweeds with different life-history strategies are scarce. Here, we cultured several seaweed species (bloom forming/nonbloom forming/perennial/annual) in the laboratory, in tanks in an indoor mesocosm facility, and in coastal mesocosms under pCO2 levels ranging from 400 to 2,000 μatm. We find that, across all scales of the experimental setup, ephemeral species of the genus Ulva increase their photosynthesis and growth rates in response to elevated pCO2 the most, whereas longer-lived perennial species show a smaller increase or a decrease. These differences in short-term growth and photosynthesis rates are likely to give bloom-forming green seaweeds a competitive advantage in mixed communities, and our results thus suggest that coastal seaweed assemblages in eutrophic waters may undergo an initial shift toward communities dominated by bloom-forming, short-lived seaweeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Fan Lin
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ke Sun
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - James R Munroe
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Xiao W Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin H Teng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi T Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhi M Zhuang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Naihao Ye
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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18
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Ruocco M, Musacchia F, Olivé I, Costa MM, Barrote I, Santos R, Sanges R, Procaccini G, Silva J. Genomewide transcriptional reprogramming in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa under experimental ocean acidification. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:4241-4259. [PMID: 28614601 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the first use of massive-scale RNA-sequencing to explore seagrass response to CO2 -driven ocean acidification (OA). Large-scale gene expression changes in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa occurred at CO2 levels projected by the end of the century. C. nodosa transcriptome was obtained using Illumina RNA-Seq technology and de novo assembly, and differential gene expression was explored in plants exposed to short-term high CO2 /low pH conditions. At high pCO2 , there was a significant increased expression of transcripts associated with photosynthesis, including light reaction functions and CO2 fixation, and also to respiratory pathways, specifically for enzymes involved in glycolysis, in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in the energy metabolism of the mitochondrial electron transport. The upregulation of respiratory metabolism is probably supported by the increased availability of photosynthates and increased energy demand for biosynthesis and stress-related processes under elevated CO2 and low pH. The upregulation of several chaperones resembling heat stress-induced changes in gene expression highlighted the positive role these proteins play in tolerance to intracellular acid stress in seagrasses. OA further modifies C. nodosa secondary metabolism inducing the transcription of enzymes related to biosynthesis of carbon-based secondary compounds, in particular the synthesis of polyphenols and isoprenoid compounds that have a variety of biological functions including plant defence. By demonstrating which physiological processes are most sensitive to OA, this research provides a major advance in the understanding of seagrass metabolism in the context of altered seawater chemistry from global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ruocco
- CCMar-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Irene Olivé
- CCMar-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Monya M Costa
- CCMar-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Barrote
- CCMar-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Rui Santos
- CCMar-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Remo Sanges
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - João Silva
- CCMar-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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19
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Chang JD, Mantri N, Sun B, Jiang L, Chen P, Jiang B, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Shen J, Lu H, Liang Z. Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on Gynostemma pentaphyllum physiology and bioactive compounds. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 196-197:41-52. [PMID: 27054772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, an important topic of research has been how climate change is seriously threatening the sustainability of agricultural production. However, there is surprisingly little experimental data regarding how elevated temperature and CO2 will affect the growth of medicinal plants and production of bioactive compounds. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on the photosynthetic process, biomass, total sugars, antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacity, and bioactive compounds of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Two different CO2 concentrations [360 and 720μmolmol(-1)] were imposed on plants grown at two different temperature regimes of 23/18 and 28/23°C (day/night) for 60days. Results show that elevated CO2 and temperature significantly increase the biomass, particularly in proportion to inflorescence total dry weight. The chlorophyll content in leaves increased under the elevated temperature and CO2. Further, electron transport rate (ETR), photochemical quenching (qP), actual photochemical quantum yield (Yield), instantaneous photosynthetic rate (Photo), transpiration rate (Trmmol) and stomatal conductance (Cond) also increased to different degrees under elevated CO2 and temperature. Moreover, elevated CO2 increased the level of total sugars and gypenoside A, but decreased the total antioxidant capacity and main antioxidant compounds in different organs of G. pentaphyllum. Accumulation of total phenolics and flavonoids also decreased in leaves, stems, and inflorescences under elevated CO2 and temperature. Overall, our data indicate that the predicted increase in atmospheric temperature and CO2 could improve the biomass of G. pentaphyllum, but they would reduce its health-promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Dong Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Nitin Mantri
- School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bin Sun
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Li Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Zhengdong Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jialei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hongfei Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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20
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The regulation by phenolic compounds of soil organic matter dynamics under a changing environment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:825098. [PMID: 26495314 PMCID: PMC4606107 DOI: 10.1155/2015/825098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenolics are the most abundant plant metabolites and are believed to decompose slowly in soils compared to other soil organic matter (SOM). Thus, they have often been considered as a slow carbon (C) pool in soil dynamics models. Here, however, we review changes in our concept about the turnover rate of phenolics and quantification of different types of phenolics in soils. Also, we synthesize current research on the degradation of phenolics and their regulatory effects on decomposition. Environmental changes, such as elevated CO2, warming, nitrogen (N) deposition, and drought, could influence the production and form of phenolics, leading to a change in SOM dynamics, and thus we also review the fate of phenolics under environmental disturbances. Finally, we propose the use of phenolics as a tool to control rates of SOM decomposition to stabilize organic carbon in ecosystems. Further studies to clarify the role of phenolics in SOM dynamics should include improving quantification methods, elucidating the relationship between phenolics and soil microorganisms, and determining the interactive effects of combinations of environmental changes on the phenolics production and degradation and subsequent impact on SOM processing.
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21
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Günthardt-Goerg MS, Vollenweider P. Responses of beech and spruce foliage to elevated carbon dioxide, increased nitrogen deposition and soil type. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv067. [PMID: 26092041 PMCID: PMC4522038 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although enhanced carbon fixation by forest trees may contribute significantly to mitigating an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), capacities for this vary greatly among different tree species and locations. This study compared reactions in the foliage of a deciduous and a coniferous tree species (important central European trees, beech and spruce) to an elevated supply of CO2 and evaluated the importance of the soil type and increased nitrogen deposition on foliar nutrient concentrations and cellular stress reactions. During a period of 4 years, beech (represented by trees from four different regions) and spruce saplings (eight regions), planted together on either acidic or calcareous forest soil in the experimental model ecosystem chambers, were exposed to single and combined treatments consisting of elevated carbon dioxide (+CO2, 590 versus 374 μL L(-1)) and elevated wet nitrogen deposition (+ND, 50 versus 5 kg ha(-1) a(-1)). Leaf size and foliage mass of spruce were increased by +CO2 on both soil types, but those of beech by +ND on the calcareous soil only. The magnitude of the effects varied among the tree origins in both species. Moreover, the concentration of secondary compounds (proanthocyanidins) and the leaf mass per area, as a consequence of cell wall thickening, were also increased and formed important carbon sinks within the foliage. Although the species elemental concentrations differed in their response to CO2 fertilization, the +CO2 treatment effect was weakened by an acceleration of cell senescence in both species, as shown by a decrease in photosynthetic pigment and nitrogen concentration, discolouration and stress symptoms at the cell level; the latter were stronger in beech than spruce. Hence, young trees belonging to a species with different ecological niches can show contrasting responses in their foliage size, but similar responses at the cell level, upon exposure to elevated levels of CO2. The soil type and its nutrient supply largely determined the fertilization gain, especially in the case of beech trees with a narrow ecological amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Silvia Günthardt-Goerg
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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22
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Singh A, Agrawal M. Effects of ambient and elevated CO2 on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants, and secondary metabolites of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G Don. grown under three different soil N levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:3936-46. [PMID: 25304238 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus L. plants were grown under ambient (375 ± 30 ppm) and elevated (560 ± 25 ppm) concentrations of atmospheric CO2 at different rates of N supply (without supplemental N, 0 kg N ha(-1); recommended N, 50 kg N ha(-1); and double recommended N, 100 kg N ha(-1)) in open top chambers under field condition. Elevated CO2 significantly increased photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic efficiency, and organic carbon content in leaves at recommended (RN) and double recommended N (DRN), while significantly decreased total nitrogen content in without supplemental N (WSN). Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase were declined, while glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine-ammonia lyase were stimulated under elevated CO2. However, the responses of the above enzymes were modified with different rates of N supply. Elevated CO2 significantly reduced superoxide production rate, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde contents in RN and DRN. Compared with ambient, total alkaloids content increased maximally at recommended level of N, while total phenolics in WSN under elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 stimulated growth of plants by increasing plant height and numbers of branches and leaves, and the magnitude of increment were maximum in DRN. The study suggests that elevated CO2 has positively affected plants by increasing growth and alkaloids production and reducing the level of oxidative stress. However, the positive effects of elevated CO2 were comparatively lesser in plants grown under limited N availability than in moderate and higher N availability. Furthermore, the excess N supply in DRN has stimulated the growth but not the alkaloids production under elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Singh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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23
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Hofmann LC, Bischof K, Baggini C, Johnson A, Koop-Jakobsen K, Teichberg M. CO₂ and inorganic nutrient enrichment affect the performance of a calcifying green alga and its noncalcifying epiphyte. Oecologia 2015; 177:1157-69. [PMID: 25648647 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification studies in the past decade have greatly improved our knowledge of how calcifying organisms respond to increased surface ocean CO2 levels. It has become evident that, for many organisms, nutrient availability is an important factor that influences their physiological responses and competitive interactions with other species. Therefore, we tested how simulated ocean acidification and eutrophication (nitrate and phosphate enrichment) interact to affect the physiology and ecology of a calcifying chlorophyte macroalga (Halimeda opuntia (L.) J.V. Lamouroux) and its common noncalcifying epiphyte (Dictyota sp.) in a 4-week fully crossed multifactorial experiment. Inorganic nutrient enrichment (+NP) had a strong influence on all responses measured with the exception of net calcification. Elevated CO2 alone significantly decreased electron transport rates of the photosynthetic apparatus and resulted in phosphorus limitation in both species, but had no effect on oxygen production or respiration. The combination of CO2 and +NP significantly increased electron transport rates in both species. While +NP alone stimulated H. opuntia growth rates, Dictyota growth was significantly stimulated by nutrient enrichment only at elevated CO2, which led to the highest biomass ratios of Dictyota to Halimeda. Our results suggest that inorganic nutrient enrichment alone stimulates several aspects of H. opuntia physiology, but nutrient enrichment at a CO2 concentration predicted for the end of the century benefits Dictyota sp. and hinders its calcifying basibiont H. opuntia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie C Hofmann
- Marine Botany, Bremen Marine Ecology Centre for Research and Education, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. NW2, 28359, Bremen, Germany,
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24
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Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZE, Karimi E, Ashkani S. Changes in nutritional metabolites of young ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in response to elevated carbon dioxide. Molecules 2014; 19:16693-706. [PMID: 25325154 PMCID: PMC6270952 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of atmospheric CO2 due to global climate change or horticultural practices has direct and indirect effects on food crop quality. One question that needs to be asked, is whether CO2 enrichment affects the nutritional quality of Malaysian young ginger plants. Responses of total carbohydrate, fructose, glucose, sucrose, protein, soluble amino acids and antinutrients to either ambient (400 μmol/mol) and elevated (800 μmol/mol) CO2 treatments were determined in the leaf and rhizome of two ginger varieties namely Halia Bentong and Halia Bara. Increasing of CO2 level from ambient to elevated resulted in increased content of total carbohydrate, sucrose, glucose, and fructose in the leaf and rhizome of ginger varieties. Sucrose was the major sugar followed by glucose and fructose in the leaf and rhizome extract of both varieties. Elevated CO2 resulted in a reduction of total protein content in the leaf (H. Bentong: 38.0%; H. Bara: 35.4%) and rhizome (H. Bentong: 29.0%; H. Bara: 46.2%). In addition, under CO2 enrichment, the concentration of amino acids increased by approximately 14.5% and 98.9% in H. Bentong and 12.0% and 110.3% in H. Bara leaf and rhizome, respectively. The antinutrient contents (cyanide and tannin) except phytic acid were influenced significantly (P ≤ 0.05) by CO2 concentration. Leaf extract of H. Bara exposed to elevated CO2 exhibited highest content of cyanide (336.1 mg HCN/kg DW), while, highest content of tannin (27.5 g/kg DW) and phytic acid (54.1 g/kg DW) were recorded from H.Bara rhizome grown under elevated CO2. These results demonstrate that the CO2 enrichment technique could improve content of some amino acids and antinutrients of ginger as a food crop by enhancing its nutritional and health-promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hawa Z E Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ehsan Karimi
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sadegh Ashkani
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Arnold T, Freundlich G, Weilnau T, Verdi A, Tibbetts IR. Impacts of groundwater discharge at Myora Springs (North Stradbroke Island, Australia) on the phenolic metabolism of eelgrass, Zostera muelleri, and grazing by the juvenile rabbitfish, Siganus fuscescens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104738. [PMID: 25127379 PMCID: PMC4134225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myora Springs is one of many groundwater discharge sites on North Stradbroke Island (Queensland, Australia). Here spring waters emerge from wetland forests to join Moreton Bay, mixing with seawater over seagrass meadows dominated by eelgrass, Zostera muelleri. We sought to determine how low pH/high CO2 conditions near the spring affect these plants and their interactions with the black rabbitfish (Siganus fuscescens), a co-occurring grazer. In paired-choice feeding trials S. fuscescens preferentially consumed Z. muelleri shoots collected nearest to Myora Springs. Proximity to the spring did not significantly alter the carbon and nitrogen contents of seagrass tissues but did result in the extraordinary loss of soluble phenolics, including Folin-reactive phenolics, condensed tannins, and phenolic acids by ≥87%. Conversely, seagrass lignin contents were, in this and related experiments, unaffected or increased, suggesting a shift in secondary metabolism away from the production of soluble, but not insoluble, (poly)phenolics. We suggest that groundwater discharge sites such as Myora Springs, and other sites characterized by low pH, are likely to be popular feeding grounds for seagrass grazers seeking to reduce their exposure to soluble phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Arnold
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology program, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Grace Freundlich
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology program, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Taylor Weilnau
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology program, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arielle Verdi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology program, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ian R. Tibbetts
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Top SM, Filley TR. Effects of elevated CO2 on the extractable amino acids of leaf litter and fine roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1257-1266. [PMID: 24635834 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations can change chemistry and input rate of plant tissue to soil, potentially influencing above- and below-ground biogeochemical cycles. Given the important role played by leaf and root litter chemistry in controlling ecosystem function and vulnerability to environmental stresses, we investigated the hydrolyzable amino acid distribution and concentration in leaf and fine root litter among control and elevated CO2 treatments at the Rhinelander free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment (WI, USA). We extracted hydrolyzable amino acids from leaf litter and fine (< 2 mm) roots at three depths for both control and elevated CO2 plots. We found that elevated CO2 decreased the proportion of total leaf amino acid carbon (C), but had no effect on total leaf amino acid nitrogen (N). There was no treatment effect for total root amino acid N or amino acid C for any depth. The decrease in leaf amino acids is probably a result of the shift of protein compounds to more structural compounds. Despite the decrease in leaf amino acid C concentrations, the overall increase in annual plant production under elevated CO2 would result in an increase in plant amino acids to the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Top
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, & Planetary Sciences, and the Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Timothy R Filley
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, & Planetary Sciences, and the Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Allocation of secondary metabolites, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidant activity of Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth) in response to CO2 and light intensity. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:360290. [PMID: 24683336 PMCID: PMC3934534 DOI: 10.1155/2014/360290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A split plot 3 by 4 experiment was designed to investigate and distinguish the relationships among production of secondary metabolites, soluble sugar, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) activity, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll content, antioxidant activity (DPPH), and lipid peroxidation under three levels of CO2 (400, 800, and 1200 μ mol/mol) and four levels of light intensity (225, 500, 625, and 900 μ mol/m(2)/s) over 15 weeks in Labisia pumila. The production of plant secondary metabolites, sugar, chlorophyll content, antioxidant activity, and malondialdehyde content was influenced by the interactions between CO2 and irradiance. The highest accumulation of secondary metabolites, sugar, maliondialdehyde, and DPPH activity was observed under CO2 at 1200 μ mol/mol + light intensity at 225 μ mol/m(2)/s. Meanwhile, at 400 μ mol/mol CO2 + 900 μ mol/m(2)/s light intensity the production of chlorophyll and maliondialdehyde content was the highest. As CO2 levels increased from 400 to 1200 μ mol/mol the photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, f v /f m (maximum efficiency of photosystem II), and PAL activity were enhanced. The production of secondary metabolites displayed a significant negative relationship with maliondialdehyde indicating lowered oxidative stress under high CO2 and low irradiance improved the production of plant secondary metabolites that simultaneously enhanced the antioxidant activity (DPPH), thus improving the medicinal value of Labisia pumila under this condition.
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Stevens MT, Gusse AC, Lindroth RL. Root Chemistry in Populus tremuloides: Effects of Soil Nutrients, Defoliation, and Genotype. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:31-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Foss AR, Mattson WJ, Trier TM. Effects of elevated CO2 leaf diets on gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) respiration rates. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:503-514. [PMID: 23726059 DOI: 10.1603/en12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of CO2 affect plant growth and leaf chemistry, which in turn can alter host plant suitability for insect herbivores. We examined the suitability of foliage from trees grown from seedlings since 1997 at Aspen FACE as diet for the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae: paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall) in 2004-2005, and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) in 2006-2007, and measured consequent effects on larval respiration. Leaves were collected for diet and leaf chemistry (nutritional and secondary compound proxies) from trees grown under ambient (average 380 ppm) and elevated CO2 (average 560 ppm) conditions. Elevated CO2 did not significantly alter birch or aspen leaf chemistry compared with ambient levels with the exception that birch percent carbon in 2004 and aspen moisture content in 2006 were significantly lowered. Respiration rates were significantly higher (15-59%) for larvae reared on birch grown under elevated CO2 compared with ambient conditions, but were not different on two aspen clones, until larvae reached the fifth instar, when those consuming elevated CO2 leaves on clone 271 had lower (26%) respiration rates, and those consuming elevated CO2 leaves on clone 216 had higher (36%) respiration rates. However, elevated CO2 had no apparent effect on the respiration rates of pupae derived from larvae fed either birch or aspen leaves. Higher respiration rates for larvae fed diets grown under ambient or elevated CO2 demonstrates their lower efficiency of converting chemical energy of digested food stuffs extracted from such leaves into their biosynthetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Foss
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecosystem Studies, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander WI 54501, USA.
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Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZE, Karimi E, Ibrahim MH. Combined effect of CO(2) enrichment and foliar application of salicylic acid on the production and antioxidant activities of anthocyanin, flavonoids and isoflavonoids from ginger. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:229. [PMID: 23176249 PMCID: PMC3545976 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in atmospheric CO(2) concentration caused by climate change and agricultural practices is likely to affect biota by producing changes in plant growth, allocation and chemical composition. This study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of the application of salicylic acid (SA, at two levels: 0 and 10-3 M) and CO(2) enrichment (at two levels: 400 and 800 μmol·mol-1) on the production and antioxidant activities of anthocyanin, flavonoids and isoflavonoids from two Malaysian ginger varieties, namely Halia Bentong and Halia Bara. METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection and mass spectrometry was employed to identify and quantify the flavonoids and anthocyanins in the ginger extracts. The antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts was determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assays. The substrate specificity of chalcone synthase, the key enzyme for flavonoid biosynthesis, was investigated using the chalcone synthase (CHS) assay. RESULTS CO(2) levels of 800 μmol·mol-1 significantly increased anthocyanin, rutin, naringenin, myricetin, apigenin, fisetin and morin contents in ginger leaves. Meanwhile, the combined effect of SA and CO(2) enrichment enhanced anthocyanin and flavonoid production compared with single treatment effects. High anthocyanin content was observed in H Bara leaves treated with elevated CO(2) and SA. The highest chalcone synthase (CHS) activity was observed in plants treated with SA and CO(2) enrichment. Plants not treated with SA and kept under ambient CO(2) conditions showed the lowest CHS activity. The highest free radical scavenging activity corresponded to H Bara treated with SA under high CO(2) conditions, while the lowest activity corresponded to H Bentong without SA treatment and under atmospheric CO(2) levels. As the level of CO(2) increased, the DPPH activity increased. Higher TBA activity was also recorded in the extracts of H Bara treated with SA and grown under high CO(2) conditions. CONCLUSIONS The biological activities of both ginger varieties were enhanced when the plants were treated with SA and grown under elevated CO(2) concentration. The increase in the production of anthocyanin and flavonoids in plants treated with SA could be attributed to the increase in CHS activity under high CO(2) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hawa ZE Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ehsan Karimi
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Novriyanti E, Watanabe M, Kitao M, Utsugi H, Uemura A, Koike T. High nitrogen and elevated [CO2] effects on the growth, defense and photosynthetic performance of two eucalypt species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 170:124-130. [PMID: 22784683 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition and [CO(2)] are increasing and represent environmental problems. Planting fast-growing species is prospering to moderate these environmental impacts by fixing CO(2). Therefore, we examined the responses of growth, photosynthesis, and defense chemical in leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla (U) and the hybrid of E. deglupta × E. camadulensis (H) to different CO(2) and nitrogen levels. High nitrogen load significantly increased plant growth, leaf N, net photosynthetic rate (A(growth)), and photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE). High CO(2) significantly increased A(growth), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) and WUE. Secondary metabolite (SM, i.e. total phenolics and condensed tannin) was specifically altered; as SM of U increased by high N load but not by elevated [CO(2)], and vice versa for SM of H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Novriyanti
- Research Institute of Fiber Technology for Plantation Forest, FORDA, Ministry of Forestry, Kotak Pos 4/BKN, Bangkinang 28401, Riau, Indonesia.
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Richet N, Afif D, Tozo K, Pollet B, Maillard P, Huber F, Priault P, Banvoy J, Gross P, Dizengremel P, Lapierre C, Perré P, Cabané M. Elevated CO2 and/or ozone modify lignification in the wood of poplars (Populus tremula x alba). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4291-301. [PMID: 22553285 PMCID: PMC3398455 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Trees will have to cope with increasing levels of CO(2) and ozone in the atmosphere. The purpose of this work was to assess whether the lignification process could be altered in the wood of poplars under elevated CO(2) and/or ozone. Young poplars were exposed either to charcoal-filtered air (control), to elevated CO(2) (800 μl l(-1)), to ozone (200 nl l(-1)) or to a combination of elevated CO(2) and ozone in controlled chambers. Lignification was analysed at different levels: biosynthesis pathway activities (enzyme and transcript), lignin content, and capacity to incorporate new assimilates by using (13)C labelling. Elevated CO(2) and ozone had opposite effects on many parameters (growth, biomass, cambial activity, wood cell wall thickness) except on lignin content which was increased by elevated CO(2) and/or ozone. However, this increased lignification was due to different response mechanisms. Under elevated CO(2), carbon supply to the stem and effective lignin synthesis were enhanced, leading to increased lignin content, although there was a reduction in the level of some enzyme and transcript involved in the lignin pathway. Ozone treatment induced a reduction in carbon supply and effective lignin synthesis as well as transcripts from all steps of the lignin pathway and some corresponding enzyme activities. However, lignin content was increased under ozone probably due to variations in other major components of the cell wall. Both mechanisms seemed to coexist under combined treatment and resulted in a high increase in lignin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Richet
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Dany Afif
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Koffi Tozo
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
- Département de Botanique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, BP 1515 Lomé, Togo
| | - Brigitte Pollet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Pascale Maillard
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Françoise Huber
- INRA, UMR 1092 LERFOB, ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France; AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Pierrick Priault
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Jacques Banvoy
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Patrick Gross
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Pierre Dizengremel
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Catherine Lapierre
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Patrick Perré
- INRA, UMR 1092 LERFOB, ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France; AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France
- Ecole Centrale Paris, LGPM, Grande Voie des Vignes, 92 295 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mireille Cabané
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
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Lhotáková Z, Urban O, Dubánková M, Cvikrová M, Tomášková I, Kubínová L, Zvára K, Marek MV, Albrechtová J. The impact of long-term CO2 enrichment on sun and shade needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies): photosynthetic performance, needle anatomy and phenolics accumulation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 188-189:60-70. [PMID: 22525245 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) grown under ambient (365-377 μmol(CO(2)) mol(-1); AC) and elevated (700 μmol(CO(2)) mol(-1); EC) CO(2) concentrations within glass domes with automatically adjustable windows and on an open-air control site were studied after 8 years of treatment. The effect of EC on photosynthesis, mesophyll structure and phenolics accumulation in sun and shade needles was examined. Photosynthetic assimilation and dark respiration rates were measured gasometrically; the structural parameters of mesophyll were determined using confocal microscopy and stereological methods. The contents of total soluble phenolics and lignin were assessed spectrophotometrically, and localizations of different phenolic groups were detected histochemically on needle cross-sections. EC enhanced the light-saturated CO(2) assimilation rate and reduced dark respiration in the current-year needles. No effects of CO(2) enrichment on mesophyll structural parameters were observed. Similarly, the accumulation and localization of phenolics and lignin remained unaffected by EC treatment. Needles differentiated into sun and shade ecotypes in the same manner and to the same extent irrespective of CO(2) treatment. Based on these results, it is apparent that the EC-induced enhancement of photosynthesis is not related to changes in the examined structural parameters of mesophyll and accumulation of phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Lhotáková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Arnold T, Mealey C, Leahey H, Miller AW, Hall-Spencer JM, Milazzo M, Maers K. Ocean acidification and the loss of phenolic substances in marine plants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35107. [PMID: 22558120 PMCID: PMC3338829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO(2) often triggers the production of plant phenolics, including many that serve as herbivore deterrents, digestion reducers, antimicrobials, or ultraviolet sunscreens. Such responses are predicted by popular models of plant defense, especially resource availability models which link carbon availability to phenolic biosynthesis. CO(2) availability is also increasing in the oceans, where anthropogenic emissions cause ocean acidification, decreasing seawater pH and shifting the carbonate system towards further CO(2) enrichment. Such conditions tend to increase seagrass productivity but may also increase rates of grazing on these marine plants. Here we show that high CO(2) / low pH conditions of OA decrease, rather than increase, concentrations of phenolic protective substances in seagrasses and eurysaline marine plants. We observed a loss of simple and polymeric phenolics in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa near a volcanic CO(2) vent on the Island of Vulcano, Italy, where pH values decreased from 8.1 to 7.3 and pCO(2) concentrations increased ten-fold. We observed similar responses in two estuarine species, Ruppia maritima and Potamogeton perfoliatus, in in situ Free-Ocean-Carbon-Enrichment experiments conducted in tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay, USA. These responses are strikingly different than those exhibited by terrestrial plants. The loss of phenolic substances may explain the higher-than-usual rates of grazing observed near undersea CO(2) vents and suggests that ocean acidification may alter coastal carbon fluxes by affecting rates of decomposition, grazing, and disease. Our observations temper recent predictions that seagrasses would necessarily be "winners" in a high CO(2) world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Arnold
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher Mealey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hannah Leahey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - A. Whitman Miller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Hall-Spencer
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Kelly Maers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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The Balance Between Resource Sequestration and Retention: A Challenge in Plant Science. GROWTH AND DEFENCE IN PLANTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30645-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Muilenburg VL, Phelan PL, Bonello P, Herms DA. Inter- and intra-specific variation in stem phloem phenolics of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) and European white birch (Betula pendula). J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:1193-202. [PMID: 22012323 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-0028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of bronze birch borer (BBB) (Agrilus anxius), a wood-boring beetle endemic to North America, have been associated with widespread mortality of birch (Betula spp.). There is substantial inter- and intra-specific variation in birch resistance to BBB. Species endemic to North America, such as paper birch (B. papyrifera), have coevolved with BBB and are more resistant than European and Asian birch species, such as European white birch (B. pendula), which lack an evolutionary history with BBB. Borer larvae feed on stem phloem tissue. Therefore, in search of potential resistance mechanisms against BBB, we compared the constitutive phenolic profile of stem phloem tissue of paper birch with that of European white birch. We also analyzed intraspecific variation in phenolic composition among clones and/or half-siblings of both species. Three phenolics (coumaroylquinic acid, betuloside pentoside A, and a diarylheptanoid hexoside) were detected only in paper birch, and concentrations of six other phenolics were significantly higher in paper birch. These differences may contribute to the high resistance of paper birch to BBB relative to European white birch. There was significant intraspecific variation in four of 17 phenolics found in paper birch and in five of 14 found in European white birch, but clones and half-siblings within each species could not be distinguished by phenolic composition using multivariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Muilenburg
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, USA.
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Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZE. Effect of CO(2) enrichment on synthesis of some primary and secondary metabolites in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:1101-14. [PMID: 21541046 PMCID: PMC3083693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12021101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of two different CO(2) concentrations (400 and 800 μmol mol(-1)) on the photosynthesis rate, primary and secondary metabolite syntheses and the antioxidant activities of the leaves, stems and rhizomes of two Zingiber officinale varieties (Halia Bentong and Halia Bara) were assessed in an effort to compare and validate the medicinal potential of the subterranean part of the young ginger. High photosynthesis rate (10.05 μmol CO(2) m(-2)s(-1) in Halia Bara) and plant biomass (83.4 g in Halia Bentong) were observed at 800 μmol mol(-1) CO(2). Stomatal conductance decreased and water use efficiency increased with elevated CO(2) concentration. Total flavonoids (TF), total phenolics (TP), total soluble carbohydrates (TSC), starch and plant biomass increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in all parts of the ginger varieties under elevated CO(2) (800 μmol mol(-1)). The order of the TF and TP increment in the parts of the plant was rhizomes > stems > leaves. More specifically, Halia Bara had a greater increase of TF (2.05 mg/g dry weight) and TP (14.31 mg/g dry weight) compared to Halia Bentong (TF: 1.42 mg/g dry weight; TP: 9.11 mg/g dry weight) in average over the whole plant. Furthermore, plants with the highest rate of photosynthesis had the highest TSC and phenolics content. Significant differences between treatments and species were observed for TF and TP production. Correlation coefficient showed that TSC and TP content are positively correlated in both varieties. The antioxidant activity, as determined by the ferric reducing/antioxidant potential (FRAP) activity, increased in young ginger grown under elevated CO(2). The FRAP values for the leaves, rhizomes and stems extracts of both varieties grown under two different CO(2) concentrations (400 and 800 μmol mol(-1)) were significantly lower than those of vitamin C (3107.28 μmol Fe (II)/g) and α-tocopherol (953 μmol Fe (II)/g), but higher than that of BHT (74.31 μmol Fe (II)/g). These results indicate that the plant biomass, primary and secondary metabolite synthesis, and following that, antioxidant activities of Malaysian young ginger varieties can be enhanced through controlled environment (CE) and CO(2) enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Hawa Z. E. Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail:
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Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZ, Rahmat A. Elevated carbon dioxide increases contents of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities in Malaysian young ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) varieties. Molecules 2010; 15:7907-22. [PMID: 21060298 PMCID: PMC6259178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15117907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Family Zingiberaceae) is well known in Asia. The plant is widely cultivated in village gardens in the tropics for its medicinal properties and as a marketable spice in Malaysia. Ginger varieties are rich in physiologically active phenolics and flavonoids with a range of pharmacological activities. Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of increasing levels of flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol, naringenin, fisetin and morin) and phenolic acid (gallic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, tannic acid, cinnamic acid and salicylic acid), and antioxidant activities in different parts of Malaysian young ginger varieties (Halia Bentong and Halia Bara) with CO(2) enrichment in a controlled environment system. Both varieties showed an increase in phenolic compounds and flavonoids in response to CO(2) enrichment from 400 to 800 µmol mol-1 CO(2). These increases were greater in rhizomes compared to leaves. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that quercetin and gallic acid were the most abundant flavonoid and phenolic acid in Malaysian young ginger varieties. Under elevated CO(2) conditions, kaempferol and fisetin were among the flavonoid compounds, and gallic acid and vanillic acid were among the phenolic compounds whose levels increased in both varieties. As CO(2) concentration was increased from 400 to 800 µmol mol-1, free radical scavenging power (DPPH) increased about 30% in Halia Bentong and 21.4% in Halia Bara; and the rhizomes exhibited more enhanced free radical scavenging power, with 44.9% in Halia Bentong and 46.2% in Halia Bara. Leaves of both varieties also displayed good levels of flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities. These results indicate that the yield and pharmaceutical quality of Malaysian young ginger varieties can be enhanced by controlled environment production and CO(2) enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail: (A.G.)
| | - Hawa Z.E. Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail: (A.G.)
| | - Asmah Rahmat
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail: (A.R.)
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Abstract
To investigate the effect of elevated CO2 and O3 on the accumulation of flavonoids in Ginkgo Biloba leaves, four-year-old trees were exposed in open-top chambers with ambient and twice ambient CO2 and O3 concentrations singly and in combination in 2006. The results show that elevated CO2 reduce the concentrations of keampferol aglycon (-10%), isorhamnetin aglycon (-15%). Elevated O3 reduce the concentrations of the isorhamnetin aglycon (-7%), but increase the concentration of quercetin aglycon (+6%). Under elevated CO2 and O3 in combination, O3-derived effects on flavonoids concentrations are changed by elevated CO2, which are similar to that under the elevated CO2 alone. In conclusion, the concentrations of flavonoids are influenced by the changes in leaf dry mass induced by elevated CO2 and elevated O3. Furthermore, some flavonoids may not respond as antioxidant under ozone stress in ginkgo leaves.
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Ryan GD, Rasmussen S, Newman JA. Global Atmospheric Change and Trophic Interactions: Are There Any General Responses? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12162-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Tallis MJ, Lin Y, Rogers A, Zhang J, Street NR, Miglietta F, Karnosky DF, De Angelis P, Calfapietra C, Taylor G. The transcriptome of Populus in elevated CO reveals increased anthocyanin biosynthesis during delayed autumnal senescence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 186:415-28. [PMID: 20202130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
*The delay in autumnal senescence that has occurred in recent decades has been linked to rising temperatures. Here, we suggest that increasing atmospheric CO2 may partly account for delayed autumnal senescence and for the first time, through transcriptome analysis, identify gene expression changes associated with this delay. *Using a plantation of Populus x euramericana grown in elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) with free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology, we investigated the molecular and biochemical basis of this response. A Populus cDNA microarray was used to identify genes representing multiple biochemical pathways influenced by e[CO2] during senescence. Gene expression changes were confirmed through real-time quantitative PCR, and leaf biochemical assays. *Pathways for secondary metabolism and glycolysis were significantly up-regulated by e[CO2] during senescence, in particular, those related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) representing the two most significantly up-regulated transcripts in e[CO2], LDOX (leucoanthocyanidin dioxgenase) and DFR (dihydroflavonol reductase), gave (e[CO2]/ambient CO(2) (a[CO2])) expression ratios of 39.6 and 19.3, respectively. *We showed that in e[CO2] there was increased autumnal leaf sugar accumulation and up-regulation of genes determining anthocyanin biosynthesis which, we propose, prolongs leaf longevity during natural autumnal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Tallis
- School of Biological Science, Bassett Crescent East, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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Le Bot J, Bénard C, Robin C, Bourgaud F, Adamowicz S. The 'trade-off' between synthesis of primary and secondary compounds in young tomato leaves is altered by nitrate nutrition: experimental evidence and model consistency. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:4301-4314. [PMID: 19741002 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants allocate internal resources to fulfil essential, yet possibly conflicting, demands such as defence or growth, as hypothesized by the 'growth-differentiation balance theory' (GDB). This trade-off was examined in young tomato plants grown for 25 d using the nutrient film technique with seven nitrate concentrations ([NO(3)]). The modification of primary (growth-related: organic acids, carbohydrates) and secondary (defence-related: phenolics) metabolite concentrations in leaves was assessed. Then a simple model was devised to simulate the trade-off between growth and secondary metabolism in response to N nutrition. N affected growth and metabolite concentrations in the leaves. Dry biomass, leaf area, and concentrations of nitrate and organic acid (malic, citric) increased with rising [NO(3)], up to a threshold, above which they remained constant. Starch, sucrose, and organic N concentrations were invariant with [NO(3)]. Glucose, fructose, and phenolic (chlorogenic acid, rutin, and kaempferol-rutinoside) concentrations were highest at lowest [NO(3)]. They declined progressively with rising [NO(3)] until a threshold, above which they remained constant. Model predictions are in phase with experimental phenolic concentration data although the simulated metabolic rates differ from the GDBH proposals depicted in the literature. From the model output it is shown that a careful definition of the C reserve compounds is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Le Bot
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France.
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Harding SA, Jarvie MM, Lindroth RL, Tsai CJ. A comparative analysis of phenylpropanoid metabolism, N utilization, and carbon partitioning in fast- and slow-growing Populus hybrid clones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3443-52. [PMID: 19516073 PMCID: PMC2724693 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic costs of phenylpropanoid-derived condensed tannins (CTs) and phenolic glycosides (PGs) are substantial. However, despite reports of negative correlations between leaf phenolic content and growth of Populus, it remains unclear whether or how foliar biosynthesis of CT/PG interferes with tree growth. A comparison was made of carbon partitioning and N content in developmentally staged leaves, stems, and roots of two closely related Populus hybrid genotypes. The genotypes were selected as two of the most phytochemically divergent from a series of seven previously analysed clones that exhibit a range of height growth rates and foliar amino acid, CT, and PG concentrations. The objective was to analyse the relationship between leaf phenolic content and plant growth, using whole-plant carbon partitioning and N distribution data from the two divergent clones. Total N as a percentage of tissue dry mass was comparatively low, and CT and PG accrual comparatively high in leaves of the slow-growing clone. Phenylpropanoid accrual and N content were comparatively high in stems of the slow-growing clone. Carbon partitioning within phenylpropanoid and carbohydrate networks in developing stems differed sharply between clones. The results did not support the idea that foliar production of phenylpropanoid defence chemicals was the primary cause of reduced plant growth in the slow-growing clone. The findings are discussed in the context of metabolic mechanism(s) which may contribute to reduced N delivery from roots to leaves, thereby compromising tree growth and promoting leaf phenolic accrual in the slow-growing clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Harding
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Priesack E, Gayler S. Agricultural Crop Models: Concepts of Resource Acquisition and Assimilate Partitioning. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68421-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Concentrations of Foliar Quercetin in Natural Populations of White Birch (Betula pubescens) Increase with Latitude. J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:1382-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kytridis VP, Karageorgou P, Levizou E, Manetas Y. Intra-species variation in transient accumulation of leaf anthocyanins in Cistus creticus during winter: evidence that anthocyanins may compensate for an inherent photosynthetic and photoprotective inferiority of the red-leaf phenotype. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:952-959. [PMID: 17923168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Leaf color in some individuals of Cistus creticus turns transiently to red during winter, while neighboring individuals occupying the same site remain green. We have examined whether anthocyanin accumulation can be associated with variations in photosynthetic and/or photoprotective characteristics between the two phenotypes, rendering the red phenotype more vulnerable to photoinhibition and, accordingly, needing additional protection in the form of anthocyanins. Towards this aim, maximum (pre-dawn) and effective (mid-day) PSII photochemical efficiencies, xanthophyll cycle pool sizes and leaf nitrogen contents were seasonably followed, encompassing both the green (spring, summer, autumn) and the red (winter) period of the year. Moreover, the distribution of the two phenotypes in exposed and shaded sites was assessed. The frequency of red individuals was considerably higher in fully exposed sites, pointing to a photoprotective function of leaf anthocyanins. Yet, the assumption was not corroborated by pre-dawn PSII yield measurements, since both phenotypes displayed similar high values throughout the year and a similar drop during winter. However, the red phenotype was characterized by lower light-saturated PSII yields, xanthophyll cycle pool sizes and leaf nitrogen, during both the green and the red period of the year. Based on this correlative evidence, we suggest that winter redness in C. creticus may compensate for an inherent photosynthetic and photoprotective inferiority, possibly through a light screen and/or an antioxidant function of leaf anthocyanins.
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Independent, Interactive, and Species-Specific Responses of Leaf Litter Decomposition to Elevated CO2 and O3 in a Northern Hardwood Forest. Ecosystems 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-008-9148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rasmann S, Agrawal AA. In defense of roots: a research agenda for studying plant resistance to belowground herbivory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:875-80. [PMID: 18316643 PMCID: PMC2259042 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.112045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rasmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2701, USA.
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Veteli TO, Mattson WJ, Niemelä P, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Kellomäki S, Kuokkanen K, Lavola A. Do Elevated Temperature and CO2 Generally Have Counteracting Effects on Phenolic Phytochemistry of Boreal Trees? J Chem Ecol 2007; 33:287-96. [PMID: 17216360 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Global climate change includes concomitant changes in many components of the abiotic flux necessary for plant life. In this paper, we investigate the combined effects of elevated CO2 (720 ppm) and temperature (+2 K) on the phytochemistry of three deciduous tree species. The analysis revealed that elevated CO(2) generally stimulated increased carbon partitioning to various classes of phenolic compounds, whereas an increase in temperature had the opposite effect. The combined effects of both elevated CO2 and temperature were additive, i.e., canceling one another's individual effects. Obviously, the effects of global climate change on leaf chemistry must simultaneously consider both temperature and CO2. If these results are generally applicable, then the counteracting effect of the temperature is likely to play a major role in alpine, boreal, and arctic zones in determining the balance between populations of plants and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Veteli
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu, P. O. B. 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
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