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Ruiz Pérez M, Vandenabeele P, Tougaard P. The thymus road to a T cell: migration, selection, and atrophy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1443910. [PMID: 39257583 PMCID: PMC11384998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1443910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The thymus plays a pivotal role in generating a highly-diverse repertoire of T lymphocytes while preventing autoimmunity. Thymus seeding progenitors (TSPs) are a heterogeneous group of multipotent progenitors that migrate to the thymus via CCR7 and CCR9 receptors. While NOTCH guides thymus progenitors toward T cell fate, the absence or disruption of NOTCH signaling renders the thymus microenvironment permissive to other cell fates. Following T cell commitment, developing T cells undergo multiple selection checkpoints by engaging with the extracellular matrix, and interacting with thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and other immune subsets across the different compartments of the thymus. The different selection checkpoints assess the T cell receptor (TCR) performance, with failure resulting in either repurposing (agonist selection), or cell death. Additionally, environmental cues such as inflammation and endocrine signaling induce acute thymus atrophy, contributing to the demise of most developing T cells during thymic selection. We discuss the occurrence of acute thymus atrophy in response to systemic inflammation. The thymus demonstrates high plasticity, shaping inflammation by abrogating T cell development and undergoing profound structural changes, and facilitating regeneration and restoration of T cell development once inflammation is resolved. Despite the challenges, thymic selection ensures a highly diverse T cell repertoire capable of discerning between self and non-self antigens, ultimately egressing to secondary lymphoid organs where they complete their maturation and exert their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz Pérez
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent, Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent, Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Tougaard
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent, Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
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Ruiz Pérez M, Maueröder C, Steels W, Verstraeten B, Lameire S, Xie W, Wyckaert L, Huysentruyt J, Divert T, Roelandt R, Gonçalves A, De Rycke R, Ravichandran K, Lambrecht BN, Taghon T, Leclercq G, Vandenabeele P, Tougaard P. TL1A and IL-18 synergy promotes GM-CSF-dependent thymic granulopoiesis in mice. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:807-825. [PMID: 38839915 PMCID: PMC11291760 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute systemic inflammation critically alters the function of the immune system, often promoting myelopoiesis at the expense of lymphopoiesis. In the thymus, systemic inflammation results in acute thymic atrophy and, consequently, impaired T-lymphopoiesis. The mechanism by which systemic inflammation impacts the thymus beyond suppressing T-cell development is still unclear. Here, we describe how the synergism between TL1A and IL-18 suppresses T-lymphopoiesis to promote thymic myelopoiesis. The protein levels of these two cytokines were elevated in the thymus during viral-induced thymus atrophy infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) or pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). In vivo administration of TL1A and IL-18 induced acute thymic atrophy, while thymic neutrophils expanded. Fate mapping with Ms4a3-Cre mice demonstrated that thymic neutrophils emerge from thymic granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs), while Rag1-Cre fate mapping revealed a common developmental path with lymphocytes. These effects could be modeled ex vivo using neonatal thymic organ cultures (NTOCs), where TL1A and IL-18 synergistically enhanced neutrophil production and egress. NOTCH blockade by the LY411575 inhibitor increased the number of neutrophils in the culture, indicating that NOTCH restricted steady-state thymic granulopoiesis. To promote myelopoiesis, TL1A, and IL-18 synergistically increased GM-CSF levels in the NTOC, which was mainly produced by thymic ILC1s. In support, TL1A- and IL-18-induced granulopoiesis was completely prevented in NTOCs derived from Csf2rb-/- mice and by GM-CSFR antibody blockade, revealing that GM-CSF is the essential factor driving thymic granulopoiesis. Taken together, our findings reveal that TL1A and IL-18 synergism induce acute thymus atrophy while promoting extramedullary thymic granulopoiesis in a NOTCH and GM-CSF-controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz Pérez
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Maueröder
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cell Clearance in Health and Disease Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wolf Steels
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verstraeten
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sahine Lameire
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wei Xie
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Wyckaert
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelle Huysentruyt
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tatyana Divert
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ria Roelandt
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Single Cell Facility, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amanda Gonçalves
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB BioImaging Core, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB BioImaging Core, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Kodi Ravichandran
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cell Clearance in Health and Disease Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Taghon
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Peter Tougaard
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Crater JM, Dunn DC, Nixon DF, Furler O’Brien RL. A History and Atlas of the Human CD4 + T Helper Cell. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2608. [PMID: 37892982 PMCID: PMC10604283 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have orchestrated and regulated immunity since the introduction of jawed vertebrates, yet our understanding of CD4+ T cell evolution, development, and cellular physiology has only begun to be unearthed in the past few decades. Discoveries of genetic diseases that ablate this cellular population have provided insight into their critical functions while transcriptomics, proteomics, and high-resolution microscopy have recently revealed new insights into CD4+ T cell anatomy and physiology. This article compiles historical, microscopic, and multi-omics data that can be used as a reference atlas and index to dissect cellular physiology within these influential cells and further understand pathologies like HIV infection that inflict human CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert L. Furler O’Brien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E 69th St., Belfer Research Building, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Wang S, Zhang Y, Meng W, Dong Y, Zhang S, Teng L, Liu Y, Li L, Wang D. The Involvement of Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor on Protein Hydrolysate Injection Mediated Hematopoietic Function Improvement. Cells 2021; 10:2776. [PMID: 34685756 PMCID: PMC8534652 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein hydrolysate injection (PH) is a sterile solution of hydrolyzed protein and sorbitol that contains 17 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 185.0-622.0 g/mol. This study investigated the effect of PH on hematopoietic function in K562 cells and mice with cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced hematopoietic dysfunction. In these myelosuppressed mice, PH increased the number of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow (BM) and regulated the concentration of several factors related to hematopoietic function. PH restored peripheral blood cell concentrations and increased the numbers of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells (HSPCs), B lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes in the BM of CTX-treated mice. Moreover, PH regulated the concentrations of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), interleukin (IL)-2, and other hematopoiesis-related cytokines in the serum, spleen, femoral condyle, and sternum. In K562 cells, the PH-induced upregulation of hematopoiesis-related proteins was inhibited by transfection with M-CSF siRNA. Therefore, PH might benefit the BM hematopoietic system via the regulation of M-CSF expression, suggesting a potential role for PH in the treatment of hematopoietic dysfunction caused by cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (S.W.); (W.M.); (L.T.)
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuchong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Weiqi Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (S.W.); (W.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Yihao Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sujie Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lesheng Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (S.W.); (W.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Yang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lanzhou Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (S.W.); (W.M.); (L.T.)
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (S.W.); (W.M.); (L.T.)
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
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Wendel P, Reindl LM, Bexte T, Künnemeyer L, Särchen V, Albinger N, Mackensen A, Rettinger E, Bopp T, Ullrich E. Arming Immune Cells for Battle: A Brief Journey through the Advancements of T and NK Cell Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061481. [PMID: 33807011 PMCID: PMC8004685 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review is intended to provide an overview on the history and recent advances of T cell and natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy. While the thymus was discovered as the origin of T cells in the 1960s, and NK cells were first described in 1975, the clinical application of adoptive cell therapies (ACT) only began in the early 1980s with the first lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell product for the treatment of cancer patients. Over the past decades, further immunotherapies have been developed, including ACT using cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, products based on the NK cell line NK-92 as well as specific T and NK cell preparations. Recent advances have successfully improved the effectiveness of T, NK, CIK or NK-92 cells towards tumor-targeting antigens generated by genetic engineering of the immune cells. Herein, we summarize the promising development of ACT over the past decades in the fight against cancer. Abstract The promising development of adoptive immunotherapy over the last four decades has revealed numerous therapeutic approaches in which dedicated immune cells are modified and administered to eliminate malignant cells. Starting in the early 1980s, lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells were the first ex vivo generated NK cell-enriched products utilized for adoptive immunotherapy. Over the past decades, various immunotherapies have been developed, including cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, as a peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)-based therapeutic product, the adoptive transfer of specific T and NK cell products, and the NK cell line NK-92. In addition to allogeneic NK cells, NK-92 cell products represent a possible “off-the-shelf” therapeutic concept. Recent approaches have successfully enhanced the specificity and cytotoxicity of T, NK, CIK or NK-92 cells towards tumor-specific or associated target antigens generated by genetic engineering of the immune cells, e.g., to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Here, we will look into the history and recent developments of T and NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wendel
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie Reindl
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Bexte
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Leander Künnemeyer
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Särchen
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Nawid Albinger
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Medicine 5, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Eva Rettinger
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- University Cancer Center Mainz, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Han W, Liu R, Zhang X, Lv P, Li M, Wang X. The potential agents from food for preventing leukopenia induced by benzene: garlic preparations. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:702-709. [PMID: 31364917 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1650148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukopenia is the early clinical manifestation of benzene poisoning. The aim of our research was to evaluate the preventive effects of three kinds of garlic preparations on benzene induced leukopenia. The mouse model of Leukopenia was established with benzene orally. At the same time, mice were administrated with garlic homogenate (GH), garlic oil (GO) or diallyl trisulfide (DATS) as preventional measures. The counts of white blood cells (WBC), the organ indexes, pathological examinations, blood biochemical parameters, weight gains, and food intakes were evaluated to observe the protective effect and potential adverse events. The results demonstrated that the counts of WBC increased by 144.04%, 140.07%, and 148.34%, respectively, after intervention by GH (400 mg/kg), GO (60 mg/kg) and DATS (30 mg/kg), compared with that in the model group. The spleen and thymus indexes in the benzene model group were 44.99% and 54.04% lower than those in the blank control group, the number of spleen nodules reduced and the thymus atrophy, which were restored by three garlic preparations at different degree. The results suggested that the three preparations all could prevent the leukopenia and protect the organ injuries induced by benzene. However, the spleen index and weight gains revealed that GH and GO brought more adverse events than DATS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Han
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , China
| | - Ruogu Liu
- School of Teacher Education, Ludong University , Yantai , China
| | - Xiaoshuai Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , China
| | - Peng Lv
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Xujing Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University , Jinan , China
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Tang Y, Yang YG, Bai O, Xia J, Hu Z. Long-term survival and differentiation of human thymocytes in human thymus-grafted immunodeficient mice. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:881-888. [PMID: 31140331 PMCID: PMC6949514 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Thymus transplants have produced encouraging clinical outcomes in achieving thymopoiesis and T-cell development. This study was aimed to investigate whether human thymus contains self-renewing lymphoid progenitors capable of maintaining long-term T-cell development. Materials & methods: Immunodeficient mice were transplanted with human thymic tissue along with autologous GFP-expressing or allogeneic CD34+ cells and followed for human thymopoiesis and T-cell development from the thymic progenitors versus CD34+ cells, which can be distinguished by GFP or HLA expression. Results: In both models, long-term thymopoiesis and T-cell development from the thymic grafts were detected. In these mice, human thymic progenitor-derived T cells including CD45RA+CD31+CD4+ new thymic emigrants were persistently present in the periphery throughout the observation period (32 weeks). Conclusion: The results indicate that human thymus contains long-lived lymphoid progenitors that can maintain durable thymopoiesis and T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, PR China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ou Bai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, PR China
| | - Jinxing Xia
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230023, PR China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, PR China
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, 130061, PR China
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Inhibition of tumor growth by β-glucans through promoting CD4+ T cell immunomodulation and neutrophil-killing in mice. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 213:370-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Mousset CM, Hobo W, Woestenenk R, Preijers F, Dolstra H, van der Waart AB. Comprehensive Phenotyping of T Cells Using Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2019; 95:647-654. [PMID: 30714682 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The T cell compartment can form a powerful defense against extrinsic (e.g., pathogens) and intrinsic danger (e.g., malignant cells). At the same time, specific subsets of T cells control this process to keep the immune system in check and prevent autoimmunity. A wide variety in T cell functionalities exists, which is dependent on the differentiation and maturation state of the T cells. In this review, we report an overview for the identification of CD4+ T-αβ cells (T-helper (Th)1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and CD4+ regulatory T cells), CD8+ T-αβ cells (cytotoxic T lymphocyte (Tc)1, Tc2, Tc9, Tc17, and CD8+ regulatory T cells), and their additional effector memory status (naïve, stem cell memory, central memory, effector memory, and effector) using flow cytometry. These different subsets can be discriminated based on selective extracellular markers, in combination with intracellular transcription factor and/or cytokine stainings. Additionally, identification of very small subsets, including antigen-specific T cells, and important technical considerations of flow cytometry are discussed. Together, this overview can be used for comprehensive phenotyping of a T cell subset of interest. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Mousset
- Department of Laboratory Medicine - Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn Hobo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine - Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Woestenenk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine - Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Preijers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine - Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Dolstra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine - Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anniek B van der Waart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine - Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Campbell-Tofte J, Vrahatis A, Josefsen K, Mehlsen J, Winther K. Investigating the aetiology of adverse events following HPV vaccination with systems vaccinology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:67-87. [PMID: 30324425 PMCID: PMC11105185 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the insidious and poorly immunogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, vaccination with the HPV virus-like particles (vlps) is non-infectious and stimulates a strong neutralizing-antibody response that protects HPV-naïve vaccinees from viral infection and associated cancers. However, controversy about alleged adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with the vlps have led to extensive reductions in vaccine acceptance, with countries like Japan dropping it altogether. The AEFIs are grouped into chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). In this review, we present a hypothesis that the AEFIs might arise from malfunctions within the immune system when confronted with the unusual antigen. In addition, we outline how the pathophysiology of the AEFIs can be cost-effectively investigated with the holistic principles of systems vaccinology in a two-step process. First, comprehensive immunological profiles of HPV vaccinees exhibiting the AEFIs are generated by integrating the data derived from serological profiling for prominent HPV antibodies and serum cytokines, with data from serum metabolomics, peripheral white blood cells transcriptomics and gut microbiome profiling. Next, the immunological profiles are compared with corresponding profiles generated for matched (a) HPV vaccinees without AEFIs; (b) non-HPV-vaccinated individuals with CFS/ME-like symptoms; and (c) non-HPV-vaccinated individuals without CFS/ME. In these comparisons, any causal links between HPV vaccine and the AEFIs, as well as the underlying molecular basis for the links will be revealed. Such a study should provide an objective basis for evaluating HPV vaccine safety and for identifying biomarkers for individuals at risk of developing AEFI with HPV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Knud Josefsen
- Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper Mehlsen
- Coordinating Research Centre, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kaj Winther
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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11
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Jung M, Dodsworth M, Thum T. Inflammatory cells and their non-coding RNAs as targets for treating myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 114:4. [PMID: 30523422 PMCID: PMC6290728 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction triggers infiltration of several types of immune cells that coordinate both innate and adaptive immune responses. These play a dual role in post-infarction cardiac remodeling by initiating and resolving inflammatory processes, which needs to occur in a timely and well-orchestrated way to ensure a reestablishment of normalized cardiac functions. Thus, therapeutic modulation of immune responses might have benefits for infarct patients. While such strategies have shown great potential in treating cancer, applications in the post-infarction context have been disappointing. One challenge has been the complexity and plasticity of immune cells and their functions in cardiac regulation and healing. The types appear in patterns that are temporally and spatially distinct, while influencing each other and the surrounding tissue. A comprehensive understanding of the immune cell repertoire and their regulatory functions following infarction is sorely needed. Processes of cardiac remodeling trigger additional genetic changes that may also play critical roles in the aftermath of cardiovascular disease. Some of these changes involve non-coding RNAs that play crucial roles in the regulation of immune cells and may, therefore, be of therapeutic interest. This review summarizes what is currently known about the functions of immune cells and non-coding RNAs during post-infarction wound healing. We address some of the challenges that remain and describe novel therapeutic approaches under development that are based on regulating immune responses through non-coding RNAs in the aftermath of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Dodsworth
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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12
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Abusarah J, Khodayarian F, Cui Y, El-Kadiry AEH, Rafei M. Thymic Rejuvenation: Are We There Yet? Gerontology 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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13
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The RNA binding protein Ars2 supports hematopoiesis at multiple levels. Exp Hematol 2018; 64:45-58.e9. [PMID: 29775646 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent biochemical characterization of arsenic resistance protein 2 (Ars2) has established it as central in determining the fate of nascent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase II (RNAPII) transcripts. Through interactions with the nuclear 5'-7-methylguanosine cap-binding complex, Ars2 promotes cotranscriptional processing coupled with nuclear export or degradation of several classes of RNAPII transcripts, allowing for gene expression programs that facilitate rapid and sustained proliferation of immortalized cells in culture. However, rapidly dividing cells in culture do not represent the physiological condition of the vast majority of cells in an adult mammal. To examine functions of Ars2 in a physiological setting, we generated inducible Ars2 knockout mice and found that deletion of Ars2 from adult mice resulted in defective hematopoiesis in bone marrow and thymus. Importantly, only some of this defect could be explained by the requirement of Ars2 for rapid proliferation, which we found to be cell-type specific in vivo. Rather, Ars2 was required for survival of developing thymocytes and for limiting differentiation of bone marrow resident long-term hematopoietic stem cells. As a result, Ars2 knockout led to rapid thymic involution and loss of the ability of mice to regenerate peripheral blood after myeloablation. These in vivo data demonstrate that Ars2 expression is important at several steps of hematopoiesis, likely because Ars2 acts on gene expression programs underlying essential cell fate decisions such as the decision to die,proliferate, or differentiate.
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14
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Themis releases the brakes on TCR signaling during thymocyte selection by disabling SHP-1. Cell Mol Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28626233 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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15
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Mahmoud F, Shields B, Makhoul I, Avaritt N, Wong HK, Hutchins LF, Shalin S, Tackett AJ. Immune surveillance in melanoma: From immune attack to melanoma escape and even counterattack. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:451-469. [PMID: 28513269 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1323596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and the programmed death receptor-1 (PD1) has resulted in unprecedented durable responses in metastatic melanoma. However, resistance to immunotherapy remains a major challenge. Effective immune surveillance against melanoma requires 4 essential steps: activation of the T lymphocytes, homing of the activated T lymphocytes to the melanoma microenvironment, identification and episode of melanoma cells by activated T lymphocytes, and the sensitivity of melanoma cells to apoptosis. At each of these steps, there are multiple factors that may interfere with the immune surveillance machinery, thus allowing melanoma cells to escape immune attack and develop resistance to immunotherapy. We provide a comprehensive review of the complex immune surveillance mechanisms at play in melanoma, and a detailed discussion of how these mechanisms may allow for the development of intrinsic or acquired resistance to immunotherapeutic modalities, and potential avenues for overcoming this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fade Mahmoud
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Bradley Shields
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Issam Makhoul
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Nathan Avaritt
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Henry K Wong
- c Department of Dermatology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Laura F Hutchins
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Sara Shalin
- d Departments of Pathology and Dermatology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Alan J Tackett
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
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16
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Kong Y, Li Y, Zhang W, Yuan S, Winkler R, Kröhnert U, Han J, Lin T, Zhou Y, Miao P, Wang B, Zhang J, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Kosan C, Zeng H. Sepsis-Induced Thymic Atrophy Is Associated with Defects in Early Lymphopoiesis. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2902-2915. [PMID: 27422171 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Impaired T lymphopoiesis is associated with immunosuppression of the adaptive immune response and plays a role in the morbidity and mortality of patients and animal models of sepsis. Although previous studies examined several intrathymic mechanisms that negatively affect T lymphopoiesis, the extrathymic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report a dramatic decrease in the percentage of early T lineage progenitors (ETPs) in three models of sepsis in mice (cecal ligation and puncture, lipopolysaccharide continuous injection, and poly I:C continuous injection). However, septic mice did not show a decrease in the number of bone marrow (BM) precursor cells. Instead, the BM progenitors for ETPs expressed reduced mRNA levels of CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 7, CCR9 and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1, and exhibited impaired homing capacity in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, RNA-Seq analysis and real-time PCR showed a marked downregulation of several lymphoid-related genes in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells differentiated into myeloid cells but failed to generate T lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that the depletion of ETPs in septic mice might be a consequence of an impaired migration of BM progenitors to the thymus, as well as a defect in lymphoid lineage commitment. Stem Cells 2016;34:2902-2915.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Kong
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Weimei Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoxin Yuan
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - René Winkler
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kröhnert
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Junyan Han
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Ministry of Health), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Miao
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengya Yu
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Ministry of Health), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Christian Kosan
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Hui Zeng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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17
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Larsen MC, N'Jai AU, Alexander DL, Rondelli CM, Forsberg EC, Czuprynski CJ, Jefcoate CR. Cyp1b1-mediated suppression of lymphoid progenitors in bone marrow by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons coordinately impacts spleen and thymus: a selective role for the Ah Receptor. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00245. [PMID: 28116098 PMCID: PMC5242170 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cells differentiate to common lymphoid progenitors (CLP) that emigrate to the thymus to form T cells or differentiate into immature B cells that then migrate to the spleen for maturation. Rapid in vivo suppression of BM progenitor cells by a single oral or intraperitoneal dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) subsequently decreased mature lymphoid populations in BM, spleen, and thymus. These suppressions depended on BM CYP1B1, but not on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity. Suppression of pre-B colony formation at 6 h, correlated with subsequent decreases in mature BM, spleen, and thymus populations (48-168 h). Thymus T-cell ratios were unaffected, suggesting low local toxicity. DMBA treatment suppressed progenitor cells 24-h post treatment in wild type (WT), AhRb mice, but not in Cyp1b1-ko mice. The stem cell populations were sustained. Benzo(a)pyrene (BP) mediated a similar progenitor suppression up to 6 h, but reversal rapidly ensued. This recovery was absent in mice with a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-resistant, AhRd genotype. This AhR-dependent progenitor recovery with BP induction accounts for the absence of suppression of B220+ BM and spleen populations at 48-168 h. However, DMBA and BP produced similar profiles for thymus cell suppression, independent of AhR genotype. Thus, lymphoid progenitors may exit the BM to the thymus prior to the BP reversal. This progenitor recovery is associated with elevated chemokines and cytokines that depend on AhR-mediated induction of CYP1A1. This response increased constitutively in Cyp1b1-ko BM, demonstrating that CYP1B1 metabolizes local stimulants that impact a basal progenitor protection process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alhaji U N'Jai
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706; Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - David L Alexander
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California Santa Cruz California 95064
| | - Catherine M Rondelli
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - E C Forsberg
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California Santa Cruz California 95064
| | - Charles J Czuprynski
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706; Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706; Food Research Institute University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706
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18
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Wissink EM, Smith NL, Spektor R, Rudd BD, Grimson A. MicroRNAs and Their Targets Are Differentially Regulated in Adult and Neonatal Mouse CD8+ T Cells. Genetics 2015; 201:1017-30. [PMID: 26416483 PMCID: PMC4649632 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.179176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory, which protects organisms from re-infection, is a hallmark of the mammalian adaptive immune system and the underlying principle of vaccination. In early life, however, mice and other mammals are deficient at generating memory CD8+ T cells, which protect organisms from intracellular pathogens. The molecular basis that differentiates adult and neonatal CD8+ T cells is unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are both developmentally regulated and required for normal adult CD8+ T cell functions. We used next-generation sequencing to identify mouse miRNAs that are differentially regulated in adult and neonatal CD8+ T cells, which may contribute to the impaired development of neonatal memory cells. The miRNA profiles of adult and neonatal cells were surprisingly similar during infection; however, we observed large differences prior to infection. In particular, miR-29 and miR-130 have significant differential expression between adult and neonatal cells before infection. Importantly, using RNA-Seq, we detected reciprocal changes in expression of messenger RNA targets for both miR-29 and miR-130. Moreover, targets that we validated include Eomes and Tbx21, key genes that regulate the formation of memory CD8+ T cells. Notably, age-dependent changes in miR-29 and miR-130 are conserved in human CD8+ T cells, further suggesting that these developmental differences are biologically relevant. Together, these results demonstrate that miR-29 and miR-130 are likely important regulators of memory CD8+ T cell formation and suggest that neonatal cells are committed to a short-lived effector cell fate prior to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Wissink
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular, and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Norah L Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Roman Spektor
- Graduate Field of Genetics, Genomics, and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Brian D Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Andrew Grimson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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19
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Wang MZ, Ding LY, Gao J, Wang JF, Zhou G, Zhang J. Effects of dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios on the mass, and histological and ultrastructures of liver, spleen and thymus of 70-day-old Yangzhou goslings. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:391-400. [PMID: 26356013 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios on the organ indexes, and histological and ultrastructures of organs including liver, spleen and thymus in 70-day-old Yangzhou goslings. One-hundred and sixty 21-day-old Yangzhou goslings were randomly divided into 4 groups and fed 4 diets varying in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio from 3:1 up to 12:1. After 1-week acclimation, the feeding experiment lasted for 6 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, goslings were slaughtered and the liver, spleen and thymus were weighed, and their histological and ultrastructures were examined. The results showed that the organ indices in the 3:1 group were remarkably higher than in the other three groups, whereas the mitochondrial square did not differ among four groups. The histological and ultrastructures of the liver, spleen and thymus were not affected by the diets with the lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios (3:1 and 6:1). However, feeding diets with the higher n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios (9:1 and 12:1), the nuclear chromatin was concentrated and marginalized; the cell membrane was contracted inwardly and disrupted; the mitochondrial membrane was damaged to some degree. In conclusion, the diet containing higher content of n-3 PUFA might improve immune capacity of goslings the animal by accelerating the growth and maintaining cellular structures of organs like liver, spleen and thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - L Y Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - J Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - J F Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - G Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - J Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Yang Da Kang Yuan Dairy Company Limited, Yangzhou, China
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20
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Vasil’ev KA, Polevshchikov AV. Thymus development in early ontogeny: A comparative aspect. Russ J Dev Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236041503008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Resop RS, Uittenbogaart CH. Human T-Cell Development and Thymic Egress: An Infectious Disease Perspective. FORUM ON IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL DISEASES AND THERAPEUTICS 2015; 6:33-49. [PMID: 28670486 PMCID: PMC5489135 DOI: 10.1615/forumimmundisther.2015014226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emigration of mature naïve CD4 SP T cells from the human thymus to the periphery is not fully understood, although elucidation of the mechanisms that govern egress of T cells is crucial to understanding both basic immunology and the immune response in diseases such as HIV infection. Recent work has brought to light the requirement for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptors in a variety of fields including mature naïve T-cell egress from the thymus of mice. We are examining the expression and function of this novel requisite T-cell egress receptor within the human thymus, characterizing changes observed in the expression and function of this receptor in infectious diseases. To perform this work, we use a variety of humanized murine models reviewed in this article. Future work in the field of T-cell egress, especially as it pertains to S1P receptors, should advance the fields of basic T-cell immunology and immunopathology and open new avenues for exploration into novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Resop
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen Medical School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen Medical School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christel H. Uittenbogaart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen Medical School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen Medical School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- University of California at Los Angeles AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen Medical School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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22
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones with widespread effects. They control intermediate metabolism by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver, mobilize amino acids from extra hepatic tissues, inhibit glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue, and stimulate fat breakdown in adipose tissue. They also mediate stress response. They exert potent immune-suppressive and anti-inflammatory effects particularly when administered pharmacologically. Understanding these diverse effects of glucocorticoids requires a detailed knowledge of their mode of action. Research over the years has uncovered several details on the molecular action of this hormone, especially in immune cells. In this chapter, we have summarized the latest findings on the action of glucocorticoids in immune cells with a view of identifying important control points that may be relevant in glucocorticoid therapy.
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23
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Müller L, Pawelec G. Aging and immunity - impact of behavioral intervention. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 39:8-22. [PMID: 24315935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to pathogens to which they were not previously exposed are commonly less effective in elderly people than in young adults, whereas those to agents previously encountered and overcome in earlier life may be amplified. This is reflected in the robust finding in many studies that the proportions and numbers of naïve B and T cells are lower and memory cells higher in the elderly. In addition to the "extrinsic" effects of pathogen exposure, "intrinsic" events such as age-associated differences in haematopoeitic stem cells and their niches in the bone marrow associated with differences in cell maturation and output to the periphery are also observed. In the case of T cells, the "intrinsic" process of thymic involution, beginning before puberty, further contributes to reducing the production of naïve T cells. Like memory T cell populations, innate immune cells may be increased in number but decreased in efficacy on a per-cell basis. Thus, superimposed on chronological age alone, remodelling of immunity as a result of interactions with the environment over the life course is instrumental in shaping immune status in later life. In addition to interactions with pathogens, host microbiome and nutrition, exercise and stress, and many other extrinsic factors are crucial modulators of this "immunosenescence" process. In this review, we briefly outline the observed immune differences between younger and older people, and discuss the possible impacts of behavioral variations thereon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestr. 22, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Cheon IS, Park SM, Lee HJ, Hong JE, Ji SY, Shim BS, Kim KH, Heo PS, Kim YY, Jung HJ, Ka H, Han SH, Song M, Yun CH. Functional characteristics of porcine peripheral T cells stimulated with IL-2 or IL-2 and PMA. Res Vet Sci 2013; 96:54-61. [PMID: 24374118 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In human or mouse, mature T cells express either CD4 or CD8, resulting in different functions in the periphery. Interestingly, porcine CD4 and CD8 double positive (DP) T cells are present in the blood, and their proportions change from youth to adulthood. However, the features of these cells in swine are poorly understood. We investigated the fate of porcine peripheral T cells based on their functional characteristics, including proliferation and the expression of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors. The results showed that all the populations changed their CD8 expression in a time-dependent manner and porcine T cells had different proliferative pattern from human T cells. The results further revealed that Th2 cytokines were increased later in porcine T cells compared to human T cells upon stimulation with IL-2+PMA. Collectively, we found that the fate of porcine peripheral T cells is different from that of human T cells, and the changes occur in a time- and stimulation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Su Cheon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory Sciences Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Moo Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory Sciences Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Ji
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Shik Shim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory Sciences Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Seung Heo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Jung
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakhyun Ka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology & Immunology, Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Laboratory Sciences Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Dervovic DD, Liang HCY, Cannons JL, Elford AR, Mohtashami M, Ohashi PS, Schwartzberg PL, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Cellular and molecular requirements for the selection of in vitro-generated CD8 T cells reveal a role for Notch. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1704-15. [PMID: 23851691 PMCID: PMC3801448 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of CD8 single-positive (SP) T cells is predicated by the ability of lymphocyte progenitors to integrate multiple signaling cues provided by the thymic microenvironment. In the thymus and the OP9-DL1 system for T cell development, Notch signals are required for progenitors to commit to the T cell lineage and necessary for their progression to the CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) stage of T cell development. However, it remains unclear whether Notch is a prerequisite for the differentiation of DP cells to the CD8 SP stage of development. In this study, we demonstrate that Notch receptor-ligand interactions allow for efficient differentiation and selection of conventional CD8 T cells from bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells. However, bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells isolated from Itk(-/-)Rlk(-/-) mice gave rise to T cells with decreased IFN-γ production, but gained the ability to produce IL-17. We further reveal that positive and negative selection in vitro are constrained by peptide-MHC class I expressed on OP9 cells. Finally, using an MHC class I-restricted TCR-transgenic model, we show that the commitment of DP precursors to the CD8 T cell lineage is dependent on Notch signaling. Our findings further establish the requirement for Notch receptor-ligand interactions throughout T cell differentiation, including the final step of CD8 SP selection.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Microenvironment
- Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated
- Coculture Techniques
- Crosses, Genetic
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D/immunology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Lymphopoiesis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Notch/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Stromal Cells/cytology
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzana D. Dervovic
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Haydn C-Y. Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Alisha R. Elford
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Mahmood Mohtashami
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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26
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Chen K, Shu G, Peng X, Fang J, Cui H, Chen J, Wang F, Chen Z, Zuo Z, Deng J, Geng Y, Lai W. Protective role of sodium selenite on histopathological lesions, decreased T-cell subsets and increased apoptosis of thymus in broilers intoxicated with aflatoxin B₁. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:446-54. [PMID: 23810797 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
For evaluating the ability of selenium (Se) in counteracting the adverse effects of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), two hundred 1-day-old male Avian broilers, divided into five groups, were fed with basal diet (control group), 0.3 mg/kg AFB₁ (AFB₁ group), 0.3 mg/kg AFB₁+0.2 mg/kg Se (+Se group I), 0.3mg/kg AFB₁+0.4 mg/kg Se (+Se group II) and 0.3mg/kg AFB₁+0.6 mg/kg Se (+Se group III), respectively. Compared with control group, the decreased relative weight of thymus and percentages of mature thymocytes, congestion in medulla and much debris in cortex of thymus, and the increased apoptotic thymocytes were observed in AFB1 group. However, supplied dietary sodium selenite could increase the relative weight of thymus and percentages of mature thymocytes, and alleviate histopathological lesions. Compared with AFB1 group, the percentages of apoptotic thymocytes detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method and flow cytometry method in three +Se groups were decreased, the expression of Caspase-3 and Bax, through quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemical method, in three +Se groups were decreased, while the expression of Bcl-2 was increased. The results indicate that sodium selenite supplied in the diet, through a mechanism of apoptosis regulation, may ameliorated AFB₁-induced lesions of thymus and accordingly improve the impaired cellular immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
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27
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Dvorakova D, Racil Z, Borsky M, Robesova B, Jeziskova I, Razga F, Lengerova M, Mayer J. Clonal heterogeneity in patients with cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia withNPM1mutations. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:1056-60. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.734618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Dervovic DD, Ciofani M, Kianizad K, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Comparative and functional evaluation of in vitro generated to ex vivo CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3411-20. [PMID: 22925927 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The generation of the cytotoxic CD8 T cell response is dependent on the functional outcomes imposed by the intrathymic constraints of differentiation and self-tolerance. Although thymic function can be partly replicated in vitro using OP9-DL1 cell cultures to yield CD8 αβ TCR-bearing cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells, a comprehensive and functional assessment of entirely in vitro generated CD8 T cells derived from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells has not been established and remains controversial. In this study, we demonstrate that a phenotypic, molecular, and functional signature of in vitro derived CD8 T cells is akin to that of ex vivo CD8 T cells, although several significant differences were also observed. Transfer of in vitro derived CD8 T cells into syngeneic and immunodeficient host mice showed no graft-versus-host response, whereas a robust homeostatic proliferation was observed, respectively. These findings, along with a diverse and broad TCR repertoire expressed by the in vitro derived CD8 T cells, allowed for the successful generation of Ag-specific T cells to be obtained from an entirely in vitro generated CD8 T cell pool. These findings support the use of Ag-specific in vitro derived effector CD8 T cells for immune reconstitution approaches, which would be amenable to further tailoring for their use against viral infections or malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzana D Dervovic
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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29
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Abstract
Inherited deficiency of acid β-glucosidase (GCase) due to biallelic mutations in the GBA (glucosidase, β, acid) gene causes the classic manifestations of Gaucher disease (GD) involving the viscera, the skeleton, and the lungs. Clinical observations point to immune defects in GD beyond the accumulation of activated macrophages engorged with lysosomal glucosylceramide. Here, we show a plethora of immune cell aberrations in mice in which the GBA gene is deleted conditionally in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The thymus exhibited the earliest and most striking alterations reminiscent of impaired T-cell maturation, aberrant B-cell recruitment, enhanced antigen presentation, and impaired egress of mature thymocytes. These changes correlated strongly with disease severity. In contrast to the profound defects in the thymus, there were only limited cellular defects in peripheral lymphoid organs, mainly restricted to mice with severe disease. The cellular changes in GCase deficiency were accompanied by elevated T-helper (Th)1 and Th2 cytokines that also tracked with disease severity. Finally, the proliferation of GCase-deficient HSCs was inhibited significantly by both GL1 and Lyso-GL1, suggesting that the "supply" of early thymic progenitors from bone marrow may, in fact, be reduced in GBA deficiency. The results not only point to a fundamental role for GBA in immune regulation but also suggest that GBA mutations in GD may cause widespread immune dysregulation through the accumulation of substrates.
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30
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Stewart FA, Akleyev AV, Hauer-Jensen M, Hendry JH, Kleiman NJ, Macvittie TJ, Aleman BM, Edgar AB, Mabuchi K, Muirhead CR, Shore RE, Wallace WH. ICRP publication 118: ICRP statement on tissue reactions and early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs--threshold doses for tissue reactions in a radiation protection context. Ann ICRP 2012; 41:1-322. [PMID: 22925378 DOI: 10.1016/j.icrp.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 810] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This report provides a review of early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs with respect to radiation protection. It was instigated following a recommendation in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), and it provides updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence. Estimates are given for morbidity and mortality endpoints in all organ systems following acute, fractionated, or chronic exposure. The organ systems comprise the haematopoietic, immune, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and nervous systems; the digestive and urinary tracts; the skin; and the eye. Particular attention is paid to circulatory disease and cataracts because of recent evidence of higher incidences of injury than expected after lower doses; hence, threshold doses appear to be lower than previously considered. This is largely because of the increasing incidences with increasing times after exposure. In the context of protection, it is the threshold doses for very long follow-up times that are the most relevant for workers and the public; for example, the atomic bomb survivors with 40-50years of follow-up. Radiotherapy data generally apply for shorter follow-up times because of competing causes of death in cancer patients, and hence the risks of radiation-induced circulatory disease at those earlier times are lower. A variety of biological response modifiers have been used to help reduce late reactions in many tissues. These include antioxidants, radical scavengers, inhibitors of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, growth factors, and cytokines. In many cases, these give dose modification factors of 1.1-1.2, and in a few cases 1.5-2, indicating the potential for increasing threshold doses in known exposure cases. In contrast, there are agents that enhance radiation responses, notably other cytotoxic agents such as antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anti-angiogenic drugs, and antibiotics, as well as genetic and comorbidity factors. Most tissues show a sparing effect of dose fractionation, so that total doses for a given endpoint are higher if the dose is fractionated rather than when given as a single dose. However, for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease, it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence. This implies that the injury in these cases and at these low dose levels is caused by single-hit irreparable-type events. For these two tissues, a threshold dose of 0.5Gy is proposed herein for practical purposes, irrespective of the rate of dose delivery, and future studies may elucidate this judgement further.
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Nanobody-coupled microbubbles as novel molecular tracer. J Control Release 2011; 158:346-53. [PMID: 22197777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Camelid-derived single-domain antibody-fragments (~15kDa), called nanobodies, are a new class of molecular tracers that are routinely identified with nanomolar affinity for their target and that are easily tailored for molecular imaging and drug delivery applications. We hypothesized that they are well-suited for the design of targeted microbubbles (μBs) and aimed to develop and characterize eGFP- and VCAM-1-targeted μBs. Anti-eGFP (cAbGFP4) and anti-VCAM-1 (cAbVCAM1-5) nanobodies were site-specifically biotinylated in bacteria. This metabolic biotinylation method yielded functional nanobodies with one biotin located at a distant site of the antigen-binding region of the molecule. The biotinylated nanobodies were coupled to biotinylated lipid μBs via streptavidin-biotin bridging. The ability of μB-cAbGFP4 to recognize eGFP was tested as proof-of-principle by fluorescent microscopy and confirmed the specific binding of eGFP to μB-cAbGFP4. Dynamic flow chamber studies demonstrated the ability of μB-cAbVCAM1-5 to bind VCAM-1 in fast flow (up to 5 dynes/cm(2)). In vivo targeting studies were performed in MC38 tumor-bearing mice (n=4). μB-cAbVCAM1-5 or control μB-cAbGFP4 were injected intravenously and imaged using a contrast-specific ultrasound imaging mode. The echo intensity in the tumor was measured 10min post-injection. μB-cAbVCAM1-5 showed an enhanced signal compared to control μBs (p<0.05). Using metabolic and site-specific biotinylation of nanobodies, a method to develop nanobody-coupled μBs was described. The application of VCAM-1-targeted μBs as novel molecular ultrasound contrast agent was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo.
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Rácz E, Kurek D, Kant M, Baerveldt EM, Florencia E, Mourits S, de Ridder D, Laman JD, van der Fits L, Prens EP. GATA3 expression is decreased in psoriasis and during epidermal regeneration; induction by narrow-band UVB and IL-4. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19806. [PMID: 21611195 PMCID: PMC3096641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and by
infiltration of activated Th1 and Th17 cells in the (epi)dermis. By expression
microarray, we previously found the GATA3 transcription factor significantly
downregulated in lesional psoriatic skin. Since GATA3 serves as a key switch in
both epidermal and T helper cell differentiation, we investigated its function
in psoriasis. Because psoriatic skin inflammation shares many characteristics of
epidermal regeneration during wound healing, we also studied GATA3 expression
under such conditions. Psoriatic lesional skin showed decreased GATA3 mRNA and protein expression
compared to non-lesional skin. GATA3 expression was also markedly decreased in
inflamed skin of mice with a psoriasiform dermatitis induced with imiquimod.
Tape-stripping of non-lesional skin of patients with psoriasis, a standardized
psoriasis-triggering and skin regeneration-inducing technique, reduced the
expression of GATA3. In wounded skin of mice, low GATA3 mRNA and protein
expression was detected. Taken together, GATA3 expression is downregulated under
regenerative and inflammatory hyperproliferative skin conditions. GATA3
expression could be re-induced by successful narrow-band UVB treatment of both
human psoriasis and imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis in mice. The
prototypic Th2 cytokine IL-4 was the only cytokine capable of inducing GATA3 in
skin explants from healthy donors. Based on these findings we argue that GATA3
serves as a key regulator in psoriatic inflammation, keratinocyte
hyperproliferation and skin barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emőke Rácz
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorota Kurek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marius Kant
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout M. Baerveldt
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Florencia
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Mourits
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick de Ridder
- Information and Communication Theory Group,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft
University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D. Laman
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leslie van der Fits
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Errol P. Prens
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Meijer K, de Vries M, Al-Lahham S, Bruinenberg M, Weening D, Dijkstra M, Kloosterhuis N, van der Leij RJ, van der Want H, Kroesen BJ, Vonk R, Rezaee F. Human primary adipocytes exhibit immune cell function: adipocytes prime inflammation independent of macrophages. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17154. [PMID: 21448265 PMCID: PMC3063154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity promotes inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) and this is implicated in pathophysiological complications such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although based on the classical hypothesis, necrotic AT adipocytes (ATA) in obese state activate AT macrophages (ATM) that then lead to a sustained chronic inflammation in AT, the link between human adipocytes and the source of inflammation in AT has not been in-depth and systematically studied. So we decided as a new hypothesis to investigate human primary adipocytes alone to see whether they are able to prime inflammation in AT. Methods and Results Using mRNA expression, human preadipocytes and adipocytes express the cytokines/chemokines and their receptors, MHC II molecule genes and 14 acute phase reactants including C-reactive protein. Using multiplex ELISA revealed the expression of 50 cytokine/chemokine proteins by human adipocytes. Upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation, most of these adipocyte-associated cytokines/chemokines and immune cell modulating receptors were up-regulated and a few down-regulated such as (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1, IP-10, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and TNF-β highly up-regulated and IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, IL-13 and VEGF down-regulated. In migration assay, human adipocyte-derived chemokines attracted significantly more CD4+ T cells than controls and the number of migrated CD4+ cells was doubled after treating the adipocytes with LPS. Neutralizing MCP-1 effect produced by adipocytes reduced CD4+ migration by approximately 30%. Conclusion Human adipocytes express many cytokines/chemokines that are biologically functional. They are able to induce inflammation and activate CD4+ cells independent of macrophages. This suggests that the primary event in the sequence leading to chronic inflammation in AT is metabolic dysfunction in adipocytes, followed by production of immunological mediators by these adipocytes, which is then exacerbated by activated ATM, activation and recruitment of immune cells. This study provides novel knowledge about the prime of inflammation in human obese adipose tissue, opening a new avenue of investigations towards obesity-associated type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Meijer
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel de Vries
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saad Al-Lahham
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Desirée Weening
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Dijkstra
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Kloosterhuis
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Jan van der Leij
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han van der Want
- Cell Biology, Center for Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart-Jan Kroesen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vonk
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Farhad Rezaee
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Although most hematopoietic lineages develop in the bone marrow (BM), T cells uniquely complete their development in the specialized environment of the thymus. Hematopoietic stem cells with long-term self-renewal capacity are not present in the thymus. As a result, continuous T cell development requires that BM-derived progenitors be imported into the thymus throughout adult life. The process of thymic homing begins with the mobilization of progenitors out of the BM, continues with their circulation in the bloodstream, and concludes with their settling in the thymus. This review will discuss each of these steps as they occur in the unirradiated and postirradiation scenarios, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of regulation. Improved knowledge about these early steps in T cell generation may accelerate the development of new therapeutic options in patients with impaired T cell number or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Zlotoff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gameiro J, Nagib P, Verinaud L. The thymus microenvironment in regulating thymocyte differentiation. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:382-90. [PMID: 20418658 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.3.11789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus plays a crucial role in the development of T lymphocytes by providing an inductive microenvironment in which committed progenitors undergo proliferation, T-cell receptor gene rearrangements and thymocyte differentiate into mature T cells. The thymus microenvironment forms a complex network of interaction that comprises non lymphoid cells (e.g., thymic epithelial cells, TEC), cytokines, chemokines, extracellular matrix elements (ECM), matrix metalloproteinases and other soluble proteins. The thymic epithelial meshwork is the major component of the thymic microenvironment, both morphologically and phenotypically limiting heterogeneous regions in thymic lobules and fulfilling an important role during specific stages of T-cell maturation. The process starts when bone marrow-derived lymphocyte precursors arrive at the outer cortical region of the thymic gland and begin to mature into functional T lymphocytes that will finally exit the thymus and populate the peripheral lymphoid organs. During their journey inside the thymus, thymocytes must interact with stromal cells (and their soluble products) and extracellular matrix proteins to receive appropriate signals for survival, proliferation and differentiation. The crucial components of the thymus microenvironment, and their complex interactions during the T-cell maturation process are summarized here with the objective of contributing to a better understanding of the function of the thymus, as well as assisting in the search for new therapeutic approaches to improve the immune response in various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacy Gameiro
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Al-Shami A, Wilkins C, Crisostomo J, Seshasayee D, Martin F, Xu N, Suwanichkul A, Anderson SJ, Oravecz T. The adaptor protein Sh2d3c is critical for marginal zone B cell development and function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:327-34. [PMID: 20505138 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sh2d3c is an adaptor protein that has been implicated in T cell activation and shown to associate with different components of the integrin signaling pathway ex vivo. However, the in vivo significance of Sh2d3c expression in the regulation of the immune response and/or hematopoietic cell lineage development is not known. In this study, we show that expression of Sh2d3c is more critical for development and function of marginal zone B (MZB) cells than for T cell maturation. Mice deficient in Sh2d3c expression (Sh2d3c(-/-)) had a reduced number of MZB cells, and the residual MZB cells failed to properly capture polysaccharide Ags. Activation-induced proliferation, cytokine production, and migration of Sh2d3c(-)(/)(-) splenic B cells were also significantly reduced in vitro compared with wild-type (Sh2d3c(+/+)) cells. In contrast, T cell development and function were largely normal in Sh2d3c(-/-) mice. The thymi of Sh2d3c(-/-) mice showed no maturational abnormalities, the number of splenic T cells was only modestly reduced, and the T cells responded normally to in vitro polyclonal activation. The observed B cell deficiency in the Sh2d3c(-/-) mice led to diminished humoral immune response against thymus-independent type 2, but not thymus-dependent Ags, which highlights the primary in vivo role of Sh2d3c in regulating B cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Al-Shami
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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McCormack MP, Young LF, Vasudevan S, de Graaf CA, Codrington R, Rabbitts TH, Jane SM, Curtis DJ. The Lmo2 oncogene initiates leukemia in mice by inducing thymocyte self-renewal. Science 2010; 327:879-83. [PMID: 20093438 DOI: 10.1126/science.1182378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The LMO2 oncogene causes a subset of human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL), including four cases that arose as adverse events in gene therapy trials. To investigate the cellular origin of LMO2-induced leukemia, we used cell fate mapping to study mice in which the Lmo2 gene was constitutively expressed in the thymus. Lmo2 induced self-renewal of committed T cells in the mice more than 8 months before the development of overt T-ALL. These self-renewing cells retained the capacity for T cell differentiation but expressed several genes typical of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), suggesting that Lmo2 might reactivate an HSC-specific transcriptional program. Forced expression of one such gene, Hhex, was sufficient to initiate self-renewal of thymocytes in vivo. Thus, Lmo2 promotes the self-renewal of preleukemic thymocytes, providing a mechanism by which committed T cells can then accumulate additional genetic mutations required for leukemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P McCormack
- Rotary Bone Marrow Research Laboratories, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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Ichikawa J, Gemba H. Cell density-dependent changes in intracellular Ca2+ mobilization via the P2Y2 receptor in rat bone marrow stromal cells. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:372-81. [PMID: 19140137 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are an interesting subject of research because they have characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells. We investigated intracellular Ca(2+) signaling in rat BMSCs. Agonists for purinergic receptors increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels ([Ca(2+)](i)). The order of potency followed ATP = UTP > ADP = UDP. ATP-induced rise in [Ca(2+)](i) was suppressed by U73122 and suramin, but not by pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS), suggesting the functional expression of G protein-coupled P2Y(2) receptors. RT-PCR and immunohistochemical studies also showed the expression of P2Y(2) receptors. [Ca(2+)](i) response to UTP changed with cell density. The UTP-induced rise in [Ca(2+)](i) was greatest at high density. V(max) (maximum Ca(2+) response) and EC(50) (agonist concentration that evokes 50% of V(max)) suggest that the amount and property of P2Y(2) receptors were changed by cell density. Note that UTP induced Ca(2+) oscillation at only medium cell density. Pharmacological studies indicated that UTP-induced Ca(2+) oscillation required Ca(2+) influx by store-operated Ca(2+) entry. Carbenoxolone, a gap junction blocker, enhanced Ca(2+) oscillation. Immunohistochemical and quantitative real-time PCR studies revealed that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells declined but the mRNA expression level of the P2Y(2) receptor increased as cell density increased. Co-application of fetal calf serum with UTP induced Ca(2+) oscillation at high cell density. These results suggest that the different patterns observed for [Ca(2+)](i) mobilization with respect to cell density may be associated with cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ichikawa
- Department of Physiology 2, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
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Zlotoff DA, Schwarz BA, Bhandoola A. The long road to the thymus: the generation, mobilization, and circulation of T-cell progenitors in mouse and man. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:371-82. [PMID: 18925398 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The majority of T cells develop in the thymus. T-cell progenitors in the thymus do not self-renew and so progenitor cells must be continuously imported from the blood into the thymus to maintain T-cell production. Recent work has shed light on both the identity of the cells that home to the thymus and the molecular mechanisms involved. This review will discuss the cells in the bone marrow and blood that are involved in early thymopoiesis in mouse and man. Understanding the pre-thymic steps in T-cell development may translate into new therapeutics, especially in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Zlotoff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 264 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Lai AY, Kondo M. T and B lymphocyte differentiation from hematopoietic stem cell. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:207-12. [PMID: 18583148 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Until the past few years, it has been thought that lymphoid and myeloid lineage segregation represents the first step of lineage restriction during hematopoiesis from hematopoietic stem cell. Recent investigation of the cell populations within multipotent progenitors in the bone marrow has led to new understanding of how hematopoietic stem cells diversify into different hematopoietic cell types. This review focuses on the recent advances in understanding the developmental events that occur during hematopoietic stem cell specification into the T and B lymphocyte lineages in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Y Lai
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, 101 Jones Building, DUMC Box 3010, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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Wurbel MA, Malissen M, Guy-Grand D, Malissen B, Campbell JJ. Impaired accumulation of antigen-specific CD8 lymphocytes in chemokine CCL25-deficient intestinal epithelium and lamina propria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7598-606. [PMID: 17548595 PMCID: PMC2564614 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CCL25 and CCR9 constitute a chemokine/receptor pair involved in T cell development and in gut-associated immune responses. In this study, we generated CCL25(-/-) mice to answer questions that could not be addressed with existing CCR9(-/-) mice. Similar phenotypes were observed for both CCL25(-/-) and CCR9(-/-) mice, consistent with the notion that CCL25 and CCR9 interact with each other exclusively. We assessed the requirement for CCL25 in generating CCR9(high) CD8 intestinal memory-phenotype T cells and the subsequent accumulation of these cells within effector sites. TCR-transgenic naive CD8 T cells were transferred into wild-type or CCL25-deficient hosts. Oral sensitization with Ag allowed these naive donor cells to efficiently differentiate into CCR9(high) memory-phenotype cells within the mesenteric lymph nodes of wild-type hosts. This differentiation event occurred with equal efficiency in the MLN of CCL25-deficient hosts, demonstrating that CCL25 is not required to induce the CCR9(high) memory phenotype in vivo. However, we found that CCL25 deficiency severely impaired the Ag-dependent accumulation of donor-derived CD8 T cells within both lamina propria and epithelium of the small intestine. Thus, although CCL25 is not necessary for generating memory-phenotype CD8 T cells with "gut-homing" properties, this chemokine is indispensable for their trafficking to the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Wurbel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Mediterranée, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Mediterranée, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Guy-Grand
- Cytokines et Développement Lymphoïde, INSERM Unité 668, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Mediterranée, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. James J. Campbell, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Eugene Braunwald Research Center 511, Boston, MA 02115; E-mail address: or Dr. Bernard Malissen, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, 13009 Marseille Cedex 09, France; E-mail address: (address requests for CCL25-deficient mice to Dr. B. Malissen)
| | - James J. Campbell
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. James J. Campbell, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Eugene Braunwald Research Center 511, Boston, MA 02115; E-mail address: or Dr. Bernard Malissen, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, 13009 Marseille Cedex 09, France; E-mail address: (address requests for CCL25-deficient mice to Dr. B. Malissen)
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Larsen TS, Christensen JH, Hasselbalch HC, Pallisgaard N. The JAK2 V617F mutation involves B- and T-lymphocyte lineages in a subgroup of patients with Philadelphia-chromosome negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Br J Haematol 2007; 136:745-51. [PMID: 17313377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The JAK2 V617F mutation is a frequent genetic event in the three classical Philadelphia-chromosome negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders (Ph(neg.)-CMPD), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF). Its occurrence varies in frequency in regards to phenotype. The mutation is found in the majority of patients with PV and about half of the patients with ET and IMF. These diseases are clonal stem cell disorders arising in an early stem cell progenitor. The level in the stem cell hierarchy on which the initiating genetic events and the JAK2 V617F mutation occurs is not known. The mutation has so far been detected in all cells of the myeloid lineage, whereas the potential clonal involvement of the lymphoid lineage is controversial. In this study, we detected the JAK2 V617F mutation by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) in both B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes in a subgroup of patients with Ph(neg.)-CMPDs. These results demonstrate the origin of the JAK2 V617F positive disorders in an early stem cell with both lymphoid and myeloid differentiation potential.
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Abstract
Lymphoid organs are important regulators of lymphocyte development and immune responses. During vertebrate evolution, primary lymphoid organs appeared earlier than secondary lymphoid organs. Among the sites of primary lymphopoiesis during evolution and ontogeny, those for B cell differentiation have differed considerably, although they often have had myelolymphatic characteristics. In contrast, only a single site for T cell differentiation has occurred, exclusively the thymus. Based on those observations and the known features of variable-diversity-joining gene recombination, we propose a model for the successive specification of different lymphocyte lineages during vertebrate evolution. According to our model, T cells were the first lymphocytes to acquire variable-diversity-joining-type receptors, and the thymus was the first lymphoid organ to evolve in vertebrates to deal with potentially autoreactive, somatically diversified T cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, D-79279 Freiburg, Germany.
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Trotter RN, Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG, Roberts MR. Transneuronal mapping of the CNS network controlling sympathetic outflow to the rat thymus. Auton Neurosci 2006; 131:9-20. [PMID: 16843070 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is a primary immune organ that is essential for the development of functional T cells. The thymus receives sympathetic innervation, and thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells express functional adrenergic receptors. In this study, we employed retrograde, transneuronal virus tracing to identify the CNS cell groups that regulate sympathetic outflow to the thymus. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was injected into the thymus, and the pattern of PRV infection in sympathetic regulatory centers of the CNS was determined at 72 and 120 h post-inoculation. PRV infection within the CNS first appeared within the spinal cord at 72 h post-inoculation and was confined to neurons within the intermediolateral cell column at levels T1-T7. At 120 h post-inoculation infection had spread within the spinal cord to include the central autonomic nucleus, intercalated cell nucleus and light infection within the cells of the lateral funiculus. Within the brain, PRV positive cells were found within nuclei of the medulla oblongata, pons and hypothalamus. Infection in the hypothalamus was observed within the arcuate nucleus, dorsal, lateral, and posterior hypothalamus and in all parvicellular subdivisions of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. None of the infected animals exhibited labeling of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. In summary, this study provides the first anatomic map of CNS neurons involved in control of sympathetic outflow to the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nicholas Trotter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Guidos
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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