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Zhu R, Yao X, Li W. Langerhans cells and skin immune diseases. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2250280. [PMID: 39030782 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are the key antigen-presenting cells in the epidermis in normal conditions and respond differentially to environmental and/or endogenous stimuli, exerting either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects. Current knowledge about LCs mainly originates from studies utilizing mouse models, whereas with the development of single-cell techniques, there has been significant progress for human LCs, which has updated our understanding of the phenotype, ontogeny, differentiation regulation, and function of LCs. In this review, we delineated the progress of human LCs and summarized LCs' function in inflammatory skin diseases, providing new ideas for precise regulation of LC function in the prevention and treatment of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Skin Infection and Immunity, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yao
- Department, of Allergy and Rheumatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Mitrofanova L, Korneva L, Makarov I, Bortsova M, Sitnikova M, Ryzhkova D, Kudlay D, Starshinova A. CD68-Negative Histiocytoses with Cardiac Involvement, Associated with COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10086. [PMID: 39337571 PMCID: PMC11432257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Histiocytoses are rare diseases characterised by infiltration of affected organs by myeloid cells with a monocyte or dendritic cell phenotype. Symptoms can range from self-resolving localised forms to multisystemic lesions requiring specific treatment. To demonstrate extremely rare cases of CD68-negative cardiac histiocytosis with expression of SARS-CoV-2 antigen in infiltrate cells. We demonstrated a case of Erdheim-Chester disease in a 67-year-old man with pericardial involvement and positive dynamics with vemurafenib treatment, an autopsy case of xanthogranulomatous myopericarditis in a 63-year-old man, surgical material of xanthogranulomatous constrictive pericarditis in a 57-year-old man, and an autopsy case of xanthogranulomatosis in a 1-month-old girl. In all cases, xanthogranuloma cells expressed CD163, many of them spike protein SARS-CoV-2, while CD68 expression was detected only in single cells. In this article, we demonstrated four cases of extremely rare CD68-negative cardiac xanthogranulomatosis in three adults and one child with expression of the spike protein SARS-CoV-2 in M2 macrophages. This potential indirect association between COVID-19 and the development of histiocytosis in these patients warrants further investigation. To substantiate this hypothesis, more extensive research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubov Mitrofanova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (L.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Lubov Korneva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (L.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Igor Makarov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (L.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Maria Bortsova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (L.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Maria Sitnikova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (L.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Daria Ryzhkova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (L.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Dmitry Kudlay
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Immunology, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Starshinova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (L.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.); (D.R.)
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, St-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Pan Y, Hochgerner M, Cichoń MA, Benezeder T, Bieber T, Wolf P. Langerhans cells: Central players in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024. [PMID: 39157943 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.20291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease worldwide. AD is a highly complex disease with different subtypes. Many elements of AD pathophysiology have been described, but if/how they interact with each other or which mechanisms are important in which patients is still unclear. Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the epidermis. Depending on the context, they can act either pro- or anti-inflammatory. Many different studies have investigated LCs in the context of AD and found them to be connected to all major mechanisms of AD pathophysiology. As APCs, LCs recruit other immune cells and shape the immune response, especially adaptive immunity via polarization of T cells. As sentinel cells, LCs are primary sensors of the skin microbiome and are important for the decision of immunity versus tolerance. LCs are also involved with the integrity of the skin barrier by influencing tight junctions. Finally, LCs are important cells in the neuro-immune crosstalk in the skin. In this review, we provide an overview about the many different roles of LCs in AD. Understanding LCs might bring us closer to a more complete understanding of this highly complex disease. Potentially, modulating LCs might offer new options for targeted therapies for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mathias Hochgerner
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Theresa Benezeder
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- CK-CARE, Medicine Campus, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Pénzes Z, Horváth D, Molnár P, Fekete T, Pázmándi K, Bácsi A, Szöllősi AG. Anandamide modulation of monocyte-derived Langerhans cells: implications for immune homeostasis and skin inflammation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1423776. [PMID: 38979427 PMCID: PMC11228147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1423776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The endocannabinoid system (ECS), named after the chemical compounds found in the cannabis plant, is a regulatory network of neurotransmitters, receptors, and enzymes that plays crucial roles in skin health and disease. Endogenous ligands of the ECS, called endocannabinoids, have proven to be important regulators of immune responses. One of the most prevalent endocannabinoids, arachidonoylethanolamide (also known as anandamide), is known for its anti-inflammatory effects. Langerhans cells (LCs) are the sole antigen-presenting cells present in the human epidermis. They serve as the first line of defense against pathogens and are essential for the skin's specific immune responses and play a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis; however, little is known about the effect of endocannabinoids on these cells. Our research aimed to provide the connection between monocyte-derived Langerhans cells (moLCs) and the ECS, shedding light on their collaborative roles in immune homeostasis and inflammation. Methods Human monocytes were differentiated into moLCs using established protocols. Anandamide was applied during the differentiation process to test its effect on the viability, marker expression, and cytokine production of the cells, as well as in short term treatments for intracellular calcium measurement. TLR ligands applied after the differentiation protocol were used to activate moLCs. The impact of anandamide on the functionality of moLCs was further assessed using differential gene expression analysis of bulk RNA-Seq data, moLC-T cell cocultures, while ELISpot was employed to determine polarization of T cells activated in the aforementioned cocultures. Results Anandamide did not significantly affect the viability of moLCs up to 10 µM. When applied during the differentiation process it had only a negligible effect on CD207 expression, the prototypic marker of LCs; however, there was an observed reduction in CD1a expression by moLCs. Anandamide had no significant effects on the maturation status of moLCs, nor did it affect the maturation induced by TLR3 and TLR7/8 agonists. MoLCs differentiated in the presence of anandamide did however show decreased production of CXCL8, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 cytokines induced by TLR3 and TLR7/8 activation. Anandamide-treated moLCs showed an increased capability to activate naïve T cells; however, not to the level seen with combined TLR agonism. RNA sequencing analysis of moLCs differentiated with anandamide showed modest changes compared to control cells but did reveal an inhibitory effect on oxidative phosphorylation specifically in activated moLCs. Anandamide also promoted the polarization of naïve T cells towards a Th1 phenotype. Discussion Our results show that anandamide has nuanced effects on the differentiation, maturation, cytokine secretion, metabolism and function of activated moLCs. Among these changes the decrease in CD1a expression on moLCs holds promise to selectively dampen inflammation induced by CD1a restricted T cells, which have been implicated as drivers of inflammation in common inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Pénzes
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Horváth
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Petra Molnár
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Fekete
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kitti Pázmándi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Allergology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Gábor Szöllősi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Gerlini G, Susini P, Sestini S, Brandani P, Giannotti V, Borgognoni L. Langerhans Cells in Sentinel Lymph Nodes from Melanoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1890. [PMID: 38791968 PMCID: PMC11119378 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Langerhans cells (LCs) are professional Dendritic Cells (DCs) involved in immunoregulatory functions. At the skin level, LCs are immature. In response to tissue injuries, they migrate to regional Lymph Nodes (LNs), reaching a full maturation state. Then, they become effective antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that induce anti-cancer responses. Notably, melanoma patients present several DC alterations in the Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN), where primary antitumoral immunity is generated. LCs are the most represented DCs subset in melanoma SLNs and are expected to play a key role in the anti-melanoma response. With this paper, we aim to review the current knowledge and future perspectives regarding LCs and melanoma. METHODS A systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA statement using the PubMed (MEDLINE) library from January 2004 to January 2024, searching for original studies discussing LC in melanoma. RESULTS The final synthesis included 15 articles. Several papers revealed significant LCs-melanoma interactions. CONCLUSIONS Melanoma immune escape mechanisms include SLN LC alterations, favoring LN metastasis arrival/homing and melanoma proliferation. The SLN LCs of melanoma patients are defective but not irreversibly, and their function may be restored by appropriate stimuli. Thus, LCs represent a promising target for future immunotherapeutic strategies and cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Gerlini
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center and Melanoma & Skin Cancer Unit, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, 50012 Florence, Italy; (S.S.); (P.B.); (V.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Pietro Susini
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Serena Sestini
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center and Melanoma & Skin Cancer Unit, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, 50012 Florence, Italy; (S.S.); (P.B.); (V.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Paola Brandani
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center and Melanoma & Skin Cancer Unit, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, 50012 Florence, Italy; (S.S.); (P.B.); (V.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Vanni Giannotti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center and Melanoma & Skin Cancer Unit, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, 50012 Florence, Italy; (S.S.); (P.B.); (V.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Lorenzo Borgognoni
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center and Melanoma & Skin Cancer Unit, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, 50012 Florence, Italy; (S.S.); (P.B.); (V.G.); (L.B.)
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Sohrabi S, Masoumi J, Naseri B, Ghorbaninezhad F, Alipour S, Kazemi T, Ahmadian Heris J, Aghebati Maleki L, Basirjafar P, Zandvakili R, Doustvandi MA, Baradaran B. STATs signaling pathways in dendritic cells: As potential therapeutic targets? Int Rev Immunol 2024; 43:138-159. [PMID: 37886903 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2274576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including heterogenous populations with phenotypic and functional diversity that coordinate bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Signal transducer and activator of transcriptions (STAT) factors as key proteins in cytokine signaling were shown to play distinct roles in the maturation and antigen presentation of DCs and play a pivotal role in modulating immune responses mediated by DCs such as differentiation of T cells to T helper (Th) 1, Th2 or regulatory T (Treg) cells. This review sheds light on the importance of STAT transcription factors' signaling pathways in different subtypes of DCs and highlights their targeting potential usages for improving DC-based immunotherapies for patients who suffer from cancer or diverse autoimmune conditions according to the type of the STAT transcription factor and its specific activating or inhibitory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Sohrabi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahar Naseri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Shiva Alipour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Pedram Basirjafar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Zandvakili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Vine EE, Austin PJ, O'Neil TR, Nasr N, Bertram KM, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. Epithelial dendritic cells vs. Langerhans cells: Implications for mucosal vaccines. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113977. [PMID: 38512869 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Next-generation vaccines may be delivered via the skin and mucosa. The stratified squamous epithelium (SSE) represents the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis) and type II mucosa (epithelium). Langerhans cells (LCs) have been considered the sole antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to inhabit the SSE; however, it is now clear that dendritic cells (DCs) are also present. Importantly, there are functional differences in how LCs and DCs take up and process pathogens as well as their ability to activate and polarize T cells, though whether DCs participate in neuroimmune interactions like LCs is yet to be elucidated. A correct definition and functional characterization of APCs in the skin and anogenital tissues are of utmost importance for the design of better vaccines and blocking pathogen transmission. Here, we provide a historical perspective on the evolution of our understanding of the APCs that inhabit the SSE, including a detailed review of the most recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Elizabeth Vine
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Westmead Clinic School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Paul Jonathon Austin
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Thomas Ray O'Neil
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kirstie Melissa Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Anthony Lawrence Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Cioce A, Cavani A, Cattani C, Scopelliti F. Role of the Skin Immune System in Wound Healing. Cells 2024; 13:624. [PMID: 38607063 PMCID: PMC11011555 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a dynamic and complex process, characterized by the coordinated activities of multiple cell types, each with distinct roles in the stages of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The cells of the immune system not only act as sentinels to monitor the skin and promote homeostasis, but they also play an important role in the process of skin wound repair. Skin-resident and recruited immune cells release cytokines and growth factors that promote the amplification of the inflammatory process. They also work with non-immune cells to remove invading pathogens and debris, as well as guide the regeneration of damaged host tissues. Dysregulation of the immune system at any stage of the process may lead to a prolongation of the inflammatory phase and the development of a pathological condition, such as a chronic wound. The present review aims to summarize the roles of different immune cells, with special emphasis on the different stages of the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernanda Scopelliti
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty INMP/NIHMP, Via di S.Gallicano, 25, 00153 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.)
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Rashwan AM, El-Gendy SAA, Ez Elarab SM, Alsafy MAM. A comprehensive exploration of diverse skin cell types in the limb of the desert tortoise (Testudo graeca) through light, transmission, scanning electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence techniques. Tissue Cell 2024; 87:102335. [PMID: 38412578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The Greek tortoise, inhabiting harsh desert environments, provides a compelling case for investigating skin adaptations to extreme conditions. We have utilized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunofluorescence analysis to describe the structure of the arid-adapted limb skin in the Greek tortoise. Our aim was to identify the cell types that reflect the skin adaptation of this tortoise to arid conditions. Utilizing seven antibodies, we localized and elucidated the functions of various skin cells, shedding light on how the tortoise adapts to adverse environmental conditions. Our findings unveiled numerous scales on the limbs, varying in size and color, acting as protective armor against abrasions, bites, and other potential threats in their rocky habitats. The epidermis comprises four layers: stratum basalis, stratum spinosum, peri-corneous layer, and stratum corneum. Cytokeratin 14 (CK14) was explicitly detected in the basal layer of the epidermis, suggesting a role in maintaining epidermal integrity and cellular function. Langerhans cells were observed between epidermal cells filled with ribosomes and Birbeck granules. Numerous dendritic-shaped Langerhans cells revealed through E-Cadherin signify strong immunity in tortoises' skin. Melanophores were identified using the Melan-A antibody, labeling the cytoplasm, and the SOX10 antibody, labeling the nucleus, providing comprehensive insights into melanophores morphology and distribution. Two types of melanophores were found: dendritic below the stratum basalis of the epidermis and clustered oval melanophores in the deep dermal layer. Varied melanophores distribution resulted in a spotted skin pattern, potentially offering adaptive camouflage and protection against environmental challenges. Numerous myofibroblasts were discerned through alpha-smooth actin (α-SMA) expression, indicating that the Greek tortoise's skin possesses a robust tissue repair and remodeling capacity. B-cell lymphocytes detected via CD20 immunostaining exhibited sporadic distribution in the dermis, concentrating in lymphoid aggregates and around vessels, implying potential roles in local immune responses and inflammation modulation. Employing Tom20 to identify skin cells with abundant mitochondria revealed a notable presence in melanophores and the basal layer of the epidermis, suggesting high metabolic activity in these cell types and potentially influencing cellular functions. These findings contribute to our comprehension of tortoise skin anatomy and physiology, offering insights into the remarkable adaptations of this species finely tuned to their specific environmental habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Rashwan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511 Egypt; Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Samir A A El-Gendy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21944, Egypt
| | - Samar M Ez Elarab
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21944, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A M Alsafy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21944, Egypt.
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Fischer LA, Bittner-Eddy PD, Costalonga M. Major Histocompatibility Complex II Expression on Oral Langerhans Cells Differentially Regulates Mucosal CD4 and CD8 T Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:573-584.e1. [PMID: 37838330 PMCID: PMC10922315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.09.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
In murine periodontitis, the T helper (Th)17 response against Porphyromonas gingivalis in cervical lymph node is abrogated by diphtheria toxin-driven depletion of Langerhans cells (LCs). We determined the impact of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) presentation in LCs on Th17 cells in the oral mucosa of mice. Using an established human-Langerin promoter-Cre mouse model, we generated LC-specific deletion of the H2-Ab1 (MHC-II) gene. MHC-II expression was ablated in 81.2% of oral-resident LCs compared with >99% of skin-resident LCs. MHC-II (LCΔMHC-II) depletion did not reduce the number of CD4 T cells nor the frequency of Th17 cells compared with that in wild-type mice. However, the frequencies of Th1 cells decreased, and Helios+ T-regulatory cells increased. In ligature-induced periodontitis, the numbers of CD4 T cells and Th17 cells were similar in LCΔMHC-II and wild-type mice. Normal numbers of Th17 cells can therefore be sustained by as little as 18.8% of MHC-II-expressing LCs in oral mucosa. Unexpectedly, oral mucosa CD8 T cells increased >25-fold in LCΔMHC-II mice. Hence, these residual MHC-II-expressing LCs appear unable to suppress the local expansion of CD8 T cells while sufficient to sustain a homeostatic CD4 T-cell response. Reducing the expression of MHC-II on specific LC subpopulations may ultimately boost CD8-mediated intraepithelial surveillance at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Fischer
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter D Bittner-Eddy
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Massimo Costalonga
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Zhang X, Wu G, Ma X, Cheng L. Immune Cell Alterations and PI3K-PKB Pathway Suppression in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Undergoing Sublingual Immunotherapy. Adv Ther 2024; 41:777-791. [PMID: 38169061 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our prior clinical study assessed the efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with standardized Dermatophagoides farina drops on patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) while analyzing the characteristics of adverse reactions. This study was conducted to evaluate the immune cell composition alterations in AR patients before and after SLIT, and to comprehensively investigate the role and changes of antigen-specific immune cells associated with treatment efficacy. METHODS A total of 68 AR patients who completed 12 months of SLIT were included in the study. Before the trial's initiation and after 1 year of SLIT, 10 ml of venous blood was collected. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated using the Ficoll gradient method. The mRNA transcriptome was analyzed using an Affymetrix microarray. The proportions of 22 immune cell types were calculated via the CIBERSORTx platform. Correlations between each immune cell type and SLIT were analyzed. PI3K-PKB pathway dysregulation were analyzed using quantitative PCR and Western blot. Flow cytometry was utilized to assess the percentages of Th1 and Th2 cells. RESULTS Mono-sensitized AR patients exhibited marked increases in plasma cells, activated memory T cells, regulatory T cells, and activated dendritic cells, while experiencing decreased neutrophils and resting dendritic cells. In poly-sensitized AR patients, the most notable change was an increase in regulatory T cells, coupled with decreased T follicular helper cells, resting dendritic cells, and activated mast cells. These findings indicated that SLIT reshaped immune cell profiles in AR patients, and, notably, the specific changes differed between mono-sensitized and poly-sensitized individuals. Furthermore, SLIT appeared to shift the immune response towards a Th2 decrease profile in both groups. Importantly, suppression of the PI3K-PKB pathway was evidenced as inhibition of PKB phosphorylation and the decrease of glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSKβ) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression after SLIT. CONCLUSION Our study has demonstrated that SLIT treatment led to distinct changes in immune cell profiles between mono-sensitized and poly-sensitized AR patients. Furthermore, SLIT appeared to reduce a Th2 immune response, highlighting its efficacy in AR treatment. Importantly, the study revealed the suppression of the PI3K-PKB pathway, shedding light on the immunological mechanisms underlying SLIT's effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, 215600, China
| | - Geping Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, 215600, China.
| | - Xingkai Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, 215600, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Clinical Allergy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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12
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Hovav AH, Wilensky A. The role of the epithelial sentinels, Langerhans cells and γδT cells, in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38273461 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) arises in the oral epithelium, a tissue in which immune surveillance is mediated by its primary resident leukocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), and γδT cells. Under steady-state conditions, LCs and γδT cells play a critical role in maintaining oral mucosal homeostasis. As antigen-presenting cells of stratified epithelia, LCs respond to various challenges faced by the epithelium, orchestrating innate, and adaptive immune responses in order to resolve them. γδT cells also sense diverse epithelial insults and react rapidly through cytokine production and cytolytic activity. These epithelial sentinels are also considered to be the first leukocytes in the oral epithelium to encounter early carcinogenic events that have the potential of becoming OSCC. As evident in many malignancies, leukocyte populations help prevent cancer development although they also promote tumor progression. OSCC is no exception, as studies have reported both anti- and pro-tumor roles of LCs and γδT cells. In this review, we summarize the ontogeny of LCs and γδT cells in the oral epithelium and discuss their role in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi-Hai Hovav
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaf Wilensky
- Department of Periodontology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Cao M, Wang Z, Lan W, Xiang B, Liao W, Zhou J, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Lu S, Lang J, Zhao Y. The roles of tissue resident macrophages in health and cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:3. [PMID: 38229178 PMCID: PMC10790434 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
As integral components of the immune microenvironment, tissue resident macrophages (TRMs) represent a self-renewing and long-lived cell population that plays crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis, promoting tissue remodeling after damage, defending against inflammation and even orchestrating cancer progression. However, the exact functions and roles of TRMs in cancer are not yet well understood. TRMs exhibit either pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic effects by engaging in phagocytosis and secreting diverse cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors to modulate the adaptive immune system. The life-span, turnover kinetics and monocyte replenishment of TRMs vary among different organs, adding to the complexity and controversial findings in TRMs studies. Considering the complexity of tissue associated macrophage origin, macrophages targeting strategy of each ontogeny should be carefully evaluated. Consequently, acquiring a comprehensive understanding of TRMs' origin, function, homeostasis, characteristics, and their roles in cancer for each specific organ holds significant research value. In this review, we aim to provide an outline of homeostasis and characteristics of resident macrophages in the lung, liver, brain, skin and intestinal, as well as their roles in modulating primary and metastatic cancer, which may inform and serve the future design of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanying Lan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Guixi Community Health Center of the Chengdu High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, China
| | - Binghua Xiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiling Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shichuan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyi Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Clausen BE, Amon L, Backer RA, Berod L, Bopp T, Brand A, Burgdorf S, Chen L, Da M, Distler U, Dress RJ, Dudziak D, Dutertre CA, Eich C, Gabele A, Geiger M, Ginhoux F, Giusiano L, Godoy GJ, Hamouda AEI, Hatscher L, Heger L, Heidkamp GF, Hernandez LC, Jacobi L, Kaszubowski T, Kong WT, Lehmann CHK, López-López T, Mahnke K, Nitsche D, Renkawitz J, Reza RA, Sáez PJ, Schlautmann L, Schmitt MT, Seichter A, Sielaff M, Sparwasser T, Stoitzner P, Tchitashvili G, Tenzer S, Tochoedo NR, Vurnek D, Zink F, Hieronymus T. Guidelines for mouse and human DC functional assays. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249925. [PMID: 36563126 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of the Dendritic Cell Guidelines article series, which provides a collection of state-of-the-art protocols for the preparation, phenotype analysis by flow cytometry, generation, fluorescence microscopy, and functional characterization of mouse and human dendritic cells (DC) from lymphoid organs and various non-lymphoid tissues. Recent studies have provided evidence for an increasing number of phenotypically distinct conventional DC (cDC) subsets that on one hand exhibit a certain functional plasticity, but on the other hand are characterized by their tissue- and context-dependent functional specialization. Here, we describe a selection of assays for the functional characterization of mouse and human cDC. The first two protocols illustrate analysis of cDC endocytosis and metabolism, followed by guidelines for transcriptomic and proteomic characterization of cDC populations. Then, a larger group of assays describes the characterization of cDC migration in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. The final guidelines measure cDC inflammasome and antigen (cross)-presentation activity. While all protocols were written by experienced scientists who routinely use them in their work, this article was also peer-reviewed by leading experts and approved by all co-authors, making it an essential resource for basic and clinical DC immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn E Clausen
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ronald A Backer
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luciana Berod
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Brand
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Burgdorf
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luxia Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meihong Da
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Regine J Dress
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Christina Eich
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Gabele
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Melanie Geiger
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lucila Giusiano
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Gloria J Godoy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Ahmed E I Hamouda
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Hatscher
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gordon F Heidkamp
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lola C Hernandez
- Cell Communication and Migration Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Jacobi
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tomasz Kaszubowski
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wan Ting Kong
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Christian H K Lehmann
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany
| | - Tamara López-López
- Cell Communication and Migration Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Nitsche
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Renkawitz
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rifat A Reza
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pablo J Sáez
- Cell Communication and Migration Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Schlautmann
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Madeleine T Schmitt
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Seichter
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Malte Sielaff
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Allergology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giorgi Tchitashvili
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz (HI-TRON Mainz), Mainz, Germany
| | - Nounagnon R Tochoedo
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Damir Vurnek
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Zink
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Hieronymus
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Germany
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Ung T, Rutledge NS, Weiss AM, Esser-Kahn AP, Deak P. Cell-targeted vaccines: implications for adaptive immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221008. [PMID: 37662903 PMCID: PMC10468591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in immunology and chemistry have facilitated advancements in targeted vaccine technology. Targeting specific cell types, tissue locations, or receptors can allow for modulation of the adaptive immune response to vaccines. This review provides an overview of cellular targets of vaccines, suggests methods of targeting and downstream effects on immune responses, and summarizes general trends in the literature. Understanding the relationships between vaccine targets and subsequent adaptive immune responses is critical for effective vaccine design. This knowledge could facilitate design of more effective, disease-specialized vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Ung
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nakisha S. Rutledge
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Adam M. Weiss
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Peter Deak
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Jakovija A, Chtanova T. Skin immunity in wound healing and cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1060258. [PMID: 37398649 PMCID: PMC10312005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1060258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a barrier to pathogen entry and the first site of immune defense. In the event of a skin injury, a cascade of events including inflammation, new tissue formation and tissue remodeling contributes to wound repair. Skin-resident and recruited immune cells work together with non-immune cells to clear invading pathogens and debris, and guide the regeneration of damaged host tissues. Disruption to the wound repair process can lead to chronic inflammation and non-healing wounds. This, in turn, can promote skin tumorigenesis. Tumors appropriate the wound healing response as a way of enhancing their survival and growth. Here we review the role of resident and skin-infiltrating immune cells in wound repair and discuss their functions in regulating both inflammation and development of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnolda Jakovija
- Immunity Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent’s School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tatyana Chtanova
- Immunity Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Leusmann S, Ménová P, Shanin E, Titz A, Rademacher C. Glycomimetics for the inhibition and modulation of lectins. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3663-3740. [PMID: 37232696 PMCID: PMC10243309 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00954d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are essential mediators of many processes in health and disease. They regulate self-/non-self- discrimination, are key elements of cellular communication, cancer, infection and inflammation, and determine protein folding, function and life-times. Moreover, they are integral to the cellular envelope for microorganisms and participate in biofilm formation. These diverse functions of carbohydrates are mediated by carbohydrate-binding proteins, lectins, and the more the knowledge about the biology of these proteins is advancing, the more interfering with carbohydrate recognition becomes a viable option for the development of novel therapeutics. In this respect, small molecules mimicking this recognition process become more and more available either as tools for fostering our basic understanding of glycobiology or as therapeutics. In this review, we outline the general design principles of glycomimetic inhibitors (Section 2). This section is then followed by highlighting three approaches to interfere with lectin function, i.e. with carbohydrate-derived glycomimetics (Section 3.1), novel glycomimetic scaffolds (Section 3.2) and allosteric modulators (Section 3.3). We summarize recent advances in design and application of glycomimetics for various classes of lectins of mammalian, viral and bacterial origin. Besides highlighting design principles in general, we showcase defined cases in which glycomimetics have been advanced to clinical trials or marketed. Additionally, emerging applications of glycomimetics for targeted protein degradation and targeted delivery purposes are reviewed in Section 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Leusmann
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Ménová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Shanin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Schwarz A, Philippsen R, Schwarz T. Mouse Models of Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Practical Aspects. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:888-892. [PMID: 37211376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.03.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a frequently observed dermatosis, especially in industrialized countries. Regarded as a classical type IV immune reaction (delayed type), the process can be separated into two pathogenetic parts: the induction phase where sensitization takes place and the elicitation phase in which inflammation is induced upon re-exposure to the same antigen. A murine model was established decades ago, which reliably reproduces both phases. Epicutaneously applied low-molecular-weight sensitizers bind to proteins (haptens) and become full antigens, which results in sensitization. Subsequent administration of the same hapten onto ear skin causes a swelling response. This reaction is antigen specific because it cannot be induced in nonsensitized mice or in sensitized mice with a different hapten. This model was used to study the mechanisms involved in allergic contact dermatitis and also was intensively utilized to study immunologic mechanisms, including antigen presentation and development of T effector or regulatory T cells. The model's major merit is its antigen specificity. It is highly reproducible, reliable, and simple to perform. In this paper, the methods of this technique are described to help researchers successfully establish this widely used model in laboratories. Describing the complex pathomechanisms underlying the model is beyond the scope of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rebecca Philippsen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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19
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Hong YK, Chang YH, Lin YC, Chen B, Guevara BEK, Hsu CK. Inflammation in Wound Healing and Pathological Scarring. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2023; 12:288-300. [PMID: 36541356 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: The aberrant inflammation during wound healing results in pathological scarring, such as hypertrophic scars and keloids. This adversely affects the quality of life of patients due to the disfiguring appearance as well as the symptoms of itch and pain. This review summarizes the up-to-date knowledge of the immunopathogenesis and treatment options for pathological scars. Recent Advances: With the advent of new technologies, combined with in vitro and in vivo wound models, several inflammatory cells have been shown to have both direct and indirect effects on both wound healing and pathological scarring. Critical Issues: Expansion of pro-fibrotic immune cells such as M2 macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and Th2 cells leads to fibroblast transition to myofibroblasts via transforming growth factor-β1 signaling pathway. Appropriate management of such inflammatory responses during wound healing remains a critical issue during clinical practice. Future Directions: Regulating inflammation response during wound healing may be a potential therapeutic option for avoiding or reducing pathological scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kai Hong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Han Chang
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Brandon Chen
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bryan Edgar K Guevara
- International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Southern Philippines Medical Center, Davao, Philippines
| | - Chao-Kai Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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20
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Chuluunbaatar T, Ichii O, Masum MA, Namba T, Kon Y. Morphological Characteristics of Genital Organ-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in the Vaginal Vestibule of Goats and Pigs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:51. [PMID: 36669052 PMCID: PMC9864709 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is a specialized form of peripheral lymphoid tissue (LT), which is found on mucosal surfaces exposed to the environment. However, morphological data of these tissues in farm animals are scarce. This study investigated the gross anatomical and histological features of genital organ-associated lymphoid tissues (GOALTs) in the vaginal vestibule (VV) of healthy, non-pregnant, adult goats and pigs. Their VVs were composed of stratified squamous, non-keratinized epithelium, and various-sized dark-blue hematoxylin-positive spots were observed in whole-mount specimens, which were diffusely distributed throughout the mucosal surfaces. These spots were histologically identified as LTs and consisted of lymphatic nodules (LNs) or diffuse lymphoid tissue (DLTs). Both LNs and DLTs contained B cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, plasma cells, and high endothelial venules. Only the numbers of B cells were significantly higher in both the LNs and DLTs of pigs compared to goats. Furthermore, the surface of the VV epithelium covering the LTs was partially disrupted with a large intercellular space containing abundant connective tissue fibers with numerous lymphocytes. In conclusion, GOALTs in the VV appear to be common local immunological barriers in both examined animals. This knowledge is crucial for understanding the structures and disorders of female reproductive organs in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsolmon Chuluunbaatar
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Basic Science of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
- Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Md. Abdul Masum
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Takashi Namba
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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21
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Nanoparticles for Topical Application in the Treatment of Skin Dysfunctions-An Overview of Dermo-Cosmetic and Dermatological Products. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415980. [PMID: 36555619 PMCID: PMC9780930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NM) arouse interest in various fields of science and industry due to their composition-tunable properties and the ease of modification. They appear currently as components of many consumer products such as sunscreen, dressings, sports clothes, surface-cleaning agents, computer devices, paints, as well as pharmaceutical and cosmetics formulations. The use of NPs in products for topical applications improves the permeation/penetration of the bioactive compounds into deeper layers of the skin, providing a depot effect with sustained drug release and specific cellular and subcellular targeting. Nanocarriers provide advances in dermatology and systemic treatments. Examples are a non-invasive method of vaccination, advanced diagnostic techniques, and transdermal drug delivery. The mechanism of action of NPs, efficiency of skin penetration, and potential threat to human health are still open and not fully explained. This review gives a brief outline of the latest nanotechnology achievements in products used in topical applications to prevent and treat skin diseases. We highlighted aspects such as the penetration of NPs through the skin (influence of physical-chemical properties of NPs, the experimental models for skin penetration, methods applied to improve the penetration of NPs through the skin, and methods applied to investigate the skin penetration by NPs). The review summarizes various therapies using NPs to diagnose and treat skin diseases (melanoma, acne, alopecia, vitiligo, psoriasis) and anti-aging and UV-protectant nano-cosmetics.
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22
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Stoitzner P, Romani N, Rademacher C, Probst HC, Mahnke K. Antigen targeting to dendritic cells: Still a place in future immunotherapy? Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1909-1924. [PMID: 35598160 PMCID: PMC10084009 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of DCs is their potent and outstanding capacity to activate naive resting T cells. As such, DCs are the sentinels of the immune system and instrumental for the induction of immune responses. This is one of the reasons, why DCs became the focus of immunotherapeutical strategies to fight infections, cancer, and autoimmunity. Besides the exploration of adoptive DC-therapy for which DCs are generated from monocytes or purified in large numbers from the blood, alternative approaches were developed such as antigen targeting of DCs. The idea behind this strategy is that DCs resident in patients' lymphoid organs or peripheral tissues can be directly loaded with antigens in situ. The proof of principle came from mouse models; subsequent translational studies confirmed the potential of this therapy. The first clinical trials demonstrated feasibility and the induction of T-cell immunity in patients. This review will cover: (i) the historical aspects of antigen targeting, (ii) briefly summarize the biology of DCs and the immunological functions upon which this concept rests, (iii) give an overview on attempts to target DC receptors with antibodies or (glycosylated) ligands, and finally, (iv) discuss the translation of antigen targeting into clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Chopra A, Gupta A. Skin as an immune organ and the site of biomimetic, non-invasive vaccination. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2022.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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24
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Herbst C, Harshyne LA, Igyártó BZ. Intracellular monitoring by dendritic cells – a new way to stay informed – from a simple scavenger to an active gatherer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1053582. [PMID: 36389660 PMCID: PMC9647004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1053582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are required for the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Their ability to acquire antigens in the periphery is a critical step in this process. DCs express a wide variety of adhesion molecules and possess an extremely fluid plasma membrane that facilitates scavenging the extracellular environment and capturing material like exosomes, apoptotic bodies, and pathogens. Besides these standard routes, the acquisition of antigens by DCs can be further facilitated by tunneling nanotubes, trogocytosis, and gap junctions. However, in this article, we will argue that this is an incomplete picture, as certain observations in the literature cannot be explained if we assume DCs acquire antigens only through these means. Instead, it is more likely that DCs preferentially use adhesion molecules to form long-lasting cell-cell interactions to actively siphon material from cells they are in direct contact with. It is highly likely that DCs use this mechanism to continually capture membrane and cytosolic material directly from surrounding cells, which they scan to assess the health of the donor cell. Doing so would provide an array of advantages for the host immune system, as it would not be reliant on compromised cells to release antigens into the extracellular milieu. Therefore, we propose updating our view of DC antigen acquisition to include a process of active, contact-dependent capture of material directly from neighboring cell cytosol (cytocytosis), which we would term intracellular monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Herbst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Larry A. Harshyne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Botond Z. Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Botond Z. Igyártó,
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25
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Zhang H, Modenutti C, Nekkanti YPK, Denis M, Bermejo IA, Lefèbre J, Che K, Kim D, Kagelmacher M, Kurzbach D, Nazaré M, Rademacher C. Identification of the Allosteric Binding Site for Thiazolopyrimidine on the C-Type Lectin Langerin. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2728-2733. [PMID: 36153965 PMCID: PMC9594047 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Langerin is a mammalian C-type lectin expressed on Langerhans cells in the skin. As an innate immune cell receptor, Langerin is involved in coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses against various incoming threats. We have previously reported a series of thiazolopyrimidines as murine Langerin ligands. Prompted by the observation that its human homologue exhibits different binding specificities for these small molecules, we report here our investigations to define their exact binding site. By using structural comparison and molecular dynamics simulations, we showed that the nonconserved short loops have a high degree of conformational flexibility between the human and murine homologues. Sequence analysis and mutational studies indicated that a pair of residues are essential for the recognition of the thiazolopyrimidines. Taking solvent paramagnetic relaxation enhancement NMR studies together with a series of peptides occupying the same site, we could define the cleft between the short and long loops as the allosteric binding site for these aromatic heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxi Zhang
- Biomolecular
Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids
and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg
1 14424 Potsdam, Germany,Department
of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie
Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany,Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria,Vienna
Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences
(PhaNuSpo), University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos Modenutti
- Biomolecular
Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids
and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg
1 14424 Potsdam, Germany,Departamento
de Química Biológica, Facultad
de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina,Instituto
de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, C1428EHA Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Yelha Phani Kumar Nekkanti
- Leibniz
Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany,Berlin
Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxime Denis
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris A. Bermejo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan Lefèbre
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria,Vienna
Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences
(PhaNuSpo), University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kateryna Che
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Doctoral
School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University
of Vienna, Währingerstr. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dongyoon Kim
- Biomolecular
Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids
and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg
1 14424 Potsdam, Germany,Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marten Kagelmacher
- Biomolecular
Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids
and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg
1 14424 Potsdam, Germany,Department
of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie
Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Kurzbach
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Nazaré
- Leibniz
Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany,Berlin
Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Biomolecular
Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids
and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg
1 14424 Potsdam, Germany,Department
of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie
Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany,Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria,
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26
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Xiao C, Zhu Z, Zhang C, Gao J, Luo Y, Fang H, Qiao H, Li W, Wang G, Fu M. A population of dermal Langerin+ dendritic cells promote the inflammation in mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:981819. [PMID: 36304463 PMCID: PMC9592551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.981819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the specific role of different subsets of DCs has not been well defined. This study aimed to investigate the contributions of Langerhans cells (LCs), resident dermal Langerin+ DCs (r-Langerin+ dDCs), and newly infiltrated inflammatory dermal Langerin+ DCs (i-Langerin+ dDCs) in an AD mouse model induced by the topical application of MC903. The result showed that depletion of i-Langerin+ dDCs in DTR mice after multiple diphtheria toxin (DT) injection significantly reduced thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) production in lesions and skin inflammation alleviation. However, depletion of LCs or r-Langerin+ dDCs didn’t resulted in significant changes in skin inflammation of DTA or single DT injection-treated DTR mice compared with the wild-type (WT) mice. DT-treated DTR-WT chimeric mice with the depletion of bone marrow (BM)-derived i-Langerin+ dDCs resulted in markedly decreased skin inflammation than controls, while PBS-treated chimeric mice (DTR-WT) with only the depletion of r-Langerin+ dDCs showed inflammation comparable to that in WT mice. Furthermore, TSLP contributed to the upregulation of Langerin expression in BM-derived DCs and promoted the maturation of Langerin+ DCs. In summary, the present study demonstrated that the newly infiltrated inflammatory dermal Langerin+ DCs were essential for AD development and local TSLP production, and TSLP further promoted the production of BM-derived i-Langerin+ dDCs, which might maintain AD inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhenlai Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jixin Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yixin Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongjiang Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Meng Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Meng Fu,
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27
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Song J, Hu L, Liu B, Jiang N, Huang H, Luo J, Wang L, Zeng J, Huang F, Huang M, Cai L, Tang L, Chen S, Chen Y, Wu A, Zheng S, Chen Q. The Emerging Role of Immune Cells and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies in Diabetic Wounds Healing. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:4119-4138. [PMID: 35898820 PMCID: PMC9309318 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s371939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor wound healing in individuals with diabetes has long plagued clinicians, and immune cells play key roles in the inflammation, proliferation and remodeling that occur in wound healing. When skin integrity is damaged, immune cells migrate to the wound bed through the actions of chemokines and jointly restore tissue homeostasis and barrier function by exerting their respective biological functions. An imbalance of immune cells often leads to ineffective and disordered inflammatory responses. Due to the maladjusted microenvironment, the wound is unable to smoothly transition to the proliferation and remodeling stage, causing it to develop into a chronic refractory wound. However, chronic refractory wounds consistently lead to negative outcomes, such as long treatment cycles, high hospitalization rates, high medical costs, high disability rates, high mortality rates, and many adverse consequences. Therefore, strategies that promote the rational distribution and coordinated development of immune cells during wound healing are very important for the treatment of diabetic wounds (DW). Here, we explored the following aspects by performing a literature review: 1) the current situation of DW and an introduction to the biological functions of immune cells; 2) the role of immune cells in DW; and 3) existing (or undeveloped) therapies targeting immune cells to promote wound healing to provide new ideas for basic research, clinical treatment and nursing of DW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixin Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Houqiang Huang
- Department of Nursing, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - JieSi Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feihong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luyao Cai
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Tang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shunli Chen
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinyi Chen
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Silin Zheng
- Department of Nursing, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Rosin FCP, Borges G, Pelissari C, Buck MGT, Dos Santos AF, Rodrigues L, Luz JGC, Corrêa L. Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on dendritic cell population during oral mucosal repair: An experimental study. Eur J Oral Sci 2022; 130:e12865. [PMID: 35482465 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on dendritic cell repopulation during the repair process of rat oral mucosa and in the rat spleen by analyzing the immunohistochemical expression of dendritic cell markers. Wistar rats ingested 20% ethanol solution for 28 days; a surgical wound was performed on the rat tongue after this period. The repair process and the number of CD1a+, CD11c+, and CD207+ cells in the regions adjacent to the wound were determined at day 1, 3, and 7 following the wound as well as in the rat spleen. The wound-only group (no ethanol exposure) had complete reepithelization after 7 days, but this did not occur in the ethanol + wound group at this time point. The inflammatory infiltrate was significantly reduced in animals exposed to ethanol, which also showed significantly lower counts of CD1a+, CD11c+, and CD207+ cells than the wound-only group at all experimental time points. In addition, ethanol exposure also resulted in lower densities of CD11c+ and CD207+ cells in the rat spleen. In conclusion, chronic ethanol intake had a negative impact on dendritic cell numbers, a fact that may contribute to delay in oral mucosa repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuliana Borges
- General Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cibele Pelissari
- Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucimar Rodrigues
- Oral Surgery Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Gualberto C Luz
- Oral Surgery Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Corrêa
- General Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Shanina E, Kuhaudomlarp S, Siebs E, Fuchsberger FF, Denis M, da Silva Figueiredo Celestino Gomes P, Clausen MH, Seeberger PH, Rognan D, Titz A, Imberty A, Rademacher C. Targeting undruggable carbohydrate recognition sites through focused fragment library design. Commun Chem 2022; 5:64. [PMID: 36697615 PMCID: PMC9814205 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein interactions are key for cell-cell and host-pathogen recognition and thus, emerged as viable therapeutic targets. However, their hydrophilic nature poses major limitations to the conventional development of drug-like inhibitors. To address this shortcoming, four fragment libraries were screened to identify metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs) as novel scaffolds for inhibition of Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate-protein interactions. Here, we show the effect of MBPs on the clinically relevant lectins DC-SIGN, Langerin, LecA and LecB. Detailed structural and biochemical investigations revealed the specificity of MBPs for different Ca2+-dependent lectins. Exploring the structure-activity relationships of several fragments uncovered the functional groups in the MBPs suitable for modification to further improve lectin binding and selectivity. Selected inhibitors bound efficiently to DC-SIGN-expressing cells. Altogether, the discovery of MBPs as a promising class of Ca2+-dependent lectin inhibitors creates a foundation for fragment-based ligand design for future drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shanina
- grid.419564.b0000 0004 0491 9719Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sakonwan Kuhaudomlarp
- grid.450307.50000 0001 0944 2786University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Grenoble, France ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eike Siebs
- grid.461899.bChemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany ,grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Saarland University, Department of Chemistry, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany ,grid.452463.2German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Felix F. Fuchsberger
- grid.419564.b0000 0004 0491 9719Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Max F. Berutz Labs, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maxime Denis
- grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Max F. Berutz Labs, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Priscila da Silva Figueiredo Celestino Gomes
- grid.503326.10000 0004 0367 4780Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France ,grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Physics, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, 36849 Auburn, AL USA
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Technical University of Denmark, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- grid.419564.b0000 0004 0491 9719Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Didier Rognan
- grid.503326.10000 0004 0367 4780Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Alexander Titz
- grid.461899.bChemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany ,grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Saarland University, Department of Chemistry, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany ,grid.452463.2German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- grid.450307.50000 0001 0944 2786University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Grenoble, France
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- grid.419564.b0000 0004 0491 9719Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Max F. Berutz Labs, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Mine KL, de Marco R, Raimundo TRF, Ernesto JV, Medina-Pestana JO, Tedesco-Silva H, Gerbase-DeLima M. High soluble HLA-DQB2 levels in posttransplant serum are associated with kidney graft dysfunction. Int J Immunogenet 2022; 49:63-69. [PMID: 35083872 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
HLA-DQB2 is a gene of limited polymorphism, with unknown function that presents at least two transcript variants: v1, which encodes the full-length beta-chain, and v2, which lacks exon 4 and could give rise to a soluble protein. We previously showed a strong correlation between high v2 expression in preimplantation biopsies (PIB) of kidneys from young (18- to 49-year olds) but not from old, deceased donors and 1-year posttransplant low (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 45 ml/min/1.73 m2 ) graft function (GF). In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of posttransplant soluble HLA-DQB2 (sDQB2) serum levels, v1 expression in PIB, and recipient HLA-DQB2 rs7453920 A/G polymorphism on GF. sDQB2 was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera from 114 recipients, collected at least 1 year (median 2.1 years) after transplantation. Higher sDQB2 levels were observed in recipients of kidneys from young, but not from old, donors that had a ≥30% decline in GF within 1 year after blood collection for sDQB2 determination. Among the 15 recipients of kidneys from young donors with sDQB2 ≥ 1.52 ng/ml, 40% presented a ≥30% decline in GF, whereas this occurred in none of the 43 recipients with lower sDQB2 levels (p = 0.007; OR: 36.5). Expression of HLA-DQB2 variant 1, measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 92 PIB from young or old donors, did not significantly differ between transplants with high or low 4-year GF. HLA-DQB2 rs7453920 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequencies did not significantly differ between recipients with low or high 4-year GF. We conclude that HLA-DQB2 variant 1 expression in PIB and recipient rs7453920 SNP polymorphism are not associated with graft outcome. On the other hand, the association, in transplants of kidneys from young donors, between high posttransplant serum sDQB2 levels and decline in GF is a very interesting finding that deserves a validation study in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L Mine
- Instituto de Imunogenética, Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato de Marco
- Instituto de Imunogenética, Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamiris R F Raimundo
- Instituto de Imunogenética, Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia V Ernesto
- Instituto de Imunogenética, Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José O Medina-Pestana
- Nephrology Division, Hospital do Rim, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hélio Tedesco-Silva
- Nephrology Division, Hospital do Rim, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Gerbase-DeLima
- Instituto de Imunogenética, Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Xu Y, Chen S, Zhang L, Chen G, Chen J. The Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Pruritus Mechanisms of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:735295. [PMID: 34925005 PMCID: PMC8675233 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.735295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin disease driven by a T-cell-mediated immune response, with inflammation and pruritus being its main clinical manifestations. Huanglian Jiedu decoction (HLJDT), which is an ancient Chinese medicine herbal formula derived from Wai-Tai-Mi-Yao, is a potentially effective treatment for AD. We aimed to clarify the anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritus mechanisms of HLJDT in AD treatment. We performed immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Luminex-based direct multiplex immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and flow cytometry to address the abovementioned aims. HLJDT significantly reduced clinical symptoms and ear swelling in AD-like mice by inhibiting the production of cytokines [histamine, interleukin (IL)-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-31, and IL-33], substance P (SP), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV-1), and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Additionally, HLJDT significantly suppressed the protein expression levels and positive cell percentage of CD28, CD80, CD86, CD207, CD326, MHCII, and OX40 in the lymphoid nodes. Moreover, HLJDT significantly suppressed mRNA and protein expression of tyrosine–protein kinase (JAK1), histamine H4 receptor, and IL-4Rα, as well as the protein expression of GRP, SP, and TRPV-1 in the root ganglion. Our findings indicate that HLJDT can treat AD by regulating the antigen presentation function of dendritic cells, weakening T-lymphocyte activation, and subsequently exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritus effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Saizhen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Guirong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China.,67th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Dalian, China
| | - Jinguang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
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32
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Rentzsch M, Wawrzinek R, Zelle-Rieser C, Strandt H, Bellmann L, Fuchsberger FF, Schulze J, Busmann J, Rademacher J, Sigl S, Del Frari B, Stoitzner P, Rademacher C. Specific Protein Antigen Delivery to Human Langerhans Cells in Intact Skin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:732298. [PMID: 34745102 PMCID: PMC8566742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.732298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune modulating therapies and vaccines are in high demand, not least to the recent global spread of SARS-CoV2. To achieve efficient activation of the immune system, professional antigen presenting cells have proven to be key coordinators of such responses. Especially targeted approaches, actively directing antigens to specialized dendritic cells, promise to be more effective and accompanied by reduced payload due to less off-target effects. Although antibody and glycan-based targeting of receptors on dendritic cells have been employed, these are often expensive and time-consuming to manufacture or lack sufficient specificity. Thus, we applied a small-molecule ligand that specifically binds Langerin, a hallmark receptor on Langerhans cells, conjugated to a model protein antigen. Via microneedle injection, this construct was intradermally administered into intact human skin explants, selectively loading Langerhans cells in the epidermis. The ligand-mediated cellular uptake outpaces protein degradation resulting in intact antigen delivery. Due to the pivotal role of Langerhans cells in induction of immune responses, this approach of antigen-targeting of tissue-resident immune cells offers a novel way to deliver highly effective vaccines with minimally invasive administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Rentzsch
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Wawrzinek
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Zelle-Rieser
- Langerhans Cell Research Lab, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helen Strandt
- Langerhans Cell Research Lab, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lydia Bellmann
- Langerhans Cell Research Lab, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Felix F. Fuchsberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jessica Schulze
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jil Busmann
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Juliane Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stephan Sigl
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Del Frari
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Langerhans Cell Research Lab, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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Anderluh M, Berti F, Bzducha‐Wróbel A, Chiodo F, Colombo C, Compostella F, Durlik K, Ferhati X, Holmdahl R, Jovanovic D, Kaca W, Lay L, Marinovic‐Cincovic M, Marradi M, Ozil M, Polito L, Reina‐Martin JJ, Reis CA, Sackstein R, Silipo A, Švajger U, Vaněk O, Yamamoto F, Richichi B, van Vliet SJ. Emerging glyco-based strategies to steer immune responses. FEBS J 2021; 288:4746-4772. [PMID: 33752265 PMCID: PMC8453523 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycan structures are common posttranslational modifications of proteins, which serve multiple important structural roles (for instance in protein folding), but also are crucial participants in cell-cell communications and in the regulation of immune responses. Through the interaction with glycan-binding receptors, glycans are able to affect the activation status of antigen-presenting cells, leading either to induction of pro-inflammatory responses or to suppression of immunity and instigation of immune tolerance. This unique feature of glycans has attracted the interest and spurred collaborations of glyco-chemists and glyco-immunologists to develop glycan-based tools as potential therapeutic approaches in the fight against diseases such as cancer and autoimmune conditions. In this review, we highlight emerging advances in this field, and in particular, we discuss on how glycan-modified conjugates or glycoengineered cells can be employed as targeting devices to direct tumor antigens to lectin receptors on antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells. In addition, we address how glycan-based nanoparticles can act as delivery platforms to enhance immune responses. Finally, we discuss some of the latest developments in glycan-based therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells to achieve targeting of tumor-associated glycan-specific epitopes, as well as the use of glycan moieties to suppress ongoing immune responses, especially in the context of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Anderluh
- Chair of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of LjubljanaSlovenia
| | | | - Anna Bzducha‐Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food MicrobiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWPoland
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam Infection and Immunity InstituteAmsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo)University of MilanItaly
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanItaly
| | - Katarzyna Durlik
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyJan Kochanowski UniversityKielcePoland
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’University of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences ‐ National Institute of the Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeSerbia
| | - Wieslaw Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyJan Kochanowski UniversityKielcePoland
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo)University of MilanItaly
| | - Milena Marinovic‐Cincovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences ‐ National Institute of the Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeSerbia
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’University of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Musa Ozil
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Arts and SciencesRecep Tayyip Erdogan University RizeTurkey
| | | | | | - Celso A. Reis
- I3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortugal
- IPATIMUP‐Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarUniversity of PortoPortugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicinethe Translational Glycobiology InstituteHerbert Wertheim College of MedicineFlorida International UniversityMiamiFLUSA
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Naples Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant’AngeloNapoliItaly
| | - Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of SloveniaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology & Glycobiology LaboratoryJosep Carreras Leukaemia Research InstituteBadalonaSpain
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’University of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Sandra J. van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam Infection and Immunity InstituteAmsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamNetherlands
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Chinnappan M, Harris-Tryon TA. Novel mechanisms of microbial crosstalk with skin innate immunity. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1484-1495. [PMID: 34252227 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin is an organ with a dynamic ecosystem that harbours pathogenic and commensal microbes, which constantly communicate amongst each other and with the host immune system. Evolutionarily, skin and its microbiota have evolved to remain in homeostasis. However, frequently this homeostatic relationship is disturbed by a variety of factors such as environmental stress, diet, genetic mutations, and the microbiome itself. Commensal microbes also play a major role in the maintenance of microbial homeostasis. In addition to their ability to limit pathogens, many skin commensals such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes have recently been implicated in disease pathogenesis either by directly modulating the host immune components or by supporting the expansion of other pathogenic microbes. Likewise, opportunistic skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus lugdunensis are able to breach the skin and cause disease. Though much has been established about the microbiota's function in skin immunity, we are in a time where newer mechanistic insights rapidly redefine our understanding of the host/microbial interface in the skin. In this review, we provide a concise summary of recent advances in our understanding of the interplay between host defense strategies and the skin microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendran Chinnappan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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35
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Dinshaw IJ, Ahmad N, Salim N, Leo BF. Nanoemulsions: A Review on the Conceptualization of Treatment for Psoriasis Using a 'Green' Surfactant with Low-Energy Emulsification Method. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1024. [PMID: 34371716 PMCID: PMC8309190 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a skin disease that is not lethal and does not spread through bodily contact. However, this seemingly harmless condition can lead to a loss of confidence and social stigmatization due to a persons' flawed appearance. The conventional methods of psoriasis treatment include taking in systemic drugs to inhibit immunoresponses within the body or applying topical drugs onto the surface of the skin to inhibit cell proliferation. Topical methods are favored as they pose lesser side effects compared to the systemic methods. However, the side effects from systemic drugs and low bioavailability of topical drugs are the limitations to the treatment. The use of nanotechnology in this field has enhanced drug loading capacity and reduced dosage size. In this review, biosurfactants were introduced as a 'greener' alternative to their synthetic counterparts. Glycolipid biosurfactants are specifically suited for anti-psoriatic application due to their characteristic skin-enhancing qualities. The selection of a suitable oil phase can also contribute to the anti-psoriatic effect as some oils have skin-healing properties. The review covers the pathogenic pathway of psoriasis, conventional treatments, and prospective ingredients to be used as components in the nanoemulsion formulation. Furthermore, an insight into the state-of-the-art methods used in formulating nanoemulsions and their progression to low-energy methods are also elaborated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatius Julian Dinshaw
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Noraini Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Norazlinaliza Salim
- Integrated Chemical Biophysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Bey Fen Leo
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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36
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Yang F, Yang L, Teng L, Zhang H, Katayama I. Morphological Alterations and Increased S100B Expression in Epidermal Langerhans Cells Detected in Skin from Patients with Progressive Vitiligo. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060579. [PMID: 34207181 PMCID: PMC8235069 DOI: 10.3390/life11060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Langerhans cells (LCs) in vitiligo pathogenesis remains unclear, with published studies reporting contradictory results regarding the quantity of LCs and no data on the features of LCs in vitiligo. Here, we aimed to analyze the presence, density, and morphological features of LCs in the epidermis of patients with vitiligo. Skin biopsies were stained for LCs using anti-CD1a/anti-langerin antibodies and analyzed by immunocytochemistry with light and electron microscopy. Compared with healthy controls, we detected significantly increased numbers of epidermal LCs in lesional skin from vitiligo in the progressive state. These LCs exhibited striking morphological alterations, including an elevated number of dendrites, with increased length and more branches than dendrites from controls. Ultrastructure examination via immuno-electron microscopy revealed markedly reduced Birbeck granules (BGs) and shorter BG rods in LCs from progressive vitiligo, with higher expression of langerin. Additionally, expression of S100B, the activity biomarker of vitiligo, was increased in these LCs. This work provides new insight on the cellular composition of LCs in vitiliginous skin, revealing altered morphology and increased LC numbers, with elevated S100B expression. Our data suggest LCs might play a critical role in vitiligo pathogenesis and thus may represent a novel therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan; (F.Y.); (L.T.); (I.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan; (F.Y.); (L.T.); (I.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (H.Z.); Tel./Fax: +81-6-6556-7618 (L.Y.)
| | - Lanting Teng
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan; (F.Y.); (L.T.); (I.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (H.Z.); Tel./Fax: +81-6-6556-7618 (L.Y.)
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan; (F.Y.); (L.T.); (I.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
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Singh A, Das D, Kurra S, Arava S, Gupta S, Sharma A. Dendritic cells and their associated pro-inflammatory cytokines augment to the inflammatory milieu in vitiligo skin. Cytokine 2021; 148:155598. [PMID: 34103210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Vitiligo is a progressive, autoimmune, hypomelanotic acquired disorder of skin which is characterized by depigmentation. The initial immunological events of this diseases are still at enigma that includes breach of immune tolerance, and defect in antigen presentation. Hence, we aimed to explore role of Dendritic cells (DCs) and its associated cytokines in the pathogenesis of generalized vitiligo (GV) patients. METHODOLOGY For this case-control study, 20 active patients and controls were enrolled. Phenotypic characterization of myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs (mDCs, pDCs) were done by flow-cytometry. Primary culture of DCs was done by monocyte differentiation supplemented with rIL-4 and rGM-CSF. Functional analysis DCs related cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD40) was done by ELISA and qPCR respectively. Tissue localization of DCs was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULT The frequency of mDCs (0.3715% v/s 0.188%) and pDCs (0.2331% v/s 0.1156%) were elevated in patients as compared to controls. Circulatory level of IL-12, TNF-α were significantly higher whereas IFN-α was decreased in patients than controls. Similar results were obtained in the culture supernatants of patients. Relative mRNA expression profiling of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD40) were found to be up regulated in patient's skin. Tissue localization of Langerhans cells (Langerin, CD1a+) were found to be significantly higher in patients. CONCLUSION Elevated frequency of mDCs and pDCs along with elevated levels of IL-12, TNF-α and CD80, CD40 may contribute in defective antigen presentation of DCs. Altered pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines along with tissue localization of Langerhans cells might be involved in the pathogenesis of GV. These DCs associated cytokines can be explored as a therapeutic target in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dayasagar Das
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kurra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudheer Arava
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Somesh Gupta
- Department of Dermatology & Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Recent Progress in Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102495. [PMID: 34065346 PMCID: PMC8161242 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer immunotherapy has now attracted much attention because of the recent success of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, they are only beneficial in a limited fraction of patients most probably due to lack of sufficient CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against tumor antigens in the host. In this regard, dendritic cells are useful tools to induce host immune responses against exogenous antigens. In particular, recently characterized cross-presenting dendritic cells are capable of inducing CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against exogenous antigens such as tumor antigens and uniquely express the chemokine receptor XCR1. Here we focus on the recent progress in DC-based cancer vaccines and especially the use of the XCR1 and its ligand XCL1 axis for the targeted delivery of cancer vaccines to cross-presenting dendritic cells. Abstract Cancer immunotherapy aims to treat cancer by enhancing cancer-specific host immune responses. Recently, cancer immunotherapy has been attracting much attention because of the successful clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways. However, although highly effective in some patients, immune checkpoint inhibitors are beneficial only in a limited fraction of patients, possibly because of the lack of enough cancer-specific immune cells, especially CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), in the host. On the other hand, studies on cancer vaccines, especially DC-based ones, have made significant progress in recent years. In particular, the identification and characterization of cross-presenting DCs have greatly advanced the strategy for the development of effective DC-based vaccines. In this review, we first summarize the surface markers and functional properties of the five major DC subsets. We then describe new approaches to induce antigen-specific CTLs by targeted delivery of antigens to cross-presenting DCs. In this context, the chemokine receptor XCR1 and its ligand XCL1, being selectively expressed by cross-presenting DCs and mainly produced by activated CD8+ T cells, respectively, provide highly promising molecular tools for this purpose. In the near future, CTL-inducing DC-based cancer vaccines may provide a new breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Tripp CH, Voit H, An A, Seidl-Philipp M, Krapf J, Sigl S, Romani N, Del Frari B, Stoitzner P. Laser-assisted epicutaneous immunization to target human skin dendritic cells. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1279-1289. [PMID: 33797121 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are promising targets for immunotherapy of cancer. Clinically, immunization against cancer antigens by means of the most potent antigen-presenting cells, that is DC, remains an important treatment option in combination with the modern immune checkpoint approaches. Instead of adoptively transferring in vitro monocyte-derived DC, they can also be loaded in situ by antibody-mediated targeting of antigen. Conventionally, these vaccines are delivered by classical intradermal injections. Here, we tested an alternative approach, namely laser-assisted epicutaneous immunization. With an infrared laser ("Precise Laser Epidermal System"/P.L.E.A.S.E.® Laser System), we created micropores in human skin and applied monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against C-type lectins, for example DEC-205/CD205 and Langerin/CD207. Optimal parameters for formation of pores in epidermis and dermis were determined. We could induce pores of defined depths without enhanced apoptosis around them. Antibodies applied epicutaneously to the laser-porated skin could be detected both in Langerhans cells (LC) in situ in the epidermis and in migratory skin DC subsets from short term human skin explant culture, demonstrating uptake and transport of Langerin and DEC-205 mAbs. Efficacy of targeting was similar between the different laser treatments and pore depths. Thus, laser-assisted epicutaneous immunization may be a valuable alternative to intradermal injection, yet the loading efficacy of DC needs to be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Voit
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angela An
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Magdalena Seidl-Philipp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna Krapf
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Sigl
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Del Frari
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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40
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Sheng J, Chen Q, Wu X, Dong YW, Mayer J, Zhang J, Wang L, Bai X, Liang T, Sung YH, Goh WWB, Ronchese F, Ruedl C. Fate mapping analysis reveals a novel murine dermal migratory Langerhans-like cell population. eLife 2021; 10:65412. [PMID: 33769279 PMCID: PMC8110305 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells residing in the skin represent a large family of antigen-presenting cells, ranging from long-lived Langerhans cells (LC) in the epidermis to various distinct classical dendritic cell subsets in the dermis. Through genetic fate mapping analysis and single-cell RNA-sequencing, we have identified a novel separate population of LC-independent CD207+CD326+ LClike cells in the dermis that homed at a slow rate to the lymph nodes (LNs). These LClike cells are long-lived and radio-resistant but, unlike LCs, they are gradually replenished by bone marrow-derived precursors under steady state. LClike cells together with cDC1s are the main migratory CD207+CD326+ cell fractions present in the LN and not, as currently assumed, LCs, which are barely detectable, if at all. Cutaneous tolerance to haptens depends on LClike cells, whereas LCs suppress effector CD8+ T-cell functions and inflammation locally in the skin during contact hypersensitivity. These findings bring new insights into the dynamism of cutaneous dendritic cells and their function opening novel avenues in the development of treatments to cure inflammatory skin disorders. Our immune cells are constantly on guard to defend and protect us against invading pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. Specialized immune cells, known as antigen-presenting cells, or APCs, have a key role in this process. They engulf invaders, chew them up, and travel to the closest local lymph node to stimulate other immune cells with small fragments of these pathogens. This ramps up the immune response to control infection and disease. APCs are a large and diverse family of immune cells, which includes dendritic cells and macrophages. Some APCs work as mobile surveillance units, travelling around the body to find new threats. Others embed themselves in particular organs and tissues, such as the skin, to provide local, on-the-spot surveillance. Langerhans cells are one of the main types of APC in the skin and are found in the thin outer layer of the epidermis. While it is commonly believed that Langerhans cells can move from the epidermis to the skin-draining lymph nodes, some seemingly contradictory evidence exists to suggest that this may not be the case. Now, Sheng et al. have investigated this issue by tracking APCs, including Langerhans cells, in the skin of mice. A powerful genetic cell labelling technique allowed them to track the movement of immune cells inside a living mouse. Sheng et al. found that majority of 'real' Langerhans cells did not leave the skin. Yet, a second lookalike cell that shared many of the same features of a Langerhans cell was found in the dermal layer of skin, and this cell could travel to local lymph nodes. Both the original and lookalike cells had distinct and separate roles in the skin. This research, which has uncovered a new type of Langerhans-like immune cell in the skin, may be extremely useful for developing new targeted therapies to boost immune responses during infection; or to suppress inappropriate immune activation that can lead to autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Sheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi Chen
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Wen Dong
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johannes Mayer
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Junlei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueli Bai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Ho Sung
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilson Wen Bin Goh
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
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41
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Okano J, Nakae Y, Nakagawa T, Katagi M, Terashima T, Nagakubo D, Nakayama T, Yoshie O, Suzuki Y, Kojima H. A novel role for bone marrow-derived cells to recover damaged keratinocytes from radiation-induced injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5653. [PMID: 33707490 PMCID: PMC7952382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to moderate doses of ionizing radiation (IR), which is sufficient for causing skin injury, can occur during radiation therapy as well as in radiation accidents. Radiation-induced skin injury occasionally recovers, although its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Moderate-dose IR is frequently utilized for bone marrow transplantation in mice; therefore, this mouse model can help understand the mechanism. We had previously reported that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) migrate to the epidermis-dermis junction in response to IR, although their role remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of BMDCs in radiation-induced skin injury in BMT mice and observed that BMDCs contributed to skin recovery after IR-induced barrier dysfunction. One of the important mechanisms involved the action of CCL17 secreted by BMDCs on irradiated basal cells, leading to accelerated proliferation and recovery of apoptosis caused by IR. Our findings suggest that BMDCs are key players in IR-induced skin injury recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nakae
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Miwako Katagi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomoya Terashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nagakubo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Health and Hygienic Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihisa Suzuki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideto Kojima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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Clausen BE. Talin1 sets the stage for dendritic cell activation. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151963. [PMID: 32697285 PMCID: PMC7398172 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of JEM, Lim et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20191810) provide exciting new evidence that talin1 plays an essential role in dendritic cell (DC) maturation and activation. Using conditional knockout mice, they demonstrate that talin1 promotes the formation of a preassembled TLR–Myddosome signaling complex in steady-state DCs but not macrophages. This may explain why DCs respond faster and more vigorously to TLR ligand binding than their closely related macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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43
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Teymournejad O, Montgomery CP. Evasion of Immunological Memory by S. aureus Infection: Implications for Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633672. [PMID: 33692805 PMCID: PMC7937817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent S. aureus infections are common, suggesting that natural immune responses are not protective. All candidate vaccines tested thus far have failed to protect against S. aureus infections, highlighting an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms by which the bacterium interacts with the host immune system to evade or prevent protective immunity. Although there is evidence in murine models that both cellular and humoral immune responses are important for protection against S. aureus, human studies suggest that T cells are critical in determining susceptibility to infection. This review will use an “anatomic” approach to systematically outline the steps necessary in generating a T cell-mediated immune response against S. aureus. Through the processes of bacterial uptake by antigen presenting cells, processing and presentation of antigens to T cells, and differentiation and proliferation of memory and effector T cell subsets, the ability of S. aureus to evade or inhibit each step of the T-cell mediated response will be reviewed. We hypothesize that these interactions result in the redirection of immune responses away from protective antigens, thereby precluding the establishment of “natural” memory and potentially inhibiting the efficacy of vaccination. It is anticipated that this approach will reveal important implications for future design of vaccines to prevent these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Teymournejad
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher P Montgomery
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
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44
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Klarquist JS, Janssen EM. Melanoma-infiltrating dendritic cells: Limitations and opportunities of mouse models. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1584-1593. [PMID: 23264904 PMCID: PMC3525613 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of melanoma lesions by dendritic cells (DCs) has been suggested to play a tumorigenic role due to the capacity of DCs to induce tumor tolerance and promote angiogenesis as well as metastasis. However, it has also been shown that tumor-infiltrating DCs (TIDCs) induce antitumor responses and hence may be targeted in cost-effective therapeutic approaches to obtain patient-specific DCs that present relevant tumor antigens, without the need for ex vivo DC expansion or tumor antigen identification. Unfortunately, little is known about the composition, nature and function of TIDCs found in human melanoma. The development of mouse melanoma models has greatly contributed to the molecular understanding of melanoma immunology in mice, but many questions on TIDCs remain unanswered. Here, we discuss current knowledge about melanoma TIDCs in various mouse models with regard to their translational potential and clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Klarquist
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati, OH USA
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45
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Mühlfeld C, Wrede C, Molnár V, Rajces A, Brandenberger C. The plate body: 3D ultrastructure of a facultative organelle of alveolar epithelial type II cells involved in SP-A trafficking. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 155:261-269. [PMID: 32880000 PMCID: PMC7910259 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plate bodies are facultative organelles occasionally described in the adult lungs of various species, including sheep and goat. They consist of multiple layers of plate-like cisterns with an electron dense middle bar. The present study was performed to elucidate the three-dimensional (3D) characteristics of this organelle and its presumed function in surfactant protein A (SP-A) biology. Archived material of four adult goat lungs and PFA-fixed lung samples of two adult sheep lungs were used for the morphological and immunocytochemical parts of this study, respectively. 3D imaging was performed by electron tomography and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). Immuno gold labeling was used to analyze whether plate bodies are positive for SP-A. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of plate bodies in three of four goat lungs and in both sheep lungs. Electron tomography and FIB-SEM characterized the plate bodies as layers of two up to over ten layers of membranous cisterns with the characteristic electron dense middle bar. The membranes of the plates were in connection with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and showed vesicular inclusions in the middle of the plates and a vesicular network at the sides of the organelle. Immuno gold labeling revealed the presence of SP-A in the vesicular network of plate bodies but not in the characteristic plates themselves. In conclusion, the present study clearly proves the connection of plate bodies with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the presence of a vesicular network as part of the organelle involved in SP-A trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Research (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Wrede
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Research (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Alexandra Rajces
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Brandenberger
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Research (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.
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Bellmann L, Zelle-Rieser C, Milne P, Resteu A, Tripp CH, Hermann-Kleiter N, Zaderer V, Wilflingseder D, Hörtnagl P, Theochari M, Schulze J, Rentzsch M, Del Frari B, Collin M, Rademacher C, Romani N, Stoitzner P. Notch-Mediated Generation of Monocyte-Derived Langerhans Cells: Phenotype and Function. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:84-94.e6. [PMID: 32522485 PMCID: PMC7758629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) in the skin are a first line of defense against pathogens but also play an essential role in skin homeostasis. Their exclusive expression of the C-type lectin receptor Langerin makes them prominent candidates for immunotherapy. For vaccine testing, an easily accessible cell platform would be desirable as an alternative to the time-consuming purification of LCs from human skin. Here, we present such a model and demonstrate that monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF, TGF-β1, and the Notch ligand DLL4 differentiate within 3 days into CD1a+Langerin+cells containing Birbeck granules. RNA sequencing of these monocyte-derived LCs (moLCs) confirmed gene expression of LC-related molecules, pattern recognition receptors, and enhanced expression of genes involved in the antigen-presenting machinery. On the protein level, moLCs showed low expression of costimulatory molecules but prominent expression of C-type lectin receptors. MoLCs can be matured, secrete IL-12p70 and TNF-α, and stimulate proliferation and cytokine production in allogeneic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In regard to vaccine testing, a recently characterized glycomimetic Langerin ligand conjugated to liposomes demonstrated specific and fast internalization into moLCs. Hence, these short-term in vitro‒generated moLCs represent an interesting tool to screen LC-based vaccines in the future.
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Key Words
- a647, alexafluor-647
- dc, dendritic cell
- lc, langerhans cell
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mlr, mixed leukocyte reaction
- molc, monocyte-derived lc
- polyi:c, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid
- rna-seq, rna sequencing
- th, t helper
- tlr, toll-like receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Bellmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudia Zelle-Rieser
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Milne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Resteu
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Department for Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Viktoria Zaderer
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Hörtnagl
- Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunological Department, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Theochari
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jessica Schulze
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mareike Rentzsch
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Barbara Del Frari
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthew Collin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
The innate immune system is comprised of both cellular and humoral players that recognise and eradicate invading pathogens. Therefore, the interplay between retroviruses and innate immunity has emerged as an important component of viral pathogenesis. HIV-1 infection in humans that results in hematologic abnormalities and immune suppression is well represented by changes in the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and consequent cell death causing CD4 lymphopenia. The innate immune responses by mucosal barriers such as complement, DCs, macrophages, and NK cells as well as cytokine/chemokine profiles attain great importance in acute HIV-1 infection, and thus, prevent mucosal capture and transmission of HIV-1. Conversely, HIV-1 has evolved to overcome innate immune responses through RNA-mediated rapid mutations, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) modification, down-regulation of NK cell activity and complement receptors, resulting in increased secretion of inflammatory factors. Consequently, epithelial tissues lining up female reproductive tract express innate immune sensors including anti-microbial peptides responsible for forming primary barriers and have displayed an effective potent anti-HIV activity during phase I/II clinical trials.
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Sterkens A, Lambert J, Bervoets A. Alopecia areata: a review on diagnosis, immunological etiopathogenesis and treatment options. Clin Exp Med 2021; 21:215-230. [PMID: 33386567 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients suffering from alopecia areata (AA) can lose hair in focal regions, the complete scalp, including eyelashes and eyebrows, or even the entire body. The exact pathology is not yet known, but the most described theory is a collapse of the immune privilege system, which can be found in some specific regions of the body. Different treatment options, local and systemic, are available, but none of them have been proven to be effective in the long term as well for every treatment there should be considered for the possible side effects. In many cases, treated or non-treated, relapse often occurs. The prognosis is uncertain and is negatively influenced by the subtypes alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis and characteristics such as associated nail lesions, hair loss for more than 10 years and a positive familial history. The unpredictable course of the disease also makes it a mental struggle and AA patients are more often associated with depression and anxiety compared to the healthy population. Research into immunology and genetics, more particularly in the field of dendritic cells (DC), is recommended for AA as there is evidence of the possible role of DC in the treatment of other autoimmune diseases such as multiple Sclerosis and cancer. Promising therapies for the future treatment of AA are JAK-STAT inhibitors and PRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sterkens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - J Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - A Bervoets
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
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Azeem M, Kader H, Kerstan A, Hetta HF, Serfling E, Goebeler M, Muhammad K. Intricate Relationship Between Adaptive and Innate Immune System in Allergic Contact Dermatitis. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 93:699-709. [PMID: 33380932 PMCID: PMC7757059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a complex immunological allergic disease characterized by the interplay between the innate and adaptive immune system. Initially, the role of the innate immune system was believed to be confined to the initial sensitization phase, while adaptive immune reactions were linked with the advanced elicitation phase. However, recent data predicted a comparatively mixed and interdependent role of both immune systems throughout the disease progression. Therefore, the actual mechanisms of disease progression are more complex and interlinked. The aim of this review is to combine such findings that enhanced our understanding of the pathomechanisms of ACD. Here, we focused on the main cell types from both immune domains, which are involved in ACD, such as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Such insights can be useful for devising future therapeutic interventions for ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of
Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hidaya Kader
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab
Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Andreas Kerstan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology,
University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology,
Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of
Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Edgar Serfling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of
Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology,
University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab
Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Umar SA, Tasduq SA. Integrating DNA damage response and autophagy signalling axis in ultraviolet-B induced skin photo-damage: a positive association in protecting cells against genotoxic stress. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36317-36336. [PMID: 35517978 PMCID: PMC9057019 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05819j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin acts as both physical as well as an immunological barrier against hazardous agents from the outside environment and protects the internal organs against damage. Skin ageing is a dynamic process caused by the influence of various external factors, including damage from ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation, which is known as photo-ageing, and due to internal chronological mechanisms. A normal ageing process requires several orchestrated defense mechanisms to diverse types of stress responses, the concomitant renewal of cellular characteristics, and the homeostasis of different cell types that directly or indirectly protect the integrity of skin. Cumulative oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses and their adverse impact on biological systems in the skin are a common mechanism of the ageing process, negatively impacting DNA by causing mutations that lead to many physiological, functional, and aesthetic changes in the skin, culminating in the development of many diseases, including photo-damage and photo-carcinogenesis. Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet-(B) elicits the activation of signal transduction pathways, including DNA damage response, autophagy, and checkpoint signal adaptations associated with clearing radiation-induced DNA damage. Recent experimental reports suggest that autophagy is involved in maintaining skin homeostasis upon encountering different stresses, notably genotoxic stress. It has also been revealed that autophagy positively regulates the recognition of DNA damage by nucleotide excision repair and that skin ageing is associated with defects in the autophagy process. Moreover, autophagy is constitutively active in the skin epithelium, imparting protection to skin cells against a diverse range of outside insults, thus increasing resistance to environmental stressors. It has also been found that the stress-induced suppression of the autophagy response in experimental settings leads to enhanced apoptosis during photo-ageing upon UV-B exposure and that the maintenance of homeostasis depends on cellular autophagy levels. More recent reports in this domain claim that relieving the oxidative-stress-mediated induction of the ER stress response upon UV-B irradiation protects skin cells from photo-damage effects. The integration of autophagy and the DNA damage response under genotoxic stress is being considered as a meaningful partnership for finding novel molecular targets and devising suitable therapeutic strategies against photo-ageing disorders. Here, we summarize and review the current understanding of the mechanisms governing the intricate interplay between autophagy and the DNA damage response and its regulation by UV-B, the roles of autophagy in regulating the cellular response to UV-B-induced photodamage, and the implications of the modulation of autophagy as a meaningful partnership in the treatment and prevention of photoaging disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Ahmad Umar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi Jammu and Kashmir India +91-1912569000-10 ext.332
| | - Sheikh Abdullah Tasduq
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi Jammu and Kashmir India +91-1912569000-10 ext.332
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