1
|
Basak S, Paul D, Das R, Dastidar SG, Kundu P. A novel acidic pH-dependent metacaspase governs defense-response against pathogens in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108850. [PMID: 38917737 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The importance of metacaspases in programmed cell death and tissue differentiation is known, but their significance in disease stress response, particularly in a crop plant, remained enigmatic. We show the tomato metacaspase expression landscape undergoes differential reprogramming during biotrophic and necrotrophic modes of pathogenesis; also, the metacaspase activity dynamics correlate with the disease progression. These stresses have contrasting effects on the expression pattern of SlMC8, a Type II metacaspase, indicating that SlMC8 is crucial for stress response. In accordance, selected biotic stress-related transcription factors repress SlMC8 promoter activity. Interestingly, SlMC8 exhibits maximum proteolysis at an acidic pH range of 5-6. Molecular dynamics simulation identified the low pH-driven protonation event of Glu246 as critical to stabilize the interaction of SlMC8 with its substrate. Mutagenesis of Glu246 to charge-neutral glutamine suppressed SlMC8's proteolytic activity, corroborating the importance of the amino acid in SlMC8 activation. The glutamic acid residue is found in an equivalent position in metacaspases having acidic pH dependence. SlMC8 overexpression leads to heightened ROS levels, cell death, and tolerance to PstDC3000, and SlMC8 repression reversed the phenomena. However, the overexpression of SlMC8 increases tomato susceptibility to necrotrophic Alternaria solani. We propose that SlMC8 activation due to concurrent changes in cellular pH during infection contributes to the basal resistance of the plant by promoting cell death at the site of infection, and the low pH dependence acts as a guard against unwarranted cell death. Our study confirms the essentiality of a low pH-driven Type II metacaspase in tomato biotic stress-response regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrabani Basak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Debarati Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Rohit Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubhra Ghosh Dastidar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Pallob Kundu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Escaray FJ, Felipo-Benavent A, Antonelli CJ, Balaguer B, Lopez-Gresa MP, Vera P. Plant triterpenoid saponins function as susceptibility factors to promote the pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1073-1089. [PMID: 38807367 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes diseases in hundreds of plant species, including high-value crops. Its polyxenous nature and pathogenic success are due to its ability to perceive host signals in its favor. In this study, we found that laticifer cells of Euphorbia lathyris are a source of susceptibility factors required by B. cinerea to cause disease. Consequently, poor-in-latex (pil) mutants, which lack laticifer cells, show full resistance to this pathogen, whereas lot-of-latex mutants, which produce more laticifer cells, are hypersusceptible. These S factors are triterpenoid saponins, which are widely distributed natural products of vast structural diversity. The downregulation of laticifer-specific oxydosqualene cyclase genes, which encode the first committed step enzymes for triterpene and, therefore, saponin biosynthesis, conferred disease resistance to B. cinerea. Likewise, the Medicago truncatula lha-1 mutant, compromised in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis, showed enhanced resistance. Interestingly, the application of different purified triterpenoid saponins pharmacologically complemented the disease-resistant phenotype of pil and hla-1 mutants and enhanced disease susceptibility in different plant species. We found that triterpenoid saponins function as plant cues that signal transcriptional reprogramming in B. cinerea, leading to a change in its growth habit and infection strategy, culminating in the abundant formation of infection cushions, the multicellular appressoria apparatus dedicated to plant penetration and biomass destruction in B. cinerea. Taken together, these results provide an explanation for how plant triterpenoid saponins function as disease susceptibility factors to promote B. cinerea pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Escaray
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amelia Felipo-Benavent
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristian J Antonelli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Balaguer
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Lopez-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Vera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Robuschi L, Mariani O, Perk EA, Cerrudo I, Villarreal F, Laxalt AM. Arabidopsis thaliana phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C 2 is required for Botrytis cinerea proliferation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 340:111971. [PMID: 38160760 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) plays a key role in lipid signaling during plant development and stress responses. PLC activation is one of the earliest responses during pathogen perception. Arabidopsis thaliana contains seven PLC encoding genes (AtPLC1 to AtPLC7) and two pseudogenes (AtPLC8 and AtPLC9), being AtPLC2 the most abundant isoform with constitutive expression in all plant organs. PLC has been linked to plant defense signaling, in particular to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previously, we demonstrated that AtPLC2 is involved in ROS production via the NADPH oxidase isoforms RBOHD activation during stomata plant immunity. Here we studied the role of AtPLC2 on plant resistance against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, a broad host-range and serious agricultural pathogen. We show that the AtPLC2-silenced (amiR PLC2) or null mutant (plc2-1) plants developed smaller B. cinerea lesions. Moreover, plc2-1 showed less ROS production and an intensified SA-dependent signaling upon infection, indicating that B. cinerea uses AtPLC2-triggered responses for a successful proliferation. Therefore, AtPLC2 is a susceptibility (S) gene that facilitates B. cinerea infection and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Robuschi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Oriana Mariani
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Enzo A Perk
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cerrudo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Fernando Villarreal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana M Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bvindi C, Howe K, Wang Y, Mullen RT, Rogan CJ, Anderson JC, Goyer A. Potato Non-Specific Lipid Transfer Protein StnsLTPI.33 Is Associated with the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species, Plant Growth, and Susceptibility to Alternaria solani. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3129. [PMID: 37687375 PMCID: PMC10490331 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are small proteins capable of transferring phospholipids between membranes and binding non-specifically fatty acids in vitro. They constitute large gene families in plants, e.g., 83 in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Despite their recognition decades ago, very few have been functionally characterized. Here, we set out to better understand the function of one of the potato members, StnsLTPI.33. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we show that StnsLTPI.33 is expressed throughout the potato plant, but at relatively higher levels in roots and leaves compared to petals, anthers, and the ovary. We also show that ectopically-expressed StnsLTPI.33 fused to green fluorescent protein colocalized with an apoplastic marker in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, indicating that StnsLTPI.33 is targeted to the apoplast. Constitutive overexpression of the StnsLTPI.33 gene in potato led to increased levels of superoxide anions and reduced plant growth, particularly under salt stress conditions, and enhanced susceptibility to Alternaria solani. In addition, StnsLTPI.33-overexpressing plants had a depleted leaf pool of pipecolic acid, threonic acid, and glycine, while they accumulated putrescine. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an nsLTP that is associated with enhanced susceptibility to a pathogen in potato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Bvindi
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (C.B.); (K.H.); (C.J.R.); (J.C.A.)
| | - Kate Howe
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (C.B.); (K.H.); (C.J.R.); (J.C.A.)
| | - You Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Y.W.); (R.T.M.)
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Y.W.); (R.T.M.)
| | - Conner J. Rogan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (C.B.); (K.H.); (C.J.R.); (J.C.A.)
| | - Jeffrey C. Anderson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (C.B.); (K.H.); (C.J.R.); (J.C.A.)
| | - Aymeric Goyer
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (C.B.); (K.H.); (C.J.R.); (J.C.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
You Y, Astudillo-Estévez I, Essenstam B, Qin S, van Kan JAL. Leaf resistance to Botrytis cinerea in wild tomato Solanum habrochaites depends on inoculum composition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1156804. [PMID: 37600190 PMCID: PMC10433766 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1156804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv. Moneymaker (MM) is very susceptible to the grey mould Botrytis cinerea, while quantitative resistance in the wild species Solanum habrochaites (accession LYC4) has been reported. In leaf inoculation assays, an effect of nutrient and spore concentration on disease incidence was observed. Resistance in LYC4 leaves was manifested as a high incidence of tiny black, dispersed spots which did not expand ("incompatible interaction") and was pronounced when B. cinerea was inoculated at high spore density (1000 spores/µL) in medium with 10 mM sucrose and 10 mM phosphate buffer. Under the same condition, a high frequency of expanding lesions was observed on MM leaves ("compatible interaction"). Remarkably, inoculation of LYC4 with a high spore density in medium with higher concentrations of sucrose and/or phosphate as well as lower spore density (30 spores/µL) in medium with low sucrose and phosphate, all resulted in a higher percentage of expanding lesions. The lesion sizes at 3 days post inoculation differed markedly between all these inoculation conditions. This inoculation method provides a convenient tool to study mechanisms that determine the distinction between compatible and incompatible interactions between B. cinerea and a host plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua You
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Bert Essenstam
- Wageningen University & Research, Unifarm, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Si Qin
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lacrampe N, Colombié S, Dumont D, Nicot P, Lecompte F, Lugan R. Nitrogen-mediated metabolic patterns of susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stems. PLANTA 2023; 257:41. [PMID: 36680621 PMCID: PMC9867679 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe N stress allows an accumulation of C-based compounds but impedes that of N-based compounds required to lower the susceptibility of tomato stem to Botrytis cinerea. Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic filamentous fungus, forms potentially lethal lesions on the stems of infected plants. Contrasted levels of susceptibility to B. cinerea were obtained in a tomato cultivar grown on a range of nitrate concentration: low N supply resulted in high susceptibility while high N supply conferred a strong resistance. Metabolic deviations and physiological traits resulting from both infection and nitrogen limitation were investigated in the symptomless stem tissue surrounding the necrotic lesion. Prior to infection, nitrogen-deficient plants showed reduced levels of nitrogen-based compounds such as amino acids, proteins, and glutathione and elevated levels of carbon-based and defence compounds such as α-tomatine and chlorogenic acid. After B. cinerea inoculation, all plants displayed a few common responses, mainly alanine accumulation and galactinol depletion. The metabolome of resistant plants grown under high N supply showed no significant change after inoculation. On the contrary, the metabolome of susceptible plants grown under low N supply showed massive metabolic adjustments, including changes in central metabolism around glutamate and respiratory pathways, suggesting active resource mobilization and production of energy and reducing power. Redox and defence metabolisms were also stimulated by the infection in plants grown under low N supply; glutathione and chlorogenic acid accumulated, as well as metabolites with more controversial defensive roles, such as polyamines, GABA, branched-chain amino acids and phytosterols. Taken together, the results showed that nitrogen deficiency, although leading to an increase in secondary metabolites even before the pathogen attack, must have compromised the constitutive levels of defence proteins and delayed or attenuated the induced responses. The involvement of galactinol, alanine, cycloartenol and citramalate in the tomato stem response to B. cinerea is reported here for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lacrampe
- PSH Unit, INRAE, 84914 Avignon, France
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, 84916 Avignon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Univ Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | | | - Raphaël Lugan
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, 84916 Avignon, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kushalappa AC, Hegde NG, Gunnaiah R, Sathe A, Yogendra KN, Ajjamada L. Apoptotic-like PCD inducing HRC gene when silenced enhances multiple disease resistance in plants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20402. [PMID: 36437285 PMCID: PMC9701806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an important role in plant environmental stress and has the potential to be manipulated to enhance disease resistance. Plants have innate immunity and, following pathogen perception, the host induces a Hypersensitive Response PCD (HR-PCD), leading to pattern (PTI) or effector triggered immunity (ETI). Here we report a non-HR type or Apoptotic-Like PCD (AL-PCD) in pathogen infected wheat and potato based on apoptotic-like DNA fragmentation. A deletion mutation in the gene encoding histidine rich calcium binding protein (TaHRC) in FHB-resistant wheat (R-NIL) failed to induce AL-PCD. Similarly, the CRISPR-Cas9 based silencing of StHRC gene in Russet Burbank potato failed to induce apoptotic-like DNA fragmentation, proved based on DNA laddering and TUNEL assays. The absence of AL-PCD in wheat R-NIL reduced pathogen biomass and mycotoxins, increasing the accumulation of resistance metabolites and FHB-resistance, and in potato it enhanced resistance to multiple pathogens. In addition, the reduced expressions of metacaspase (StMC7) and Ca2+ dependent endonuclease 2 (StCaN2) genes in potato with Sthrc indicated an involvement of a hierarchy of genes in the induction of AL-PCD. The HRC in commercial varieties of different crops, if functional, can be silenced by genome editing possibly to enhance resistance to multiple pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Kushalappa
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9 Canada
| | - N. G. Hegde
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9 Canada
| | - R. Gunnaiah
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9 Canada ,grid.449749.30000 0004 1772 7097Present Address: University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka India
| | - A. Sathe
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9 Canada
| | - K. N. Yogendra
- grid.419337.b0000 0000 9323 1772International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Telangana India
| | - L. Ajjamada
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Division of Hematology-OncologyJewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Val-Torregrosa B, Bundó M, Mallavarapu MD, Chiou TJ, Flors V, San Segundo B. Loss-of-function of NITROGEN LIMITATION ADAPTATION confers disease resistance in Arabidopsis by modulating hormone signaling and camalexin content. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111374. [PMID: 35839945 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is an important macronutrient required for plant growth and development. It is absorbed by the roots in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi). Under Pi limiting conditions, plants activate the Phosphate Starvation Response (PSR) system to enhance Pi acquisition. The NITROGEN LIMITATION ADAPTION (NLA) gene is a component of the Arabidopsis PSR, and its expression is post-transcriptionally regulated by miR827. We show that loss-of-function of NLA and MIR827 overexpression increases Pi level and enhances resistance to infection by the fungal pathogen Plectosphaerella cucumerina in Arabidopsis. Upon pathogen infection, high Pi plants (e.g. nla plants and wild type plants grown under high Pi supply) showed enhanced callose deposition. High Pi plants also exhibited superinduction of camalexin biosynthesis genes which is consistent with increased levels of camalexin during pathogen infection. Pathogen infection and treatment with fungal elicitors, triggered up-regulation of MIR827 and down-regulation of NLA expression. Under non-infection conditions, the nla plants showed increased levels of SA and JA compared with wild type plants, their levels further increasing upon pathogen infection. Overall, the outcomes of this study suggest that NLA plays a role in Arabidopsis immunity, while supporting convergence between Pi signaling and immune signaling in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Val-Torregrosa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Edifici CRAG, Carrer de la Vall Moronta, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Bundó
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Edifici CRAG, Carrer de la Vall Moronta, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mani Deepika Mallavarapu
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Edifici CRAG, Carrer de la Vall Moronta, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Nankang, 115 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Victor Flors
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Escuela Superior de Tecnología y Ciencias Experimentales, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Edifici CRAG, Carrer de la Vall Moronta, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Serrano, 117, 28010 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sakata N, Haraguchi T, Masuo S, Ishiga T, Ishiga Y. Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis Virulence Factors Are Involved in Resistance to Plant-Derived Antimicrobials during Infection. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131742. [PMID: 35807692 PMCID: PMC9269351 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are exposed to and tolerate diverse and potentially toxic compounds in the natural environment. While efflux transporters are generally thought to involve bacterial antibiotic resistance in vitro, their contributions to plant bacterial virulence have so far been poorly understood. Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis (Pcal) is a causal agent of bacterial blight of Brassicaceae. We here demonstrated that NU19, which is mutated in the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) transporter encoded gene, showed reduced virulence on cabbage compared to WT, indicating that the RND transporter contributes to Pcal virulence on cabbage. We also demonstrated that brassinin biosynthesis was induced after Pcal infection. Additionally, the RND transporter was involved in resistance to plant-derived antimicrobials and antibiotics, including the cabbage phytoalexin brassinin. These results suggest that the RND transporter extrudes plant-derived antimicrobials and contributes to Pcal virulence. We also found that the RND transporter contributes to Pcal virulence on Brassicaceae and tomato, but not on oat. These results suggest that the RND transporter contributes to Pcal virulence differentially depending on the host-plant species. Lastly, our expression-profile analysis indicated that the type-three secretion system (TTSS), which is essential for pathogenesis, is also involved in suppressing brassinin biosynthesis. Taken together, our results suggest that several Pcal virulence factors are involved in resistance to plant-derived antimicrobials and bacterial survival during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Sakata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; (N.S.); (T.H.); (S.M.); (T.I.)
| | - Takumi Haraguchi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; (N.S.); (T.H.); (S.M.); (T.I.)
| | - Shunsuke Masuo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; (N.S.); (T.H.); (S.M.); (T.I.)
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takako Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; (N.S.); (T.H.); (S.M.); (T.I.)
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; (N.S.); (T.H.); (S.M.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-029-853-4792
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Liang W, Yang Q. Sodium Valproate Is Effective Against Botrytis cinerea Infection of Tomato by Enhancing Histone H3 Acetylation-Directed Gene Transcription and Triggering Tomato Fruit Immune Response. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1264-1272. [PMID: 34982575 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-21-0483-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold resulting in enormous financial loss. Fungicide resistance of B. cinerea has become a serious issue in food safety and agricultural environmental protection. Sodium valproate (SV) has been used in clinical trials; thus, it is an excellent candidate for fungicide development, considering its safety. However, the antifungal activity remains unclear. SV was effective against B. cinerea by enhancing acetylation of histone H3, including H3K9ac, H3K14ac, and H3K56ac. A transcriptomics analysis revealed that the expression of 1,557 genes changed significantly in response to SV. A pathway enrichment analysis identified 16 significant GO terms, in which molecular functions were mainly involved. In addition, the expression levels of 13 genes involved in B. cinerea virulence and five genes involved in tomato immune response were altered by the SV treatment. These results indicate that SV inhibits B. cinerea by enhancing acetylation of histone H3 and modifying gene transcription. Thus, SV is an effective, safe, potential antifungal agent for control of both pre- and postharvest losses caused by B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yameng Wang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Basak S, Kundu P. Plant metacaspases: Decoding their dynamics in development and disease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 180:50-63. [PMID: 35390704 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant metacaspases were evolved in parallel to well-characterized animal counterpart caspases and retained the similar histidine-cysteine catalytic dyad, leading to functional congruity between these endopeptidases. Although phylogenetic relatedness of the catalytic domain and functional commonality placed these proteases in the caspase family, credible counterarguments predominantly about their distinct substrate specificity raised doubts about the classification. Metacaspases are involved in regulating the PCD during development as well as in senescence. Balancing acts of metacaspase activity also dictate cell fate during defense upon the perception of adverse environmental cues. Accordingly, their activity is tightly regulated, while suppressing spurious activation, by a combination of genetic and post-translational modifications. Structural insights from recent studies provided vital clues on the functionality. This comprehensive review aims to explore the origin of plant metacaspases, and their regulatory and functional diversity in different plants while discussing their analogy to mammalian caspases. Besides, we have presented various modern methodologies for analyzing the proteolytic activity of these indispensable molecules in the healthy or stressed life of a plant. The review would serve as a repository of all the available pieces of evidence indicating metacaspases as the key regulator of PCD across the plant kingdom and highlight the prospect of studying metacaspases for their inclusion in a crop improvement program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrabani Basak
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
| | - Pallob Kundu
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cortleven A, Roeber VM, Frank M, Bertels J, Lortzing V, Beemster GTS, Schmülling T. Photoperiod Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana Induces a Transcriptional Response Resembling That of Pathogen Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:838284. [PMID: 35646013 PMCID: PMC9134115 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.838284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to regular diurnal rhythms of light and dark. Changes in the photoperiod by the prolongation of the light period cause photoperiod stress in short day-adapted Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we report on the transcriptional response to photoperiod stress of wild-type A. thaliana and photoperiod stress-sensitive cytokinin signaling and clock mutants and identify a core set of photoperiod stress-responsive genes. Photoperiod stress caused altered expression of numerous reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes. Photoperiod stress-sensitive mutants displayed similar, but stronger transcriptomic changes than wild-type plants. The alterations showed a strong overlap with those occurring in response to ozone stress, pathogen attack and flagellin peptide (flg22)-induced PAMP triggered immunity (PTI), which have in common the induction of an apoplastic oxidative burst. Interestingly, photoperiod stress triggers transcriptional changes in jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and signaling and results in increased JA, SA and camalexin levels. These responses are typically observed after pathogen infections. Consequently, photoperiod stress increased the resistance of Arabidopsis plants to a subsequent infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. In summary, we show that photoperiod stress causes transcriptional reprogramming resembling plant pathogen defense responses and induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in the absence of a pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cortleven
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Venja M. Roeber
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Frank
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bertels
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vivien Lortzing
- Institute of Biology/Applied Zoology—Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerrit T. S. Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen D, Mubeen B, Hasnain A, Rizwan M, Adrees M, Naqvi SAH, Iqbal S, Kamran M, El-Sabrout AM, Elansary HO, Mahmoud EA, Alaklabi A, Sathish M, Din GMU. Role of Promising Secondary Metabolites to Confer Resistance Against Environmental Stresses in Crop Plants: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:881032. [PMID: 35615133 PMCID: PMC9126561 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.881032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants often face incompatible growing environments like drought, salinity, cold, frost, and elevated temperatures that affect plant growth and development leading to low yield and, in worse circumstances, plant death. The arsenal of versatile compounds for plant consumption and structure is called metabolites, which allows them to develop strategies to stop enemies, fight pathogens, replace their competitors and go beyond environmental restraints. These elements are formed under particular abiotic stresses like flooding, heat, drought, cold, etc., and biotic stress such as a pathogenic attack, thus associated with survival strategy of plants. Stress responses of plants are vigorous and include multifaceted crosstalk between different levels of regulation, including regulation of metabolism and expression of genes for morphological and physiological adaptation. To date, many of these compounds and their biosynthetic pathways have been found in the plant kingdom. Metabolites like amino acids, phenolics, hormones, polyamines, compatible solutes, antioxidants, pathogen related proteins (PR proteins), etc. are crucial for growth, stress tolerance, and plant defense. This review focuses on promising metabolites involved in stress tolerance under severe conditions and events signaling the mediation of stress-induced metabolic changes are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delai Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization for Biological Resources and Ecological Restoration, Qingyang, China
| | - Bismillah Mubeen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ammarah Hasnain
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adrees
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Shehzad Iqbal
- Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sabrout
- Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A. Mahmoud
- Department of Food Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Alaklabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manda Sathish
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Ghulam Muhae Ud Din
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Notte AM, Plaza V, Marambio-Alvarado B, Olivares-Urbina L, Poblete-Morales M, Silva-Moreno E, Castillo L. Molecular identification and characterization of Botrytis cinerea associated to the endemic flora of semi-desert climate in Chile. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100049. [PMID: 34841340 PMCID: PMC8610304 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time was detected the presence of B. cinerea on fourteen new host plant. We provide evidence for phenotype and genotype diversity in these B. cinerea isolates, where 83.3% of the isolates presented both transposable elements, boty and flipper. We found in this study, that some isolates of this fungus lose the ability to produce conidia or sclerotia formation and revealed a great diversity among the isolates concerning both features. The 16.6% of the isolates of B. cinerea showed substantially reduced virulence. According to fungicide resistance studies the results indicate that resistance to Fenhexamid or Boscalid was observed in the 22.6% of isolates. These findings are of great epidemiological importance to several regions, because of the distribution and the possible ecological impact of this disease on native and endemic plants in Chile.
Botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus that infects over 200 plant species and can cause significant crop losses in local and worldwide agricultural industries. However, its presence in the endemic flora in the Coquimbo Region and its impact on local flora have not been studied yet. In order to determine whether Botrytis spp is present in the native plant in the Coquimbo Region, fifty-two field-samples were analysed. A total of 30 putative Botrytis spp were isolated and phenotypic and genetically characterized. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) analysis of these isolates revealed that it corresponded to genus Botrytis. For further confirmation, nuclear protein-coding genes (G3PDH, HSP60, and RPB2) were sequenced and showed 100% identity against B. cinerea. Complementary to this, Botrytis can also be clustered in two different groups, group I (B. pseudocinerea) and group II (B. cinerea), based on DNA polymorphism, the Botrytis isolates were identified as member of group II. On the order hand, we investigated the presence and frequency distribution of the transposable elements boty and flipper in the isolates obtained. The results indicate that 83.3% of the isolates presented both transposable elements, boty and flipper, indicating that the most prevalent genotype was transpose. In addition, 16.6% of the isolates showed substantially reduced virulence in apple fruit in comparison to B05.10 strain. According to fungicide resistance studies, the results indicate that resistance to Fenhexamid or Boscalid was observed in the 22.6% of isolates. The results show for the first time that B. cinerea has not been described before in fourteen new host plants and contributes to our fundamental understanding of the presence of B. cinerea in the native plant in the Coquimbo Region and the possible ecological impact of this disease on native and endemic plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Notte
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Facultad de Ciencias, La Serena, Chile
| | - Verónica Plaza
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Facultad de Ciencias, La Serena, Chile
| | - Bárbara Marambio-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Facultad de Ciencias, La Serena, Chile
| | - Lila Olivares-Urbina
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Facultad de Ciencias, La Serena, Chile
| | | | - Evelyn Silva-Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA-La Platina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Facultad de Ciencias, La Serena, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zeng HY, Liu Y, Chen DK, Bao HN, Huang LQ, Yin J, Chen YL, Xiao S, Yao N. The immune components ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 are required for cell death caused by overaccumulation of ceramides in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1447-1465. [PMID: 34180563 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids have key functions in plant membrane structure and signaling. Perturbations of plant sphingolipid metabolism often induce cell death and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation; SA accumulation, in turn, promotes sphingolipid metabolism and further cell death. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana lipase-like protein ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) and its partner PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) participate in sphingolipid metabolism and associated cell death. The accelerated cell death 5 (acd5) mutants accumulate ceramides due to a defect in ceramide kinase and show spontaneous cell death. Loss of function of EDS1, PAD4 or SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (SID2) in the acd5 background suppressed the acd5 cell death phenotype and prevented ceramide accumulation. Treatment with the SA analogue benzothiadiazole partially restored sphingolipid accumulation in the acd5 pad4 and acd5 eds1 double mutants, showing that the inhibitory effect of the pad4-1 and eds1-2 mutations on acd5-conferred sphingolipid accumulation partly depends on SA. Moreover, the pad4-1 and eds1-2 mutations substantially rescued the susceptibility of the acd5 mutant to Botrytis cinerea. Consistent with this, B. cinerea-induced ceramide accumulation requires PAD4 or EDS1. Finally, examination of plants overexpressing the ceramide synthase gene LAG1 HOMOLOGUE2 suggested that EDS1, PAD4 and SA are involved in long-chain ceramide metabolism and ceramide-associated cell death. Collectively, our observations reveal that EDS1 and PAD4 mediate ceramide (especially long-chain ceramide) metabolism and associated cell death, by SA-dependent and SA-independent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ding-Kang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - He-Nan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Li-Qun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yi-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gorshkov V, Tsers I. Plant susceptible responses: the underestimated side of plant-pathogen interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:45-66. [PMID: 34435443 PMCID: PMC9291929 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant susceptibility to pathogens is usually considered from the perspective of the loss of resistance. However, susceptibility cannot be equated with plant passivity since active host cooperation may be required for the pathogen to propagate and cause disease. This cooperation consists of the induction of reactions called susceptible responses that transform a plant from an autonomous biological unit into a component of a pathosystem. Induced susceptibility is scarcely discussed in the literature (at least compared to induced resistance) although this phenomenon has a fundamental impact on plant-pathogen interactions and disease progression. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on plant susceptible responses and their regulation. We highlight two main categories of susceptible responses according to their consequences and indicate the relevance of susceptible response-related studies to agricultural practice. We hope that this review will generate interest in this underestimated aspect of plant-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia.,Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Ivan Tsers
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Inactivation by Curcumin-Mediated Photosensitization of Botrytis cinerea Spores Isolated from Strawberry Fruits. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030196. [PMID: 33803254 PMCID: PMC8002169 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitization is a novel environmentally friendly technology with promising applications in the food industry to extend food shelf life. In this study, the natural food dye curcumin, when combined with visible light (430 nm), was shown to be an effective photosensitizer against the common phytopathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea (the cause of grey mould). Production of the associated phytotoxic metabolites botrydial and dihydrobotrydial was measured by our newly developed and validated HRAM UPLC-MS/MS method, and was also shown to be reduced by this treatment. With a light dose of 120 J/cm2, the reduction in spore viability was directly proportional to curcumin concentrations, and the overall concentration of both botrydial and dihydrobotrydial also decreased with increasing curcumin concentration above 200 µM. With curcumin concentrations above 600 µM, the percentage reduction in fungal spores was close to 100%. When the dye concentration was increased to 800 µM, the spores were completely inactive and neither botrydial nor dihydrobotrydial could be detected. These results suggest that curcumin-mediated photosensitization is a potentially effective method to control B. cinerea spoilage, and also to reduce the formation of these phytotoxic botryane secondary metabolites.
Collapse
|
18
|
Jedelská T, Luhová L, Petřivalský M. Nitric oxide signalling in plant interactions with pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:848-863. [PMID: 33367760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species have emerged as crucial signalling and regulatory molecules across all organisms. In plants, fungi, and fungi-like oomycetes, NO is involved in the regulation of multiple processes during their growth, development, reproduction, responses to the external environment, and biotic interactions. It has become evident that NO is produced and used as a signalling and defence cue by both partners in multiple forms of plant interactions with their microbial counterparts, ranging from symbiotic to pathogenic modes. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of NO in plant-pathogen interactions, focused on biotrophic, necrotrophic, and hemibiotrophic fungi and oomycetes. Actual advances and gaps in the identification of NO sources and fate in plant and pathogen cells are discussed. We review the decisive role of time- and site-specific NO production in germination, oriented growth, and active penetration by filamentous pathogens of the host tissues, as well in pathogen recognition, and defence activation in plants. Distinct functions of NO in diverse interactions of host plants with fungal and oomycete pathogens of different lifestyles are highlighted, where NO in interplay with reactive oxygen species governs successful plant colonization, cell death, and establishment of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Jedelská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
N’Guyen GQ, Raulo R, Porquier A, Iacomi B, Pelletier S, Renou JP, Bataillé-Simoneau N, Campion C, Hamon B, Kwasiborski A, Colou J, Benamar A, Hudhomme P, Macherel D, Simoneau P, Guillemette T. Responses of the Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria brassisicola to the Indolic Phytoalexin Brassinin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:611643. [PMID: 33552104 PMCID: PMC7860980 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.611643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria brassicicola causes black spot disease in Brassicaceae. During host infection, this necrotrophic fungus is exposed to various antimicrobial compounds, such as the phytoalexin brassinin which is produced by many cultivated Brassica species. To investigate the cellular mechanisms by which this compound causes toxicity and the corresponding fungal adaptive strategies, we first analyzed fungal transcriptional responses to short-term exposure to brassinin and then used additional functional approaches. This study supports the hypothesis that indolic phytoalexin primarily targets mitochondrial functions in fungal cells. Indeed, we notably observed that phytoalexin treatment of A. brassicicola disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential and resulted in a significant and rapid decrease in the oxygen consumption rates. Secondary effects, such as Reactive oxygen species production, changes in lipid and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis were then found to be induced. Consequently, the fungus has to adapt its metabolism to protect itself against the toxic effects of these molecules, especially via the activation of high osmolarity glycerol and cell wall integrity signaling pathways and by induction of the unfolded protein response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roxane Raulo
- Institut Charles Viollette – EA 7394, Université de Lille, INRA, ISA, Université d’Artois, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Sandra Pelletier
- UNIV Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- UNIV Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Angers, France
| | | | - Claire Campion
- UNIV Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Angers, France
| | - Bruno Hamon
- UNIV Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Angers, France
| | | | - Justine Colou
- UNIV Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Angers, France
| | - Abdelilah Benamar
- UNIV Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Angers, France
| | | | - David Macherel
- UNIV Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Angers, France
| | - Philippe Simoneau
- UNIV Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Angers, France
| | - Thomas Guillemette
- UNIV Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Formela-Luboińska M, Remlein-Starosta D, Waśkiewicz A, Karolewski Z, Bocianowski J, Stępień Ł, Labudda M, Jeandet P, Morkunas I. The Role of Saccharides in the Mechanisms of Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini in Yellow Lupine ( Lupinus luteus L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197258. [PMID: 33019571 PMCID: PMC7582877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to determine the relationship between soluble sugar levels (sucrose, glucose, or fructose) in yellow lupine embryo axes and the pathogenicity of the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Schlecht lupini. The first step of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous saccharides on the growth and sporulation of F. oxysporum. The second one focused on estimating the levels of ergosterol as a fungal growth indicator in infected embryo axes cultured in vitro on sugar containing-medium or without it. The third aim of this study was to record the levels of the mycotoxin moniliformin as the most characteristic secondary metabolite of F. oxysporum in the infected embryo axes with the high sugar medium and without it. Additionally, morphometric measurements, i.e., the length and fresh weight of embryo axes, were done. The levels of ergosterol were the highest in infected embryo axes with a sugar deficit. At the same time, significant accumulation of the mycotoxin moniliformin was recorded in those tissues. Furthermore, it was found that the presence of sugars in water agar medium inhibited the sporulation of the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum in relation to the control (sporulation of the pathogen on medium without sugar), the strongest inhibiting effect was observed in the case of glucose. Infection caused by F. oxysporum significantly limited the growth of embryo axes, but this effect was more visible on infected axes cultured under sugar deficiency than on the ones cultured with soluble sugars. The obtained results thus showed that high sugar levels may lead to reduced production of mycotoxins by F. oxysporum, limiting infection development and fusariosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Formela-Luboińska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Dorota Remlein-Starosta
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Karolewski
- Department of Phytopathology, Seed Science and Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit “Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection”, UPRES EA 4707, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims, P.O. Box 1039, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-61-8466040
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Analysis of wild tomato introgression lines elucidates the genetic basis of transcriptome and metabolome variation underlying fruit traits and pathogen response. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1111-1121. [PMID: 32989321 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wild tomato species represent a rich gene pool for numerous desirable traits lost during domestication. Here, we exploited an introgression population representing wild desert-adapted species and a domesticated cultivar to establish the genetic basis of gene expression and chemical variation accompanying the transfer of wild-species-associated fruit traits. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of 580 lines coupled to pathogen sensitivity assays resulted in the identification of genomic loci associated with levels of hundreds of transcripts and metabolites. These associations occurred in hotspots representing coordinated perturbation of metabolic pathways and ripening-related processes. Here, we identify components of the Solanum alkaloid pathway, as well as genes and metabolites involved in pathogen defense and linking fungal resistance with changes in the fruit ripening regulatory network. Our results outline a framework for understanding metabolism and pathogen resistance during tomato fruit ripening and provide insights into key fruit quality traits.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin C, Pan Y, Ye N, Shih Y, Liu F, Chen C. LsGRP1, a class II glycine-rich protein of Lilium, confers plant resistance via mediating innate immune activation and inducing fungal programmed cell death. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1149-1166. [PMID: 32662583 PMCID: PMC7411634 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Defence-related LsGRP1 is a leaf-specific plant class II glycine-rich protein (GRP) involved in salicylic acid-induced systemic resistance against grey mould caused by necrotrophic Botrytis elliptica in lily (Lilium) cultivar Stargazer. The C-terminal region of LsGRP1 (LsGRP1C ) can inhibit fungal growth in vitro via a mechanism of inducing fungal apoptosis programmed cell death (PCD). In this study, the role of LsGRP1 in induced defence mechanism was investigated using LsGRP1-silenced Stargazer lily and LsGRP1-transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. LsGRP1 silencing in lily was found to slightly inhibit plant growth and greatly increase the susceptibility to B. elliptica by suppressing callose deposition and early reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In contrast, LsGRP1-transgenic Arabidopsis showed higher resistance to Botrytis cinerea and also to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 as compared to the wild type, accompanied with the enhancement of callose deposition and ROS accumulation. Additionally, LsGRP1 silencing increased plant cell death caused by B. elliptica secretion and reduced pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered defence activation in Stargazer lily. Consistently, LsGRP1 expression boosted PAMP-triggered defence responses and effector recognition-induced hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis. Moreover, fungal apoptosis PCD triggered by LsGRP1 in an LsGRP1C -dependent manner was demonstrated by leaf infiltration with LsGRP1C -containing recombinant proteins in Stargazer lily. Based on these results, we presume that LsGRP1 plays roles in plant defence via functioning as a pathogen-inducible switch for plant innate immune activation and acting as a fungal apoptosis PCD inducer to combat pathogen attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Hua Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ying‐Chieh Pan
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Nai‐Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Ting Shih
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Fan‐Wei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chao‐Ying Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Völz R, Park JY, Kim S, Park SY, Harris W, Chung H, Lee YH. The rice/maize pathogen Cochliobolus spp. infect and reproduce on Arabidopsis revealing differences in defensive phytohormone function between monocots and dicots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:412-429. [PMID: 32168401 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The fungal genus Cochliobolus describes necrotrophic pathogens that give rise to significant losses on rice, wheat, and maize. Revealing plant mechanisms of non-host resistance (NHR) against Cochliobolus will help to uncover strategies that can be exploited in engineered cereals. Therefore, we developed a heterogeneous pathosystem and studied the ability of Cochliobolus to infect dicotyledons. We report here that C. miyabeanus and C. heterostrophus infect Arabidopsis accessions and produce functional conidia, thereby demonstrating the ability to accept Brassica spp. as host plants. Some ecotypes exhibited a high susceptibility, whereas others hindered the necrotrophic disease progression of the Cochliobolus strains. Natural variation in NHR among the tested Arabidopsis accessions can advance the identification of genetic loci that prime the plant's defence repertoire. We found that applied phytotoxin-containing conidial fluid extracts of C. miyabeanus caused necrotic lesions on rice leaves but provoked only minor irritations on Arabidopsis. This result implies that C. miyabeanus phytotoxins are insufficiently adapted to promote dicot colonization, which corresponds to a retarded infection progression. Previous studies on rice demonstrated that ethylene (ET) promotes C. miyabeanus infection, whereas salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) exert a minor function. However, in Arabidopsis, we revealed that the genetic disruption of the ET and JA signalling pathways compromises basal resistance against Cochliobolus, whereas SA biosynthesis mutants showed a reduced susceptibility. Our results refer to the synergistic action of ET/JA and indicate distinct defence systems between Arabidopsis and rice to confine Cochliobolus propagation. Moreover, this heterogeneous pathosystem may help to reveal mechanisms of NHR and associated defensive genes against Cochliobolus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Völz
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- R&D Institute, YUHAN Inc., Yongin, 17084, Korea
| | - Soonok Kim
- Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Korea
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Suncheon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Korea
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Chung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Silva RN, Monteiro VN, Steindorff AS, Gomes EV, Noronha EF, Ulhoa CJ. Trichoderma/pathogen/plant interaction in pre-harvest food security. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:565-583. [PMID: 31345411 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Large losses before crop harvesting are caused by plant pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes. Among these, fungi are the major cause of losses in agriculture worldwide. Plant pathogens are still controlled through application of agrochemicals, causing human disease and impacting environmental and food security. Biological control provides a safe alternative for the control of fungal plant pathogens, because of the ability of biocontrol agents to establish in the ecosystem. Some Trichoderma spp. are considered potential agents in the control of fungal plant diseases. They can interact directly with roots, increasing plant growth, resistance to diseases, and tolerance to abiotic stress. Furthermore, Trichoderma can directly kill fungal plant pathogens by antibiosis, as well as via mycoparasitism strategies. In this review, we will discuss the interactions between Trichoderma/fungal pathogens/plants during the pre-harvest of crops. In addition, we will highlight how these interactions can influence crop production and food security. Finally, we will describe the future of crop production using antimicrobial peptides, plants carrying pathogen-derived resistance, and plantibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Valdirene Neves Monteiro
- Campus of Exact Sciences and Technologies, Campus Henrique Santillo, Anapolis, Goiás State, Brazil
| | - Andrei Stecca Steindorff
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Eriston Vieira Gomes
- Department of Biofunctional, Center of Higher Education Morgana Potrich Eireli, Morgana Potrich College, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Cirano J Ulhoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Castillo N, Pastor V, Chávez Á, Arró M, Boronat A, Flors V, Ferrer A, Altabella T. Inactivation of UDP-Glucose Sterol Glucosyltransferases Enhances Arabidopsis Resistance to Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1162. [PMID: 31611892 PMCID: PMC6776639 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Free and glycosylated sterols are both structural components of the plasma membrane that regulate their biophysical properties and consequently different plasma membrane-associated processes such as plant adaptation to stress or signaling. Several reports relate changes in glycosylated sterols levels with the plant response to abiotic stress, but the information about the role of these compounds in the response to biotic stress is scarce. In this work, we have studied the response to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea in an Arabidopsis mutant that is severely impaired in steryl glycosides biosynthesis due to the inactivation of the two sterol glucosyltransferases (UGT80A2 and UGT80B1) reported in this plant. This mutant exhibits enhanced resistance against B. cinerea when compared to wild-type plants, which correlates with increased levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and up-regulation of two marker genes (PDF1.2 and PR4) of the ERF branch of the JA signaling pathway. Upon B. cinerea infection, the ugt80A2;B1 double mutant also accumulates higher levels of camalexin, the major Arabidopsis phytoalexin, than wild-type plants. Camalexin accumulation correlates with enhanced transcript levels of several cytochrome P450 camalexin biosynthetic genes, as well as of their transcriptional regulators WRKY33, ANAC042, and MYB51, suggesting that the Botrytis-induced accumulation of camalexin is coordinately regulated at the transcriptional level. After fungus infection, the expression of genes involved in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis is also up-regulated at a higher degree in the ugt80A2;B1 mutant than in wild-type plants. Altogether, the results of this study show that glycosylated sterols play an important role in the regulation of Arabidopsis response to B. cinerea infection and suggest that this occurs through signaling pathways involving the canonical stress-hormone JA and the tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites camalexin and possibly also indole glucosinolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidia Castillo
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signalling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Ángel Chávez
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arró
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signalling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Teresa Altabella, ; Albert Ferrer,
| | - Teresa Altabella
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Teresa Altabella, ; Albert Ferrer,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Identification and characterization of known and novel microRNAs in strawberry fruits induced by Botrytis cinerea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10921. [PMID: 30026481 PMCID: PMC6053406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate mRNAs, mainly at the post-transcriptional level, and play an important role in resistance response of plants. To date, there are few reports on resistance response of strawberry miRNAs to pathogens. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing, 134 conserved and 35 novel miRNAs were identified in six libraries within the treatment of Botrytis cinerea. A total 497 potential target genes were predicted using Fragaria vesca genome. Most of the differential expressed miRNAs in strawberry fruits were up-regulated in early libraries and down-regulated in late libraries. PIRL, the target gene of miR5290a, showed the opposite expressed trend compared with miR5290 from T1 to T3 libraries, and functional analysis of the PIRL gene shows that it has obvious resistance to B. cinerea in the strawberry fruits with overexpressed PIRL gene. We speculate that miR5290a negatively regulates its target gene PIRL to increase resistance to pathogen infection, and further analysis of PIRL function is meaningful for studying the plant-pathogen relationship and improving strawberry fruit quality and yield.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang K, Yuan X, Zang J, Wang M, Zhao F, Li P, Cao H, Han J, Xing J, Dong J. The Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Encoding Gene, BcKMO, Is Involved in the Growth, Development, and Pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1039. [PMID: 29867912 PMCID: PMC5968091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A pathogenic mutant, BCG183, was obtained by screening the T-DNA insertion library of Botrytis cinerea. A novel pathogenicity-related gene BcKMO, which encodes kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), was isolated and identified via thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR, bioinformatics analyses, and KMO activity measurement. The mutant BCG183 grew slowly, did not produce conidia and sclerotia, had slender hyphae, and presented enhanced pathogenicity. The phenotype and pathogenicity of the BcKMO-complementing mutant (BCG183/BcKMO) were similar to those of the wild-type (WT) strain. The activities of polymethylgalacturonase, polygalacturonase, and toxins were significantly higher, whereas acid production was significantly decreased in the mutant BCG183, when compared with those in the WT and BCG183/BcKMO. Moreover, the sensitivity of mutant BCG183 to NaCl and KCl was remarkably increased, whereas that to fluconazole, Congo Red, menadione, H2O2, and SQ22536 and U0126 [cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAMP) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways inhibitors, respectively] were significantly decreased compared with the other strains. Furthermore, the key genes involved in the cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways, Pka1, Pka2, PkaR, Bcg2, Bcg3, bmp1, and bmp3, were significantly upregulated or downregulated in the mutant BCG183. BcKMO expression levels were also upregulated or downregulated in the RNAi mutants of the key genes involved in the cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways. These findings indicated that BcKMO positively regulates growth and development, but negatively regulates pathogenicity of B. cinerea. Furthermore, BcKMO was found to be involved in controlling cell wall degrading enzymes activity, toxins activity, acid production, and cell wall integrity, and participate in cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways of B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xuemei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jinping Zang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Fuxin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Peifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hongzhe Cao
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianmin Han
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jihong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
D'Ambrosio JM, Gonorazky G, Sueldo DJ, Moraga J, Di Palma AA, Lamattina L, Collado IG, Laxalt AM. The sesquiterpene botrydial from Botrytis cinerea induces phosphatidic acid production in tomato cell suspensions. PLANTA 2018; 247:1001-1009. [PMID: 29340795 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The phytotoxin botrydial triggers PA production in tomato cell suspensions via PLD and PLC/DGK activation. PLC/DGK-derived PA is partially required for botrydial-induced ROS generation. Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a phospholipid second messenger involved in the induction of plant defense responses. It is generated via two distinct enzymatic pathways, either via phospholipase D (PLD) or by the sequential action of phospholipase C and diacylglycerol kinase (PLC/DGK). Botrydial is a phytotoxic sesquiterpene generated by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea that induces diverse plant defense responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we analyzed PA and ROS production and their interplay upon botrydial treatments, employing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cell suspensions as a model system. Botrydial induces PA production within minutes via PLD and PLC/DGK. Either inhibition of PLC or DGK diminishes ROS generation triggered by botrydial. This indicates that PLC/DGK is upstream of ROS production. In tomato, PLC is encoded by a multigene family constituted by SlPLC1-SlPLC6 and the pseudogene SlPLC7. We have shown that SlPLC2-silenced plants have reduced susceptibility to B. cinerea. In this work, we studied the role of SlPLC2 on botrydial-induced PA production by silencing the expression of SlPLC2 via a specific artificial microRNA. Upon botrydial treatments, SlPLC2-silenced-cell suspensions produce PA levels similar to wild-type cells. It can be concluded that PA is a novel component of the plant responses triggered by botrydial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Martin D'Ambrosio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC. 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC. 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Javier Moraga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Cádiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Andrés Arruebarrena Di Palma
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC. 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC. 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Ana Maria Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC. 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gao X, Cui Q, Cao QZ, Zhao YQ, Liu Q, He HB, Jia GX, Zhang DM. Evaluation of resistance to Botrytis elliptica in Lilium hybrid cultivars. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:392-399. [PMID: 29304484 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold disease, caused by the fungus Botrytis elliptica, is one of the major diseases affecting Lilium species, and it has become a limiting factor in the production of ornamental lilies. To support selecting and breeding Botrytis-resistant cultivars, a total of 50 Lilium cultivars belonging to seven hybrid types were evaluated using a detached leaf technique for resistance to B. elliptica. Through resistance evaluations, Oriental × Trumpet and Oriental hybrid cultivars were classified as resistant lines, while Asiatic and Trumpet hybrids were classified as susceptible lines. A highly resistant (HR) Oriental hybrid, 'Sorbonne', and a highly susceptible (HS) Asiatic hybrid, 'Tresor', were selected for further study of early host-parasite interactions. After infection, B. elliptica grew faster and more easily on the leaves of 'Tresor' than on those of 'Sorbonne' during initial infection; when 'Tresor' leaves were completely infected, only a few lesions were observed on 'Sorbonne' leaves. Biochemical differences between these two cultivars were found following inoculation with B. elliptica, as shown by studies of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the enzymatic antioxidant system. Rapid accumulation of H2O2 and ·O2- to trigger a defense response was detected in HR 'Sorbonne'. Meanwhile, higher levels of antioxidant activity, including SOD, POD and CAT, were found in HR 'Sorbonne' than in HS 'Tresor' before 48 h post-inoculation, but antioxidant activity was reduced with subsequent infection progress. These large and timely increases in ROS and antioxidant activities could be the main contributors to the high resistance of the 'Sorbonne' cultivar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qi Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qin-Zheng Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yu-Qian Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Heng-Bin He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Gui-Xia Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai 200232, PR China,.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gao X, Cui Q, Cao QZ, Liu Q, He HB, Zhang DM, Jia GX. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Botrytis elliptica Responsive microRNAs and Their Targets in Lilium Regale Wilson by High-Throughput Sequencing and Degradome Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:753. [PMID: 28572808 PMCID: PMC5435993 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs, as master regulators of gene expression, have been widely identified and play crucial roles in plant-pathogen interactions. A fatal pathogen, Botrytis elliptica, causes the serious folia disease of lily, which reduces production because of the high susceptibility of most cultivated species. However, the miRNAs related to Botrytis infection of lily, and the miRNA-mediated gene regulatory networks providing resistance to B. elliptica in lily remain largely unexplored. To systematically dissect B. elliptica-responsive miRNAs and their target genes, three small RNA libraries were constructed from the leaves of Lilium regale, a promising Chinese wild Lilium species, which had been subjected to mock B. elliptica treatment or B. elliptica infection for 6 and 24 h. By high-throughput sequencing, 71 known miRNAs belonging to 47 conserved families and 24 novel miRNA were identified, of which 18 miRNAs were downreguleted and 13 were upregulated in response to B. elliptica. Moreover, based on the lily mRNA transcriptome, 22 targets for 9 known and 1 novel miRNAs were identified by the degradome sequencing approach. Most target genes for elliptica-responsive miRNAs were involved in metabolic processes, few encoding different transcription factors, including ELONGATION FACTOR 1 ALPHA (EF1a) and TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 2 (TCP2). Furthermore, the expression patterns of a set of elliptica-responsive miRNAs and their targets were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. This study represents the first transcriptome-based analysis of miRNAs responsive to B. elliptica and their targets in lily. The results reveal the possible regulatory roles of miRNAs and their targets in B. elliptica interaction, which will extend our understanding of the mechanisms of this disease in lily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Qi Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Qin-Zheng Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Heng-Bin He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and PlanningShanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban SitesShanghai, China
| | - Gui-Xia Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Gui-Xia Jia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gonorazky G, Guzzo MC, Abd‐El‐Haliem AM, Joosten MH, Laxalt AM. Silencing of the tomato phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C2 (SlPLC2) reduces plant susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1354-1363. [PMID: 26868615 PMCID: PMC6638316 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (Sl)] phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) gene family is composed of six members, named SlPLC1 to SlPLC6, differentially regulated on pathogen attack. We have previously shown that the fungal elicitor xylanase induces a raise of SlPLC2 and SlPLC5 transcripts and that SlPLC2, but not SlPLC5, is required for xylanase-induced expression of defense-related genes. In this work we studied the role of SlPLC2 in the interaction between tomato and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Inoculation of tomato leaves with B. cinerea increases SlPLC2 transcript levels. We knocked-down the expression of SlPLC2 by virus-induced gene silencing and plant defense responses were analyzed upon B. cinerea inoculation. SlPLC2 silenced plants developed smaller necrotic lesions concomitantly with less proliferation of the fungus. Silencing of SlPLC2 resulted as well in a reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Upon B. cinerea inoculation, transcript levels of the salicylic acid (SA)-defense pathway marker gene SlPR1a were diminished in SlPLC2 silenced plants compared to non-silenced infected plants, while transcripts of the jasmonic acid (JA)-defense gene markers Proteinase Inhibitor I and II (SlPI-I and SlPI-II) were increased. This implies that SlPLC2 participates in plant susceptibility to B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET‐Universidad Nacional de Mar del PlataCC. 12457600Mar del PlataArgentina
| | - María Carla Guzzo
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos VegetalesCIAP, INTA, CórdobaArgentina
| | - Ahmed M. Abd‐El‐Haliem
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB WageningenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamScience Park 904, 1098 XH AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Matthieu H.A.J. Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ana María Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET‐Universidad Nacional de Mar del PlataCC. 12457600Mar del PlataArgentina
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
El-Hossary EM, Cheng C, Hamed MM, El-Sayed Hamed AN, Ohlsen K, Hentschel U, Abdelmohsen UR. Antifungal potential of marine natural products. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:631-651. [PMID: 27936443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal diseases represent an increasing threat to human health worldwide which in some cases might be associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. However, only few antifungal drugs are currently available for the treatment of life-threatening fungal infections. Furthermore, plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens represent a worldwide economic problem for the agriculture industry. The marine environment continues to provide structurally diverse and biologically active secondary metabolites, several of which have inspired the development of new classes of therapeutic agents. Among these secondary metabolites, several compounds with noteworthy antifungal activities have been isolated from marine microorganisms, invertebrates, and algae. During the last fifteen years, around 65% of marine natural products possessing antifungal activities have been isolated from sponges and bacteria. This review gives an overview of natural products from diverse marine organisms that have shown in vitro and/or in vivo potential as antifungal agents, with their mechanism of action whenever applicable. The natural products literature is covered from January 2000 until June 2015, and we are reporting the chemical structures together with their biological activities, as well as the isolation source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebaa M El-Hossary
- National Centre for Radiation Research & Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Ahmed El-Zomor St. 3, El-Zohoor Dist., Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mostafa M Hamed
- Drug Design and Optimization Department, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2/D15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ute Hentschel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, RD3 Marine Microbiology, and Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M. Contrasting Regulation of NO and ROS in Potato Defense-Associated Metabolism in Response to Pathogens of Different Lifestyles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163546. [PMID: 27695047 PMCID: PMC5047594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our research provides new insights into how the low and steady-state levels of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in potato leaves are altered after the challenge with the hemibiotroph Phytophthora infestans or the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, with the subsequent rapid and invader-dependent modification of defense responses with opposite effects. Mainly in the avirulent (avr) P. infestans–potato system, NO well balanced with the superoxide level was tuned with a battery of SA-dependent defense genes, leading to the establishment of the hypersensitive response (HR) successfully arresting the pathogen. Relatively high levels of S-nitrosoglutathione and S-nitrosothiols concentrated in the main vein of potato leaves indicated the mobile function of these compounds as a reservoir of NO bioactivity. In contrast, low-level production of NO and ROS during virulent (vr) P. infestans-potato interactions might be crucial in the delayed up-regulation of PR-1 and PR-3 genes and compromised resistance to the hemibiotrophic pathogen. In turn, B. cinerea triggered huge NO overproduction and governed inhibition of superoxide production by blunting NADPH oxidase. Nevertheless, a relatively high level of H2O2 was found owing to the germin-like activity in cooperation with NO-mediated HR-like cell death in potato genotypes favorable to the necrotrophic pathogen. Moreover, B. cinerea not only provoked cell death, but also modulated the host redox milieu by boosting protein nitration, which attenuated SA production but not SA-dependent defense gene expression. Finally, based on obtained data the organismal cost of having machinery for HR in plant resistance to biotrophs is also discussed, while emphasizing new efforts to identify other components of the NO/ROS cell death pathway and improve plant protection against pathogens of different lifestyles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61–614 Poznan, Poland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Benito-Pescador D, Santander D, Arranz M, Díaz-Mínguez JM, Eslava AP, van Kan JAL, Benito EP. Bcmimp1, a Botrytis cinerea Gene Transiently Expressed in planta, Encodes a Mitochondrial Protein. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:213. [PMID: 26952144 PMCID: PMC4767927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a widespread necrotrophic fungus which infects more than 200 plant species. In an attempt to characterize the physiological status of the fungus in planta and to identify genetic factors contributing to its ability to infect the host cells, a differential gene expression analysis during the interaction B. cinerea-tomato was carried out. Gene Bcmimp1 codes for a mRNA detected by differential display in the course of this analysis. During the interaction with the host, it shows a transient expression pattern with maximal expression levels during the colonization and maceration of the infected tissues. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that BCMIMP1 is an integral membrane protein located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Co-localization experiments with a BCMIMP1-GFP fusion protein confirmed that the protein is targeted to the mitochondria. ΔBcmimp1 mutants do not show obvious phenotypic differences during saprophytic growth and their infection ability was unaltered as compared to the wild-type. Interestingly, the mutants produced increased levels of reactive oxygen species, likely as a consequence of disturbed mitochondrial function. Although Bcmimp1 expression is enhanced in planta it cannot be considered a pathogenicity factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Benito-Pescador
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias - Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - Daniela Santander
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias - Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de SalamancaSalamanca, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientale, Universidad Técnica del NorteIbarra, Ecuador
| | - M Arranz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M Díaz-Mínguez
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias - Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - Arturo P Eslava
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ernesto P Benito
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias - Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nitric oxide in fungi: is there NO light at the end of the tunnel? Curr Genet 2016; 62:513-8. [PMID: 26886232 PMCID: PMC4929157 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a remarkable gaseous molecule with multiple and important roles in different organisms, including fungi. However, the study of the biology of NO in fungi has been hindered by the lack of a complete knowledge on the different metabolic routes that allow a proper NO balance, and the regulation of these routes. Fungi have developed NO detoxification mechanisms to combat nitrosative stress, which have been mainly characterized by their connection to pathogenesis or nitrogen metabolism. However, the progress on the studies of NO anabolic routes in fungi has been hampered by efforts to disrupt candidate genes that gave no conclusive data until recently. This review summarizes the different roles of NO in fungal biology and pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the alternatives to explain fungal NO production and the recent findings on the involvement of nitrate reductase in the synthesis of NO and its regulation during fungal development.
Collapse
|
36
|
Launay A, Patrit O, Wénès E, Fagard M. DspA/E Contributes to Apoplastic Accumulation of ROS in Non-host A. thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:545. [PMID: 27200021 PMCID: PMC4845087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Erwinia amylovora is responsible for the fire blight disease of Maleae, which provokes necrotic symptoms on aerial parts. The pathogenicity of this bacterium in hosts relies on its type three-secretion system (T3SS), a molecular syringe that allows the bacterium to inject effectors into the plant cell. E. amylovora-triggered disease in host plants is associated with the T3SS-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), although ROS are generally associated with resistance in other pathosystems. We showed previously that E. amylovora can multiply transiently in the non-host plant Arabidopsis thaliana and that a T3SS-dependent production of intracellular ROS occurs during this interaction. In the present work we characterize the localization and source of hydrogen peroxide accumulation following E. amylovora infection. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis of infected tissues showed that hydrogen peroxide accumulation occurs in the cytosol, plastids, peroxisomes, and mitochondria as well as in the apoplast. Furthermore, TEM analysis showed that an E. amylovora dspA/E-deficient strain does not induce hydrogen peroxide accumulation in the apoplast. Consistently, a transgenic line expressing DspA/E accumulated ROS in the apoplast. The NADPH oxidase-deficient rbohD mutant showed a very strong reduction in hydrogen peroxide accumulation in response to E. amylovora inoculation. However, we did not find an increase in bacterial titers of E. amylovora in the rbohD mutant and the rbohD mutation did not suppress the toxicity of DspA/E when introgressed into a DspA/E-expressing transgenic line. Co-inoculation of E. amylovora with cycloheximide (CHX), which we found previously to suppress callose deposition and allow strong multiplication of E. amylovora in A. thaliana leaves, led to a strong reduction of apoplastic ROS accumulation but did not affect intracellular ROS. Our data strongly suggest that apoplastic ROS accumulation is one layer of the non-host defense response triggered by the type three effector (T3E) DspA/E, together with callose deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alban Launay
- CNRS 3559, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, ERL, Université Paris-SaclayVersailles, France
- Université Paris-Sud–Université Paris-SaclayOrsay, France
| | | | - Estelle Wénès
- CNRS 3559, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, ERL, Université Paris-SaclayVersailles, France
| | - Mathilde Fagard
- CNRS 3559, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, ERL, Université Paris-SaclayVersailles, France
- *Correspondence: Mathilde Fagard,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ingle RA, Stoker C, Stone W, Adams N, Smith R, Grant M, Carré I, Roden LC, Denby KJ. Jasmonate signalling drives time-of-day differences in susceptibility of Arabidopsis to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:937-48. [PMID: 26466558 PMCID: PMC4982060 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock, an internal time-keeping mechanism, allows plants to anticipate regular changes in the environment, such as light and dark, and biotic challenges such as pathogens and herbivores. Here, we demonstrate that the plant circadian clock influences susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. Arabidopsis plants show differential susceptibility to B. cinerea depending on the time of day of inoculation. Decreased susceptibility after inoculation at dawn compared with night persists under constant light conditions and is disrupted in dysfunctional clock mutants, demonstrating the role of the plant clock in driving time-of-day susceptibility to B. cinerea. The decreased susceptibility to B. cinerea following inoculation at subjective dawn was associated with faster transcriptional reprogramming of the defence response with gating of infection-responsive genes apparent. Direct target genes of core clock regulators were enriched among the transcription factors that responded more rapidly to infection at subjective dawn than subjective night, suggesting an influence of the clock on the defence-signalling network. In addition, jasmonate signalling plays a crucial role in the rhythmic susceptibility of Arabidopsis to B. cinerea with the enhanced susceptibility to this pathogen at subjective night lost in a jaz6 mutant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Ingle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Claire Stoker
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Wendy Stone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Nicolette Adams
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Rob Smith
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Murray Grant
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Isabelle Carré
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Laura C Roden
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Katherine J Denby
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kelloniemi J, Trouvelot S, Héloir MC, Simon A, Dalmais B, Frettinger P, Cimerman A, Fermaud M, Roudet J, Baulande S, Bruel C, Choquer M, Couvelard L, Duthieuw M, Ferrarini A, Flors V, Le Pêcheur P, Loisel E, Morgant G, Poussereau N, Pradier JM, Rascle C, Trdá L, Poinssot B, Viaud M. Analysis of the Molecular Dialogue Between Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea) and Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Reveals a Clear Shift in Defense Mechanisms During Berry Ripening. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1167-80. [PMID: 26267356 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-15-0039-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mature grapevine berries at the harvesting stage (MB) are very susceptible to the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea, while veraison berries (VB) are not. We conducted simultaneous microscopic and transcriptomic analyses of the pathogen and the host to investigate the infection process developed by B. cinerea on MB versus VB, and the plant defense mechanisms deployed to stop the fungus spreading. On the pathogen side, our genome-wide transcriptomic data revealed that B. cinerea genes upregulated during infection of MB are enriched in functional categories related to necrotrophy, such as degradation of the plant cell wall, proteolysis, membrane transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and detoxification. Quantitative-polymerase chain reaction on a set of representative genes related to virulence and microscopic observations further demonstrated that the infection is also initiated on VB but is stopped at the penetration stage. On the plant side, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis and metabolic data revealed a defense pathway switch during berry ripening. In response to B. cinerea inoculation, VB activated a burst of ROS, the salicylate-dependent defense pathway, the synthesis of the resveratrol phytoalexin, and cell-wall strengthening. On the contrary, in infected MB, the jasmonate-dependent pathway was activated, which did not stop the fungal necrotrophic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jani Kelloniemi
- 1 Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- 1 Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claire Héloir
- 1 Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Adeline Simon
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Bérengère Dalmais
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Patrick Frettinger
- 1 Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
- 3 UMR 5240 MAP, Université Lyon 1-CNRS-Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnès Cimerman
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Marc Fermaud
- 4 INRA, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean Roudet
- 4 INRA, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Christophe Bruel
- 3 UMR 5240 MAP, Université Lyon 1-CNRS-Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mathias Choquer
- 3 UMR 5240 MAP, Université Lyon 1-CNRS-Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Alberto Ferrarini
- 6 Università degli Studi di Verona, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Victor Flors
- 7 University of Jaume I, Plant Physiology Section, CAMN, Castellón, 12071, Spain
| | - Pascal Le Pêcheur
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Elise Loisel
- 4 INRA, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Guillaume Morgant
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- 3 UMR 5240 MAP, Université Lyon 1-CNRS-Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Marc Pradier
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- 3 UMR 5240 MAP, Université Lyon 1-CNRS-Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lucie Trdá
- 1 Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- 1 Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Muriel Viaud
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dieryckx C, Gaudin V, Dupuy JW, Bonneu M, Girard V, Job D. Beyond plant defense: insights on the potential of salicylic and methylsalicylic acid to contain growth of the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:859. [PMID: 26528317 PMCID: PMC4607878 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Using Botrytis cinerea we confirmed in the present work several previous studies showing that salicylic acid, a main plant hormone, inhibits fungal growth in vitro. Such an inhibitory effect was also observed for the two salicylic acid derivatives, methylsalicylic and acetylsalicylic acid. In marked contrast, 5-sulfosalicylic acid was totally inactive. Comparative proteomics from treated vs. control mycelia showed that both the intracellular and extracellular proteomes were affected in the presence of salicylic acid or methylsalicylic acid. These data suggest several mechanisms that could potentially account for the observed fungal growth inhibition, notably pH regulation, metal homeostasis, mitochondrial respiration, ROS accumulation and cell wall remodeling. The present observations support a role played by the phytohormone SA and derivatives in directly containing the pathogen. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002873.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Dieryckx
- Laboratoire Mixte UMR 5240, Plateforme de Protéomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| | - Vanessa Gaudin
- Laboratoire Mixte UMR 5240, Plateforme de Protéomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| | - Jean-William Dupuy
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Marc Bonneu
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Girard
- Laboratoire Mixte UMR 5240, Plateforme de Protéomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| | - Dominique Job
- Laboratoire Mixte UMR 5240, Plateforme de Protéomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vatsa-Portugal P, Walker AS, Jacquens L, Clément C, Barka EA, Vaillant-Gaveau N. Inflorescences vs leaves: a distinct modulation of carbon metabolism process during Botrytis infection. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:162-177. [PMID: 25251162 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and survival depends critically on photo assimilates. Pathogen infection leads to changes in carbohydrate metabolism of plants. In this study, we monitored changes in the carbohydrate metabolism in the grapevine inflorescence and leaves using Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis pseudo cinerea. Fluctuations in gas exchange were correlated with variations in chlorophyll a fluorescence. During infection, the inflorescences showed an increase in net photosynthesis (Pn) with a stomatal limitation. In leaves, photosynthesis decreased, with a non-stomatal limitation. A decrease in the effective photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield (ΦPSII) was accompanied by an increase in photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (qN). The enhancement of qP and ΦPSII could explain the observed increase in Pn. In leaves, the significant decline in ΦPSII and qP, and increase in qN suggest that energy was mostly oriented toward heat dissipation instead of CO2 fixation. The accumulation of glucose and sucrose in inflorescences and glucose and fructose in the leaves during infection indicate that the plant's carbon metabolism is differently regulated in these two organs. While a strong accumulation of starch was observed at 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (hpi) with both species of Botrytis in the inflorescences, a significant decrease with B. cinerea at 24 hpi and a significant increase with B. pseudo cinerea at 48 hpi were observed in the leaves. On the basis of these results, it can be said that during pathogen attack, the metabolism of grapevine inflorescence and leaf is modified suggesting distinct mechanisms modifying gas exchange, PSII activity and sugar contents in these two organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parul Vatsa-Portugal
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vigne et Vin de Champagne URVVC EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, F-51687, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pietrowska E, Różalska S, Kaźmierczak A, Nawrocka J, Małolepsza U. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen (ROS and RNS) species generation and cell death in tomato suspension cultures--Botrytis cinerea interaction. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:307-19. [PMID: 25064634 PMCID: PMC4287684 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This article reports events connected to cell survival and Botrytis cinerea infection development in cell suspension cultures of two tomato cultivars which show different levels of susceptibility to the pathogen: cv. Corindo (more susceptible) and cv. Perkoz (less susceptible). In parallel changes in reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species generation and in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activity were studied. In vivo staining methods with acridine orange (AO) and ethidium bromide (EB) as well as fluorescent microscopy were used to assess tomato and B. cinerea cells death. The biochemical studies of ROS and RNS concentrations in plant cell extract were complemented by in vivo ROS and nitric oxide (NO) imaging using nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), diaminobenzidine (DAB) and diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-DA) staining methods, and confocal microscope technique. B. cinerea infection proceeded slower in Perkoz cell cultures. It was evidenced by measuring the pathogen conidia germination and germination tube development in which nuclei revealing cell death dominated. Two different types of tomato cell death were observed: cells with necrotic nuclei dominated in Corindo whereas in Perkoz cells with characteristic of vacuolar death type prevailed. In Perkoz cells, constitutive levels of NO and S-nitrosothiols (SNO) were significantly higher and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide anion (O₂(-)) concentrations were slightly higher as compared with Corindo cells. Moreover, increases in these molecule concentrations as a result of B. cinerea inoculation were observed in both, Perkoz and Corindo cell cultures. The enzymatic GSNOR activity seems to be an important player in controlling the SNO level in tomato cells. Involvements of the studied compounds in molecular mechanisms of tomato resistance to B. cinerea are discussed in the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Pietrowska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - S. Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - A. Kaźmierczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - J. Nawrocka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - U. Małolepsza
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lemarié S, Robert-Seilaniantz A, Lariagon C, Lemoine J, Marnet N, Levrel A, Jubault M, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ, Gravot A. Camalexin contributes to the partial resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to the biotrophic soilborne protist Plasmodiophora brassicae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:539. [PMID: 26257750 PMCID: PMC4508518 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Camalexin has been reported to play defensive functions against several pathogens in Arabidopsis. In this study, we investigated the possible role of camalexin accumulation in two Arabidopsis genotypes with different levels of basal resistance to the compatible eH strain of the clubroot agent Plasmodiophora brassicae. Camalexin biosynthesis was induced in infected roots of both Col-0 (susceptible) and Bur-0 (partially resistant) accessions during the secondary phase of infection. However, the level of accumulation was four-to-seven times higher in Bur-0 than Col-0. This was associated with the enhanced transcription of a set of camalexin biosynthetic P450 genes in Bur-0: CYP71A13, CYP71A12, and CYP79B2. This induction correlated with slower P. brassicae growth in Bur-0 compared to Col-0, thus suggesting a relationship between the levels of camalexin biosynthesis and the different levels of resistance. Clubroot-triggered biosynthesis of camalexin may also participate in basal defense in Col-0, as gall symptoms and pathogen development were enhanced in the pad3 mutant (Col-0 genetic background), which is defective in camalexin biosynthesis. Clubroot and camalexin responses were then studied in Heterogeneous Inbred Families (HIF) lines derived from a cross between Bur-0 and Col-0. The Bur/Col allelic substitution in the region of the previously identified clubroot resistance QTL PbAt5.2 (Chromosome 5) was associated with both the enhanced clubroot-triggered induction of camalexin biosynthesis and the reduced P. brassicae development. Altogether, our results suggest that high levels of clubroot-triggered camalexin biosynthesis play a role in the quantitative control of partial resistance of Arabidopsis to clubroot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nathalie Marnet
- Plateau de Profilage Métabolique et Métabolique (P2M2), Centre de Recherche Angers Nantes BIA, INRA de RennesLe Rheu, France
| | | | | | | | - Antoine Gravot
- UMR1349 IGEPP, Université de Rennes 1Rennes, France
- *Correspondence: Antoine Gravot, UMR 1349 IGEPP, Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte au Vicomte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Espinosa F, Garrido I, Ortega A, Casimiro I, Álvarez-Tinaut MC. Redox activities and ROS, NO and phenylpropanoids production by axenically cultured intact olive seedling roots after interaction with a mycorrhizal or a pathogenic fungus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100132. [PMID: 24967716 PMCID: PMC4072634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Roots of intact olive seedlings, axenically cultured, were alternatively placed in contact with Rhizophagus irregularis (mycorrhizal) or Verticillim dahliae (pathogenic) fungi. MeJA treatments were also included. In vivo redox activities in the apoplast of the intact roots (anion superoxide generation, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities) were measured. All our results showed that apoplastic redox activities of intact seedling roots in contact with the compatible mycorrhizal fungus were clearly attenuated in comparison with the pathogenic fungus or treated with MeJA, even at the early stages of treatment used. Total phenolics, flavonoids and phenylpropanoid glycosides were also quantified. Roots in contact with the mycorrhizal fungus did not enhance the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds with respect to controls, while those in contact with the pathogenic one significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of all phenolic fractions measured. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxid accumulation in roots were examined by fluorescence microscopy. All of them presented much higher accumulation in roots in contact with the pathogenic than with the mycorrhizal fungus. Altogether these results indicate that intact olive seedling roots clearly differentiated between mycorrhizal and pathogenic fungi, attenuating defense reactions against the first to facilitate its establishment, while inducing a strong and sustained defense reaction against the second. Both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species seemed to be involved in these responses from the first moments of contact. However, further investigations are required to clarify the proposed crosstalk between them and their respective roles in these responses since fluorescence images of roots revealed that reactive oxygen species were mainly accumulated in the apoplast (congruently with the measured redox activities in this compartment) while nitric oxid was mainly stored in the cytosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Espinosa
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Garrido
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alfonso Ortega
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ilda Casimiro
- Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Mª Carmen Álvarez-Tinaut
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jaber E, Xiao C, Asiegbu FO. Comparative pathobiology of Heterobasidion annosum during challenge on Pinus sylvestris and Arabidopsis roots: an analysis of defensin gene expression in two pathosystems. PLANTA 2014; 239:717-733. [PMID: 24366684 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-2012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Heterobasidion annosum is widely known as a major root and butt rot pathogen of conifer trees, but little information is available on its interaction with the roots of herbaceous angiosperm plants. We investigated the infection biology of H. annosum during challenge with the angiosperm model Arabidopsis and monitored the host response after exposure to different hormone elicitors, chemicals (chitin, glucan and chitosan) and fungal species that represent diverse basidiomycete life strategies [e.g., pathogen (H. annosum), saprotroph (Stereum sanguinolentum) and mutualist (Lactarius rufus)]. The results revealed that the tree pathogen (H. annosum) and the saprotroph (S. sanguinolentum) could infect the Col-8 (Columbia) ecotype of Arabidopsis in laboratory inoculation experiments. Germinated H. annosum spores had appressorium-like penetration structures attached to the surface of the Arabidopsis roots. Subsequent invasive fungal growth led to the disintegration of the vascular region of the root tissues. Progression of root rot symptoms in Arabidopsis was similar to the infection development that was previously documented in Scots pine seedlings. Scots pine PsDef1 and Arabidopsis DEFLs (AT5G44973.1) and PDF1.2 were induced at the initial stage of the infection. However, differences in the expression patterns of the defensin gene homologs from the two plant groups were observed under various conditions, suggesting functional differences in their regulation. The potential use of the H. annosum-Arabidopsis pathosystem as a model for studying forest tree diseases is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emad Jaber
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gonorazky G, Distéfano AM, García-Mata C, Lamattina L, Laxalt AM. Phospholipases in Nitric Oxide-Mediated Plant Signaling. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-42011-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
46
|
De Cremer K, Mathys J, Vos C, Froenicke L, Michelmore RW, Cammue BPA, De Coninck B. RNAseq-based transcriptome analysis of Lactuca sativa infected by the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1992-2007. [PMID: 23534608 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea establishes a necrotrophic interaction with its host plants, including lettuce (Lactuca sativa), causing it to wilt, collapse and eventually dry up and die, which results in serious economic losses. Global expression profiling using RNAseq and the newly sequenced lettuce genome identified a complex network of genes involved in the lettuce-B. cinerea interaction. The observed high number of differentially expressed genes allowed us to classify them according to the biological pathways in which they are implicated, generating a holistic picture. Most pronounced were the induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway and terpenoid biosynthesis, whereas photosynthesis was globally down-regulated at 48 h post-inoculation. Large-scale comparison with data available on the interaction of B. cinerea with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana revealed both general and species-specific responses to infection with this pathogen. Surprisingly, expression analysis of selected genes could not detect significant systemic transcriptional alterations in lettuce leaves distant from the inoculation site. Additionally, we assessed the response of these lettuce genes to a biotrophic pathogen, Bremia lactucae, revealing that similar pathways are induced during compatible interactions of lettuce with necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaat De Cremer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bollhöner B, Zhang B, Stael S, Denancé N, Overmyer K, Goffner D, Van Breusegem F, Tuominen H. Post mortem function of AtMC9 in xylem vessel elements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:498-510. [PMID: 23834670 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell death of xylem elements is manifested by rupture of the tonoplast and subsequent autolysis of the cellular contents. Metacaspases have been implicated in various forms of plant cell death but regulation and execution of xylem cell death by metacaspases remains unknown. Analysis of the type II metacaspase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana supported the function of METACASPASE 9 (AtMC9) in xylem cell death. Progression of xylem cell death was analysed in protoxylem vessel elements of 3-d-old atmc9 mutant roots using reporter gene analysis and electron microscopy. Protoxylem cell death was normally initiated in atmc9 mutant lines, but detailed electron microscopic analyses revealed a role for AtMC9 in clearance of the cell contents post mortem, that is after tonoplast rupture. Subcellular localization of fluorescent AtMC9 reporter fusions supported a post mortem role for AtMC9. Further, probe-based activity profiling suggested a function of AtMC9 on activities of papain-like cysteine proteases. Our data demonstrate that the function of AtMC9 in xylem cell death is to degrade vessel cell contents after vacuolar rupture. We further provide evidence on a proteolytic cascade in post mortem autolysis of xylem vessel elements and suggest that AtMC9 is part of this cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bollhöner
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Zhang
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Denancé
- UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Deborah Goffner
- UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Seifi HS, Curvers K, De Vleesschauwer D, Delaere I, Aziz A, Höfte M. Concurrent overactivation of the cytosolic glutamine synthetase and the GABA shunt in the ABA-deficient sitiens mutant of tomato leads to resistance against Botrytis cinerea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:490-504. [PMID: 23627463 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of abscisic acid (ABA) in the sitiens mutant of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) culminates in increased resistance to Botrytis cinerea through a rapid epidermal hypersensitive response (HR) and associated phenylpropanoid pathway-derived cell wall fortifications. This study focused on understanding the role of primary carbon : nitrogen (C : N) metabolism in the resistance response of sitiens to B. cinerea. How alterations in C : N metabolism are linked with the HR-mediated epidermal arrest of the pathogen has been also investigated. Temporal alterations in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) cycle and phenylpropanoid pathway were transcriptionally, enzymatically and metabolically monitored in both wild-type and sitiens plants. Virus-induced gene silencing, microscopic analyses and pharmacological assays were used to further confirm the data. Our results on the sitiens-B. cinerea interaction favor a model in which cell viability in the cells surrounding the invaded tissue is maintained by a constant replenishment of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle through overactivation of the GS/GOGAT cycle and the GABA shunt, resulting in resistance through both tightly controlling the defense-associated HR and slowing down the pathogen-induced senescence. Collectively, this study shows that maintaining cell viability via alterations in host C : N metabolism plays a vital role in the resistance response against necrotrophic pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Soren Seifi
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Curvers
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David De Vleesschauwer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Delaere
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aziz Aziz
- Laboratory of SDRP - URVVC EA 4707, University of Reims, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Simon UK, Polanschütz LM, Koffler BE, Zechmann B. High resolution imaging of temporal and spatial changes of subcellular ascorbate, glutathione and H₂O₂ distribution during Botrytis cinerea infection in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65811. [PMID: 23755284 PMCID: PMC3673919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the mechanisms behind the infection process of the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, the subcellular distribution of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was monitored over a time frame of 96 h post inoculation (hpi) in Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 leaves at the inoculation site (IS) and the area around the IS which was defined as area adjacent to the inoculation site (AIS). H₂O₂ accumulation was correlated with changes in the compartment-specific distribution of ascorbate and glutathione and chloroplast fine structure. This study revealed that the severe breakdown of the antioxidative system, indicated by a drop in ascorbate and glutathione contents at the IS at later stages of infection correlated with an accumulation of H₂O₂ in chloroplasts, mitochondria, cell walls, nuclei and the cytosol which resulted in the development of chlorosis and cell death, eventually visible as tissue necrosis. A steady increase of glutathione contents in most cell compartments within infected tissues (up to 600% in chloroplasts at 96 hpi) correlated with an accumulation of H₂O₂ in chloroplasts, mitochondria and cell walls at the AIS indicating that high glutathione levels could not prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which resulted in chlorosis. Summing up, this study reveals the intracellular sequence of events during Botrytis cinerea infection and shows that the breakdown of the antioxidative system correlated with the accumulation of H₂O₂ in the host cells. This resulted in the degeneration of the leaf indicated by severe changes in the number and ultrastructure of chloroplasts (e.g. decrease of chloroplast number, decrease of starch and thylakoid contents, increase of plastoglobuli size), chlorosis and necrosis of the leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe K. Simon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Bernd Zechmann
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang H, Liu G, Li C, Powell ALT, Reid MS, Zhang Z, Jiang CZ. Defence responses regulated by jasmonate and delayed senescence caused by ethylene receptor mutation contribute to the tolerance of petunia to Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:453-69. [PMID: 23437935 PMCID: PMC6638649 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene and jasmonate (JA) have powerful effects when plants are challenged by pathogens. The inducible promoter-regulated expression of the Arabidopsis ethylene receptor mutant ethylene-insensitive1-1 (etr1-1) causes ethylene insensitivity in petunia. To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in transgenic petunia responses to Botrytis cinerea related to the ethylene and JA pathways, etr1-1-expressing petunia plants were inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. The induced expression of etr1-1 by a chemical inducer dexamethasone resulted in retarded senescence and reduced disease symptoms on detached leaves and flowers or intact plants. The extent of decreased disease symptoms correlated positively with etr1-1 expression. The JA pathway, independent of the ethylene pathway, activated petunia ethylene response factor (PhERF) expression and consequent defence-related gene expression. These results demonstrate that ethylene induced by biotic stress influences senescence, and that JA in combination with delayed senescence by etr1-1 expression alters tolerance to pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|