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Lv Y, Jiang G, Jiang Y, Peng C, Li W. TLR2-ERK signaling pathway regulates expression of galectin-3 in a murine model of OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation. Toxicol Lett 2024; 397:55-66. [PMID: 38754639 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) are involved in the pathological process of asthma, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We hypothesized that TLR2 pathway may regulate expression of Gal-3 in allergic airway inflammation. Wild-type (WT) and TLR2-/- mice were sensitized on day 0 and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) on days 14-21 to establish a model of allergic airway inflammation, and were treated with a specific ERK inhibitor U0126. Histological changes in the lungs were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining; cytokines and anti-OVA immunoglobulin E (IgE) were tested by ELISA; and related protein expression in lung tissues was measured by western blot. We found that the expression levels of TLR2 and Gal-3 markedly increased concomitantly with airway inflammation after OVA induction, while TLR2 deficiency significantly alleviated airway inflammation and reduced Gal-3 expression. Moreover, the expression levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (p-MAPKs) were significantly elevated in OVA-challenged WT mice, while TLR2 deficiency only significantly decreased phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) levels. Furthermore, we found that U0126 treatment significantly alleviated allergic airway inflammation and decreased Gal-3 levels in OVA-challenged WT mice, but had no further effect in OVA-challenged TLR2-/- mice. These above results suggested that TLR2 is an upstream signal molecule of ERK. We further demonstrated that TLR2 regulates Gal-3 expression through the ERK pathway in LTA-stimulated macrophages in vitro. Our findings showed that the TLR2-ERK signaling pathway regulates Gal-3 expression in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Lv
- Molecular Diagnosis Center, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China.
| | - Guiyun Jiang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Yanru Jiang
- Molecular Diagnosis Center, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Caiqiu Peng
- Molecular Diagnosis Center, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Molecular Diagnosis Center, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China.
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Pergolizzi S, Fumia A, D'Angelo R, Mangano A, Lombardo GP, Giliberti A, Messina E, Alesci A, Lauriano ER. Expression and function of toll-like receptor 2 in vertebrate. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:152028. [PMID: 37075649 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential for identifying and detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) produced by a variety of pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. Since TLR2 is the only TLR capable of creating functional heterodimers with more than two other TLR types, it is very important for vertebrate immunity. TLR2 not only broadens the variety of PAMPs that it can recognize but has also the potential to diversify the subsequent signaling cascades. TLR2 is ubiquitous, which is consistent with the wide variety of tasks and functions it serves. Immune cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells have all been found to express TLR2. This review aims to gather currently available information about the preservation of this intriguing immunological molecule in the phylum of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico "G. Martino", 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Angelo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelica Mangano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pia Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Giliberti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Messina
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Sha JF, Xie QM, Chen N, Song SM, Ruan Y, Zhao CC, Liu Q, Shi RH, Jiang XQ, Fei GH, Wu HM. TLR2-hif1α-mediated glycolysis contributes to pyroptosis and oxidative stress in allergic airway inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 200:102-116. [PMID: 36907255 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
As a pattern recognition receptor which activates innate immune system, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been reportedly mediates allergic airway inflammation (AAI), yet the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, in a murine AAI model, TLR2-/- mice showed decreased airway inflammation, pyroptosis and oxidative stress. RNA-sequencing revealed that allergen-induced hif1 signaling pathway and glycolysis were significantly downregulated when TLR2 was deficient, which were confirmed by lung protein immunoblots. Glycolysis inhibitor 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) inhibited allergen-induced airway inflammation, pyroptosis, oxidative stress and glycolysis in wild type (WT) mice, while hif1α stabilizer ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (EDHB) restored theses allergen-induced changes in TLR2-/- mice, indicating TLR2-hif1α-mediated glycolysis contributes to pyroptosis and oxidative stress in AAI. Moreover, upon allergen challenge, lung macrophages were highly activated in WT mice but were less activated in TLR2-/- mice, 2-DG replicated while EDHB reversed such effect of TLR2 deficiency on lung macrophages. Likewise, both in vivo and ex vivo WT alveolar macrophages (AMs) exhibited higher TLR2/hif1α expression, glycolysis and polarization activation in response to ovalbumin (OVA), which were all inhibited in TLR2-/- AMs, suggesting AMs activation and metabolic switch are dependent on TLR2. Finally, depletion of resident AMs in TLR2-/- mice abolished while transfer of TLR2-/- resident AMs to WT mice replicated the protective effect of TLR2 deficiency on AAI when administered before allergen challenge. Collectively, we suggested that loss of TLR2-hif1α-mediated glycolysis in resident AMs ameliorates allergic airway inflammation that inhibits pyroptosis and oxidative stress, therefore the TLR2-hif1α-glycolysis axis in resident AMs may be a novel therapeutic target for AAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Feng Sha
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Qiu-Meng Xie
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Ning Chen
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Si-Ming Song
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Ya Ruan
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Cui-Cui Zhao
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Huang Shan Road 443, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, PR China
| | - Rong-Hua Shi
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Huang Shan Road 443, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, PR China
| | - Xu-Qin Jiang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Huang Shan Road 443, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, PR China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Lujiang Road 17, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China.
| | - Guang-He Fei
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China.
| | - Hui-Mei Wu
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China.
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O'Byrne PM, Panettieri RA, Taube C, Brindicci C, Fleming M, Altman P. Development of an inhaled anti-TSLP therapy for asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2023; 78:102184. [PMID: 36535465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial cell-derived cytokine, acts as a key mediator in airway inflammation and modulates the function of multiple cell types, including dendritic cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells. TSLP plays a role in asthma pathogenesis as an upstream cytokine, and data suggest that TSLP blockade with the anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody, tezepelumab, could be efficacious in a broad asthma population. Currently approved asthma biologic therapies target allergic or eosinophilic disease and require phenotyping; therefore, an unmet need exists for a therapy that can address Type 2 (T2)-high and T2-low inflammation in asthma. All currently approved biologic treatments are delivered intravenously or subcutaneously; an inhaled therapy route that allows direct targeting of the lung with reduced systemic impact may offer advantages. Currently in development, ecleralimab (CSJ117) represents the first inhaled anti-TSLP antibody fragment that binds soluble TSLP and prevents TSLP receptor activation, thereby inhibiting further inflammatory signalling cascades. This anti-TSLP antibody fragment is being developed for patients with severe uncontrolled asthma despite standard of care inhaled therapy. A Phase IIa proof of concept study, using allergen bronchoprovocation as a model for asthma exacerbations, found that ecleralimab was well-tolerated and reduced allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in adult patients with mild asthma. These results suggest ecleralimab may be a promising, new therapeutic class for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M O'Byrne
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Pablo Altman
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, New Jersey, USA.
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Integrated Network Pharmacology and Gut Microbiota Analysis to Explore the Mechanism of Sijunzi Decoction Involved in Alleviating Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Asthma. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:1130893. [PMID: 36636604 PMCID: PMC9831717 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1130893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with recurrent attacks, which seriously affects the patients' quality of life and even threatens their lives. The disease can even threaten the lives of patients. Sijunzi decoction (SJZD), a classical Chinese medicine formula with a long history of administration, is a basic formula used for the treatment of asthma and demonstrates remarkable efficacy. However, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. Materials and Methods We aimed to integrate network pharmacology and intestinal flora sequencing analysis to study the mechanism of SJZD in the treatment of allergic asthmatic mice. The active compounds of SJZD and their asthma-related targets were predicted by various databases. We performed Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses to identify potentially relevant pathways for target genes. Furthermore, the active compound-target and target-signaling pathway network maps were constructed by using Cytoscape 3.8.2. These results were combined with those of the intestinal flora sequencing analysis to study the influence of SJZD on airway inflammation in allergic asthmatic mice. Result We obtained 137 active compounds from SJZD and associated them with 1445 asthma-related targets acquired from the databases. A total of 109 common targets were identified. We visualized active compound-target and target-signaling pathway network maps. The pathological analysis and inflammation score results suggested that SJZD could alleviate airway inflammation in asthmatic mice. Sequencing analysis of intestinal flora showed that SJZD could increase the relevant abundance of beneficial bacterial genus and maintain the balance of the intestinal flora. The core toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was identified based on network pharmacology analysis, and the important role TLRs play in intestinal flora and organismal immunity was also recognized. The analysis of the correlation between environmental factors and intestinal flora revealed that beneficial bacterial genera were negatively correlated with TLR2 and positively correlated with the TLR7 expression. Furthermore, they were positively correlated with IFN-γ and IL-10 levels and negatively correlated with IL-4 and IL-17 levels. Conclusion SJZD alleviated the airway inflammation state in asthmatic mice. The findings suggest that increasing the relevant abundance of beneficial intestinal bacteria in mice with asthma, regulating intestinal flora, interfering with the level of TLR2 and TLR7 expression to adjust the secretion of inflammatory factors, and alleviating asthmatic airway inflammation may be the possible mechanism involved in the treatment of asthma by SJZD, providing a basis for further studies on SJZD.
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6
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Lin YC, Lin YC, Tsai ML, Liao WT, Hung CH. TSLP regulates mitochondrial ROS-induced mitophagy via histone modification in human monocytes. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:32. [PMID: 35292112 PMCID: PMC8925056 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00767-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a Th2-like cytokine involved in asthma pathogenesis. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production can lead to airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness and remodeling. Mitophagy, followed by ROS production, is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy and often occurs in defective mitochondria. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects of TSLP on ROS production and mitophagy in human monocytes and to investigate the underlying mechanisms, including epigenetic regulation. Results TSLP induced ROS generation, and the effects were reversed by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in THP-1 cells. Transmission electron microscopy images showed donut-shaped mitochondria that lost the cristae ultrastructure after TSLP stimulation. A decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased MTCO2 expression, and increased mitochondrial DNA release after TSLP stimulation were found. TSLP enhanced mitochondrial complex I and complex II/III activity and increased mitochondrial copy numbers and the expression of the complex II SHDA gene. TSLP-induced SHDA expression was inhibited by the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor anacardic acid (AA) and the histone methyltransferase inhibitor methylthioadenosine (MTA), and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that TSLP enhanced H3 acetylation, H4 acetylation, and H3K4 and H3K36 trimethylation in the SHDA promoter. Confocal laser microscopy showed that TSLP treatment increased the signals of the mitophagy-related proteins PINK1, LC3, phospho-parkin and phospho-ubiquitin, and pretreatment with AA and MTA reduced TSLP-induced PINK1 and LC3 accumulation in mitochondria. Western blot analysis showed that TSLP significantly increased phosphor-AMPK signal intensity, and the effects were inhibited by the antioxidant NAC. The increased signal intensities of the mitophagy-related proteins PINK1, Parkin and LC3 I/II were decreased by dorsomorphin, an AMPK inhibitor. TSLP decreased M1-related cytokine CXCL-10 production and increased M2-related cytokine CCL-1 and CCL-22 production, which was suppressed by the mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1 and PINK1 gene knockdown. Conclusions Epithelial-derived TSLP regulates ROS production and mitophagy through AMPK activation and histone modification and alters M1/M2 chemokine expression in human monocytes. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00767-w.
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Functional immunophenotyping of children with critical status asthmaticus identifies differential gene expression responses in neutrophils exposed to a poly(I:C) stimulus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19644. [PMID: 36385161 PMCID: PMC9666940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The host immune response to a viral immune stimulus has not been examined in children during a life-threatening asthma attack. We determined whether we could identify clusters of children with critical asthma by functional immunophenotyping using an intracellular viral analog stimulus. We performed a single-center, prospective, observational cohort study of 43 children ages 6-17 years admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit for an asthma attack between July 2019 to February 2021. Neutrophils were isolated from children, stimulated overnight with LyoVec poly(I:C), and mRNA was analyzed using a targeted Nanostring immunology array. Network analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts for the paired LyoVec poly(I:C) samples was performed. We identified two clusters by functional immunophenotyping that differed by the Asthma Control Test score. Cluster 1 (n = 23) had a higher proportion of children with uncontrolled asthma in the four weeks prior to PICU admission compared with cluster 2 (n = 20). Pathways up-regulated in cluster 1 versus cluster 2 included chemokine receptor/chemokines, interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-4, and IL-13 signaling. Larger validation studies and clinical phenotyping of children with critical asthma are needed to determine the predictive utility of these clusters in a larger clinical setting.
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8
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Duchesne M, Okoye I, Lacy P. Epithelial cell alarmin cytokines: Frontline mediators of the asthma inflammatory response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975914. [PMID: 36311787 PMCID: PMC9616080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure of the airway epithelium to external stimuli such as allergens, microbes, and air pollution triggers the release of the alarmin cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP interact with their ligands, IL-17RA, IL1RL1 and TSLPR respectively, expressed by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells including dendritic cells, ILC2 cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Alarmins play key roles in driving type 2-high, and to a lesser extent type 2-low responses, in asthma. In addition, studies in which each of these three alarmins were targeted in allergen-challenged mice showed decreased chronicity of type-2 driven disease. Consequently, ascertaining the mechanism of activity of these upstream mediators has implications for understanding the outcome of targeted therapies designed to counteract their activity and alleviate downstream type 2-high and low effector responses. Furthermore, identifying the factors which shift the balance between the elicitation of type 2-high, eosinophilic asthma and type-2 low, neutrophilic-positive/negative asthma by alarmins is essential. In support of these efforts, observations from the NAVIGATOR trial imply that targeting TSLP in patients with tezepelumab results in reduced asthma exacerbations, improved lung function and control of the disease. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms surrounding the secretion of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP from the airway epithelium and how this influences the allergic airway cascade. We also review in detail how alarmin-receptor/co-receptor interactions modulate downstream allergic inflammation. Current strategies which target alarmins, their efficacy and inflammatory phenotype will be discussed.
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9
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Zhang J, Chen J, Richardson JP, Francis-Newton NJ, Lai PF, Jenkins K, Major MR, Key RE, Stewart ME, Firth-Clark S, Lloyd SM, Newton GK, Perrior TR, Garrod DR, Robinson C. Targeting an Initiator Allergen Provides Durable and Expansive Protection against House Dust Mite Allergy. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:735-751. [PMID: 36110379 PMCID: PMC9469500 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whereas treatment of allergic diseases such as asthma relies largely on the targeting of dysregulated effector pathways, the conceptually attractive alternative of preventing them by a pharmaceutical, at-source intervention has been stymied until now by uncertainties about suitable targets and the challenges facing drug design. House dust mites (HDMs) are globally significant triggers of allergy. Group 1 HDM allergens, exemplified by Der p 1, are cysteine proteases. Their degradome has a strong disease linkage that underlies their status as risk and initiator allergens acting directly and through bystander effects on other allergens. Our objective was to test whether target-selective inhibitors of group 1 HDM allergens might provide a viable route to novel therapies. Using structure-directed design to optimize a series of pyruvamides, we undertook the first examination of whether pharmaceutically developable inhibitors of group 1 allergens might offer protection against HDM exposure. Developability criteria included durable inhibition of clinically relevant signals after a single aerosolized dose of the drug. The compounds suppressed acute airway responses of rats and mice when challenged with an HDM extract representing the HDM allergome. Inhibitory effects operated through a miscellany of downstream pathways involving, among others, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, chemokines, and dendritic cells. IL-13 and eosinophil recruitment, indices of Th2 pathway activation, were strongly attenuated. The surprisingly expansive benefits arising from a unique at-source intervention suggest a novel approach to multiple allergic diseases in which HDMs play prominent roles and encourage exploration of these pharmaceutically developable molecules in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhang
- Institute
for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United
Kingdom
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute
for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United
Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Richardson
- Institute
for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United
Kingdom
| | - Nicola-Jane Francis-Newton
- Institute
for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United
Kingdom
| | - Pei F. Lai
- Institute
for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United
Kingdom
| | - Kerry Jenkins
- Domainex
Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Meriel R. Major
- Domainex
Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekah E. Key
- Domainex
Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. Stewart
- Domainex
Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Firth-Clark
- Domainex
Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Steven M. Lloyd
- Domainex
Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Gary K. Newton
- Domainex
Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor R. Perrior
- Domainex
Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Garrod
- Faculty
of Biology, Medicine and Health, University
of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Robinson
- Institute
for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United
Kingdom
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10
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Tuazon JA, Kilburg-Basnyat B, Oldfield LM, Wiscovitch-Russo R, Dunigan-Russell K, Fedulov AV, Oestreich KJ, Gowdy KM. Emerging Insights into the Impact of Air Pollution on Immune-Mediated Asthma Pathogenesis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2022; 22:77-92. [PMID: 35394608 PMCID: PMC9246904 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-022-01034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increases in ambient levels of air pollutants have been linked to lung inflammation and remodeling, processes that lead to the development and exacerbation of allergic asthma. Conventional research has focused on the role of CD4+ T helper 2 (TH2) cells in the pathogenesis of air pollution-induced asthma. However, much work in the past decade has uncovered an array of air pollution-induced non-TH2 immune mechanisms that contribute to allergic airway inflammation and disease. RECENT FINDINGS In this article, we review current research demonstrating the connection between common air pollutants and their downstream effects on non-TH2 immune responses emerging as key players in asthma, including PRRs, ILCs, and non-TH2 T cell subsets. We also discuss the proposed mechanisms by which air pollution increases immune-mediated asthma risk, including pre-existing genetic risk, epigenetic alterations in immune cells, and perturbation of the composition and function of the lung and gut microbiomes. Together, these studies reveal the multifaceted impacts of various air pollutants on innate and adaptive immune functions via genetic, epigenetic, and microbiome-based mechanisms that facilitate the induction and worsening of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Tuazon
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - B Kilburg-Basnyat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - L M Oldfield
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Department of Synthetic Genomics, Replay Holdings LLC, San Diego, 92121, USA
| | - R Wiscovitch-Russo
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - K Dunigan-Russell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - A V Fedulov
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - K J Oestreich
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - K M Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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11
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Klimek L, Hagemann J, Welkoborsky HJ, Cuevas M, Casper I, Förster-Ruhrmann U, Klimek F, Hintschich CA, Huppertz T, Bergmann C, Tomazic PV, Becker S. Epithelial immune regulation of inflammatory airway diseases: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Allergol Select 2022; 6:148-166. [PMID: 35572064 PMCID: PMC9097524 DOI: 10.5414/alx02296e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial immune regulation is an essential and protective feature of the barrier function of the mucous membranes of the airways. Damage to the epithelial barrier can result in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) or bronchial asthma. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a central regulator in the epithelial barrier function and is associated with type 2 (T2) and non-T2 inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The immunology of chronic rhinosinusitis with polyposis nasi (CRSwNP) was analyzed in a literature search, and the existing evidence was determined through searches in Medline, Pubmed as well as the national and international study and guideline registers and the Cochrane Library. Human studies or studies on human cells that were published between 2010 and 2020 and in which the immune mechanisms of TSLP in T2 and non-T2 inflammation were examined were considered. RESULTS TSLP is an epithelial cytokine (alarmin) and a central regulator of the immune reaction, especially in the case of chronic airway inflammation. Induction of TSLP is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases like CRS and triggers a cascade of subsequent inflammatory reactions. CONCLUSION Treatment with TSLP-blocking monoclonal antibodies could therefore open up interesting therapeutic options. The long-term safety and effectiveness of TSLP blockade has yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Klimek
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Otolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz
| | - Jan Hagemann
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Otolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz
| | - Hans-Jürgen Welkoborsky
- Clinic for Ear, Nose and Throat Medicine, Head and Neck Surgery, Nordstadt Clinic of the KRH, Hannover
| | - Mandy Cuevas
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Otolaryngology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden
| | | | | | | | - Constantin A Hintschich
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Ear, Nose and Throat Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg
| | - Tilman Huppertz
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Otolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz
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12
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Patel VK, Paudel KR, Shukla SD, Liu G, Oliver BG, Hansbro PM, Dua K. Toll-like receptors, innate immune system, and lung diseases: a vital trilateral association. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:519-523. [PMID: 35651656 PMCID: PMC9149966 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-4688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vyoma K. Patel
- Macular Disease Foundation, NSW 2000, Australia,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Keshav R. Paudel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Shakti D. Shukla
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Brian G. Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Kamal Dua, Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia, E-mail:
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13
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Schetters STT, Schuijs MJ. Pulmonary Eosinophils at the Center of the Allergic Space-Time Continuum. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772004. [PMID: 34868033 PMCID: PMC8634472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are typically a minority population of circulating granulocytes being released from the bone-marrow as terminally differentiated cells. Besides their function in the defense against parasites and in promoting allergic airway inflammation, regulatory functions have now been attributed to eosinophils in various organs. Although eosinophils are involved in the inflammatory response to allergens, it remains unclear whether they are drivers of the asthma pathology or merely recruited effector cells. Recent findings highlight the homeostatic and pro-resolving capacity of eosinophils and raise the question at what point in time their function is regulated. Similarly, eosinophils from different physical locations display phenotypic and functional diversity. However, it remains unclear whether eosinophil plasticity remains as they develop and travel from the bone marrow to the tissue, in homeostasis or during inflammation. In the tissue, eosinophils of different ages and origin along the inflammatory trajectory may exhibit functional diversity as circumstances change. Herein, we outline the inflammatory time line of allergic airway inflammation from acute, late, adaptive to chronic processes. We summarize the function of the eosinophils in regards to their resident localization and time of recruitment to the lung, in all stages of the inflammatory response. In all, we argue that immunological differences in eosinophils are a function of time and space as the allergic inflammatory response is initiated and resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd T T Schetters
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn J Schuijs
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Bourdin A, Charriot J, Boissin C, Ahmed E, Suehs C, De Sevin A, Volpato M, Pahus L, Gras D, Vachier I, Halimi L, Hamerlijnck D, Chanez P. Will the asthma revolution fostered by biologics also benefit adult ICU patients? Allergy 2021; 76:2395-2406. [PMID: 33283296 DOI: 10.1111/all.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Asthma exacerbations are inflammatory events that rarely result in full hospitalization following an ER visit. Unfortunately, certain patients require prolonged support, including occasional external lung support through ECMO or ECCOR (with subsequent further exposure to other life-threatening issues), and some die. In parallel, biologics are revolutionizing severe asthma management, mostly in T2 high patients. METHODS We extensively reviewed the current unmet needs surrounding ICU-admitted asthma exacerbations, with a focus on currently available drugs and the underlying biological processes involved. We explored whether currently available T2-targeting drugs can reasonably be seen as potential players not only for relapse prevention but also as candidate drugs for a faster resolution of such episodes. The patient's perspective was also sought. RESULTS About 30% of asthma exacerbations admitted to the ICU do not resolve within five days. Persistent severe airway obstruction despite massive doses of corticosteroids and maximal pharmacologically induced bronchodilation is the main cause of treatment failure. Previous ICU admission is the main risk factor for such episodes and may eventually be considered as a T2 surrogate marker. Fatal asthma cases are hallmarked by poorly steroid-sensitive T2-inflammation associated with severe mucus plugging. New, fast-acting T2-targeting biologics (already used for preventing asthma exacerbations) have the potential to circumvent steroid sensitivity pathways and decrease mucus plugging. This unmet need was confirmed by patients who reported highly negative, traumatizing experiences. CONCLUSIONS There is room for improvement in the management of ICU-admitted severe asthma episodes. Clinical trials assessing how biologics might improve ICU outcomes are direly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bourdin
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Montpellier France
- PhyMedExp Univ MontpellierCNRSINSERM, CHU Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Jérémy Charriot
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Montpellier France
- PhyMedExp Univ MontpellierCNRSINSERM, CHU Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Clément Boissin
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Engi Ahmed
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Carey Suehs
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Montpellier France
- Department of Medical Information Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Arthur De Sevin
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Mathilde Volpato
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Laurie Pahus
- Aix Marseille UnivAPHM, Hôpital NORDCIC 9502Clinique des bronches allergies et sommeil, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015 Marseille France
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRSEFS, ADES Marseille France
- Aix Marseille UnivINSERM U1263INRA 1260 (C2VN) Marseille France
| | - Delphine Gras
- Aix Marseille UnivINSERM U1263INRA 1260 (C2VN) Marseille France
| | - Isabelle Vachier
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Laurence Halimi
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Montpellier France
| | | | - Pascal Chanez
- Aix Marseille UnivAPHM, Hôpital NORDCIC 9502Clinique des bronches allergies et sommeil, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015 Marseille France
- Aix Marseille UnivINSERM U1263INRA 1260 (C2VN) Marseille France
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15
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Gauvreau GM, Sehmi R, Ambrose CS, Griffiths JM. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: its role and potential as a therapeutic target in asthma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:777-792. [PMID: 32567399 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1783242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial cytokine (alarmin), is a central regulator of the immune response to inhaled environmental insults such as allergens, viruses and pollutants, initiating a cascade of downstream inflammation. There is compelling evidence that TSLP plays a major role in the pathology of asthma, and therapies that aim to block its activity are in development. AREAS COVERED We review studies conducted in humans and human cells, largely published in PubMed January 2010-October 2019, that investigated the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of TSLP in asthma relevant to type 2-driven (eosinophilic/allergic) inflammation and non-type 2-driven (non-eosinophilic/non-allergic) inflammation, and the role of TSLP as a mediator between immune cells and structural cells in the airway. Clinical data from studies evaluating TSLP blockade are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The position of TSLP at the top of the inflammatory cascade makes it a promising therapeutic target in asthma. Systemic anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody therapy with tezepelumab has yielded positive results in clinical trials to date, reducing exacerbations and biomarkers of inflammation in patients across the spectrum of inflammatory endotypes. Inhaled anti-TSLP is an alternative route currently under evaluation. The long-term safety and efficacy of TSLP blockade need to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roma Sehmi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Janet M Griffiths
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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16
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Fang L, Shen Q, Wu H, He F, Ding P, Xu K, Yan X, Wang M, Li S, Liu R. TLR2 favors OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice through JNK signaling pathway with activation of autophagy. Life Sci 2020; 256:117896. [PMID: 32504758 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Numerous studies indicate that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) led to divergent effects in asthma. The occurrence of autophagy in asthma pathogenesis is still incompletely understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of TLR2 and the underlying mechanisms in allergic airway inflammation and autophagy activation. MAIN METHODS C57BL/6 and TLR2 knockout (TLR2-/-) mice were subjected to an ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized allergic airway model, and were treated with SP600125. Differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined by Wright's staining. Histological analysis of airway inflammation was determined by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Proteins expression in lung tissues was detected by western blot, expression of TLR2 was further observed by immunofluorescence. Autophagy activation was determined by western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). KEY FINDINGS TLR2 expression was increased upon OVA challenge, and TLR2 deficiency was associated with decreased allergic airway inflammation. Meanwhile, TLR2 deficiency weakened autophagy activation. Moreover, inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by SP600125 also suppressed OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation and autophagy activation. Interestingly, treating TLR2-/- mice with SP600125 showed similar OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation and autophagy activation compared to that in vehicle-treated TLR2-/- mice. SIGNIFICANCE TLR2 might contribute to the maintenance of allergic airway inflammation through JNK signaling pathway accompanying with autophagy activation. These findings may provide a novel signal target for prevention of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Qiying Shen
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Huimei Wu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; No.1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anhui Chest Hospital, Jixi Road 397, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Peishan Ding
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Xuebo Yan
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Muzi Wang
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Intensive Care Unit, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Huaihai Avenue 100, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Rongyu Liu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China.
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17
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Wu HM, Zhao CC, Xie QM, Xu J, Fei GH. TLR2-Melatonin Feedback Loop Regulates the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Murine Allergic Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:172. [PMID: 32117301 PMCID: PMC7025476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is suggested to initiate the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and considered to be involved in asthma. The findings that melatonin modulates TLRs-mediated immune responses, together with the suppressing effect of TLRs on endogenous melatonin synthesis, support the possibility that a feedback loop exists between TLRs system and endogenous melatonin synthesis. To determine whether TLR2-melatonin feedback loop exists in allergic airway disease and regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activity, wild-type (WT) and TLR2−/− mice were challenged with OVA to establish allergic airway disease model. Following OVA challenge, WT mice exhibited increased-expression of TLR2, activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and marked airway inflammation, which were all effectively inhibited in the TLR2−/− mice, indicating that TLR2-NLRP3 mediated airway inflammation. Meanwhile, melatonin biosynthesis was reduced in OVA-challenged WT mice, while such reduction was notably rescued by TLR2 deficiency, suggesting that TLR2-NLRP3-mediated allergic airway inflammation was associated with decreased endogenous melatonin biosynthesis. Furthermore, addition of melatonin to OVA-challenged WT mice pronouncedly ameliorated airway inflammation, decreased TLR2 expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, further implying that melatonin in turn inhibited airway inflammation via suppressing TLR2-NLRP3 signal. Most interestingly, although melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole significantly reduced the protein expressions of ASMT, AANAT and subsequent level of melatonin in OVA-challenged TLR2−/− mice, it exhibited null effect on leukocytes infiltration, Th2-cytokines production and NLRP3 activity. These results indicate that a TLR2-melatonin feedback loop regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activity in allergic airway inflammation, and melatonin may be a promising therapeutic medicine for airway inflammatory diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Mei Wu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cui-Cui Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiu-Meng Xie
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guang-He Fei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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18
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Robida PA, Puzzovio PG, Pahima H, Levi-Schaffer F, Bochner BS. Human eosinophils and mast cells: Birds of a feather flock together. Immunol Rev 2019; 282:151-167. [PMID: 29431215 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the origin of the phrase "birds of a feather flock together" is unclear, it has been in use for centuries and is typically employed to describe the phenomenon that people with similar tastes or interests tend to seek each other out and congregate together. In this review, we have co-opted this phrase to compare innate immune cells of related origin, the eosinophil and mast cell, because they very often accumulate together in tissue sites under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. To highlight overlapping yet distinct features, their hematopoietic development, cell surface phenotype, mediator release profiles and roles in diseases have been compared and contrasted. What emerges is a sense that these two cell types often interact with each other and their tissue environment to provide synergistic contributions to a variety of normal and pathologic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piper A Robida
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pier Giorgio Puzzovio
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadas Pahima
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Bragina EY, Goncharova IA, Garaeva AF, Nemerov EV, Babovskaya AA, Karpov AB, Semenova YV, Zhalsanova IZ, Gomboeva DE, Saik OV, Zolotareva OI, Ivanisenko VA, Dosenko VE, Hofestaedt R, Freidin MB. Molecular Relationships between Bronchial Asthma and Hypertension as Comorbid Diseases. J Integr Bioinform 2018; 15:/j/jib.ahead-of-print/jib-2018-0052/jib-2018-0052.xml. [PMID: 30530896 PMCID: PMC6348747 DOI: 10.1515/jib-2018-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Comorbidity, a co-incidence of several disorders in an individual, is a common phenomenon. Their development is governed by multiple factors, including genetic variation. The current study was set up to look at associations between isolated and comorbid diseases of bronchial asthma and hypertension, on one hand, and single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with regulation of gene expression (eQTL), on the other hand. A total of 96 eQTL SNPs were genotyped in 587 Russian individuals. Bronchial asthma alone was found to be associated with rs1927914 (TLR4), rs1928298 (intergenic variant), and rs1980616 (SERPINA1); hypertension alone was found to be associated with rs11065987 (intergenic variant); rs2284033 (IL2RB), rs11191582 (NT5C2), and rs11669386 (CARD8); comorbidity between asthma and hypertension was found to be associated with rs1010461 (ANG/RNASE4), rs7038716, rs7026297 (LOC105376244), rs7025144 (intergenic variant), and rs2022318 (intergenic variant). The results suggest that genetic background of comorbidity of asthma and hypertension is different from genetic backgrounds of both diseases manifesting isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yu Bragina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Anna F Garaeva
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia.,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Andrey B Karpov
- Seversk Biophysical Research Centre of the Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Seversk, Russia
| | - Yulia V Semenova
- Seversk Clinical Hospital, Siberian Federal Research and Clinical Centre of the Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Seversk, Russia
| | | | | | - Olga V Saik
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga I Zolotareva
- Bielefeld University, Bioinformatics/Medical Informatics Department, Bielefeld, Germany.,International Research Training Group "Computational Methods for the Analysis of the Diversity and Dynamics of Genomes" and Genome Informatics, Faculty of Technology and Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Ivanisenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Victor E Dosenko
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Science, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Ralf Hofestaedt
- Bielefeld University, Bioinformatics/Medical Informatics Department, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Maxim B Freidin
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies have highlighted the role of alarmins in asthma pathophysiology and tested the roles of these cytokines in asthmatic patients. This review will discuss the recent advances in the role of alarmins in asthma and the potential of future targeted therapies in asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Epithelial-derived cytokines can be released upon exposure to external stimuli, causing damage to the epithelial barrier and resulting in tissue inflammation. Of these cytokines, IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoeitin (TSLP), have been associated with asthma. These alarmins are all not only overexpressed in asthmatic airways, particularly in airway epithelial cells, but also in other structural and immune cells. Furthermore, all three alarmins drive type-2 pro-inflammatory responses in several immune cells that have been identified as key players in the pathogenesis of asthma, including innate lymphoid type-2 cells. Clinical trials testing therapeutics that block pathways of the alarmins are in progress. SUMMARY To-date, only TSLP blockade has been reported in human clinical trials, and this approach has shown efficacy in asthmatic patients. Current body of evidence suggests that alarmins are useful upstream targets for treatment of asthma.
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21
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TLR2 Regulates Allergic Airway Inflammation and Autophagy Through PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2018; 40:1382-1392. [PMID: 28493079 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate pattern recognition receptors that play a critical role in allergic inflammation, yet their contribution to autophagy in asthma remains poorly defined. Here, we investigate the role of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway-mediated autophagy in ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in mice. Wild-type (WT) and TLR2-knockout (TLR2-/-) C57BL/6 mice were ovalbumin-sensitized and ovalbumin-challenged. In ovalbumin-challenged WT mice, enhanced expression of TLR2 in lung tissue, remarkable inflammatory cell infiltrates, goblet cell hyperplasia, and increased mucus production were observed. The number of inflammatory cells and interleukin-13 (IL-13) levels increased, while interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels decreased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Expression of PI3K, phospho-Akt, Beclin-1 and LC3-II was enhanced significantly. These changes were mitigated dose-dependently in 3-methyl adenine-treated mice. In contrast, similar but weaker changes were found in ovalbumin-challenged TLR2-/- mice, and the changes were not significantly attenuated by 3-methyl adenine treatment. These results indicate that TLR2 confers a pivotal role in allergic airway inflammation via regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-related autophagy in mice.
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22
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Characterization of signaling pathways regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory long form thymic stromal lymphopoietin upon human metapneumovirus infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:883. [PMID: 29343779 PMCID: PMC5772477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is associated with several allergic diseases including asthma. Two isoforms of TSLP exist in humans, a long form (lfTSLP) and a short form (sfTSLP), displaying distinct immunological functions. Recently, TSLP was found to be upregulated in human airway cells upon human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection, yet it remains unclear if the two isoforms are regulated differently during hMPV infection. Importantly, the molecular mechanisms underlying hMPV-mediated TSLP induction remain undescribed. In this study, we characterized the expression and regulation of TSLP in hMPV-infected human airway cells. We demonstrated that hMPV strongly induced the expression of pro-inflammatory lfTSLP in human airway epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts. Further, knockdown of pattern recognition receptors retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) or Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), as well as downstream signal transducers, abrogated hMPV-mediated lfTSLP induction. Importantly, silencing of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) also impaired hMPV-mediated lfTSLP induction, which could be attributed to compromised NF-κB activation. Overall, these results suggest that TBK1 may be instrumental for hMPV-mediated activation of NF-κB downstream RIG-I and TLR3, leading to a specific induction of lfTSLP in hMPV-infected human airway cells.
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aims of the present review were to describe the heterogeneous nature of near-fatal asthma (NFA) and to summarize the distinctive phenotypes identified in this subtype of asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical, physiological, and histological studies have shown a large number of triggers, pathological mechanisms, and risk factors associated with NFA. Based on the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, the circumstances surrounding the asthma exacerbation and some distinctive features of the disease, several clinical profiles of asthma patients with NFA have been described. Recent data show new associations between some gene expression patterns and fatal asthma, as well as with some biological markers related to inflammatory or immunologic mechanisms in the airways. Also, the use of statistical methods, such as cluster analysis, allowed identifying and confirming different phenotypes of life-threatening asthma patients. SUMMARY NFA is a heterogeneous clinical entity, in which different patients' clinical profiles may coexist [e.g. rapid-onset NFA, NFA in patients with dyspnea hypoperception or sensitized to certain pneumoallergens (Alternaria alternata, soybean), NFA related to the menstrual cycle, brittle asthma]. Knowledge of these phenotypes as well as adequate and specific management strategies can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from NFA.
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24
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Murphy B, Ibrahim JE, Bugeja L, Pilgrim J, Cicuttini F. The Use of Deceased Controls in Epidemiologic Research: A Systematic Review. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:367-384. [PMID: 28460057 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scholarly debate on the use of deceased controls in epidemiologic research continues. This systematic review examined published epidemiologic research using deceased persons as a control group. A systematic search of 5 major biomedical literature databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, and EMBASE) was conducted, using variations of the search terms "deceased" and "controls" to identify relevant peer-reviewed journal articles. Information was sought on study design, rationale for using deceased controls, application of theoretical principles of control selection, and discussion of the use of deceased controls. The review identified 134 studies using deceased controls published in English between 1978 and 2015. Common health outcomes under investigation included cancer (n = 31; 23.1%), nervous system diseases (n = 26; 19.4%), and injury and other external causes (n = 22; 16.4%). The majority of studies used deceased controls for comparison with deceased cases (n = 95; 70.9%). Investigators rarely presented their rationale for control selection (n = 25/134; 18.7%); however, common reasons included comparability of information on exposures, lack of appropriate controls from other sources, and counteracting bias associated with living controls. Comparable accuracy was the most frequently observed principle of control selection (n = 92; 68.7%). This review highlights the breadth of research using deceased controls and indicates their appropriateness in studies using deceased cases.
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25
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Niyonsaba F, Kiatsurayanon C, Ogawa H. The role of human β-defensins in allergic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:1522-1530. [PMID: 27790779 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also referred to as host defence peptides (HDPs), comprise a large family of small molecules broadly distributed throughout the animal and plant kingdom, historically serving as natural antibiotics. In mammals, there are two major families of AMPs/HDPs, the defensins and the cathelicidins. These peptides have evolved to protect against a wide range of infections from bacteria, viruses, fungi and some parasites. However, in addition to their broad-spectrum killing activities, AMPs/HDPs also possess various biological functions. They activate a variety of cell types, such as keratinocytes, airway epithelial cells and mast cells, among others, and regulate cytokine/chemokine production, cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, the wound healing process and maintenance of the skin barrier function. Recently, it has become clear that alterations in the level of AMPs/HDPs are associated with the initiation and development of various inflammatory and allergic diseases. In this review, we will discuss the regulation and functions of human β-defensins and outline the current evidence supporting the role of these peptides in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis. Understanding the functions and mechanisms of human β-defensins may aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Kiatsurayanon
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Dermatology, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - H Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Abstract
Chronic bacterial infection is implicated in both the development and severity of asthma. The atypical bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae have been identified in the airways of asthmatics and correlated with clinical features such as adult onset, exacerbation risks, steroid sensitivity, and symptom control. Asthmatic patients with evidence of bacterial infection may benefit from antibiotic treatment directed towards these atypical organisms. Examination of the airway microbiome may identify microbial communities that confer risk for or protection from severe asthma.
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27
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Zeyer F, Mothes B, Will C, Carevic M, Rottenberger J, Nürnberg B, Hartl D, Handgretinger R, Beer-Hammer S, Kormann MSD. mRNA-Mediated Gene Supplementation of Toll-Like Receptors as Treatment Strategy for Asthma In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154001. [PMID: 27101288 PMCID: PMC4839613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood. Although several therapeutic options are currently available to control the symptoms, many drugs have significant side effects and asthma remains an incurable disease. Microbial exposure in early life reduces the risk of asthma and several studies have suggested protective effects of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. We showed previously that modified mRNA provides a safe and efficient therapeutic tool for in vivo gene supplementation. Since current asthma drugs do not take patient specific immune and TLR backgrounds into consideration, treatment with tailored mRNA could be an attractive approach to account for the patient's individual asthma phenotype. Therefore, we investigated the effect of a preventative treatment with combinations of Tlr1, Tlr2 and Tlr6 mRNA in a House Dust Mite-induced mouse model of asthma. We used chemically modified mRNA which is-in contrast to conventional viral vectors-non-integrating and highly efficient in gene transfer. In our study, we found that treatment with either Tlr1/2 mRNA or Tlr2/6 mRNA, but not Tlr2 mRNA alone, resulted in better lung function as well as reduced airway inflammation in vivo. The present results point to a potentially protective effect of TLR heterodimers in asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Zeyer
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Mothes
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy and ICePhA, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clara Will
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Carevic
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Rottenberger
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy and ICePhA, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rupert Handgretinger
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy and ICePhA, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael S. D. Kormann
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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28
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Porsbjerg C, Baines K, Gibson P, Bergqvist A, Erjefält JS, Sverrild A, Backer V. IL-33 is related to innate immune activation and sensitization to HDM in mild steroid-free asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:564-74. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Porsbjerg
- Respiratory Research Unit; Bispebjerg Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - K. Baines
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease; The University of Newcastle; Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - P. Gibson
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease; The University of Newcastle; Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - A. Bergqvist
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology and Experimental Medical Science; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - J. S. Erjefält
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology and Experimental Medical Science; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - A. Sverrild
- Respiratory Research Unit; Bispebjerg Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - V. Backer
- Respiratory Research Unit; Bispebjerg Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
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29
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Homma T, Kato A, Sakashita M, Norton JE, Suh LA, Carter RG, Schleimer RP. Involvement of Toll-like receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in epithelial expression of airway remodeling factors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 52:471-81. [PMID: 25180535 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0240oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) colonization and infection is common, and may promote allergic or inflammatory airway diseases, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic rhinosinusitis by interacting with airway epithelial cells. Airway epithelial cells not only comprise a physical barrier, but also play key roles in immune, inflammatory, repair, and remodeling responses upon encounters with pathogens. To elucidate the impact of SA on epithelial-mediated remodeling of allergic airways, we tested the hypothesis that SA can enhance the remodeling process. Normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells were stimulated with heat-killed SA (HKSA) or transforming growth factor (TGF) α. Cell extracts were collected to measure mRNA (real-time RT-PCR) and signaling molecules (Western blot); supernatants were collected to measure protein (ELISA) after 24 hours of stimulation. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling inhibition experiments were performed using a specific EGFR kinase inhibitor (AG1478) and TGF-α was blocked with an anti-TGF-α antibody. HKSA induced both mRNA and protein for TGF-α and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 from NHBE cells by a Toll-like receptor 2-dependent mechanism. Recombinant human TGF-α also induced mRNA and protein for MMP-1 from NHBE cells; anti-TGF-α antibody inhibited HKSA-induced MMP-1, suggesting that endogenous TGF-α mediates the MMP-1 induction by HKSA. HKSA-induced MMP-1 expression was suppressed when a specific EGFR kinase inhibitor was added, suggesting that EGFR signaling was mediating the HKSA-induced MMP-1 release. Exposure or colonization by SA in the airway may enhance the remodeling of tissue through a TGF-α-dependent induction of MMP-1 expression, and may thereby promote remodeling in airway diseases in which SA is implicated, such as asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Homma
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
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30
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Hall SC, Agrawal DK. Toll-like receptors, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells family members and receptor for advanced glycation end-products in allergic airway inflammation. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:171-84. [PMID: 26678062 PMCID: PMC4955846 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2016.1133303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disorder of the airways characterized by cellular infiltration, airway hyper-responsive and airway inflammation. Innate immune cells are the first line of defense against endogenous and exogenous signals in the airways and as such possess a diverse array of pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors are crucial sentinels which when activated, can either promote or ameliorate the inflammatory response in predisposed individuals. The recently discovered triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells family members are emerging mediators of inflammation. These receptors are believed to modulate inflammatory responses by collaborating with classic PRRs. Endogenous signals like HMGB-1, signaling through the receptor for advanced glycation end products, also promotes inflammation, however, its contribution to inflammation in the airways is not well known. Here, we discuss the role of each receptor in airway inflammation and highlight potential synergistic mechanisms, which contribute to disease pathogenesis in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sannette C. Hall
- Department of Biomedical Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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31
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Zuo L, Lucas K, Fortuna CA, Chuang CC, Best TM. Molecular Regulation of Toll-like Receptors in Asthma and COPD. Front Physiol 2015; 6:312. [PMID: 26617525 PMCID: PMC4637409 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have both been historically associated with significant morbidity and financial burden. These diseases can be induced by several exogenous factors, such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (e.g., allergens and microbes). Endogenous factors, including reactive oxygen species, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) recognized by toll-like receptors (TLRs), can also result in airway inflammation. Asthma is characterized by the dominant presence of eosinophils, mast cells, and clusters of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells in the airways, while COPD typically results in the excessive formation of neutrophils, macrophages, and CD8+ T cells in the airways. In both asthma and COPD, in the respiratory tract, TLRs are the primary proteins of interest associated with the innate and adaptive immune responses; hence, multiple treatment options targeting TLRs are being explored in an effort to reduce the severity of the symptoms of these disorders. TLR-mediated pathways for both COPD and asthma have their similarities and differences with regards to cell types and the pro-inflammatory cytotoxins present in the airway. Because of the complex TLR cascade, a variety of treatments have been used to minimize airway hypersensitivity and promote bronchodilation. Although unsuccessful at completely alleviating COPD and severe asthmatic symptoms, new studies are focused on possible targets within the TLR cascade to ameliorate airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA ; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher A Fortuna
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chia-Chen Chuang
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA ; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas M Best
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA
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32
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Becker KL, Gresnigt MS, Smeekens SP, Jacobs CW, Magis-Escurra C, Jaeger M, Wang X, Lubbers R, Oosting M, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Reijers MH, van de Veerdonk FL. Pattern recognition pathways leading to a Th2 cytokine bias in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:423-37. [PMID: 24912986 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is characterised by an exaggerated Th2 response to Aspergillus fumigatus, but the immunological pathways responsible for this effect are unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to decipher the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cytokines involved in the Aspergillus-specific Th2 response and to study Aspergillus-induced responses in healthy controls and ABPA patients. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with heat-killed Aspergillus conidia, various other pathogens, or PRR ligands. PRRs and cytokine pathways were blocked with PRR-blocking reagents, anti-TNF (Etanercept or Adalimumab), IL-1Ra (Anakinra) or IFNγ (IFN-gamma). ELISA and FACS were used to analyse cytokine responses. RESULTS Aspergillus was the only pathogen that stimulated the Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13, while Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Candida albicans, chitin, β-glucan or Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands did not. Depletion of CD4(+) cells abolished IL-13 production. Blocking complement receptor 3 (CR3) significantly reduced IL-5 and IL-13, while blocking TLR2, TLR4 or dectin-1 had no effect. ABPA patients displayed increased Aspergillus-induced IL-5 and IL-13 and decreased IFNγ production compared with healthy controls. All biological agents tested showed the capability to inhibit Th2 responses, but also decreased Aspergillus-induced IFNγ. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Aspergillus conidia are unique in triggering Th2 responses in human PBMCs, through a CR3-dependent pathway. ABPA patients display a significantly increased Aspergillus-induced Th2/Th1 ratio that can be modulated by biologicals. These data provide a rationale to explore IFNγ therapy in ABPA as a corticosteroid-sparing treatment option, by dampening Th2 responses and supplementing the IFNγ deficiency at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Becker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen, Medical Centre and Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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33
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Kabata H, Moro K, Koyasu S, Asano K. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells and asthma. Allergol Int 2015; 64:227-34. [PMID: 26117253 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are recently identified cell populations that produce type 2 cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-13 in response to epithelial cell-derived cytokines. Although ILC2s were initially reported to play a key role in the anti-helminth innate immunity, we now have greater interest in their role in asthma and other allergic diseases. In various asthma mouse models, ILC2s provoke eosinophilic inflammation accompanied by airway hyperresponsiveness independent of acquired immunity. Moreover, recent mouse studies show that ILC2s also promote acquired immunity and Th2 polarization, and various cytokines and lipid mediators influence the functions of ILC2s. Although ILC2s have also been identified in humans, studies on the role of human ILC2s in asthma are very limited. Thus far, human studies have shown that there is a slight difference in responsiveness and production of cytokines between mouse and human ILC2s, and it has been suggested that ILC2s are involved in allergic-type asthma and the exacerbation of asthma. In this review, we focus on mouse and human ILC2s, and discuss their role in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kabata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan; Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Moro
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koyasu
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Asano
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
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34
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Fornasa G, Tsilingiri K, Caprioli F, Botti F, Mapelli M, Meller S, Kislat A, Homey B, Di Sabatino A, Sonzogni A, Viale G, Diaferia G, Gori A, Longhi R, Penna G, Rescigno M. Dichotomy of short and long thymic stromal lymphopoietin isoforms in inflammatory disorders of the bowel and skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:413-22. [PMID: 26014813 PMCID: PMC4534776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine with pleiotropic functions in the immune system. It has been associated with allergic reactions in the skin and lungs but also homeostatic tolerogenic responses in the thymus and gut. Objective In human subjects TSLP is present in 2 isoforms, short and long. Here we wanted to investigate the differential expression of the TSLP isoforms and discern their biological implications under homeostatic or inflammatory conditions. Methods We evaluated the expression of TSLPs in tissues from healthy subjects, patients with ulcerative colitis, patients with celiac disease, and patients with atopic dermatitis and on epithelial cells and keratinocytes under steady-state conditions or after stimulation. We then tested the immune activity of TSLP isoforms both in vitro and in vivo. Results We showed that TSLP isoforms are responsible for 2 opposite immune functions. The short isoform is expressed under steady-state conditions and exerts anti-inflammatory activities by affecting the capacity of PBMCs and dendritic cells to produce inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the short isoform TSLP ameliorates experimental colitis in mice and prevents endotoxin shock. The long isoform of TSLP is proinflammatory and is only expressed during inflammation. The isoforms are differentially regulated by pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella species and adhesive-invasive Escherichia coli. Conclusions We have solved the dilemma of TSLP being both homeostatic and inflammatory. The TSLP isoform ratio is altered during several inflammatory disorders, with strong implications in disease treatment and prevention. Indeed, targeting of the long isoform of TSLP at the C-terminal portion, which is common to both isoforms, might lead to unwanted side effects caused by neutralization of the homeostatic short isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fornasa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Katerina Tsilingiri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Unità Operativa Gastroenterologia ed Endoscopica, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Botti
- Unità Operativa Gastroenterologia ed Endoscopica, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Mapelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephan Meller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Kislat
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- First Department of Medicine, St Matteo Hospital, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelica Sonzogni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Diaferia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Longhi
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Penna
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, San Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Kong X, Wu SH, Zhang L, Chen XQ. Roles of lipoxin A4 receptor activation and anti-interleukin-1β antibody on the toll-like receptor 2/mycloid differentiation factor 88/nuclear factor-κB pathway in airway inflammation induced by ovalbumin. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:895-904. [PMID: 25760938 PMCID: PMC4438934 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies investigating the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in asthma have been inconclusive. It has remained elusive whether the toll-like receptors (TLR2)/mycloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway is involved in lipoxin A4 (LXA4)-induced protection against asthma. Therefore, the present study investigated whether ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation is mediated by upregulation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, and whether it proceeds via the inhibition of the activation of the LXA4 receptor and anti-interleukin (IL)-1β antibodies. Mice with airway inflammation induced by OVA administration were treated with or without a LXA4 receptor agonist, BML-111 and anti-IL-1β antibody. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were assessed, and levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8 and OVA-immunoglobulin (Ig)E, as well as leukocyte counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured. Pathological features and expression of TLR2, MyD88 and NF-κB in the lungs were analyzed. Expression of TLR2 and MyD88, and activation of NF-κB in leukocytes as well as levels of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 released from leukocytes exposed to IL-1β were assessed. OVA treatment increased the levels of IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-8 in the serum and BLAF, the number of leukocytes and the levels of OVA-IgE in the BALF, the expression of TLR2 and MyD88, and the activation of NF-κB in the lung. These increments induced by OVA were inhibited by treatment with BML-111 and anti-IL-1β antibodies. Treatment of the leukocytes with BML-111 or TLR2 antibody, or MyD88 or NF-κB inhibitor, all blocked the IL-1β-triggered production of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 and activation of NF-κB. Treatment of the leukocytes with BML-111 or TLR2 antibody suppressed IL-1β-induced TLR2 and MyD88 expression. The present study therefore suggested that OVA-induced airway inflammation is mediated by the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. IL-1β has a pivotal role in the airway inflammation and upregulation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway induced by OVA. BML-111 and anti-IL-1β antibody restrains the OVA-induced airway inflammation via downregulation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Hua Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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36
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Annoni R, Silva LFF, Nussbaumer-Ochsner Y, van Schadewijk A, Mauad T, Hiemstra PS, Rabe KF. Increased expression of granzymes A and B in fatal asthma. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1485-8. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00213814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Trejo Bittar HE, Yousem SA, Wenzel SE. Pathobiology of severe asthma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2014; 10:511-45. [PMID: 25423350 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Severe asthma (SA) afflicts a heterogeneous group of asthma patients who exhibit poor responses to traditional asthma medications. SA patients likely represent 5-10% of all asthma patients; however, they have a higher economic burden when compared with milder asthmatics. Considerable research has been performed on pathological pathways and structural changes associated with SA. Although limitations of the pathological approaches, ranging from sampling, to quantitative assessments, to heterogeneity of disease, have prevented a more definitive understanding of the underlying pathobiology, studies linking pathology to molecular markers to targeted therapies are beginning to solidify the identification of select molecular phenotypes. This review addresses the pathobiology of SA and discusses the current limitations of studies, the inflammatory cells and pathways linked to emerging phenotypes, and the structural and remodeling changes associated with severe disease. In all cases, an effort is made to link pathological findings to specific clinical/molecular phenotypes.
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38
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Xu Y, Zhang Y, Cardell LO. Nicotine exaggerates LPS-induced airway hyperreactivity via JNK-mediated up-regulation of Toll-like receptor 4. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:370-9. [PMID: 24669857 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0409oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smokers often display increased airway hyperreactivity (AHR) when faced with bacterial infections. The present study uses a murine organ-culture model to dissect the mechanisms involved in this exaggerated smooth muscle response. Nicotine simulates the effects of smoking, and LPS represents bacterial infection. Contractile responses of isolated murine tracheal segments were analyzed in myographs after organ culture with increasing concentrations of LPS and/or nicotine for 4 days with or without specific MAPK inhibitors. Nicotine's effect on the expression of cell surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs), MCP-1, COX-2, and TNF-α were examined by real-time PCR. Increased protein expression was verified by immunohistochemistry. LPS concentration-dependently increased contractile responses to bradykinin and des-Arg(9)-bradykinin. A combination of nicotine and low-dose LPS caused powerful synergistic contractions along with increased kinin receptor expression. Specific kinin B1 and B2 receptor inhibitors blocked this reaction. Nicotine increased mRNA and protein expression of TLR4 and -6 in the epithelium and smooth muscle layer, with MCP-1 and COX-2 mRNA increasing in parallel. Specific inhibition of JNK attenuated nicotine's effects. In conclusion, long-term exposure to nicotine up-regulated the expression of TLR4 and -6 via a JNK-related pathway, causing an exaggeration of the LPS-induced local airway inflammation and increased AHR. This might offer a mechanistic explanation to the increased AHR seen in tobacco smokers confronted with bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- 1 Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Sweden; and
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Mari A, Antonietta Ciardiello M, Passalacqua G, Vliagoftis H, Wardlaw AJ, Wickman M. Developments in the field of allergy in 2012 through the eyes of Clinical & Experimental Allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 43:1309-32. [PMID: 24118214 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In 2012, we received 683 submissions and published 20 editorials, 38 reviews, 11 letters and 128 original articles. This represents an acceptance rate for original papers in the range of 20%. About 30% of original papers were triaged not to go out to review, either because the editors did not feel they had sufficient priority for publication or because the topic did not feel right for the readers of the journal. We place great emphasis on obtaining sufficient high-quality reviews to make our decisions on publication fair and consistent. Inevitably, however, there is a degree of luck about what gets published and which papers miss out, and we are always happy to receive an appeal on our decisions either at the triage stage or after review. This gives us the opportunity to revisit the decision and revise it or explain in more detail to the authors the basis for the decision. Once again in 2012, we were delighted by the quality of the papers submitted and the breadth and depth of research into allergic disease that it revealed. The pattern of papers submitted was similar in previous years with considerable emphasis on all aspects of asthma and rhinitis. We were particularly pleased with our special issue on severe asthma. Elucidating mechanisms using either animal models or patients has always been a major theme of the journal, and the excellent work in these areas has been summarized by Harissios Vliagoftis with a particularly interesting section on early-life events guiding the development of allergic disease, which understandably continue to be a major theme of research. Magnus Wickman summarized the papers looking at the epidemiology of allergic disease including work from birth cohorts, which are an increasingly rich source of data on risk factors for allergic disease, and two papers on the epidemiology of anaphylaxis. Giovanni Passalacqua discussed the papers in the clinical allergy section of the journal, and Adriano Mari who runs the excellent Allergome website discussed the papers looking at allergens including characterization and the relative usefulness of allergen arrays versus single extracts in diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mari
- Allergome, Allergy Data Laboratories s.c., Latina, Italy
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Parsons KS, Hsu AC, Wark PAB. TLR3 and MDA5 signalling, although not expression, is impaired in asthmatic epithelial cells in response to rhinovirus infection. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:91-101. [PMID: 24131248 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinoviruses (RV) are the most common acute triggers of asthma, and airway epithelial cells are the primary site of infection. Asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) have been found to have impaired innate immune responses to RV. RV entry and replication is recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), specifically toll-like receptor (TLR)3 and the RNA helicases; retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the relative importance of these PRRs in primary bronchial epithelial cells (pBEC) from healthy controls and asthmatics following RV infection and determine whether deficient innate immune responses in asthmatic pBECs were due to abnormal signalling via these PRRs. METHODS The expression patterns and roles of TLR3 and MDA5 were investigated using siRNA knock-down, with subsequent RV1B infection in pBECs from each patient group. We also used BX795, a specific inhibitor of TBK1 and IKKi. RESULTS Asthmatic pBECs had significantly reduced release of IL-6, CXCL-8 and IFN-λ in response to RV1B infection compared with healthy pBECs. In healthy pBECs, siMDA5, siTLR3 and BX795 all reduced release of IL-6, CXCL-10 and IFN-λ to infection. In contrast, in asthmatic pBECs where responses were already reduced, there was no further reduction in IL-6 and IFN-λ, although there was in CXCL-10. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Impaired antiviral responses in asthmatic pBECs are not due to deficient expression of PRRs; MDA5 and TLR3, but an inability to later activate types I and III interferon immune responses to RV infection, potentially increasing susceptibility to the effects of RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Parsons
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Kabata H, Moro K, Fukunaga K, Suzuki Y, Miyata J, Masaki K, Betsuyaku T, Koyasu S, Asano K. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces corticosteroid resistance in natural helper cells during airway inflammation. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2675. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Oda H, Kawayama T, Imaoka H, Sakazaki Y, Kaku Y, Okamoto M, Kitasato Y, Edakuni N, Takenaka SI, Yoshida M, Iwanaga T, Kato S, O'Byrne PM, Hoshino T. Interleukin-18 expression, CD8(+) T cells, and eosinophils in lungs of nonsmokers with fatal asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 112:23-28.e1. [PMID: 24331389 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of airway inflammation in the lungs of nonsmokers who die of asthma (fatal asthma) has not been reported in detail. OBJECTIVE To examine nonsmokers who had died of asthma to exclude chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and investigate pulmonary inflammatory cells and the expression of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and its receptor in lung tissues compared with those in patients with well-controlled mild asthma and nonsmokers. METHODS Lung tissues were obtained at autopsy examination from 12 nonsmokers with fatal asthma, excluding cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and from 5 nonsmokers with well-controlled mild asthma and 10 nonsmokers who had undergone surgical resection for lung cancer. Pulmonary inflammatory cells were examined and the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-18 and its receptor in the lungs was evaluated. RESULTS The numbers of eosinophils and lymphocytes, but not basophils or macrophages, were significantly increased in the lungs of patients with fatal asthma compared with the other 2 groups. The lung neutrophil count did not differ significantly between the fatal and mild asthma groups but was significantly higher in the fatal asthma group than in nonsmokers. CD8(+) T cells, but not CD4(+) T cells, were significantly increased in the lungs of the fatal asthma group compared with the other 2 groups. IL-18 protein and IL-18 receptor were strongly expressed in the lungs in the fatal asthma group. CONCLUSION Caspase-1 inhibitors, anti-IL-18 antibodies, anti-IL-18 receptor antibodies, IL-18 binding protein, or inhibitors of genes downstream of the IL-18 signal transduction pathway may be of clinical benefit for the treatment of patients with severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Oda
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Kawayama
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Haruki Imaoka
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakazaki
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kaku
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masaki Okamoto
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kitasato
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Edakuni
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Takenaka
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | | | | | - Seiya Kato
- Division of Pathology and Cell Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Paul M O'Byrne
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomoaki Hoshino
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
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43
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Liu CF, Drocourt D, Puzo G, Wang JY, Riviere M. Innate immune response of alveolar macrophage to house dust mite allergen is mediated through TLR2/-4 co-activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75983. [PMID: 24098413 PMCID: PMC3787959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
House dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p), is one of the major allergens responsible for allergic asthma. However, the putative receptors involved in the signalization of Der p to the innate immune cells are still poorly defined as well as the impact of their activation on the outcome of the allergen-induced cell response. We previously reported that the HDM activation of mouse alveolar macrophages (AM) involves the TLR4/CD14 cell surface receptor complex. Here using a TLR ligand screening essay, we demonstrate that HDM protein extract engages the TLR2, in addition to the TLR4, in engineered TLR-transfected HEK cells but also in the MH-S mouse alveolar macrophage cell line model. Moreover we found that the concomitant recruitment of the MH-S cell’s TLR2 and TLR4 receptors by the HDM extract activates the MyD88-dependent signaling pathway and leads to the secretion of the NF-κB regulated pro-inflammatory factors NO and TNF-α. However unlike with the canonical TLR4 ligand (i.e. the bacterial LPS) mobilization of TLR4 by the HDM extract induces a reduced production of the IL-12 pro-inflammatory cytokine and fails to trigger the expression of the T-bet transcription factor. Finally we demonstrated that HDM extract down-regulates LPS induced IL-12 and T-bet expression through a TLR2 dependent mechanism. Therefore, we propose that the simultaneous engagement of the TLR2 and TLR4 receptors by the HDM extract results in a cross regulated original activation pattern of the AM which may contribute to the Th2 polarization of the allergen-induced immune response. The deciphering of these cross-regulation networks is of prime importance to open the way for original therapeutic strategies taking advantage of these receptors and their associated signaling pathways to treat allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fang Liu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
- Institutes of Basic Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Germain Puzo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Jiu-Yao Wang
- Institutes of Basic Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Michel Riviere
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Nagasaki T, Matsumoto H. Influences of smoking and aging on allergic airway inflammation in asthma. Allergol Int 2013; 62:171-9. [PMID: 23612496 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.12-ra-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with varying phenotypes and numerous risk factors. This condition results from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, and active smoking is one of these risk factors. The effects of aging should also be taken into account in these interactions. From an epidemiological standpoint, smokers and/or elderly patients with asthma are not small part in the total population with asthma. Furthermore, both smoking and aging are important risk factors for severe asthma. This review discusses the potential effects of smoking and aging on healthy subjects and patients with asthma, particularly from the perspective of inflammatory changes. First we show evidence that smokers and the elderly have increased neutrophil counts in their airways, which may have impacts on their clinical characteristics of elderly smokers with asthma. Secondly, on the basis of our recent findings on the interactions between smoking and aging in patients with asthma, we propose that IgE/eosinophilic inflammation should not be underestimated in elderly smokers with asthma, particularly those who are atopic. This review may expand our understanding of the effects of smoking and aging on asthma with a new perspective of an old issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Nagasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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