1
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Ghena N, Anderson SR, Roberts JM, Irvin E, Schwakopf J, Bosco A, Vetter ML. CD11c-expressing microglia are transient, driven by interactions with apoptotic cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.600082. [PMID: 38979153 PMCID: PMC11230207 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.600082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the parenchymal macrophage of the central nervous system serve crucial remodeling functions throughout development. Microglia are transcriptionally heterogenous, suggesting that distinct microglial states confer discrete roles. Currently, little is known about how dynamic these states are, the cues that promote them, or how they impact microglial function. In the developing retina, we previously found a significant proportion of microglia express CD11c (Integrin αX, complement receptor 4, Itgax) which has also been reported in other developmental and disease contexts. Here, we sought to understand the regulation and function of CD11c+ microglia. We found that CD11c+ microglia track with prominent waves of neuronal apoptosis in postnatal retina. Using genetic fate mapping, we provide evidence that microglia transition out of the CD11c state to return to homeostasis. We show that CD11c+ microglia have elevated lysosomal content and contribute to the clearance of apoptotic neurons, and found that acquisition of CD11c expression is, in part, dependent upon the TAM receptor Axl. Using selective ablation, we found CD11c+ microglia are not uniquely critical for phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells. Together, our data suggest CD11c+ microglia are a transient state induced by developmental apoptosis rather than a specialized subset mediating phagocytic elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Ghena
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah
| | - Sarah R Anderson
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | | | - Emmalyn Irvin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Joon Schwakopf
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Alejandra Bosco
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah
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2
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Melgoza-González EA, Bustamante-Córdova L, Hernández J. Recent advances in antigen targeting to antigen-presenting cells in veterinary medicine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1080238. [PMID: 36969203 PMCID: PMC10038197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1080238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in antigen targeting in veterinary medicine have gained traction over the years as an alternative approach for diseases that remain a challenge for traditional vaccines. In addition to the nature of the immunogen, antigen-targeting success relies heavily on the chosen receptor for its direct influence on the elicited response that will ensue after antigen uptake. Different approaches using antibodies, natural or synthetic ligands, fused proteins, and DNA vaccines have been explored in various veterinary species, with pigs, cattle, sheep, and poultry as the most frequent models. Antigen-presenting cells can be targeted using a generic approach, such as broadly expressed receptors such as MHC-II, CD80/86, CD40, CD83, etc., or focused on specific cell populations such as dendritic cells or macrophages (Langerin, DC-SIGN, XCR1, DC peptides, sialoadhesin, mannose receptors, etc.) with contrasting results. Interestingly, DC peptides show high specificity to DCs, boosting activation, stimulating cellular and humoral responses, and a higher rate of clinical protection. Likewise, MHC-II targeting shows consistent results in enhancing both immune responses; an example of this strategy of targeting is the approved vaccine against the bovine viral diarrhea virus in South America. This significant milestone opens the door to continuing efforts toward antigen-targeting vaccines to benefit animal health. This review discusses the recent advances in antigen targeting to antigen-presenting cells in veterinary medicine, with a special interest in pigs, sheep, cattle, poultry, and dogs.
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3
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Adamska JZ, Verma R, Gupta S, Hagan T, Wimmers F, Floyd K, Li Q, Valore EV, Wang Y, Trisal M, Vilches-Moure JG, Subramaniam S, Walkley CR, Suthar MS, Li JB, Pulendran B. Ablation of Adar1 in myeloid cells imprints a global antiviral state in the lung and heightens early immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112038. [PMID: 36732946 PMCID: PMC9842623 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Under normal homeostatic conditions, self-double-stranded RNA (self-dsRNA) is modified by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) to prevent the induction of a type I interferon-mediated inflammatory cascade. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as dsRNA, to activate the immune response. The impact of ADAR1 on the function of APCs and the consequences to immunity are poorly understood. Here, we show that ADAR1 deletion in CD11c+ APCs leads to (1) a skewed myeloid cell compartment enriched in inflammatory cDC2-like cells, (2) enhanced numbers of activated tissue resident memory T cells in the lung, and (3) the imprinting of a broad antiviral transcriptional signature across both immune and non-immune cells. The resulting changes can be partially reversed by blocking IFNAR1 signaling and promote early resistance against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Our study provides insight into the consequences of self-dsRNA sensing in APCs on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Z Adamska
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rohit Verma
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Shakti Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas Hagan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Florian Wimmers
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Katharine Floyd
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Center, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erika V Valore
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Yanli Wang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Meera Trisal
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - José G Vilches-Moure
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carl R Walkley
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Center, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jin Billy Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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4
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McNamara HA, Lahoud MH, Cai Y, Durrant-Whyte J, O'Connor JH, Caminschi I, Cockburn IA. Splenic Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Drive B Cells to Adopt a Plasmablast Cell Fate. Front Immunol 2022; 13:825207. [PMID: 35493521 PMCID: PMC9039241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.825207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon encountering cognate antigen, B cells can differentiate into short-lived plasmablasts, early memory B cells or germinal center B cells. The factors that determine this fate decision are unclear. Past studies have addressed the role of B cell receptor affinity in this process, but the interplay with other cellular compartments for fate determination is less well understood. Moreover, B cell fate decisions have primarily been studied using model antigens rather than complex pathogen systems, which potentially ignore multifaceted interactions from other cells subsets during infection. Here we address this question using a Plasmodium infection model, examining the response of B cells specific for the immunodominant circumsporozoite protein (CSP). We show that B cell fate is determined in part by the organ environment in which priming occurs, with the majority of the CSP-specific B cell response being derived from splenic plasmablasts. This plasmablast response could occur independent of T cell help, though gamma-delta T cells were required to help with the early isotype switching from IgM to IgG. Interestingly, selective ablation of CD11c+ dendritic cells and macrophages significantly reduced the splenic plasmablast response in a manner independent of the presence of CD4 T cell help. Conversely, immunization approaches that targeted CSP-antigen to dendritic cells enhanced the magnitude of the plasmablast response. Altogether, these data indicate that the early CSP-specific response is predominately primed within the spleen and the plasmablast fate of CSP-specific B cells is driven by macrophages and CD11c+ dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A McNamara
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yeping Cai
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jessica Durrant-Whyte
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - James H O'Connor
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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5
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Sauter M, Langer HF. Targeting Cell-Specific Molecular Mechanisms of Innate Immunity in Atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:802990. [PMID: 35432000 PMCID: PMC9010538 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.802990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of innate immunity contribute to inflammation, one of the major underlying causes of atherogenesis and progression of atherosclerotic vessel disease. How immune cells exactly contribute to atherosclerosis and interact with molecules of cholesterol homeostasis is still a matter of intense research. Recent evidence has proposed a potential role of previously underappreciated cell types in this chronic disease including platelets and dendritic cells (DCs). The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is studied in models with dysfunctional lipid homeostasis and several druggable molecular targets are derived from these models. Specific therapeutic approaches focussing on these immune mechanisms, however, have not been successfully introduced into everyday clinical practice, yet. This review highlights molecular insights into immune processes related to atherosclerosis and potential future translational approaches targeting these molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sauter
- Cardioimmunology Group, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - H. F. Langer
- Cardioimmunology Group, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Luebeck, University Hospital, Luebeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
- *Correspondence: H. F. Langer,
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6
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Srinivasan S, Elizabeth Babensee J. Dendritic cells support a proliferative antigen-specific T-cell response in the presence of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:2269-2279. [PMID: 33960123 PMCID: PMC11246169 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials are known to modulate immune cell functions, which subsequently determine the host inflammatory and immune responses. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) or PLGA, a biodegradable and biocompatible biomaterial, induces a pro-inflammatory, mature phenotype in antigen presentation cells, namely dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. In vivo, PLGA can boost the humoral immune response to a co-delivered model antigen, a phenomenon known as the PLGA-adjuvant effect. This study elucidates the link between PLGA's effect on the DC phenotype in vitro and its adjuvant effect in vivo using the CD11c-DTR mouse model. These mice undergo conditional ablation of DCs upon treatment with diphtheria toxin. To measure immune activation, the mice were first given ovalbumin (OVA)-reactive T cells from OT-II/OT-I mice. Later, the same mice received subcutaneous OVA-loaded PLGA scaffold implants. In response to the scaffold implants, OVA-reactive OT-II CD4+ T cells showed decreased proliferation in the absence of CD11c+ DCs, indicating an attenuation of the PLGA-adjuvant effect. Furthermore, PLGA may also influence the antigen cross-presentation function of DCs, as evident with the lowered OVA-reactive OT-I CD8+ T-cell response. Understanding the immunomodulatory ability of biomaterials in the context of DCs will aid in designing improved DC-based immunotherapies against infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Srinivasan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Julia Elizabeth Babensee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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7
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Wang S, Li F, Ye T, Wang J, Lyu C, Qing S, Ding Z, Gao X, Jia R, Yu D, Ren J, Wei W, Ma G. Macrophage-tumor chimeric exosomes accumulate in lymph node and tumor to activate the immune response and the tumor microenvironment. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabb6981. [PMID: 34644149 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb6981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Tong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chengliang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Shuang Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zhaowen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Rongrong Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Di Yu
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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8
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Chao T, Lu L, Zhang L, Huang R, Liu Z, Zhou B, Kong E, Zhang Z, Lawrence T, Liang Y. An inducible model for specific neutrophil depletion by diphtheria toxin in mice. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1227-1235. [PMID: 33420927 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are crucial for immunity and play important roles in inflammatory diseases; however, mouse models selectively deficient in neutrophils are limited, and neutrophil-specific diphtheria toxin (DT)-based depletion system has not yet been established. In this study, we generated a novel knock-in mouse model expressing diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) under control of the endogenous Ly6G promoter. We showed that DTR expression was restricted to Ly6G+ neutrophils and complete depletion of neutrophils could be achieved by DT treatment at 24-48 h intervals. We characterized the effects of specific neutrophil depletion in mice at steady-state, with acute inflammation and during tumor growth. Our study presents a valuable new tool to study the roles of neutrophils in the immune system and during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Chao
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Liaoxun Lu
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Lichen Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liu
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Binhui Zhou
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Eryan Kong
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhongjian Zhang
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Toby Lawrence
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Yinming Liang
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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9
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Larson SR, Bortell N, Illies A, Crisler WJ, Matsuda JL, Lenz LL. Myeloid Cell CK2 Regulates Inflammation and Resistance to Bacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590266. [PMID: 33363536 PMCID: PMC7752951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase activity plays an essential role in the regulation of immune cell defenses against pathogens. The protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II) is an evolutionarily conserved kinase with hundreds of identified substrates. CK2 is ubiquitously expressed in somatic and immune cells, but the roles of CK2 in regulation of immune cell function remain largely elusive. This reflects the essential role of CK2 in organismal development and limited prior work with conditional CK2 mutant murine models. Here, we generated mice with a conditional (floxed) allele of Csnk2a, which encodes the catalytic CK2α subunit of CK2. When crossed to Lyz2-cre mice, excision of Csnk2a sequence impaired CK2α expression in myeloid cells but failed to detectably alter myeloid cell development. By contrast, deficiency for CK2α increased inflammatory myeloid cell recruitment, activation, and resistance following systemic Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection. Results from mixed chimera experiments indicated that CK2α deficiency in only a subset of myeloid cells was not sufficient to reduce bacterial burdens. Nor did cell-intrinsic deficiency for CK2α suffice to alter accumulation or activation of monocytes and neutrophils in infected tissues. These data suggest that CK2α expression by Lyz2-expressing cells promotes inflammatory and anti-bacterial responses through effects in trans. Our results highlight previously undescribed suppressive effects of CK2 activity on inflammatory myeloid cell responses and illustrate that cell-extrinsic effects of CK2 can shape inflammatory and protective innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R. Larson
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nikki Bortell
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alysha Illies
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - William J. Crisler
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Matsuda
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Laurel L. Lenz
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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10
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Tritz ZP, Orozco RC, Malo CS, Ayasoufi K, Fain CE, Khadka RH, Goddery EN, Yokanovich LT, Settell ML, Hansen MJ, Jin F, Pavelko KD, Pease LR, Johnson AJ. Conditional Silencing of H-2D b Class I Molecule Expression Modulates the Protective and Pathogenic Kinetics of Virus-Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cell Responses during Theiler's Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1228-1238. [PMID: 32737149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection of the CNS is cleared in C57BL/6 mice by a CD8 T cell response restricted by the MHC class I molecule H-2Db The identity and function of the APC(s) involved in the priming of this T cell response is (are) poorly defined. To address this gap in knowledge, we developed an H-2Db LoxP-transgenic mouse system using otherwise MHC class I-deficient C57BL/6 mice, thereby conditionally ablating MHC class I-restricted Ag presentation in targeted APC subpopulations. We observed that CD11c+ APCs are critical for early priming of CD8 T cells against the immunodominant TMEV peptide VP2121-130 Loss of H-2Db on CD11c+ APCs mitigates the CD8 T cell response, preventing early viral clearance and immunopathology associated with CD8 T cell activity in the CNS. In contrast, animals with H-2Db-deficient LysM+ APCs retained early priming of Db:VP2121-130 epitope-specific CD8 T cells, although a modest reduction in immune cell entry into the CNS was observed. This work establishes a model enabling the critical dissection of H-2Db-restricted Ag presentation to CD8 T cells, revealing cell-specific and temporal features involved in the generation of CD8 T cell responses. Employing this novel system, we establish CD11c+ cells as pivotal to the establishment of acute antiviral CD8 T cell responses against the TMEV immunodominant epitope VP2121-130, with functional implications both for T cell-mediated viral control and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah P Tritz
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Robin C Orozco
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Courtney S Malo
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Cori E Fain
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Roman H Khadka
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Emma N Goddery
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Lila T Yokanovich
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Megan L Settell
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Fang Jin
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Larry R Pease
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Biochemistry, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905; .,Mayo Clinic Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905; and.,Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN 55905
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11
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C-kit-derived CD11b + cells are critical for cardiac allograft prolongation by autologous C-kit + progenitor cells. Cell Immunol 2019; 347:104023. [PMID: 31836133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Autologous C-kit+ cells robustly prolong cardiac allografts. As C-kit+ cells can transdifferentiate to hematopoietic cells as well as non-hematopoietic cells, we aimed to clarify the class(es) of C-kit-derived cell(s) required for cardiac allograft prolongation. Autologous C-kit+ cells were administered post-cardiac transplantation and allografts were evaluated for C-kit+ inoculum-derived cells. Results suggested that alloimmunity was a major signal for trafficking of C-kit-derived cells to the allograft and demonstrated that C-kit+ inoculum-derived cells expressed CD11b early after transfer. Allograft survival studies with CD11b-DTR C-kit+ cells demonstrated a requirement for C-kit+-derived CD11b+ cells. Co-therapy studies demonstrated near complete abrogation of acute rejection with concomitant CTLA4-Ig therapy and no loss of prolongation in combination with Cyclosporine A. These results strongly implicate a C-kit-derived myeloid population as critical for allograft preservation and demonstrate the potential therapeutic application of autologous C-kit+ progenitor cells as calcineurin inhibitor-sparing agents and possibly as co-therapeutics for durable graft survival.
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12
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IL-10-Dependent Crosstalk between Murine Marginal Zone B Cells, Macrophages, and CD8α + Dendritic Cells Promotes Listeria monocytogenes Infection. Immunity 2019; 51:64-76.e7. [PMID: 31231033 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 CD8α+ conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) are required for CD8+ T cell priming but, paradoxically, promote splenic Listeria monocytogenes infection. Using mice with impaired cDC2 function, we ruled out a role for cDC2s in this process and instead discovered an interleukin-10 (IL-10)-dependent cellular crosstalk in the marginal zone (MZ) that promoted bacterial infection. Mice lacking the guanine nucleotide exchange factor DOCK8 or CD19 lost IL-10-producing MZ B cells and were resistant to Listeria. IL-10 increased intracellular Listeria in cDC1s indirectly by reducing inducible nitric oxide synthase expression early after infection and increasing intracellular Listeria in MZ metallophilic macrophages (MMMs). These MMMs trans-infected cDC1s, which, in turn, transported Listeria into the white pulp to prime CD8+ T cells. However, this also facilitated bacterial expansion. Therefore, IL-10-mediated crosstalk between B cells, macrophages, and cDC1s in the MZ promotes both Listeria infection and CD8+ T cell activation.
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13
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Cancel JC, Crozat K, Dalod M, Mattiuz R. Are Conventional Type 1 Dendritic Cells Critical for Protective Antitumor Immunity and How? Front Immunol 2019; 10:9. [PMID: 30809220 PMCID: PMC6379659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are endowed with a unique potency to prime T cells, as well as to orchestrate their expansion, functional polarization and effector activity in non-lymphoid tissues or in their draining lymph nodes. The concept of harnessing DC immunogenicity to induce protective responses in cancer patients was put forward about 25 years ago and has led to a multitude of DC-based vaccine trials. However, until very recently, objective clinical responses were below expectations. Conventional type 1 DCs (cDC1) excel in the activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes including CD8+ T cells (CTLs), natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells, which are all critical effector cell types in antitumor immunity. Efforts to investigate whether cDC1 might orchestrate immune defenses against cancer are ongoing, thanks to the recent blossoming of tools allowing their manipulation in vivo. Here we are reporting on these studies. We discuss the mouse models used to genetically deplete or manipulate cDC1, and their main caveats. We present current knowledge on the role of cDC1 in the spontaneous immune rejection of tumors engrafted in syngeneic mouse recipients, as a surrogate model to cancer immunosurveillance, and how this process is promoted by type I interferon (IFN-I) effects on cDC1. We also discuss cDC1 implication in promoting the protective effects of immunotherapies in mouse preclinical models, especially for adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and immune checkpoint blockers (ICB). We elaborate on how to improve this process by in vivo reprogramming of certain cDC1 functions with off-the-shelf compounds. We also summarize and discuss basic research and clinical data supporting the hypothesis that the protective antitumor functions of cDC1 inferred from mouse preclinical models are conserved in humans. This analysis supports potential applicability to cancer patients of the cDC1-targeting adjuvant immunotherapies showing promising results in mouse models. Nonetheless, further investigations on cDC1 and their implications in anti-cancer mechanisms are needed to determine whether they are the missing key that will ultimately help switching cold tumors into therapeutically responsive hot tumors, and how precisely they mediate their protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Cancel
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Crozat
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Dalod
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Raphaël Mattiuz
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
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14
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Ruedl C, Jung S. DTR-mediated conditional cell ablation-Progress and challenges. Eur J Immunol 2019; 48:1114-1119. [PMID: 29974950 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell ablation is a valuable complement to mutagenesis for experimentally defining specific cell functions in physiology and pathophysiology in small animal models. One of the most popular ablation strategies involves transgenic expression of a primate diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) on murine cells that are otherwise resistant to the bacterial exotoxin. The efforts of many laboratories using the DTR approach over the years have yielded numerous valuable insights into specific cell functions. Here, we will discuss the technical aspects of the DTR approach, including the strengths, pitfalls, and future strategies to overcome the shortcomings, highlighting a recent paper published in the European Journal of Immunology [El Hachem et al. Eur. J. Immunol. 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201747351]. A particular focus will be given to the application of DTR approach to decipher in vivo functions of the murine myeloid cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Ruedl
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Patente TA, Pinho MP, Oliveira AA, Evangelista GCM, Bergami-Santos PC, Barbuto JAM. Human Dendritic Cells: Their Heterogeneity and Clinical Application Potential in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3176. [PMID: 30719026 PMCID: PMC6348254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells, uniquely able to induce naïve T cell activation and effector differentiation. They are, likewise, involved in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance in homeostatic conditions. Their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity points to their great plasticity and ability to modulate, according to their microenvironment, the acquired immune response and, at the same time, makes their precise classification complex and frequently subject to reviews and improvement. This review will present general aspects of the DC physiology and classification and will address their potential and actual uses in the management of human disease, more specifically cancer, as therapeutic and monitoring tools. New combination treatments with the participation of DC will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago A Patente
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Pinho
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C M Evangelista
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Bergami-Santos
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A M Barbuto
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Discipline of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Grabowska J, Lopez-Venegas MA, Affandi AJ, den Haan JMM. CD169 + Macrophages Capture and Dendritic Cells Instruct: The Interplay of the Gatekeeper and the General of the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2472. [PMID: 30416504 PMCID: PMC6212557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the seminal discovery of dendritic cells (DCs) by Steinman and Cohn in 1973, there has been an ongoing debate to what extent macrophages and DCs are related and perform different functions. The current view is that macrophages and DCs originate from different lineages and that only DCs have the capacity to initiate adaptive immunity. Nevertheless, as we will discuss in this review, lymphoid tissue resident CD169+ macrophages have been shown to act in concert with DCs to promote or suppress adaptive immune responses for pathogens and self-antigens, respectively. Accordingly, we propose a functional alliance between CD169+ macrophages and DCs in which a division of tasks is established. CD169+ macrophages are responsible for the capture of pathogens and are frequently the first cell type infected and thereby provide a confined source of antigen. Subsequently, cross-presenting DCs interact with these antigen-containing CD169+ macrophages, pick up antigens and activate T cells. The cross-priming of T cells by DCs is enhanced by the localized production of type I interferons (IFN-I) derived from CD169+ macrophages and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) that induces DC maturation. The interaction between CD169+ macrophages and DCs appears not only to be essential for immune responses against pathogens, but also plays a role in the induction of self-tolerance and immune responses against cancer. In this review we will discuss the studies that demonstrate the collaboration between CD169+ macrophages and DCs in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Grabowska
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miguel A Lopez-Venegas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alsya J Affandi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Qiu T, Li M, Tanner MA, Yang Y, Sowers JR, Korthuis RJ, Hill MA. Depletion of dendritic cells in perivascular adipose tissue improves arterial relaxation responses in type 2 diabetic mice. Metabolism 2018; 85:76-89. [PMID: 29530798 PMCID: PMC6062442 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of multiple subtypes of immune cells in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has been proposed to cause vascular inflammation and dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This study was designed to investigate specific roles for dendritic cells in PVAT in the development of vascular inflammation and impaired PVAT-mediated vasorelaxation in T2DM. METHODS AND RESULTS Studies were performed using db/db mice (model of T2DM) and their Db heterozygote (DbHET), lean and normoglycemic controls. Dendritic cell depletion was performed by cross-breeding DbHet with Flt3l-/- (null for ligand for FMS-kinase tyrosine kinase) mice. Using PCR, it was found that the majority of dendritic cells (CD11c+) were located in PVAT rather than the vascular wall. Flow cytometry similarly showed greater dendritic cell accumulation in adipose tissue from db/db mice than DbHET controls. Adipose tissue from db/db mice displayed increased mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and decreased mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory mediator adiponectin, compared to DbHET mice. Depletion of dendritic cells in dbFlt3l-/dbFlt3l- (confirmed by flow cytometry) reduced TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA levels in diabetic adipose tissue without influencing adiponection expression. Moreover, in mesenteric arteries, dendritic cell depletion improved the ability of PVAT to augment acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation and anti-contractile activity. CONCLUSIONS In a murine model of T2DM, dendritic cells accumulated predominantly in PVAT, as opposed to the vessel wall, per se. Accumulation of dendritic cells in PVAT was associated with overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contributed to an impaired ability of PVAT to augment vasorelaxation and exert anti-contractile activity in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Qiu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Min Li
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Miles A Tanner
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ronald J Korthuis
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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18
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Receptor Activator of NF-κB Orchestrates Activation of Antiviral Memory CD8 T Cells in the Spleen Marginal Zone. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2515-2527. [PMID: 29186688 PMCID: PMC5723674 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen plays an important role in protective immunity to bloodborne pathogens. Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in the spleen marginal zone capture microbial antigens to trigger adaptive immune responses. Marginal zone macrophages (MZMs) can also act as a replicative niche for intracellular pathogens, providing a platform for mounting the immune response. Here, we describe a role for RANK in the coordinated function of antigen-presenting cells in the spleen marginal zone and triggering anti-viral immunity. Targeted deletion of RANK results in the selective loss of CD169+ MZMs, which provide a niche for viral replication, while RANK signaling in DCs promotes the recruitment and activation of anti-viral memory CD8 T cells. These studies reveal a role for the RANKL/RANK signaling axis in the orchestration of protective immune responses in the spleen marginal zone that has important implications for the host response to viral infection and induction of acquired immunity.
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19
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CD11c+ M1-like macrophages (MΦs) but not CD206+ M2-like MΦ are involved in folliculogenesis in mice ovary. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8171. [PMID: 29802255 PMCID: PMC5970206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦs) are involved in folliculogenesis and ovulation. However, it is unknown which type of MΦ, M1 or M2, plays a more essential role in the ovary. CD206 or CD11c diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic (DTR) mice, which enable depletion of CD206+ M2 MΦs and CD11c+ MΦ or CD11c+ Dendritic cells (DCs), respectively, were used. Oocytes were used for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. In vitro fertilized embryos derived from M2 MΦ depleted oocytes were transferred to pseudo pregnant wild type mice. CD11c DTR mice were also used to investigate the role of CD11c cells, M1 MΦ and DCs in folliculogenesis. In WT mice, the proportion of CD206+ M2-like MΦs was not increased in follicular induction, while that of CD11c+ M1-like MΦs was increased. In CD206 DTR mice, folliculogenesis was normal and the ovulation number, fertilization rate, and implantation rate were similar to those in WT mice. In CD11c DTR mice, folliculogenesis was impaired with ovarian hemorrhage and the staining of platelet derived growth factor-receptor β (PDGF-Rβ), a marker of pericytes, and CD34, a marker of endothelial cells, was reduced. CD11c+ cells, M1 MΦs or DCs, may be involved in folliculogenesis, while M2 MΦs are not involved in folliculogenesis.
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20
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Hiltbrunner S, Larssen P, Eldh M, Martinez-Bravo MJ, Wagner AK, Karlsson MCI, Gabrielsson S. Exosomal cancer immunotherapy is independent of MHC molecules on exosomes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38707-38717. [PMID: 27231849 PMCID: PMC5122422 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-loaded exosomes are promising cancer treatment vehicles; however, moderate T cell responses in human clinical trials indicate a need to further understand exosome-induced immunity. We previously demonstrated that antigen-loaded exosomes carry whole protein antigens and require B cells for inducing antigen-specific T cells. Therefore, we investigated the relative importance of exosomal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I for the induction of antigen-specific T cell responses and tumour protection. We show that ovalbumin-loaded dendritic cell-derived exosomes from MHCI−/− mice induce antigen-specific T cells at the same magnitude as wild type exosomes. Furthermore, exosomes lacking MHC class I, as well as exosomes with both MHC class I and II mismatch, induced tumour infiltrating T cells and increased overall survival to the same extent as syngeneic exosomes in B16 melanoma. In conclusion, T cell responses are independent of exosomal MHC/peptide complexes if whole antigen is present. This establishes the prospective of using impersonalised exosomes, and will greatly increase the feasibility of designing exosome-based vaccines or therapeutic approaches in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hiltbrunner
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pia Larssen
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Eldh
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria-Jose Martinez-Bravo
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arnika K Wagner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-Mediated Survival of CD169 + Cells Promotes Immune Activation during Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01637-17. [PMID: 29142134 PMCID: PMC5774891 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01637-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune activation is essential to mount an effective antiviral response and to prime adaptive immunity. Although a crucial role of CD169+ cells during vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infections is increasingly recognized, factors regulating CD169+ cells during viral infections remain unclear. Here, we show that tumor necrosis factor is produced by CD11b+ Ly6C+ Ly6G+ cells following infection with VSV. The absence of TNF or TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) resulted in reduced numbers of CD169+ cells and in reduced type I interferon (IFN-I) production during VSV infection, with a severe disease outcome. Specifically, TNF triggered RelA translocation into the nuclei of CD169+ cells; this translocation was inhibited when the paracaspase MALT-1 was absent. Consequently, MALT1 deficiency resulted in reduced VSV replication, defective innate immune activation, and development of severe disease. These findings indicate that TNF mediates the maintenance of CD169+ cells and innate and adaptive immune activation during VSV infection.IMPORTANCE Over the last decade, strategically placed CD169+ metallophilic macrophages in the marginal zone of the murine spleen and lymph nodes (LN) have been shown to play a very important role in host defense against viral pathogens. CD169+ macrophages have been shown to activate innate and adaptive immunity via "enforced virus replication," a controlled amplification of virus particles. However, the factors regulating the CD169+ macrophages remain to be studied. In this paper, we show that after vesicular stomatitis virus infection, phagocytes produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which signals via TNFR1, and promote enforced virus replication in CD169+ macrophages. Consequently, lack of TNF or TNFR1 resulted in defective immune activation and VSV clearance.
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22
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Saas P, Bonnefoy F, Toussirot E, Perruche S. Harnessing Apoptotic Cell Clearance to Treat Autoimmune Arthritis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1191. [PMID: 29062314 PMCID: PMC5640883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-stage apoptotic cells possess immunomodulatory properties. Proper apoptotic cell clearance during homeostasis has been shown to limit subsequent immune responses. Based on these observations, early-stage apoptotic cell infusion has been used to prevent unwanted inflammatory responses in different experimental models of autoimmune diseases or transplantation. Moreover, this approach has been shown to be feasible without any toxicity in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation to prevent graft-versus-host disease. However, whether early-stage apoptotic cell infusion can be used to treat ongoing inflammatory disorders has not been reported extensively. Recently, we have provided evidence that early-stage apoptotic cell infusion is able to control, at least transiently, ongoing collagen-induced arthritis. This beneficial therapeutic effect is associated with the modulation of antigen-presenting cell functions mainly of macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, as well as the induction of collagen-specific regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg). Furthermore, the efficacy of this approach is not altered by the association with two standard treatments of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibition. Here, in the light of these observations and recent data of the literature, we discuss the mechanisms of early-stage apoptotic cell infusion and how this therapeutic approach can be transposed to patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saas
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,INSERM CIC-1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Francis Bonnefoy
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Eric Toussirot
- INSERM CIC-1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,Department of Therapeutics, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UPRES EA 4266, Pathogenic Agents and Inflammation, Besancon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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23
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in activating innate immune cells and initiating adaptive immune responses. The functions of DCs were originally obscured by their overlap with other mononuclear phagocytes, but new mouse models have allowed for the selective ablation of subsets of DCs and have helped to identify their non-redundant roles in the immune system. These tools have elucidated the functions of DCs in host defense against pathogens, autoimmunity, and cancer. This review will describe the mouse models generated to interrogate the role of DCs and will discuss how their use has progressively clarified our understanding of the unique functions of DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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24
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T Cell Zone Resident Macrophages Silently Dispose of Apoptotic Cells in the Lymph Node. Immunity 2017; 47:349-362.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The use of animal models to study the role of DCs in periodontitis has been limited by lack of a method for sustained depletion of DCs. Hence, the objectives of this study were to validate the zDC-DTR knockin mouse model of conventional DCs (cDCs) depletion, as well as to investigate whether this depletion could be sustained long enough to induce alveolar bone loss in this model. zDC-DTR mice were treated with different dose regimens of diphtheria toxin (DT) to determine survival rate. A loading DT dose of 20ng/bw, followed and maintained with doses of 10ng/bm every 3days for up to 4weeks demonstrated 80% survival. Animals were weighed weekly and peripheral blood was obtained to confirm normal neutrophil counts. Five animals per group were euthanized at baseline, 24h, 1 and 4weeks. Bone marrow (BM), spleen (SP) and gingival tissue (GT) were harvested, and cells were isolated, separated and stained for Pre-DCs precursors (CD45R-MHCII+CD11c+Flt3+CD172a+) in BM, cDCs (CD11c+MHCII+CD209+) in spleen, and DCs in GT (CD45R+MHCII+CD11c+ DC-SIGN/CD209+). Pre-DCs in BM were significantly depleted at 24h and depletion maintained for up to 4weeks, as compared to blank (PBS) controls. Circulating cDCs in spleen demonstrated a non-significant trend to deplete in 1week with high variability among mice. GT also showed a similar non-significant trend to deplete in 24h. The zDC-DTR model seems to be viable for evaluating the role of DCs immune homeostasis disruption and alveolar bone loss pathogenesis in response to long-term oral infection.
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Honke N, Shaabani N, Teijaro JR, Christen U, Hardt C, Bezgovsek J, Lang PA, Lang KS. Presentation of Autoantigen in Peripheral Lymph Nodes Is Sufficient for Priming Autoreactive CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:113. [PMID: 28239381 PMCID: PMC5301005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance is an important mechanism by which the immune system can guarantee a second line of defense against autoreactive T and B cells. One autoimmune disease that is related to a break of peripheral tolerance is diabetes mellitus type 1. Using the RIP-GP mouse model, we analyzed the role of the spleen and lymph nodes (LNs) in priming CD8+ T cells and breaking peripheral tolerance. We found that diabetes developed in splenectomized mice infected with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a finding showing that the spleen was not necessary in generating autoimmunity. By contrast, the absence of LNs prevented the priming of LCMV-specific CD8+ T cells, and diabetes did not develop in these mice. Additionally, we found that dendritic cells are responsible for the distribution of virus in secondary lymphoid organs, when LCMV was administered intravenously. Preventing this distribution with the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor antagonist FTY720 inhibits the transport of antigen to peripheral LNs and consequently prevented the onset of diabetes. However, in case of subcutaneous infection, administration of FTY720 could not inhibit the onset of diabetes because the viral antigen is already presented in the peripheral LNs. These findings demonstrate the importance of preventing the presence of antigen in LNs for maintaining tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Honke
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Urs Christen
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Cornelia Hardt
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Judith Bezgovsek
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Medical Faculty, Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Hotblack A, Seshadri S, Zhang L, Hamrang-Yousefi S, Chakraverty R, Escors D, Bennett CL. Dendritic Cells Cross-Present Immunogenic Lentivector-Encoded Antigen from Transduced Cells to Prime Functional T Cell Immunity. Mol Ther 2017; 25:504-511. [PMID: 28153097 PMCID: PMC5368353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant lentiviral vectors (LVs) are highly effective vaccination vehicles that elicit protective T cell immunity in disease models. Dendritic cells (DCs) acquire antigen at sites of vaccination and migrate to draining lymph nodes, where they prime vaccine-specific T cells. The potency with which LVs activate CD8+ T cell immunity has been attributed to the transduction of DCs at the immunization site and durable presentation of LV-encoded antigens. However, it is not known how LV-encoded antigens continue to be presented to T cells once directly transduced DCs have turned over. Here, we report that LV-encoded antigen is efficiently cross-presented by DCs in vitro. We have further exploited the temporal depletion of DCs in the murine CD11c.DTR (diphtheria toxin receptor) model to demonstrate that repopulating DCs that were absent at the time of immunization cross-present LV-encoded antigen to T cells in vivo. Indirect presentation of antigen from transduced cells by DCs is sufficient to prime functional effector T cells that control tumor growth. These data suggest that DCs cross-present immunogenic antigen from LV-transduced cells, thereby facilitating prolonged activation of T cells in the absence of circulating LV particles. These are findings that may impact on the future design of LV vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Hotblack
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Sara Seshadri
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Sahar Hamrang-Yousefi
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - David Escors
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Fundaçion Miguel Servet, Calle de Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Clare L Bennett
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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28
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Rombouts M, Cools N, Grootaert MOJ, de Bakker F, Van Brussel I, Wouters A, De Meyer GRY, De Winter BY, Schrijvers DM. Long-Term Depletion of Conventional Dendritic Cells Cannot Be Maintained in an Atherosclerotic Zbtb46-DTR Mouse Model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169608. [PMID: 28060909 PMCID: PMC5218565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased evidence suggests a pro-atherogenic role for conventional dendritic cells (cDC). However, due to the lack of an exclusive marker for cDC, their exact contribution to atherosclerosis remains elusive. Recently, a unique transcription factor was described for cDC, namely Zbtb46, enabling us to selectively target this cell type in mice. METHODS Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice were transplanted with bone marrow from Zbtb46-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) transgenic mice following total body irradiation. Zbtb46-DTR→Ldlr-/- chimeras were fed a Western-type diet for 18 weeks while cDC were depleted by administering diphtheria toxin (DT). RESULTS Although we confirmed efficient direct induction of cDC death in vitro and in vivo upon DT treatment of Zbtb46-DTR mice, advanced atherosclerotic plaque size and composition was not altered. Surprisingly, however, analysis of Zbtb46-DTR→Ldlr-/- chimeras showed that depletion of cDC was not sustained following 18 weeks of DT treatment. In contrast, high levels of anti-DT antibodies were detected. CONCLUSIONS Because of the observed generation of anti-DT antibodies and consequently the partial depletion of cDC, no clear decision can be taken on the role of cDC in atherosclerosis. Our results underline the unsuitability of Zbtb46-DTR→Ldlr-/- mice for studying the involvement of cDC in maintaining the disease process of atherosclerosis, as well as of other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miche Rombouts
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mandy O. J. Grootaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Flore de Bakker
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse Van Brussel
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido R. Y. De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y. De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dorien M. Schrijvers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Al-Jazzar A, Javaheri B, Prideaux M, Boyde A, Scudamore CL, Cherifi C, Hay E, Hopkinson M, Boyd M, Cohen-Solal M, Farquharson C, Pitsillides AA. Dmp1 Promoter-Driven Diphtheria Toxin Receptor Transgene Expression Directs Unforeseen Effects in Multiple Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:E29. [PMID: 28035954 PMCID: PMC5297664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice harbouring a dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1) promoter-driven human diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor (HDTR) transgene (Tg) have recently been used to attain targeted ablation of osteocytes by diphtheria toxin (DT) treatment in order to define osteocyte function. Use of these Tg mice has asserted mechano- and novel paracrine regulatory osteocyte functions. To explore osteocyte roles fully, we sought to confirm the selectivity of DT effects in these transgenic mice. However, our findings revealed incomplete DT-induced osteocyte ablation, prevalent HDTR misexpression, as well as more prominent histopathological DT-induced changes in multiple organs in Tg than in wild-type (WT) littermate mice. Mechanistic evidence for DT action, via prominent regulation of phosphorylation status of elongation factor-2 (EF-2), was also found in many non-skeletal tissues in Tg mice; indicative of direct "off-target" DT action. Finally, very rapid deterioration in health and welfare status in response to DT treatment was observed in these Tg when compared to WT control mice. Together, these data lead us to conclude that alternative models for osteocyte ablation should be sought and caution be exercised when drawing conclusions from experiments using these Tg mice alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Jazzar
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Behzad Javaheri
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Matt Prideaux
- Orthopaedics & Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Alan Boyde
- Dental Physical Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Campus, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Science & Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - Chahrazad Cherifi
- Inserm U1132 & Université Sorbonne Paris Cité-Diderot, Rheumatology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris 75010, France.
| | - Eric Hay
- Inserm U1132 & Université Sorbonne Paris Cité-Diderot, Rheumatology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris 75010, France.
| | - Mark Hopkinson
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Michael Boyd
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Martine Cohen-Solal
- Inserm U1132 & Université Sorbonne Paris Cité-Diderot, Rheumatology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris 75010, France.
| | - Colin Farquharson
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Division of Developmental Biology, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Andrew A Pitsillides
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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30
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Bou Nasser Eddine F, Forlani G, Lombardo L, Tedeschi A, Tosi G, Accolla RS. CIITA-driven MHC class II expressing tumor cells can efficiently prime naive CD4 + TH cells in vivo and vaccinate the host against parental MHC-II-negative tumor cells. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1261777. [PMID: 28197387 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1261777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that non-immunogenic H-2d tumor cells of distinct epithelial histotypes can become highly immunogenic, induce a protective CD4+ T cell response and vaccinate the animals against parental MHC-II-negative cells if they are rendered MHC class II-positive by stable transfection with the Air-1-encoded MHC-II transcriptional activator CIITA. These studies did not establish, however, whether tumor immunity was the consequence of a direct priming of naive CD4+ T lymphocytes by CIITA-driven MHC-II-expressing tumor cells or by MHC-II-tumor antigen complexes engulfed by dendritic cells (DC) and exposed on the surface of these professional antigen presenting cells (APC). In the present investigation, we provide definitive evidence that CIITA-tumor cells are the crucial APC in vivo for CD4+ T cell priming. By using a transgenic H-2b mouse model, the CD11c.DTR C57BL/6 mice, in which DC can be functionally deleted by administration of diphteria toxin, we show that CIITA-tumor cells of two distinct histotypes can be rejected or strongly retarded in their growth in DC-deleted mice. To rule out that in absence of DC, other professional APC could prime naive CD4+ T cells, we deleted the macrophages in CD11c.DTR C57BL/6 mice by administration of liposome Clodronate and still obtained rejection or strong retardation in tumor growth of CIITA-tumor cells. Our results challenge the diffuse belief that non-professional APC cannot efficiently prime naive T cells in vivo. Moreover, the demonstration of the general validity of our approach in different genetic backgrounds may open a way for new strategies of antitumor treatment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Bou Nasser Eddine
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Greta Forlani
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Letizia Lombardo
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tedeschi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tosi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto S Accolla
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
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31
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Hilpert C, Sitte S, Matthies A, Voehringer D. Dendritic Cells Are Dispensable for T Cell Priming and Control of Acute Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2780-6. [PMID: 27549169 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to be the major APCs with potent activity for priming of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells. However, T cell priming can also be achieved by other APCs including macrophages, B cells, or even nonhematopoietic cell types. Systemic low-dose infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) results in massive expansion of virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. To determine the role of DCs as APCs and source of type I IFNs in this infection model, we used ΔDC mice in which DCs are constitutively ablated because of expression of the diphtheria toxin α subunit within developing DCs. ΔDC mice showed lower serum concentrations of IFN-β and IL-12p40, but normal IFN-α levels during the first days postinfection. No differences were found for proliferation of transferred TCR-transgenic cells during the early phase of infection, suggesting that T cell priming occurred with the same efficiency in wild-type and ΔDC mice. Expansion and cytokine expression of endogenous LCMV-specific T cells was comparable between wild-type and ΔDC mice during primary infection and upon rechallenge of memory mice. In both strains of infected mice the viral load was reduced below the limit of detection with the same kinetic. Further, germinal center formation and LCMV-specific Ab responses were not impaired in ΔDC mice. This indicates that DCs are dispensable as APCs for protective immunity against LCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Hilpert
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Selina Sitte
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Matthies
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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32
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Broadley S, Plaumann A, Coletti R, Lehmann C, Wanisch A, Seidlmeier A, Esser K, Luo S, Rämer P, Massberg S, Busch D, van Lookeren Campagne M, Verschoor A. Dual-Track Clearance of Circulating Bacteria Balances Rapid Restoration of Blood Sterility with Induction of Adaptive Immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 20:36-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bhattacharya J, Westphalen K. Macrophage-epithelial interactions in pulmonary alveoli. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:461-9. [PMID: 27170185 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages have been investigated for years by approaches involving macrophage extraction from the lung by bronchoalveolar lavage, or by cell removal from lung tissue. Since extracted macrophages are studied outside their natural milieu, there is little understanding of the extent to which alveolar macrophages interact with the epithelium, or with one another to generate the lung's innate immune response to pathogen challenge. Here, we review new evidence of macrophage-epithelial interactions in the lung, and we address the emerging understanding that the alveolar epithelium plays an important role in orchestrating the macrophage-driven immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahar Bhattacharya
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Kristin Westphalen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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Franken L, Schiwon M, Kurts C. Macrophages: sentinels and regulators of the immune system. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:475-87. [PMID: 26880038 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The important role of macrophages in host defense against a variety of pathogens has long been recognized and has been documented and reviewed in numerous publications. Recently, it has become clear that tissue macrophages are not entirely derived from monocytes, as has been assumed for a long time, but rather show an ontogenetic dichotomy in most tissues: while part of the tissue macrophages are derived from monocytes, a major subset is prenatally seeded from the yolk sac. The latter subset shows a remarkable longevity and is maintained by self-renewal in the adult animal. This paradigm shift poses interesting questions: are these two macrophage subsets functionally equivalent cells that are recruited into the tissue at different development stages, or are both macrophage subsets discrete cell types with distinct functions, which have to exist side by side? Is the functional specialization that can be observed in most macrophages due to their lineage or due to their anatomical niche? This review will give an overview about what we know of macrophage ontogeny and will discuss the influence of the macrophage lineage and location on their functional specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Franken
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany
| | - Marzena Schiwon
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany
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35
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MIF Promotes Classical Activation and Conversion of Inflammatory Ly6C(high) Monocytes into TipDCs during Murine Toxoplasmosis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9101762. [PMID: 27057101 PMCID: PMC4789477 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) mediates immunity against Toxoplasma gondii infection by inducing inflammatory cytokines required to control the parasite replication. However, the role of this inflammatory mediator in the cell-mediated immune response against this infection is still poorly understood. Here, we used T. gondii-infected WT and Mif−/− mice to analyze the role of MIF in the maturation of CD11b+ and CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs). We found that MIF promotes maturation of CD11b+ but not CD8α+ DCs, by inducing IL-12p70 production and CD86 expression. Infected Mif−/− mice showed significantly lower numbers of TNF and inducible nitric oxide synthase- (iNOS-) producing DCs (TipDCs) compared to infected WT mice. The adoptive transfer of Ly6Chigh monocytes into infected WT or Mif−/− mice demonstrated that MIF participates in the differentiation of Ly6Chigh monocytes into TipDCs. In addition, infected Mif−/− mice display a lower percentage of IFN-γ-producing natural killer (NK) cells compared to WT mice, which is associated with reducing numbers of TipDCs in Mif−/− mice. Furthermore, administration of recombinant MIF (rMIF) into T. gondii-infected Mif−/− mice restored the numbers of TipDCs and reversed the susceptible phenotype of Mif−/− mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate an important role for MIF inducing cell-mediated immunity to T. gondii infection.
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36
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Hemmi H, Hoshino K, Kaisho T. In Vivo Ablation of a Dendritic Cell Subset Expressing the Chemokine Receptor XCR1. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1423:247-53. [PMID: 27142021 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3606-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the key populations controlling immune responses. To establish a cell depletion system in vivo, human diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor (DTR) is transduced to the mice in which DTR is expressed under the control of a specific promoter. In these mice, DTR-expressing cells are inducibly depleted after DT injection. Using this system, analysis of mouse models in which DTR was expressed under the CD11c promoter has contributed to our knowledge of DC biology by depleting CD11c(+) cells. Other mouse models to inducibly eliminate specific DC subsets upon DT treatment have been also generated. Here, we describe a new mouse model in which the XCR1(+) DC subset is inducibly and transiently depleted in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hemmi
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Inflammatory Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Hoshino
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Inflammatory Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Laboratory of Inflammatory Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan. .,Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
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Abstract
The study of the intestinal dendritic cell (DC) compartment, its homeostasis, regulation, and response to challenges calls for the investigation within the physiological tissue context comprising the unique anatomic constellation of the epithelial single cell layer and the luminal microbiota, as well as neighboring immune and nonimmune cells. Here we provide protocols we developed that use a combination of conditional cell ablation, conditional compartment mutagenesis, and adoptive precursor transfers to study DC and other intestinal mononuclear phagocytes in in vivo context. We will highlight pitfalls and strengths of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Curato
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Biana Bernshtein
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tegest Aychek
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Sivakumaran S, Henderson S, Ward S, Santos E Sousa P, Manzo T, Zhang L, Conlan T, Means TK, D'Aveni M, Hermine O, Rubio MT, Chakraverty R, Bennett CL. Depletion of CD11c⁺ cells in the CD11c.DTR model drives expansion of unique CD64⁺ Ly6C⁺ monocytes that are poised to release TNF-α. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:192-203. [PMID: 26464217 PMCID: PMC4722854 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in innate and adaptive immunities. Inducible depletion of CD11c(+) DCs engineered to express a high-affinity diphtheria toxin receptor has been a powerful tool to dissect DC function in vivo. However, despite reports showing that loss of DCs induces transient monocytosis, the monocyte population that emerges and the potential impact of monocytes on studies of DC function have not been investigated. We found that depletion of CD11c(+) cells from CD11c.DTR mice induced the expansion of a variant CD64(+) Ly6C(+) monocyte population in the spleen and blood that was distinct from conventional monocytes. Expansion of CD64(+) Ly6C(+) monocytes was independent of mobilization from the BM via CCR2 but required the cytokine, G-CSF. Indeed, this population was also expanded upon exposure to exogenous G-CSF in the absence of DC depletion. CD64(+) Ly6C(+) monocytes were characterized by upregulation of innate signaling apparatus despite the absence of inflammation, and an increased capacity to produce TNF-α following LPS stimulation. Thus, depletion of CD11c(+) cells induces expansion of a unique CD64(+) Ly6C(+) monocyte population poised to synthesize TNF-α. This finding will require consideration in experiments using depletion strategies to test the role of CD11c(+) DCs in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivajanani Sivakumaran
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Stephen Henderson
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Sophie Ward
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Pedro Santos E Sousa
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Teresa Manzo
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Thomas Conlan
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Terry K Means
- MGH Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Maud D'Aveni
- CNRS UMR 8147, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de MédecineHôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- CNRS UMR 8147, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de MédecineHôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Rubio
- CNRS UMR 8147, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de MédecineHôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Clare L Bennett
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
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Alexandre YO, Ghilas S, Sanchez C, Le Bon A, Crozat K, Dalod M. XCR1+ dendritic cells promote memory CD8+ T cell recall upon secondary infections with Listeria monocytogenes or certain viruses. J Exp Med 2015; 213:75-92. [PMID: 26694969 PMCID: PMC4710197 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20142350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alexandre et al. demonstrate the XCR1+ DCs are instrumental in memory CD8+ T cell responses to Listeria, VSV or vaccinia virus infection, but not CMV. Depending on the infection, robust memory CTL responses require cytokine- and chemokine-dependent cross-talk between XCR1+ DCs and NK cells or other IFN-γ–producing lymphocytes. Naive CD8+ T cell priming during tumor development or many primary infections requires cross-presentation by XCR1+ dendritic cells (DCs). Memory CD8+ T lymphocytes (mCTLs) harbor a lower activation threshold as compared with naive cells. However, whether their recall responses depend on XCR1+ DCs is unknown. By using a new mouse model allowing fluorescent tracking and conditional depletion of XCR1+ DCs, we demonstrate a differential requirement of these cells for mCTL recall during secondary infections by different pathogens. XCR1+ DCs were instrumental to promote this function upon secondary challenges with Listeria monocytogenes, vesicular stomatitis virus, or Vaccinia virus, but dispensable in the case of mouse cytomegalovirus. We deciphered how XCR1+ DCs promote mCTL recall upon secondary infections with Listeria. By visualizing for the first time the in vivo choreography of XCR1+ DCs, NK cells and mCTLs during secondary immune responses, and by neutralizing in vivo candidate molecules, we demonstrate that, very early after infection, mCTLs are activated, and attracted in a CXCR3-dependent manner, by NK cell–boosted, IL-12–, and CXCL9-producing XCR1+ DCs. Hence, depending on the infectious agent, strong recall of mCTLs during secondary challenges can require cytokine- and chemokine-dependent cross-talk with XCR1+ DCs and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick O Alexandre
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Sonia Ghilas
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Cindy Sanchez
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Agnès Le Bon
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Karine Crozat
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Marc Dalod
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
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Kim JH, Choi JY, Kim SB, Uyangaa E, Patil AM, Han YW, Park SY, Lee JH, Kim K, Eo SK. CD11c(hi) Dendritic Cells Regulate Ly-6C(hi) Monocyte Differentiation to Preserve Immune-privileged CNS in Lethal Neuroinflammation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17548. [PMID: 26626303 PMCID: PMC4667186 DOI: 10.1038/srep17548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the roles of dendritic cells (DCs) in adaptive defense have been defined well, the contribution of DCs to T cell-independent innate defense and subsequent neuroimmunopathology in immune-privileged CNS upon infection with neurotropic viruses has not been completely defined. Notably, DC roles in regulating innate CD11b+Ly-6Chi monocyte functions during neuroinflammation have not yet been addressed. Using selective ablation of CD11chiPDCA-1int/lo DCs without alteration in CD11cintPDCA-1hi plasmacytoid DC number, we found that CD11chi DCs are essential to control neuroinflammation caused by infection with neurotropic Japanese encephalitis virus, through early and increased infiltration of CD11b+Ly-6Chi monocytes and higher expression of CC chemokines. More interestingly, selective CD11chi DC ablation provided altered differentiation and function of infiltrated CD11b+Ly-6Chi monocytes in the CNS through Flt3-L and GM-CSF, which was closely associated with severely enhanced neuroinflammation. Furthermore, CD11b+Ly-6Chi monocytes generated in CD11chi DC-ablated environment had a deleterious rather than protective role during neuroinflammation, and were more quickly recruited into inflamed CNS, depending on CCR2, thereby exacerbating neuroinflammation via enhanced supply of virus from the periphery. Therefore, our data demonstrate that CD11chi DCs provide a critical and unexpected role to preserve the immune-privileged CNS in lethal neuroinflammation via regulating the differentiation, function, and trafficking of CD11b+Ly-6Chi monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Bajwa A, Huang L, Kurmaeva E, Gigliotti JC, Ye H, Miller J, Rosin DL, Lobo PI, Okusa MD. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 3-Deficient Dendritic Cells Modulate Splenic Responses to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1076-90. [PMID: 26286732 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of dendritic cells (DCs) permits phenotypic modulation ex vivo by gene expression or pharmacologic agents, and these modified DCs can exert therapeutic immunosuppressive effects in vivo through direct interactions with T cells, either inducing T regulatory cells (T(REG)s) or causing anergy. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a sphingolipid and the natural ligand for five G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1, S1P2, S1P3, S1P4, and S1P5), and S1PR agonists reduce kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in mice. S1pr3(-/-)mice are protected from kidney IRI, because DCs do not mature. We tested the therapeutic advantage of S1pr3(-/-) bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) transfers in kidney IRI. IRI produced a rise in plasma creatinine (PCr) levels in mice receiving no cells (NCs) and mice pretreated with wild-type (WT) BMDCs. However, S1pr3(-/-) BMDC-pretreated mice were protected from kidney IRI. S1pr3(-/-) BMDC-pretreated mice had significantly higher numbers of splenic T(REG)s compared with NC and WT BMDC-pretreated mice. S1pr3(-/-) BMDCs did not attenuate IRI in splenectomized, Rag-1(-/-), or CD11c(+) DC-depleted mice. Additionally, S1pr3(-/-) BMDC-dependent protection required CD169(+)marginal zone macrophages and the macrophage-derived chemokine CCL22 to increase splenic CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(REG)s. Pretreatment with S1pr3(-/-) BMDCs also induced T(REG)-dependent protection against IRI in an allogeneic mouse model. In summary, adoptively transferred S1pr3(-/-) BMDCs prevent kidney IRI through interactions within the spleen and expansion of splenic CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(REG)s. We conclude that genetically induced deficiency of S1pr3 in allogenic BMDCs could serve as a therapeutic approach to prevent IRI-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Bajwa
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, and
| | - Liping Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, and
| | - Elvira Kurmaeva
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, and
| | - Joseph C Gigliotti
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, and
| | - Hong Ye
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, and
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, and
| | - Diane L Rosin
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Peter I Lobo
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, and
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, and
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Type I Interferon Released by Myeloid Dendritic Cells Reversibly Impairs Cytomegalovirus Replication by Inhibiting Immediate Early Gene Expression. J Virol 2015. [PMID: 26202227 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01459-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus whose reactivation from latency is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. Mouse CMV (MCMV) is a well-established model virus to study virus-host interactions. We showed in this study that the CD8-independent antiviral function of myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) is biologically relevant for the inhibition of MCMV replication in vivo and in vitro. In vivo ablation of CD11c(+) DC resulted in higher viral titers and increased susceptibility to MCMV infection in the first 3 days postinfection. We developed in vitro coculture systems in which we cocultivated MCMV-infected endothelial cells or fibroblasts with T cell subsets and/or dendritic cells. While CD8 T cells failed to control MCMV replication, bone marrow-derived mDC reduced viral titers by a factor of up to 10,000. Contact of mDC with the infected endothelial cells was crucial for their antiviral activity. Soluble factors secreted by the mDC blocked MCMV replication at the level of immediate early (IE) gene expression, yet the viral lytic cycle reinitiated once the mDC were removed from the cells. On the other hand, the mDC did not impair MCMV replication in cells deficient for the interferon (IFN) alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR), arguing that type I interferons were critical for viral control by mDC. In light of our recent observation that type I IFN is sufficient for the induction of latency immediately upon infection, our results imply that IFN secreted by mDC may play an important role in the establishment of CMV latency. IMPORTANCE Numerous studies have focused on the infection of DC with cytomegaloviruses and on the establishment of latency within them. However, almost all of these studies have relied on the infection of DC monocultures in vitro, whereas DC are just one among many cell types present in an infection site in vivo. To mimic this aspect of the in vivo situation, we cocultured DC with infected endothelial cells or fibroblasts. Our data suggest that direct contact with virus-infected endothelial cells activates CD11c(+) DC, which leads to reversible suppression of MCMV replication at the level of IE gene expression by a mechanism that depends on type I IFN. The effect matches the formal definition of viral latency. Therefore, our data argue that the interplay of dendritic cells and infected neighboring cells might play an important role in the establishment of viral latency.
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Quintana E, Fernández A, Velasco P, de Andrés B, Liste I, Sancho D, Gaspar ML, Cano E. DNGR-1(+) dendritic cells are located in meningeal membrane and choroid plexus of the noninjured brain. Glia 2015; 63:2231-48. [PMID: 26184558 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role and different origin of brain myeloid cells in the brain is central to understanding how the central nervous system (CNS) responds to injury. C-type lectin receptor family 9, member A (DNGR-1/CLEC9A) is a marker of specific DC subsets that share functional similarities, such as CD8α(+) DCs in lymphoid tissues and CD103(+) CD11b(low) DCs in peripheral tissues. Here, we analyzed the presence of DNGR-1 in DCs present in the mouse brain (bDCs). Dngr-1/Clec9a mRNA is expressed mainly in the meningeal membranes and choroid plexus (m/Ch), and its expression is enhanced by fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), a cytokine involved in DC homeostasis. Using Clec9a(egfp/egfp) mice, we show that Flt3L induces accumulation of DNGR-1-EGFP(+) cells in the brain m/Ch. Most of these cells also express major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules. We also observed an increase in specific markers of cDC CD8α+ cells such as Batf-3 and Irf-8, but not of costimulatory molecules such as Cd80 and Cd86, indicating an immature phenotype for these bDCs in the noninjured brain. The presence of DNGR-1 in the brain provides a potential marker for the study of this specific brain cell subset. Knowledge and targeting of brain antigen presenting cells (APCs) has implications for the fight against brain diseases such as neuroinflammation-based neurodegenerative diseases, microbe-induced encephalitis, and brain tumors such as gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Quintana
- Neuroinflammation Unit. Unidad Funcional De Investigación De Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Fernández
- Neuroinflammation Unit. Unidad Funcional De Investigación De Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Velasco
- Neuroinflammation Unit. Unidad Funcional De Investigación De Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén de Andrés
- Department of Immunology, Centro Nacional De Microbiología, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Liste
- Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Neural Regeneration Unit. Unidad Funcional De Investigación De Enfermedades Crónicas, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Centro Nacional De Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Gaspar
- Department of Immunology, Centro Nacional De Microbiología, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Cano
- Neuroinflammation Unit. Unidad Funcional De Investigación De Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Mora-Bau G, Platt AM, van Rooijen N, Randolph GJ, Albert ML, Ingersoll MA. Macrophages Subvert Adaptive Immunity to Urinary Tract Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005044. [PMID: 26182347 PMCID: PMC4504509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections with frequent recurrence being a major medical challenge. Development of effective therapies has been impeded by the lack of knowledge of events leading to adaptive immunity. Here, we establish conclusive evidence that an adaptive immune response is generated during UTI, yet this response does not establish sterilizing immunity. To investigate the underlying deficiency, we delineated the naïve bladder immune cell compartment, identifying resident macrophages as the most populous immune cell. To evaluate their impact on the establishment of adaptive immune responses following infection, we measured bacterial clearance in mice depleted of either circulating monocytes, which give rise to macrophages, or bladder resident macrophages. Surprisingly, mice depleted of resident macrophages, prior to primary infection, exhibited a nearly 2-log reduction in bacterial burden following secondary challenge compared to untreated animals. This increased bacterial clearance, in the context of a challenge infection, was dependent on lymphocytes. Macrophages were the predominant antigen presenting cell to acquire bacteria post-infection and in their absence, bacterial uptake by dendritic cells was increased almost 2-fold. These data suggest that bacterial uptake by tissue macrophages impedes development of adaptive immune responses during UTI, revealing a novel target for enhancing host responses to bacterial infection of the bladder. Urinary tract infection is a common infection with a high propensity for recurrence. The majority of infections are caused by uropathogenic E. coli, a growing public health concern with increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains. Finding therapeutic options that circumvent the need for antibiotics, while boosting patients’ immune response to infection is desirable to counteract further increases in antibiotic resistance and to provide long-lasting resistance to infection. Currently, little is known about how adaptive immune responses, which typically prevent recurrent infection in other organs, arise from the bladder during urinary tract infection. Here, we investigated the initial interactions between immune cell populations of the bladder and uropathogenic E. coli, finding that macrophages are the principal cell population to engulf bacteria. Interestingly, these same cells appear to inhibit the development of adaptive immunity to the bacteria, as their depletion, prior to primary infection, results in a stronger immune response during bacterial challenge. We found that in the absence of macrophages, dendritic cells, which are the most potent initiators of adaptive immunity, are able to take up more bacteria for presentation. Our study has revealed a mechanism in which specific immune cells may act in a manner detrimental to host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mora-Bau
- Unité d'Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U818, Paris, France
| | - Andrew M Platt
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine and the Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine and the Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew L Albert
- Unité d'Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U818, Paris, France
| | - Molly A Ingersoll
- Unité d'Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U818, Paris, France
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Ji J, Griffiths KL, Milburn PJ, Hirst TR, O'Neill HC. The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin alters the development and antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2019-31. [PMID: 26130503 PMCID: PMC4549052 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli's heat-labile enterotoxin (Etx) and its non-toxic B subunit (EtxB) have been characterized as adjuvants capable of enhancing T cell responses to co-administered antigen. Here, we investigate the direct effect of intravenously administered EtxB on the size of the dendritic and myeloid cell populations in spleen. EtxB treatment appears to enhance the development and turnover of dendritic and myeloid cells from precursors within the spleen. EtxB treatment also gives a dendritic cell (DC) population with higher viability and lower activation status based on the reduced expression of MHC-II, CD80 and CD86. In this respect, the in vivo effect of EtxB differs from that of the highly inflammatory mediator lipopolysaccharide. In in vitro bone marrow cultures, EtxB treatment was also found to enhance the development of DC from precursors dependent on Flt3L. In terms of the in vivo effect of EtxB on CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in mice, the interaction of EtxB directly with DC was demonstrated following conditional depletion of CD11c(+) DC. In summary, all results are consistent with EtxB displaying adjuvant ability by enhancing the turnover of DC in spleen, leading to newly mature myeloid and DC in spleen, thereby increasing DC capacity to perform as antigen-presenting cells on encounter with T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristin L Griffiths
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter J Milburn
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Timothy R Hirst
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Helen C O'Neill
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4229, Australia
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous group of mononuclear phagocytes with versatile roles in immunity. They are classified predominantly based on phenotypic and functional properties, namely their stellate morphology, expression of the integrin CD11c, and major histocompatibility class II molecules, as well as their superior capacity to migrate to secondary lymphoid organs and stimulate naïve T cells. However, these attributes are not exclusive to DCs and often change within inflammatory or infectious environments. This led to debates over cell identification and questioned even the mere existence of DCs as distinct leukocyte lineage. Here, we review experimental approaches taken to fate map DCs and discuss how these have shaped our understanding of DC ontogeny and lineage affiliation. Considering the ontogenetic properties of DCs will help to overcome the inherent shortcomings of purely phenotypic- and function-based approaches to cell definition and will yield a more robust way of DC classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Pawel Poltorak
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Barbara Ursula Schraml
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
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47
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Lymph Node Macrophages Restrict Murine Cytomegalovirus Dissemination. J Virol 2015; 89:7147-58. [PMID: 25926638 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00480-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) establish chronic infections that spread from a primary entry site to secondary vascular sites, such as the spleen, and then to tertiary shedding sites, such as the salivary glands. Human CMV (HCMV) is difficult to analyze, because its spread precedes clinical presentation. Murine CMV (MCMV) offers a tractable model. It is hypothesized to spread from peripheral sites via vascular endothelial cells and associated monocytes. However, viral luciferase imaging showed footpad-inoculated MCMV first reaching the popliteal lymph nodes (PLN). PLN colonization was rapid and further spread was slow, implying that LN infection can be a significant bottleneck. Most acutely infected PLN cells were CD169(+) subcapsular sinus macrophages (SSM). Replication-deficient MCMV also reached them, indicating direct infection. Many SSM expressed viral reporter genes, but few expressed lytic genes. SSM expressed CD11c, and MCMV with a cre-sensitive fluorochrome switch showed switched infected cells in PLN of CD11c-cre mice but yielded little switched virus. SSM depletion with liposomal clodronate or via a CD169-diphtheria toxin receptor transgene shifted infection to ER-TR7(+) stromal cells, increased virus production, and accelerated its spread to the spleen. Therefore, MCMV disseminated via LN, and SSM slowed this spread by shielding permissive fibroblasts and poorly supporting viral lytic replication. IMPORTANCE HCMV chronically infects most people, and it can cause congenital disability and harm the immunocompromised. A major goal of vaccination is to prevent systemic infection. How this is established is unclear. Restriction to humans makes HCMV difficult to analyze. We show that peripheral MCMV infection spreads via lymph nodes. Here, MCMV infected filtering macrophages, which supported virus replication poorly. When these macrophages were depleted, MCMV infected susceptible fibroblasts and spread faster. The capacity of filtering macrophages to limit MCMV spread argued that their infection is an important bottleneck in host colonization and might be a good vaccine target.
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CD169+ macrophages are sufficient for priming of CTLs with specificities left out by cross-priming dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5461-6. [PMID: 25922518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423356112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which directly prime or cross-prime MHC I-restricted cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). However, recent evidence suggests the existence of other, as-yet unidentified APCs also able to prime T cells. To identify those APCs, we used adenoviral (rAd) vectors, which do not infect DCs but selectively accumulate in CD169(+) macrophages (MPs). In mice that lack DCs, infection of CD169(+) MPs was sufficient to prime CTLs specific for all epitopes tested. In contrast, CTL responses relying exclusively on cross-presenting DCs were biased to selected strong MHC I-binding peptides only. When both DCs and MPs were absent, no CTL responses could be elicited. Therefore, CD169(+) MPs can be considered APCs that significantly contribute to CTL responses.
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Roberts LM, Ledvina HE, Tuladhar S, Rana D, Steele SP, Sempowski GD, Frelinger JA. Depletion of alveolar macrophages in CD11c diphtheria toxin receptor mice produces an inflammatory response. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 3:71-81. [PMID: 26029367 PMCID: PMC4444150 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages play a critical role in initiating the immune response to inhaled pathogens and have been shown to be the first cell type infected following intranasal inoculation with several pathogens, including Francisella tularensis. In an attempt to further dissect the role of alveolar macrophages in the immune response to Francisella, we selectively depleted alveolar macrophages using CD11c.DOG mice. CD11c.DOG mice express the diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) under control of the full CD11c promoter. Because mice do not express DTR, tissue restricted expression of the primate DTR followed by treatment with diphtheria toxin (DT) has been widely used as a tool in immunology to examine the effect of acute depletion of a specific immune subset following normal development. We successfully depleted alveolar macrophages via intranasal administration of DT. However, alveolar macrophage depletion was accompanied by many other changes to the cellular composition and cytokine/chemokine milieu in the lung that potentially impact innate and adaptive immune responses. Importantly, we observed a transient influx of neutrophils in the lung and spleen. Our experience serves as a cautionary note to other researchers using DTR mice given the complex changes that occur following DT treatment that must be taken into account when analyzing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Roberts
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Hannah E Ledvina
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Shraddha Tuladhar
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Deepa Rana
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Shaun P Steele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Khoo LHB, Thiam CH, Soh SY, Angeli V. Splenic extrafollicular reactions and BM plasma cells sustain IgM response associated with hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1300-12. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Han Boon Khoo
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network; Agency for Science; Technology and Research; Biopolis Singapore
| | - Chung Hwee Thiam
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Serena Ying Soh
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Véronique Angeli
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore
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