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Geoffroy K, Mullins-Dansereau V, Leclerc-Desaulniers K, Viens M, Bourgeois-Daigneault MC. Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus alone or in combination with JAK inhibitors is effective against ovarian cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200826. [PMID: 39006945 PMCID: PMC11246050 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Therapy-resistant ovarian cancers have a poor prognosis and novel effective treatment options are urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of the oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) against a panel of patient-derived ovarian cancer cell lines of all epithelial subtypes. Notably, we found that most of the cell lines were sensitive to VSV virotherapy. With the objective of improving treatment efficacy for the oncolytic virus-resistant cell lines, we tested various combinations with ovarian cancer standard of care drugs: olaparib, carboplatin, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and gemcitabine. While none of these combinations revealed to be beneficial, further experiments demonstrated that the antiviral interferon pathway was functional in VSV-resistant cell lines. Given that interferons signal through Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT to mediate their antiviral function, we tested combinations of oncolytic VSV with clinically relevant JAK inhibitors. Our results show that combining VSV with various JAK inhibitors, including ruxolitinib, enhances VSV virotherapy and treatment efficacy. Altogether, we show that VSV, either as a stand-alone treatment or in combination with JAK inhibitors provides an effective therapeutic option for ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Geoffroy
- Cancer and Immunopathology Axes, CHUM Research Centre, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Victor Mullins-Dansereau
- Cancer and Immunopathology Axes, CHUM Research Centre, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Kim Leclerc-Desaulniers
- Cancer and Immunopathology Axes, CHUM Research Centre, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mélissa Viens
- Cancer and Immunopathology Axes, CHUM Research Centre, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault
- Cancer and Immunopathology Axes, CHUM Research Centre, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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2
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de Jong YP. Mice Engrafted with Human Liver Cells. Semin Liver Dis 2024. [PMID: 39265638 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1790601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Rodents are commonly employed to model human liver conditions, although species differences can restrict their translational relevance. To overcome some of these limitations, researchers have long pursued human hepatocyte transplantation into rodents. More than 20 years ago, the first primary human hepatocyte transplantations into immunodeficient mice with liver injury were able to support hepatitis B and C virus infections, as these viruses cannot replicate in murine hepatocytes. Since then, hepatocyte chimeric mouse models have transitioned into mainstream preclinical research and are now employed in a diverse array of liver conditions beyond viral hepatitis, including malaria, drug metabolism, liver-targeting gene therapy, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, lipoprotein and bile acid biology, and others. Concurrently, endeavors to cotransplant other cell types and humanize immune and other nonparenchymal compartments have seen growing success. Looking ahead, several challenges remain. These include enhancing immune functionality in mice doubly humanized with hepatocytes and immune systems, efficiently creating mice with genetically altered grafts and reliably humanizing chimeric mice with renewable cell sources such as patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. In conclusion, hepatocyte chimeric mice have evolved into vital preclinical models that address many limitations of traditional rodent models. Continued improvements may further expand their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ype P de Jong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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3
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Han R, Su L, Cheng L. Advancing Human Vaccine Development Using Humanized Mouse Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1012. [PMID: 39340042 PMCID: PMC11436046 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12091012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines against infectious diseases remains a critical challenge in global health. Animal models play a crucial role in vaccine development by providing valuable insights into the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of immune response induction, which guide the design and formulation of vaccines. However, traditional animal models often inadequately recapitulate human immune responses. Humanized mice (hu-mice) models with a functional human immune system have emerged as invaluable tools in bridging the translational gap between preclinical research and clinical trials for human vaccine development. This review summarizes commonly used hu-mice models and advances in optimizing them to improve human immune responses. We review the application of humanized mice for human vaccine development with a focus on HIV-1 vaccines. We also discuss the remaining challenges and improvements needed for the currently available hu-mice models to better facilitate the development and testing of human vaccines for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runpeng Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for AIDS Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lishan Su
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 02121, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for AIDS Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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4
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Zhao Y, Liu K, Wang Y, Ma Y, Guo W, Shi C. Human-mouse chimeric brain models constructed from iPSC-derived brain cells: Applications and challenges. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114848. [PMID: 38857749 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The establishment of reliable human brain models is pivotal for elucidating specific disease mechanisms and facilitating the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for human brain disorders. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) exhibit remarkable self-renewal capabilities and can differentiate into specialized cell types. This makes them a valuable cell source for xenogeneic or allogeneic transplantation. Human-mouse chimeric brain models constructed from iPSC-derived brain cells have emerged as valuable tools for modeling human brain diseases and exploring potential therapeutic strategies for brain disorders. Moreover, the integration and functionality of grafted stem cells has been effectively assessed using these models. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in differentiating human iPSC into various highly specialized types of brain cells. This review evaluates the characteristics and functions of the human-mouse chimeric brain model. We highlight its potential roles in brain function and its ability to reconstruct neural circuitry in vivo. Additionally, we elucidate factors that influence the integration and differentiation of human iPSC-derived brain cells in vivo. This review further sought to provide suitable research models for cell transplantation therapy. These research models provide new insights into neuropsychiatric disorders, infectious diseases, and brain injuries, thereby advancing related clinical and academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China; Gansu University of traditional Chinese medicine, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Yinghua Wang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Yifan Ma
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China; Gansu University of traditional Chinese medicine, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Wenwen Guo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China.
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5
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Chou TC, Maggirwar NS, Marsden MD. HIV Persistence, Latency, and Cure Approaches: Where Are We Now? Viruses 2024; 16:1163. [PMID: 39066325 PMCID: PMC11281696 DOI: 10.3390/v16071163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir remains a major roadblock to curing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Currently available antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress active HIV replication, reduce viral loads to undetectable levels, and halt disease progression. However, antiretroviral drugs are unable to target cells that are latently infected with HIV, which can seed viral rebound if ART is stopped. Consequently, a major focus of the field is to study the latent viral reservoir and develop safe and effective methods to eliminate it. Here, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of HIV latency, the key challenges posed by latent reservoirs, small animal models utilized to study HIV latency, and contemporary cure approaches. We also discuss ongoing efforts to apply these approaches in combination, with the goal of achieving a safe, effective, and scalable cure for HIV that can be extended to the tens of millions of people with HIV worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa C. Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Nishad S. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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6
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McDonald K, Rodriguez A, Muthukrishnan G. Humanized Mouse Models of Bacterial Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:640. [PMID: 39061322 PMCID: PMC11273811 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections continue to represent a significant healthcare burden worldwide, causing considerable mortality and morbidity every year. The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains continues to rise, posing serious risks to controlling global disease outbreaks. To develop novel and more effective treatment and vaccination programs, there is a need for clinically relevant small animal models. Since multiple bacterial species have human-specific tropism for numerous virulence factors and toxins, conventional mouse models do not fully represent human disease. Several human disease characteristic phenotypes, such as lung granulomas in the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, are absent in standard mouse models. Alternatively, certain pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica serovar typhi and Staphylococcus aureus, can be well tolerated in mice and cleared quickly. To address this, multiple groups have developed humanized mouse models and observed enhanced susceptibility to infection and a more faithful recapitulation of human disease. In the last two decades, multiple humanized mouse models have been developed to attempt to recapitulate the human immune system in a small animal model. In this review, we first discuss the history of immunodeficient mice that has enabled the engraftment of human tissue and the engraftment methods currently used in the field. We then highlight how humanized mouse models successfully uncovered critical human immune responses to various bacterial infections, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya McDonald
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Adryiana Rodriguez
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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7
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Greiner D, Xue Q, Waddell TQ, Kurudza E, Belote RL, Dotti G, Judson-Torres RL, Reeves MQ, Cheshier SH, Roh-Johnson M. CSPG4-targeting CAR-macrophages inhibit melanoma growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597413. [PMID: 38895447 PMCID: PMC11185669 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematological malignancies but has been clinically less effective in solid tumors. Engineering macrophages with CARs has emerged as a promising approach to overcome some of the challenges faced by CAR-T cells due to the macrophage's ability to easily infiltrate tumors, phagocytose their targets, and reprogram the immune response. We engineered CAR-macrophages (CAR-Ms) to target chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), an antigen expressed in melanoma, and several other solid tumors. CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms exhibited specific phagocytosis of CSPG4-expressing melanoma cells. Combining CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms with CD47 blocking antibodies synergistically enhanced CAR-M-mediated phagocytosis and effectively inhibited melanoma spheroid growth in 3D. Furthermore, CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms inhibited melanoma tumor growth in mouse models. These results suggest that CSPG4-targeting CAR-M immunotherapy is a promising solid tumor immunotherapy approach for treating melanoma. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We engineered macrophages with CARs as an alternative approach for solid tumor treatment. CAR-macrophages (CAR-Ms) targeting CSPG4, an antigen expressed in melanoma and other solid tumors, phagocytosed melanoma cells and inhibited melanoma growth in vivo . Thus, CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms may be a promising strategy to treat patients with CSPG4-expressing tumors.
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8
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Jiang W, Shaw S, Rush J, Dumont N, Kim J, Singh R, Skepner A, Khodier C, Raffier C, Yan N, Schluter C, Yu X, Szuchnicki M, Sathappa M, Kahn J, Sperling AS, McKinney DC, Gould AE, Garvie CW, Miller PG. Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitors of PPM1D Using a Novel Drug Discovery Platform. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.20.595001. [PMID: 38826457 PMCID: PMC11142126 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.595001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1D (PPM1D), is a serine/threonine phosphatase that is recurrently activated in cancer, regulates the DNA damage response (DDR), and suppresses the activation of p53. Consistent with its oncogenic properties, genetic loss or pharmacologic inhibition of PPM1D impairs tumor growth and sensitizes cancer cells to cytotoxic therapies in a wide range of preclinical models. Given the therapeutic potential of targeting PPM1D specifically and the DDR and p53 pathway more generally, we sought to deepen our biological understanding of PPM1D as a drug target and determine how PPM1D inhibition differs from other therapeutic approaches to activate the DDR. We performed a high throughput screen to identify new allosteric inhibitors of PPM1D, then generated and optimized a suite of enzymatic, cell-based, and in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assays to drive medicinal chemistry efforts and to further interrogate the biology of PPM1D. Importantly, this drug discovery platform can be readily adapted to broadly study the DDR and p53. We identified compounds distinct from previously reported allosteric inhibitors and showed in vivo on-target activity. Our data suggest that the biological effects of inhibiting PPM1D are distinct from inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction and standard cytotoxic chemotherapies. These differences also highlight the potential therapeutic contexts in which targeting PPM1D would be most valuable. Therefore, our studies have identified a series of new PPM1D inhibitors, generated a suite of in vitro and in vivo assays that can be broadly used to interrogate the DDR, and provided important new insights into PPM1D as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Subrata Shaw
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Rush
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Dumont
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Kim
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ritu Singh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adam Skepner
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carol Khodier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cerise Raffier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ni Yan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Cameron Schluter
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mateusz Szuchnicki
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Murugappan Sathappa
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Josephine Kahn
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Adam S. Sperling
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C. McKinney
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra E. Gould
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Colin W. Garvie
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter G. Miller
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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9
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De Meyer A, Meuleman P. Preclinical animal models to evaluate therapeutic antiviral antibodies. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105843. [PMID: 38548022 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective preventative vaccines and potent small-molecule antiviral drugs, effective non-toxic prophylactic and therapeutic measures are still lacking for many viruses. The use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in an antiviral context could fill this gap and provide effective virus-specific medical interventions. In order to develop these therapeutic antibodies, preclinical animal models are of utmost importance. Due to the variability in viral pathogenesis, immunity and overall characteristics, the most representative animal model for human viral infection differs between virus species. Therefore, throughout the years researchers sought to find the ideal preclinical animal model for each virus. The most used animal models in preclinical research include rodents (mice, ferrets, …) and non-human primates (macaques, chimpanzee, ….). Currently, antibodies are tested for antiviral efficacy against a variety of viruses including different hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rabies virus. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the preclinical animal models that are used for the evaluation of therapeutic antibodies for the abovementioned viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amse De Meyer
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Luo Y, de Gruijl FR, Vermeer MH, Tensen CP. "Next top" mouse models advancing CTCL research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1372881. [PMID: 38665428 PMCID: PMC11044687 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1372881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review systematically describes the application of in vivo mouse models in studying cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), a complex hematological neoplasm. It highlights the diverse research approaches essential for understanding CTCL's intricate pathogenesis and evaluating potential treatments. The review categorizes various mouse models, including xenograft, syngeneic transplantation, and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), emphasizing their contributions to understanding tumor-host interactions, gene functions, and studies on drug efficacy in CTCL. It acknowledges the limitations of these models, particularly in fully replicating human immune responses and early stages of CTCL. The review also highlights novel developments focusing on the potential of skin-targeted GEMMs in studying natural skin lymphoma progression and interactions with the immune system from onset. In conclusion, a balanced understanding of these models' strengths and weaknesses are essential for accelerating the deciphering of CTCL pathogenesis and developing treatment methods. The GEMMs engineered to target specifically skin-homing CD4+ T cells can be the next top mouse models that pave the way for exploring the effects of CTCL-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cornelis P. Tensen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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11
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Pícková M, Kahounová Z, Radaszkiewicz T, Procházková J, Fedr R, Nosková M, Radaszkiewicz KA, Ovesná P, Bryja V, Souček K. Orthotopic model for the analysis of melanoma circulating tumor cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7827. [PMID: 38570556 PMCID: PMC10991390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma, a highly lethal form of skin cancer, presents significant clinical challenges due to limited therapeutic options and high metastatic capacity. Recent studies have demonstrated that cancer dissemination can occur earlier, before the diagnosis of the primary tumor. The progress in understanding the kinetics of cancer dissemination is limited by the lack of animal models that accurately mimic disease progression. We have established a xenograft model of human melanoma that spontaneously metastasizes to lymph nodes and lungs. This model allows precise monitoring of melanoma progression and is suitable for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). We have validated a flow cytometry-based protocol for CTCs enumeration and isolation. We could demonstrate that (i) CTCs were detectable in the bloodstream from the fourth week after tumor initiation, coinciding with the lymph node metastases appearance, (ii) excision of the primary tumor accelerated the formation of metastases in lymph nodes and lungs as early as one-week post-surgery, accompanied by the increased numbers of CTCs, and (iii) CTCs change their surface protein signature. In summary, we present a model of human melanoma that can be effectively utilized for future drug efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Pícková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kahounová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Radaszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Fedr
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Nosková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Petra Ovesná
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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12
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Hasham MG, Sargent JK, Warner MA, Farley SR, Hoffmann BR, Stodola TJ, Brunton CJ, Munger SC. Methods to study xenografted human cancer in genetically diverse mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.23.576906. [PMID: 38328145 PMCID: PMC10849620 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Xenografting human cancer tissues into mice to test new cures against cancers is critical for understanding and treating the disease. However, only a few inbred strains of mice are used to study cancers, and derivatives of mainly one strain, mostly NOD/ShiLtJ, are used for therapy efficacy studies. As it has been demonstrated when human cancer cell lines or patient-derived tissues (PDX) are xenografted into mice, the neoplastic cells are human but the supporting cells that comprise the tumor (the stroma) are from the mouse. Therefore, results of studies of xenografted tissues are influenced by the host strain. We previously published that when the same neoplastic cells are xenografted into different mouse strains, the pattern of tumor growth, histology of the tumor, number of immune cells infiltrating the tumor, and types of circulating cytokines differ depending on the strain. Therefore, to better comprehend the behavior of cancer in vivo, one must xenograft multiple mouse strains. Here we describe and report a series of methods that we used to reveal the genes and proteins expressed when the same cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, is xenografted in different hosts. First, using proteomic analysis, we show how to use the same cell line in vivo to reveal the protein changes in the neoplastic cell that help it adapt to its host. Then, we show how different hosts respond molecularly to the same cell line. We also find that using multiple strains can reveal a more suitable host than those traditionally used for a "difficult to xenograft" PDX. In addition, using complex trait genetics, we illustrate a feasible method for uncovering the alleles of the host that support tumor growth. Finally, we demonstrate that Diversity Outbred mice, the epitome of a model of mouse-strain genetic diversity, can be xenografted with human cell lines or PDX using 2-deoxy-D-glucose treatment.
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13
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Hasan T, Pasala AR, Hassan D, Hanotaux J, Allan DS, Maganti HB. Homing and Engraftment of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Following Transplantation: A Pre-Clinical Perspective. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:603-616. [PMID: 38392038 PMCID: PMC10888387 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem-cell (HSC) transplantation (HSCT) is used to treat various hematologic disorders. Use of genetically modified mouse models of hematopoietic cell transplantation has been critical in our fundamental understanding of HSC biology and in developing approaches for human patients. Pre-clinical studies in animal models provide insight into the journey of transplanted HSCs from infusion to engraftment in bone-marrow (BM) niches. Various signaling molecules and growth factors secreted by HSCs and the niche microenvironment play critical roles in homing and engraftment of the transplanted cells. The sustained equilibrium of these chemical and biologic factors ensures that engrafted HSCs generate healthy and durable hematopoiesis. Transplanted healthy HSCs compete with residual host cells to repopulate stem-cell niches in the marrow. Stem-cell niches, in particular, can be altered by the effects of previous treatments, aging, and the paracrine effects of leukemic cells, which create inhospitable bone-marrow niches that are unfavorable for healthy hematopoiesis. More work to understand how stem-cell niches can be restored to favor normal hematopoiesis may be key to reducing leukemic relapses following transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Hasan
- Canadian Blood Services, Stem Cells and Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada; (T.H.); (A.R.P.); (D.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Ajay Ratan Pasala
- Canadian Blood Services, Stem Cells and Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada; (T.H.); (A.R.P.); (D.H.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Dhuha Hassan
- Canadian Blood Services, Stem Cells and Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada; (T.H.); (A.R.P.); (D.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Justine Hanotaux
- Canadian Blood Services, Stem Cells and Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada; (T.H.); (A.R.P.); (D.H.); (J.H.)
| | - David S. Allan
- Canadian Blood Services, Stem Cells and Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada; (T.H.); (A.R.P.); (D.H.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology & Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Harinad B. Maganti
- Canadian Blood Services, Stem Cells and Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada; (T.H.); (A.R.P.); (D.H.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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14
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Brown FC, Carmichael CL. Patient-Derived Xenograft Models for Leukemias. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2806:31-40. [PMID: 38676794 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3858-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) modeling is a valuable tool for the study of leukemia pathogenesis, progression, and therapy response. Engraftment of human leukemia cells occurs following injection into the tail vein (or retro-orbital vein) of preconditioned immunocompromised mice. Injected mice are maintained in a sterile and supportive housing environment until leukemia engraftment is observed, at which time studies such as drug treatments or leukemia sampling can occur. Here, we outline a method for generating PDXs from Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) patient samples using tail vein injection; however it can also be readily applied to T- and B- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Brown
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine L Carmichael
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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15
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Philp LK. Patient-Derived Xenograft Models for Translational Prostate Cancer Research and Drug Development. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2806:153-185. [PMID: 38676802 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3858-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are a valuable preclinical research platform generated through transplantation of a patient's resected tumor into an immunodeficient or humanized mouse. PDXs serve as a high-fidelity avatar for both precision medicine and therapeutic testing against the cancer patient's disease state. While PDXs show mixed response to initial establishment, those that successfully engraft and can be sustained with serial passaging form a useful tool for basic and translational prostate cancer (PCa) research. While genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models and human cancer cell lines, and their xenografts, each play beneficial roles in discovery science and initial drug screening, PDX tumors are emerging as the gold standard approach for therapeutic proof-of-concept prior to entering clinical trial. PDXs are a powerful platform, with PCa PDXs shown to represent the original patient tumor cell population and architecture, histopathology, genomic and transcriptomic landscape, and heterogeneity. Furthermore, PDX response to anticancer drugs in mice has been closely correlated to the original patient's susceptibility to these treatments in the clinic. Several PDXs have been established and have undergone critical in-depth characterization at the cellular and molecular level across multiple PCa tumor subtypes representing both primary and metastatic patient tumors and their inherent levels of androgen responsiveness and/or treatment resistance, including androgen-sensitive, castration resistant, and neuroendocrine PCa. Multiple PDX networks and repositories have been generated for the collaborative and shared use of these vital translational cancer tools. Here we describe the creation of a PDX maintenance colony from an established well-characterized PDX, best practice for PDX maintenance in mice, and their subsequent application in preclinical drug testing. This chapter aims to serve as a go to resource for the preparation and adoption of PCa PDX models in the research laboratory and for their use as a valuable preclinical platform for translational research and therapeutic agent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kate Philp
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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16
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Du EJ, Muench MO. A Monocytic Barrier to the Humanization of Immunodeficient Mice. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:959-980. [PMID: 37859310 PMCID: PMC10997744 DOI: 10.2174/011574888x263597231001164351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Mice with severe immunodeficiencies have become very important tools for studying foreign cells in an in vivo environment. Xenotransplants can be used to model cells from many species, although most often, mice are humanized through the transplantation of human cells or tissues to meet the needs of medical research. The development of immunodeficient mice is reviewed leading up to the current state-of-the-art strains, such as the NOD-scid-gamma (NSG) mouse. NSG mice are excellent hosts for human hematopoietic stem cell transplants or immune reconstitution through transfusion of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, barriers to full hematopoietic engraftment still remain; notably, the survival of human cells in the circulation is brief, which limits overall hematological and immune reconstitution. Reports have indicated a critical role for monocytic cells - monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells - in the clearance of xenogeneic cells from circulation. Various aspects of the NOD genetic background that affect monocytic cell growth, maturation, and function that are favorable to human cell transplantation are discussed. Important receptors, such as SIRPα, that form a part of the innate immune system and enable the recognition and phagocytosis of foreign cells by monocytic cells are reviewed. The development of humanized mouse models has taken decades of work in creating more immunodeficient mice, genetic modification of these mice to express human genes, and refinement of transplant techniques to optimize engraftment. Future advances may focus on the monocytic cells of the host to find ways for further engraftment and survival of xenogeneic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Du
- Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear Street, Suite 200, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear Street, Suite 200, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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17
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Panigrahi G, Candia J, Dorsey TH, Tang W, Ohara Y, Byun JS, Minas TZ, Zhang A, Ajao A, Cellini A, Yfantis HG, Flis AL, Mann D, Ioffe O, Wang XW, Liu H, Loffredo CA, Napoles AM, Ambs S. Diabetes-associated breast cancer is molecularly distinct and shows a DNA damage repair deficiency. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170105. [PMID: 37906280 PMCID: PMC10795835 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes commonly affects patients with cancer. We investigated the influence of diabetes on breast cancer biology using a 3-pronged approach that included analysis of orthotopic human tumor xenografts, patient tumors, and breast cancer cells exposed to diabetes/hyperglycemia-like conditions. We aimed to identify shared phenotypes and molecular signatures by investigating the metabolome, transcriptome, and tumor mutational burden. Diabetes and hyperglycemia did not enhance cell proliferation but induced mesenchymal and stem cell-like phenotypes linked to increased mobility and odds of metastasis. They also promoted oxyradical formation and both a transcriptome and mutational signatures of DNA repair deficiency. Moreover, food- and microbiome-derived metabolites tended to accumulate in breast tumors in the presence of diabetes, potentially affecting tumor biology. Breast cancer cells cultured under hyperglycemia-like conditions acquired increased DNA damage and sensitivity to DNA repair inhibitors. Based on these observations, we conclude that diabetes-associated breast tumors may show an increased drug response to DNA damage repair inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gatikrushna Panigrahi
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julián Candia
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiffany H. Dorsey
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Data Science & Artificial Intelligence, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuuki Ohara
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jung S. Byun
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tsion Zewdu Minas
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anuoluwapo Ajao
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley Cellini
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Harris G. Yfantis
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center and Veterans Affairs Maryland Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy L. Flis
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dean Mann
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Olga Ioffe
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xin W. Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Huaitian Liu
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher A. Loffredo
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anna Maria Napoles
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Cantley J, Eizirik DL, Latres E, Dayan CM. Islet cells in human type 1 diabetes: from recent advances to novel therapies - a symposium-based roadmap for future research. J Endocrinol 2023; 259:e230082. [PMID: 37493471 PMCID: PMC10502961 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing understanding that the early phases of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are characterised by a deleterious dialogue between the pancreatic beta cells and the immune system. This, combined with the urgent need to better translate this growing knowledge into novel therapies, provided the background for the JDRF-DiabetesUK-INNODIA-nPOD symposium entitled 'Islet cells in human T1D: from recent advances to novel therapies', which took place in Stockholm, Sweden, in September 2022. We provide in this article an overview of the main themes addressed in the symposium, pointing to both promising conclusions and key unmet needs that remain to be addressed in order to achieve better approaches to prevent or reverse T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cantley
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - D L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles Faculté de Médecine, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - E Latres
- JDRF International, New York, NY, USA
| | - C M Dayan
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - the JDRF-DiabetesUK-INNODIA-nPOD Stockholm Symposium 2022
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles Faculté de Médecine, Bruxelles, Belgium
- JDRF International, New York, NY, USA
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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19
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Maya S, Hershkovich L, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Shirvani-Dastgerdi E, Srinivas J, Shekhtman L, Uprichard SL, Berneshawi AR, Cafiero TR, Dahari H, Ploss A. Hepatitis delta virus RNA decline post-inoculation in human NTCP transgenic mice is biphasic. mBio 2023; 14:e0100823. [PMID: 37436080 PMCID: PMC10470517 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01008-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B and delta viruses (HDV) is the most serious form of viral hepatitis due to more severe manifestations of an accelerated progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We characterized early HDV kinetics post-inoculation and incorporated mathematical modeling to provide insights into host-HDV dynamics. We analyzed HDV RNA serum viremia in 192 immunocompetent (C57BL/6) and immunodeficient (NRG) mice that did or did not transgenically express the HDV receptor-human sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (hNTCP). Kinetic analysis indicates an unanticipated biphasic decline consisting of a sharp first-phase and slower second-phase decline regardless of immunocompetence. HDV decline after re-inoculation again followed a biphasic decline; however, a steeper second-phase HDV decline was observed in NRG-hNTCP mice compared to NRG mice. HDV-entry inhibitor bulevirtide administration and HDV re-inoculation indicated that viral entry and receptor saturation are not major contributors to clearance, respectively. The biphasic kinetics can be mathematically modeled by assuming the existence of a non-specific-binding compartment with a constant on/off-rate and the steeper second-phase decline by a loss of bound virus that cannot be returned as free virus to circulation. The model predicts that free HDV is cleared with a half-life of 35 minutes (standard error, SE: 6.3), binds to non-specific cells with a rate of 0.05 per hour (SE: 0.01), and returns as free virus with a rate of 0.11 per hour (SE: 0.02). Characterizing early HDV-host kinetics elucidates how quickly HDV is either cleared or bound depending on the immunological background and hNTCP presence. IMPORTANCE The persistence phase of HDV infection has been studied in some animal models; however, the early kinetics of HDV in vivo is incompletely understood. In this study, we characterize an unexpectedly HDV biphasic decline post-inoculation in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mouse models and use mathematical modeling to provide insights into HDV-host dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Maya
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Leeor Hershkovich
- Department of Medicine, The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - E. Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Department of Medicine, The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jay Srinivas
- Department of Medicine, The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Louis Shekhtman
- Department of Medicine, The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Susan L. Uprichard
- Department of Medicine, The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew R. Berneshawi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas R. Cafiero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Harel Dahari
- Department of Medicine, The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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20
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Lang Y, Lyu Y, Tan Y, Hu Z. Progress in construction of mouse models to investigate the pathogenesis and immune therapy of human hematological malignancy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195194. [PMID: 37646021 PMCID: PMC10461088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancy is a disease arisen by complicate reasons that seriously endangers human health. The research on its pathogenesis and therapies depends on the usage of animal models. Conventional animal model cannot faithfully mirror some characteristics of human features due to the evolutionary divergence, whereas the mouse models hosting human hematological malignancy are more and more applied in basic as well as translational investigations in recent years. According to the construction methods, they can be divided into different types (e.g. cell-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft model (PDX) model) that have diverse characteristics and application values. In addition, a variety of strategies have been developed to improve human hematological malignant cell engraftment and differentiation in vivo. Moreover, the humanized mouse model with both functional human immune system and autologous human hematological malignancy provides a unique tool for the evaluation of the efficacy of novel immunotherapeutic drugs/approaches. Herein, we first review the evolution of the mouse model of human hematological malignancy; Then, we analyze the characteristics of different types of models and summarize the ways to improve the models; Finally, the way and value of humanized mouse model of human immune system in the immunotherapy of human hematological malignancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yehui Tan
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Nakajima S, Okuma K. Mouse Models for HTLV-1 Infection and Adult T Cell Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11737. [PMID: 37511495 PMCID: PMC10380921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive hematologic disease caused by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Various animal models of HTLV-1 infection/ATL have been established to elucidate the pathogenesis of ATL and develop appropriate treatments. For analyses employing murine models, transgenic and immunodeficient mice are used because of the low infectivity of HTLV-1 in mice. Each mouse model has different characteristics that must be considered before use for different HTLV-1 research purposes. HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ transgenic mice spontaneously develop tumors, and the roles of both Tax and HBZ in cell transformation and tumor growth have been established. Severely immunodeficient mice were able to be engrafted with ATL cell lines and have been used in preclinical studies of candidate molecules for the treatment of ATL. HTLV-1-infected humanized mice with an established human immune system are a suitable model to characterize cells in the early stages of HTLV-1 infection. This review outlines the characteristics of mouse models of HTLV-1 infection/ATL and describes progress made in elucidating the pathogenesis of ATL and developing related therapies using these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nakajima
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Métivier C, Le Saëc P, Gaschet J, Chauvet C, Marionneau-Lambot S, Hofgaard PO, Bogen B, Pineau J, Le Bris N, Tripier R, Alliot C, Haddad F, Chérel M, Chouin N, Faivre-Chauvet A, Rbah-Vidal L. Preclinical Evaluation of a 64Cu-Based Theranostic Approach in a Murine Model of Multiple Myeloma. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1817. [PMID: 37514004 PMCID: PMC10385603 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the concept of theranostics is neither new nor exclusive to nuclear medicine, it is a particularly promising approach for the future of nuclear oncology. This approach is based on the use of molecules targeting specific biomarkers in the tumour or its microenvironment, associated with optimal radionuclides which, depending on their emission properties, allow the combination of diagnosis by molecular imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). Copper-64 has suitable decay properties (both β+ and β- decays) for PET imaging and potentially for TRT, making it both an imaging and therapy agent. We developed and evaluated a theranostic approach using a copper-64 radiolabelled anti-CD138 antibody, [64Cu]Cu-TE1PA-9E7.4 in a MOPC315.BM mouse model of multiple myeloma. PET imaging using [64Cu]Cu-TE1PA-9E7.4 allows for high-resolution PET images. Dosimetric estimation from ex vivo biodistribution data revealed acceptable delivered doses to healthy organs and tissues, and a very encouraging tumour absorbed dose for TRT applications. Therapeutic efficacy resulting in delayed tumour growth and increased survival without inducing major or irreversible toxicity has been observed with 2 doses of 35 MBq administered at a 2-week interval. Repeated injections of [64Cu]Cu-TE1PA-9E7.4 are safe and can be effective for TRT application in this syngeneic preclinical model of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Métivier
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Patricia Le Saëc
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Joëlle Gaschet
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Chauvet
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, 44007 Nantes, France
| | | | - Peter O Hofgaard
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, 04024 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, 04024 Oslo, Norway
| | - Julie Pineau
- Univ. Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Nathalie Le Bris
- Univ. Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- Univ. Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Cyrille Alliot
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, 44007 Nantes, France
- GIP ARRONAX, 44800 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Férid Haddad
- IMT Atlantique, Nantes Université, Subatech, 44307 Nantes, France
- GIP ARRONAX, 44800 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Michel Chérel
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, 44007 Nantes, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, ICO-René Gauducheau Cancer Center, 44800 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Nicolas Chouin
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Oniris, CRCI2NA, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Alain Faivre-Chauvet
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, CHU Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Latifa Rbah-Vidal
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, 44007 Nantes, France
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David C, Ruck T, Rolfes L, Mencl S, Kraft P, Schuhmann MK, Schroeter CB, Jansen R, Langhauser F, Mausberg AK, Fender AC, Meuth SG, Kleinschnitz C. Impact of NKG2D Signaling on Natural Killer and T-Cell Function in Cerebral Ischemia. J Am Heart Assoc 2023:e029529. [PMID: 37301761 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.029529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Typically defined as a thromboinflammatory disease, ischemic stroke features early and delayed inflammatory responses, which determine the extent of ischemia-related brain damage. T and natural killer cells have been implicated in neuronal cytotoxicity and inflammation, but the precise mechanisms of immune cell-mediated stroke progression remain poorly understood. The activating immunoreceptor NKG2D is expressed on both natural killer and T cells and may be critically involved. Methods and Results An anti-NKG2D blocking antibody alleviated stroke outcome in terms of infarct volume and functional deficits, coinciding with reduced immune cell infiltration into the brain and improved survival in the animal model of cerebral ischemia. Using transgenic knockout models devoid of certain immune cell types and immunodeficient mice supplemented with different immune cell subsets, we dissected the functional contribution of NKG2D signaling by different NKG2D-expressing cells in stroke pathophysiology. The observed effect of NKG2D signaling in stroke progression was shown to be predominantly mediated by natural killer and CD8+ T cells. Transfer of T cells with monovariant T-cell receptors into immunodeficient mice with and without pharmacological blockade of NKG2D revealed activation of CD8+ T cells irrespective of antigen specificity. Detection of the NKG2D receptor and its ligands in brain samples of patients with stroke strengthens the relevance of preclinical observations in human disease. Conclusions Our findings provide a mechanistic insight into NKG2D-dependent natural killer- and T-cell-mediated effects in stroke pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina David
- Department of Neurology With Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS) University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Leoni Rolfes
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Stine Mencl
- Department of Neurology With Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS) University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Neurology Hospital Main-Spessart Lohr am Main Germany
- Department of Neurology University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | | | - Christina B Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Robin Jansen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Friederike Langhauser
- Department of Neurology With Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS) University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany
| | - Anne K Mausberg
- Department of Neurology With Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS) University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany
| | - Anke C Fender
- Department of Pharmacology University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology With Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS) University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany
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Chen A, Neuwirth I, Herndler-Brandstetter D. Modeling the Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunotherapy in Next-Generation Humanized Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2989. [PMID: 37296949 PMCID: PMC10251926 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has brought significant clinical benefits to numerous patients with malignant disease. However, only a fraction of patients experiences complete and durable responses to currently available immunotherapies. This highlights the need for more effective immunotherapies, combination treatments and predictive biomarkers. The molecular properties of a tumor, intratumor heterogeneity and the tumor immune microenvironment decisively shape tumor evolution, metastasis and therapy resistance and are therefore key targets for precision cancer medicine. Humanized mice that support the engraftment of patient-derived tumors and recapitulate the human tumor immune microenvironment of patients represent a promising preclinical model to address fundamental questions in precision immuno-oncology and cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we provide an overview of next-generation humanized mouse models suitable for the establishment and study of patient-derived tumors. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of modeling the tumor immune microenvironment and testing a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches using human immune system mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dietmar Herndler-Brandstetter
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.); (I.N.)
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25
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Ding T, Yu Y, Pan X, Chen H. Establishment of humanized mice and its application progress in cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2023; 15:679-697. [PMID: 37096919 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2022-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The current high prevalence of malignant tumors has attracted considerable attention, and treating advanced malignancies is becoming increasingly difficult. Although immunotherapy is a hopeful alternative, it is effective in only a few people. Thus, development of preclinical animal models is needed. Humanized xenotransplantation mouse models can help with selecting treatment protocols, evaluating curative effects and assessing prognosis. This review discusses the establishment of humanized mouse models and their application prospects in cancer immunotherapy to identify tailored therapies for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Ding
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Pan
- Department of Vision Rehabilitation, Gansu Province Hospital Rehabilitation Center, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
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26
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Chuprin J, Buettner H, Seedhom MO, Greiner DL, Keck JG, Ishikawa F, Shultz LD, Brehm MA. Humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology research. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:192-206. [PMID: 36635480 PMCID: PMC10593256 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment paradigm for many malignancies and is transforming the drug development landscape. Although immunotherapeutic agents have demonstrated clinical efficacy, they are associated with variable clinical responses, and substantial gaps remain in our understanding of their mechanisms of action and specific biomarkers of response. Currently, the number of preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate interactions between the human immune system and tumours and enable evaluation of human-specific immunotherapies in vivo is limited. Humanized mice, a term that refers to immunodeficient mice co-engrafted with human tumours and immune components, provide several advantages for immuno-oncology research. In this Review, we discuss the benefits and challenges of the currently available humanized mice, including specific interactions between engrafted human tumours and immune components, the development and survival of human innate immune populations in these mice, and approaches to study mice engrafted with matched patient tumours and immune cells. We highlight the latest advances in the generation of humanized mouse models, with the aim of providing a guide for their application to immuno-oncology studies with potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Chuprin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Buettner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mina O Seedhom
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Maya S, Hershkovich L, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Shirvani-Dastgerdi E, Srinivas J, Shekhtman L, Uprichard SL, Berneshawi AR, Cafiero TR, Dahari H, Ploss A. Hepatitis delta virus RNA decline post inoculation in human NTCP transgenic mice is biphasic. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.17.528964. [PMID: 36824865 PMCID: PMC9949124 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.17.528964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Chronic infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis delta viruses (HDV) is considered the most serious form of viral hepatitis due to more severe manifestations of and accelerated progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is no FDA-approved treatment for HDV and current interferon-alpha treatment is suboptimal. We characterized early HDV kinetics post inoculation and incorporated mathematical modeling to provide insights into host-HDV dynamics. Methods We analyzed HDV RNA serum viremia in 192 immunocompetent (C57BL/6) and immunodeficient (NRG) mice that did or did not transgenically express the HDV receptor - human sodium taurocholate co-transporting peptide (hNTCP). Results Kinetic analysis indicates an unanticipated biphasic decline consisting of a sharp first-phase and slower second-phase decline regardless of immunocompetence. HDV decline after re-inoculation again followed a biphasic decline; however, a steeper second-phase HDV decline was observed in NRG-hNTCP mice compared to NRG mice. HDV-entry inhibitor bulevirtide administration and HDV re-inoculation indicated that viral entry and receptor saturation are not major contributors to clearance, respectively. The biphasic kinetics can be mathematically modeled by assuming the existence of a non-specific binding compartment with a constant on/off-rate and the steeper second-phase decline by a loss of bound virus that cannot be returned as free virus to circulation. The model predicts that free HDV is cleared with a half-life of 18 minutes (standard error, SE: 2.4), binds to non-specific cells with a rate of 0.06 hour -1 (SE: 0.03), and returns as free virus with a rate of 0.23 hour -1 (SE: 0.03). Conclusions Understanding early HDV-host kinetics will inform pre-clinical therapeutic kinetic studies on how the efficacy of anti-HDV therapeutics can be affected by early kinetics of viral decline. LAY SUMMARY The persistence phase of HDV infection has been studied in some animal models, however, the early kinetics of HDV in vivo is incompletely understood. In this study, we characterize an unexpectedly HDV biphasic decline post inoculation in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mouse models and use mathematical modeling to provide insights into HDV-host dynamics. Understanding the kinetics of viral clearance in the blood can aid pre-clinical development and testing models for anti-HDV therapeutics.
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Recent Developments in NSG and NRG Humanized Mouse Models for Their Use in Viral and Immune Research. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020478. [PMID: 36851692 PMCID: PMC9962986 DOI: 10.3390/v15020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models have been widely used in virology, immunology, and oncology in the last decade. With advances in the generation of knockout mouse strains, it is now possible to generate animals in which human immune cells or human tissue can be engrafted. These models have been used for the study of human infectious diseases, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of humanized mice to model human-specific viral infections. A human immune system in these models is crucial to understand the pathogenesis observed in human patients, which allows for better treatment design and vaccine development. Recent advances in our knowledge about viral pathogenicity and immune response using NSG and NRG mice are reviewed in this paper.
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Mohammad SN, Choi YS, Chung JY, Cedrone E, Neun BW, Dobrovolskaia MA, Yang X, Guo W, Chew YC, Kim J, Baek S, Kim IS, Fruman DA, Kwon YJ. Nanocomplexes of doxorubicin and DNA fragments for efficient and safe cancer chemotherapy. J Control Release 2023; 354:91-108. [PMID: 36572154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-targeted therapy by a chemotherapeutic agent formulated in a nanoscale platform has been challenged by complex and inefficient manufacturing, low drug loading, difficult characterization, and marginally improved therapeutic efficacy. This study investigated facile-to-produce nanocomplexes of doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used cancer drug, and clinically approved DNA fragments that are extracted from a natural source. DOX was found to self-assemble DNA fragments into relatively monodispersed nanocomplexes with a diameter of ∼70 nm at 14.3% (w/w) drug loading by simple and scalable mixing. The resulting DOX/DNA nanocomplexes showed sustained DOX release, unlike overly stable Doxil®, cellular uptake via multiple endocytosis pathways, and high hematological and immunological compatibility. DOX/DNA nanocomplexes eradicated EL4 T lymphoma cells in a time-dependent manner, eventually surpassing free DOX. Extended circulation of DOX/DNA nanocomplexes, while avoiding off-target accumulation in the lung and being cleared from the liver, resulted in rapid accumulation in tumor and lowered cardio toxicity. Finally, tumor growth of EL4-challenged C57BL/6 mice (syngeneic model) and OPM2-challenged NSG mice (human xenograft model) were efficiently inhibited by DOX/DNA nanocomplexes with enhanced overall survival, in comparison with free DOX and Doxil®, especially upon repeated administrations. DOX/DNA nanocomplexes are a promising chemotherapeutics delivery platform for their ease of manufacturing, high biocompatibility, desired drug release and accumulation, efficient tumor eradication with improved safety, and further engineering versatility for extended therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad N Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Yeon Su Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Jee Young Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Edward Cedrone
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Barry W Neun
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA 92604, United States
| | - Wei Guo
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA 92604, United States
| | - Yap Ching Chew
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA 92604, United States
| | - Juwan Kim
- Pharma Research, Co, Ltd., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggul Baek
- Pharma Research, Co, Ltd., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Soo Kim
- Pharma Research, Co, Ltd., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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Milot MC, Bélissant-Benesty O, Dumulon-Perreault V, Ait-Mohand S, Geha S, Richard PO, Rousseau É, Guérin B. Theranostic 64Cu-DOTHA 2-PSMA allows low toxicity radioligand therapy in mice prostate cancer model. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1073491. [PMID: 36741017 PMCID: PMC9889868 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1073491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We have previously shown that copper-64 (64Cu)-DOTHA2-PSMA can be used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of prostate cancer. Owing to the long-lasting, high tumoral uptake of 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA in vivo. Methods LNCaP tumor-bearing NOD-Rag1nullIL2rgnull (NRG) mice were treated with an intraveinous single-dose of 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA at maximal tolerated injected activity, natCu-DOTHA2-PSMA at equimolar amount (control) or lutetium-177 (177Lu)-PSMA-617 at 120 MBq to assess their impact on survival. Weight, well-being and tumor size were followed until mice reached 62 days post-injection or ethical limits. Toxicity was assessed through weight, red blood cells (RBCs) counts, pathology and dosimetry calculations. Results Survival was longer with 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA than with natCu-DOTHA2-PSMA (p < 0.001). Likewise, survival was also longer when compared to 177Lu-PSMA-617, although it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.09). RBCs counts remained within normal range for the 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA group. 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA treated mice showed non-pathological fibrosis and no other signs of radiation injury. Human extrapolation of dosimetry yielded an effective dose of 3.14 × 10-2 mSv/MBq, with highest organs doses to gastrointestinal tract and liver. Discussion Collectively, our data showed that 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA-directed radioligand therapy was effective for the treatment of LNCaP tumor-bearing NRG mice with acceptable toxicity and dosimetry. The main potential challenge is the hepatic and gastrointestinal irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Milot
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Ophélie Bélissant-Benesty
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sameh Geha
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick O. Richard
- Department of Surgery, Division of urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Rousseau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada,Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada,Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Brigitte Guérin,
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Tamura T, Zhang J, Madan V, Biswas A, Schwoerer MP, Cafiero TR, Heller BL, Wang W, Ploss A. Generation and characterization of genetically and antigenically diverse infectious clones of dengue virus serotypes 1-4. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:227-239. [PMID: 34931940 PMCID: PMC8745371 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2021808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is caused by four genetically distinct viral serotypes, dengue virus (DENV) 1-4. Following transmission by Aedes mosquitoes, DENV can cause a broad spectrum of clinically apparent disease ranging from febrile illness to dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Progress in the understanding of different dengue serotypes and their impacts on specific host-virus interactions has been hampered by the scarcity of tools that adequately reflect their antigenic and genetic diversity. To bridge this gap, we created and characterized infectious clones of DENV1-4 originating from South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Analysis of whole viral genome sequences of five DENV isolates from each of the four serotypes confirmed their broad genetic and antigenic diversity. Using a modified circular polymerase extension reaction (CPER), we generated de novo viruses from these isolates. The resultant clones replicated robustly in human and insect cells at levels similar to those of the parental strains. To investigate in vivo properties of these genetically diverse isolates, representative viruses from each DENV serotype were administered to NOD Rag1-/-, IL2rgnull Flk2-/- (NRGF) mice, engrafted with components of a human immune system. All DENV strains tested resulted in viremia in humanized mice and induced cellular and IgM immune responses. Collectively, we describe here a workflow for rapidly generating de novo infectious clones of DENV - and conceivably other RNA viruses. The infectious clones described here are a valuable resource for reverse genetic studies and for characterizing host responses to DENV in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Vrinda Madan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Abhishek Biswas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Research Computing, Office of Information Technology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Thomas R Cafiero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Brigitte L Heller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Carl Icahn Laboratory, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Fraker S, Atkinson B, Heredia A. Humanized mouse models for preclinical evaluation of HIV cure strategies. AIDS Rev 2022; 24:139-151. [PMID: 35622983 PMCID: PMC9643647 DOI: 10.24875/aidsrev.22000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the world is currently focused on the COVID-19 pandemic, HIV/AIDS remains a significant threat to public health. To date, the HIV/AIDS pandemic has claimed the lives of over 36 million people, while nearly 38 million people are currently living with the virus. Despite the undeniable success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in controlling HIV, the medications are not curative. Soon after initial infection, HIV integrates into the genome of infected cells as a provirus, primarily, within CD4+ T lymphocytes and tissue macrophages. When not actively transcribed, the provirus is referred to as a latent reservoir because it is hidden to the immune system and ART. Following ART discontinuation, HIV may emerge from the replication-competent proviruses and resumes the infection of healthy cells. Thus, these latent reservoirs are a major obstacle to an HIV cure, and their removal remains a priority. A vital aspect in the development of curative therapies is the demonstration of efficacy in an animal model, such as the humanized mouse model. Therefore, optimization, standardization, and validation of the humanized mouse model are a priority. The purpose of this review article is to provide an update on existing humanized mouse models, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each as they pertain to HIV cure studies and to review the approaches to curative therapies that are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Fraker
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Benjamin Atkinson
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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Chen J, Liao S, Xiao Z, Pan Q, Wang X, Shen K, Wang S, Yang L, Guo F, Liu HF, Pan Q. The development and improvement of immunodeficient mice and humanized immune system mouse models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007579. [PMID: 36341323 PMCID: PMC9626807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models play an indispensable role in the study of human diseases. However, animal models of different diseases do not fully mimic the complex internal environment of humans. Immunodeficient mice are deficient in certain genes and do not express these or show reduced expression in some of their cells, facilitating the establishment of humanized mice and simulation of the human environment in vivo. Here, we summarize the developments in immunodeficient mice, from the initial nude mice lacking T lymphocytes to NOD/SCID rgnull mice lacking T, B, and NK cell populations. We describe existing humanized immune system mouse models based on immunodeficient mice in which human cells or tissues have been transplanted to establish a human immune system, including humanized-peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Hu-PBMCs), humanized hematopoietic stem cells (Hu-HSCs), and humanized bone marrow, liver, thymus (Hu-BLT) mouse models. The different methods for their development involve varying levels of complexity and humanization. Humanized mice are widely used in the study of various diseases to provide a transitional stage for clinical research. However, several challenges persist, including improving the efficiency of reconstructing the human B cell immune response, extending lifespan, improving the survival rate of mice to extend the observation period, and improving the development of standardized commercialized models and as well as their use. Overall, there are many opportunities and challenges in the development of humanized immune system mouse models which can provide novel strategies for understanding the mechanisms and treatments of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingjun Pan
- *Correspondence: Hua-feng Liu, ; Qingjun Pan,
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Jaeger B, Schupp JC, Plappert L, Terwolbeck O, Artysh N, Kayser G, Engelhard P, Adams TS, Zweigerdt R, Kempf H, Lienenklaus S, Garrels W, Nazarenko I, Jonigk D, Wygrecka M, Klatt D, Schambach A, Kaminski N, Prasse A. Airway basal cells show a dedifferentiated KRT17 highPhenotype and promote fibrosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5637. [PMID: 36163190 PMCID: PMC9513076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease with limited treatment options. In this study, we focus on the properties of airway basal cells (ABC) obtained from patients with IPF (IPF-ABC). Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of bronchial brushes revealed extensive reprogramming of IPF-ABC towards a KRT17high PTENlow dedifferentiated cell type. In the 3D organoid model, compared to ABC obtained from healthy volunteers, IPF-ABC give rise to more bronchospheres, de novo bronchial structures resembling lung developmental processes, induce fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition in co-culture. Intratracheal application of IPF-ABC into minimally injured lungs of Rag2-/- or NRG mice causes severe fibrosis, remodeling of the alveolar compartment, and formation of honeycomb cyst-like structures. Connectivity MAP analysis of scRNAseq of bronchial brushings suggested that gene expression changes in IPF-ABC can be reversed by SRC inhibition. After demonstrating enhanced SRC expression and activity in these cells, and in IPF lungs, we tested the effects of saracatinib, a potent SRC inhibitor previously studied in humans. We demonstrate that saracatinib modified in-vitro and in-vivo the profibrotic changes observed in our 3D culture system and novel mouse xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Jaeger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonas Christian Schupp
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Linda Plappert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Terwolbeck
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nataliia Artysh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gian Kayser
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peggy Engelhard
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Taylor Sterling Adams
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Kempf
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Garrels
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Irina Nazarenko
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Denise Klatt
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Antje Prasse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Sargent JK, Warner MA, Low BE, Schott WH, Hoffert T, Coleman D, Woo XY, Sheridan T, Erattupuzha S, Henrich PP, Philip VM, Chuang JH, Wiles MV, Hasham MG. Genetically diverse mouse platform to xenograft cancer cells. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276456. [PMID: 36037073 PMCID: PMC9459392 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of genetically diverse preclinical animal models in basic biology and efficacy testing has been cited as a potential cause of failure in clinical trials. We developed and characterized five diverse RAG1 null mouse strains as models that allow xenografts to grow. In these strains, we characterized the growth of breast cancer, leukemia and glioma cell lines. We found a wide range of growth characteristics that were far more dependent on strain than tumor type. For the breast cancer cell line, we characterized the spectrum of xenograft/tumor growth at structural, histological, cellular and molecular levels across each strain, and found that each strain captures unique structural components of the stroma. Furthermore, we showed that the increase in tumor-infiltrating myeloid CD45+ cells and the amount of circulating cytokine IL-6 and chemokine KC (also known as CXCL1) is associated with a higher tumor size in different strains. This resource is available to study established human xenografts, as well as difficult-to-xenograft tumors and growth of hematopoietic stems cells, and to decipher the role of myeloid cells in the development of spontaneous cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Sargent
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Mark A Warner
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Benjamin E Low
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - William H Schott
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Todd Hoffert
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - David Coleman
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Xing Yi Woo
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Todd Sheridan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Hartford Hospital, Department of Pathology, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
| | - Sonia Erattupuzha
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Philipp P Henrich
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Vivek M Philip
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Chuang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Michael V Wiles
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Muneer G Hasham
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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Liu Y, Park D, Cafiero TR, Bram Y, Chandar V, Tseng A, Gertje HP, Crossland NA, Su L, Schwartz RE, Ploss A. Molecular clones of genetically distinct hepatitis B virus genotypes reveal distinct host and drug treatment responses. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100535. [PMID: 36035359 PMCID: PMC9403497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims HBV exhibits wide genetic diversity with at least 9 genotypes (GTs), which differ in terms of prevalence, geographic distribution, natural history, disease progression, and treatment outcome. However, differences in HBV replicative capacity, gene expression, and infective capability across different GTs remain incompletely understood. Herein, we aimed to study these crucial aspects using newly constructed infectious clones covering the major HBV GTs. Methods The replicative capacity of infectious clones covering HBV GTs A-E was analyzed in cell lines, primary hepatocytes and humanized mice. Host responses and histopathology induced by the different HBV GTs were characterized in hydrodynamically injected mice. Differences in treatment responses to entecavir and various HBV capsid inhibitors were also quantified across the different genetically defined GTs. Results Patient-derived HBV infectious clones replicated robustly both in vitro and in vivo. GTs A and D induce more pronounced intrahepatic and proinflammatory cytokine responses which correlated with faster viral clearance. Notably, all 5 HBV clones robustly produced viral particles following transfection into HepG2 cells, and these particles were infectious in HepG2-NTCP cells, primary human hepatocytes and human chimeric mice. Notably, GT D virus exhibited higher infectivity than GTs A, B, C and E in vitro, although it was comparable to GT A and B in the human liver chimeric mice in vivo. HBV capsid inhibitors were more readily capable of suppressing HBV GTs A, B, D and E than C. Conclusions The infectious clones described here have broad utility as genetic tools that can mechanistically dissect intergenotypic differences in antiviral immunity and pathogenesis and aid in HBV drug development and screening. Lay summary The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major contributor to human morbidity and mortality. HBV can be categorized into a number of genotypes, based on their specific genetic make-up, of which 9 are well known. We isolated and cloned the genomes of 5 of these genotypes and used them to create valuable tools for future research on this clinically important virus.
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Key Words
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- BCP, basic core promoter
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B
- CpAM, core protein allosteric modulators
- DR, direct repeat
- ETV, entecavir
- En, enhancer
- GT(s), genotype(s)
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBVcc, cell culture-derived HBV
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDI, hydrodynamic injection
- IFN, interferon
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- NA, nucleos(t)ide analogue
- NRG, NODRag1−/−IL2RγNULL
- PHH, primiary human hepatocyte
- SVR, sustained virologic response
- cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA
- dpi, days post infection
- drug development
- genotypes
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis B virus
- host responses
- pgRNA, pre-genomic RNA
- reverse genetics
- viral hepatitis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Debby Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas R. Cafiero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yaron Bram
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vasuretha Chandar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Tseng
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hans P. Gertje
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Crossland
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert E. Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Comparing Current and Next-generation Humanized Mouse Models for Advancing HIV and HIV/Mtb Co-infection Studies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091927. [PMID: 36146734 PMCID: PMC9500899 DOI: 10.3390/v14091927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In people living with HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the major cause of death. Due to the increased morbidity/mortality in co-infection, further research is urgently required. A limiting factor to research in HIV and HIV/Mtb co-infection is the lack of accessible in vivo models. Next-generation humanized mice expressing HLA transgenes report improved human immune reconstitution and functionality, which may better recapitulate human disease. This study compares well-established huNRG mice and next-generation HLA I/II-transgenic (huDRAG-A2) mice for immune reconstitution, disease course, and pathology in HIV and TB. HuDRAG-A2 mice have improved engraftment of key immune cell types involved in HIV and TB disease. Upon intravaginal HIV-1 infection, both models developed significant HIV target cell depletion in the blood and tissues. Upon intranasal Mtb infection, both models sustained high bacterial load within the lungs and tissue dissemination. Some huDRAG-A2 granulomas appeared more classically organized, characterized by focal central necrosis, multinucleated giant cells, and foamy macrophages surrounded by a halo of CD4+ T cells. HIV/Mtb co-infection in huNRG mice trended towards worsened TB pathology and showed potential for modeling co-infection. Both huNRG and huDRAG-A2 mice are viable options for investigating HIV and TB, but the huDRAG-A2 model may offer advantages.
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Hekmatnejad B, Rudnicki MA. Transplantation to study satellite cell heterogeneity in skeletal muscle. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:902225. [PMID: 36092722 PMCID: PMC9448869 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.902225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable capacity to regenerate throughout life, which is mediated by its resident muscle stem cells, also called satellite cells. Satellite cells, located periphery to the muscle fibers and underneath the basal lamina, are an indispensable cellular source for muscle regeneration. Satellite cell transplantation into regenerating muscle contributes robustly to muscle repair, thereby indicating that satellite cells indeed function as adult muscle stem cells. Moreover, satellite cells are a heterogenous population in adult tissue, with subpopulations that can be distinguished based on gene expression, cell-cycle progression, ability to self-renew, and bi-potential ability. Transplantation assays provide a powerful tool to better understand satellite cell function in vivo enabling the separation of functionally distinct satellite cell subpopulations. In this review, we focus on transplantation strategies to explore satellite cells’ functional heterogeneity, approaches targeting the recipient tissue to improve transplantation efficiency, and common strategies to monitor the behaviour of the transplanted cells. Lastly, we discuss some recent approaches to overcome challenges to enhance the transplantation potential of muscle stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hekmatnejad
- The Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael A. Rudnicki
- The Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Michael A. Rudnicki,
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Milot MC, Benesty OB, Dumulon-Perreault V, Ait-Mohand S, Richard PO, Rousseau É, Guérin B. 64Cu-DOTHA 2-PSMA, a Novel PSMA PET Radiotracer for Prostate Cancer with a Long Imaging Time Window. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080996. [PMID: 36015144 PMCID: PMC9412875 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer imaging and late-stage management can be improved with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting radiotracers. We developed a PSMA positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, DOTHA2-PSMA radiolabeled with 64Cu (T1/2: 12.7 h), to leverage its large imaging time window. This preclinical study aimed to evaluate the biological and imaging properties of 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA. Its stability was assessed in plasma ex vivo and in mice. Cellular behavior was studied for up to 48 h in LNCaP cells. Biodistribution studies were performed in balb/c mice for up to 48 h. Dynamic (1 h) and static (4 h and 24 h) PET imaging was completed in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice. 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA was stable ex vivo in plasma and reached cellular internalization up to 34.1 ± 4.9% injected activity (IA)/106 cells at 48 h post-injection (p.i.). Biodistribution results showed significantly lower uptake in kidneys than 68Ga-PSMA-617, our reference PET tracer (p < 0.001), but higher liver uptake at 2 h p.i. (p < 0.001). PET images showed 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA’s highest tumoral uptake at 4 h p.i., with a significant difference between blocked and non-blocked groups from the time of injection to 24 h p.i. The high stability and tumor uptake with a long tumor imaging time window of 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA potentially contribute to the prostate cancer theranostic approach and its local recurrence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Milot
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Ophélie Bélissant Benesty
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Véronique Dumulon-Perreault
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Patrick O. Richard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Étienne Rousseau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Miyasaka Y, Wang J, Hattori K, Yamauchi Y, Hoshi M, Yoshimi K, Ishida S, Mashimo T. A high-quality severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) rat bioresource. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272950. [PMID: 35960733 PMCID: PMC9374221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient animals are valuable models for the engraftment of exogenous tissues; they are widely used in many fields, including the creation of humanized animal models, as well as regenerative medicine and oncology. Compared with mice, laboratory rats have a larger body size and can more easily undergo transplantation of various tissues and organs. Considering the absence of high-quality resources of immunodeficient rats, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system to knock out the interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene (Il2rg) in F344/Jcl rats—alone or together with recombination activating gene 2 (Rag2)—to create a high-quality bioresource that researchers can freely use: severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) rats. We selected one founder rat with frame-shift mutations in both Il2rg (5-bp del) and Rag2 ([1-bp del+2-bp ins]/[7-bp del+2-bp ins]), then conducted mating to establish a line of immunodeficient rats. The immunodeficiency phenotype was preliminarily confirmed by the presence of severe thymic hypoplasia in Il2rg-single knockout (sKO) and Il2rg/Rag2-double knockout (dKO) rats. Assessment of blood cell counts in peripheral blood showed that the white blood cell count was significantly decreased in sKO and dKO rats, while the red blood cell count was unaffected. The decrease in white blood cell count was mainly caused by a decrease in lymphocytes. Furthermore, analyses of lymphocyte populations via flow cytometry showed that the numbers of B cells (CD3- CD45+) and natural killer cells (CD3- CD161+) were markedly reduced in both knockout rats. In contrast, T cells were markedly reduced but showed slightly different results between sKO and dKO rats. Notably, our immunodeficient rats do not exhibit growth retardation or gametogenesis defects. This high-quality SCID rat resource is now managed by the National BioResource Project in Japan. Our SCID rat model has been used in various research fields, demonstrating its importance as a bioresource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Miyasaka
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hattori
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamauchi
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Hoshi
- Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yoshimi
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saeko Ishida
- Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Souto EP, Dobrolecki LE, Villanueva H, Sikora AG, Lewis MT. In Vivo Modeling of Human Breast Cancer Using Cell Line and Patient-Derived Xenografts. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:211-230. [PMID: 35697909 PMCID: PMC9433358 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, human breast cancer has been modeled largely in vitro using long-established cell lines primarily in two-dimensional culture, but also in three-dimensional cultures of varying cellular and molecular complexities. A subset of cell line models has also been used in vivo as cell line-derived xenografts (CDX). While outstanding for conducting detailed molecular analysis of regulatory mechanisms that may function in vivo, results of drug response studies using long-established cell lines have largely failed to translate clinically. In an attempt to address this shortcoming, many laboratories have succeeded in developing clinically annotated patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of human cancers, including breast, in a variety of host systems. While immunocompromised mice are the predominant host, the immunocompromised rat and pig, zebrafish, as well as the chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) have also emerged as potential host platforms to help address perceived shortcomings of immunocompromised mice. With any modeling platform, the two main issues to be resolved are criteria for "credentialing" the models as valid models to represent human cancer, and utility with respect to the ability to generate clinically relevant translational research data. Such data are beginning to emerge, particularly with the activities of PDX consortia such as the NCI PDXNet Program, EuroPDX, and the International Breast Cancer Consortium, as well as a host of pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations (CRO). This review focuses primarily on these important aspects of PDX-related research, with a focus on breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Souto
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lacey E Dobrolecki
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hugo Villanueva
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM-600; Room N1210, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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42
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Gupta B, Rai R, Oertel M, Raeman R. Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Fatty Liver Disease: Roles of Microbiota, Mucosal Immune System, and Bile Acids. Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:122-137. [PMID: 35738255 PMCID: PMC9307091 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) describes a spectrum of progressive liver diseases ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Globally, NAFLD is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality associated with chronic liver disease, and NAFLD patients are at a higher risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While there is a consensus that inflammation plays a key role in promoting NAFLD progression, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Recent clinical and experimental evidence suggest that increased hepatic translocation of gut microbial antigens, secondary to diet-induced impairment of the intestinal barrier may be important in driving hepatic inflammation in NAFLD. Here, we briefly review various endogenous and exogenous factors influencing the intestinal barrier and present recent advances in our understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal barrier dysfunction in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biki Gupta
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ravi Rai
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Oertel
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Reben Raeman
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Aubin AM, Lombard-Vadnais F, Collin R, Aliesky HA, McLachlan SM, Lesage S. The NOD Mouse Beyond Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:874769. [PMID: 35572553 PMCID: PMC9102607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.874769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes arises spontaneously in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice, and the pathophysiology of this disease shares many similarities with human type 1 diabetes. Since its generation in 1980, the NOD mouse, derived from the Cataract Shinogi strain, has represented the gold standard of spontaneous disease models, allowing to investigate autoimmune diabetes disease progression and susceptibility traits, as well as to test a wide array of potential treatments and therapies. Beyond autoimmune diabetes, NOD mice also exhibit polyautoimmunity, presenting with a low incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis and Sjögren's syndrome. Genetic manipulation of the NOD strain has led to the generation of new mouse models facilitating the study of these and other autoimmune pathologies. For instance, following deletion of specific genes or via insertion of resistance alleles at genetic loci, NOD mice can become fully resistant to autoimmune diabetes; yet the newly generated diabetes-resistant NOD strains often show a high incidence of other autoimmune diseases. This suggests that the NOD genetic background is highly autoimmune-prone and that genetic manipulations can shift the autoimmune response from the pancreas to other organs. Overall, multiple NOD variant strains have become invaluable tools for understanding the pathophysiology of and for dissecting the genetic susceptibility of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. An interesting commonality to all autoimmune diseases developing in variant strains of the NOD mice is the presence of autoantibodies. This review will present the NOD mouse as a model for studying autoimmune diseases beyond autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Aubin
- Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Félix Lombard-Vadnais
- Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roxanne Collin
- Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- CellCarta, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Holly A. Aliesky
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sandra M. McLachlan
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Allam N, Jeffrey Zabel W, Demidov V, Jones B, Flueraru C, Taylor E, Alex Vitkin I. Longitudinal in-vivo quantification of tumour microvascular heterogeneity by optical coherence angiography in pre-clinical radiation therapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6140. [PMID: 35414078 PMCID: PMC9005734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an emerging cancer treatment due to its logistical and potential therapeutic benefits as compared to conventional radiotherapy. However, its mechanism of action is yet to be fully understood, likely involving the ablation of tumour microvasculature by higher doses per fraction used in SBRT. In this study, we hypothesized that longitudinal imaging and quantification of the vascular architecture may elucidate the relationship between the microvasculature and tumour response kinetics. Pancreatic human tumour xenografts were thus irradiated with single doses of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$30$$\end{document}30 Gy to simulate the first fraction of a SBRT protocol. Tumour microvascular changes were monitored with optical coherence angiography for up to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$8$$\end{document}8 weeks following irradiation. The temporal kinetics of two microvascular architectural metrics were studied as a function of time and dose: the diffusion-limited fraction, representing poorly vascularized tissue \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$>150$$\end{document}>150 μm from the nearest detected vessel, and the vascular distribution convexity index, a measure of vessel aggregation at short distances. These biological metrics allowed for dose dependent temporal evaluation of tissue (re)vascularization and vessel aggregation after radiotherapy, showing promise for determining the SBRT dose–response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Allam
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - W Jeffrey Zabel
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Valentin Demidov
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Blake Jones
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Costel Flueraru
- National Research Council Canada, Information Communication Technology, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Edward Taylor
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - I Alex Vitkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P5, Canada.
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Abstract
As medical and pharmacological technology advances, new and complex modalities of disease treatment that are more personalized and targeted are being developed. Often these modalities must be validated in the presence of critical components of the human biological system. Given the incongruencies between murine and human biology, as well as the human-tropism of certain drugs and pathogens, the selection of animal models that accurately recapitulate the intricacies of the human biological system becomes more salient for disease modeling and preclinical testing. Immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human tissues (so-called humanized mice), which allow for the study of physiologically relevant disease mechanisms, have thus become an integral aspect of biomedical research. This review discusses the recent advancements and applications of humanized mouse models on human immune system and liver humanization in modeling human diseases, as well as how they can facilitate translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Ye
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ,
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Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Madley R, Borsotti C, Ferreira LMR, Sharp RC, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Parent AV, Anderson MS, Sykes M, Creusot RJ. Modeling human T1D-associated autoimmune processes. Mol Metab 2022; 56:101417. [PMID: 34902607 PMCID: PMC8739876 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by impaired immune tolerance to β-cell antigens and progressive destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Animal models have provided valuable insights for understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease, but they fall short of reflecting the extensive heterogeneity of the disease in humans, which is contributed by various combinations of risk gene alleles and unique environmental factors. Collectively, these factors have been used to define subgroups of patients, termed endotypes, with distinct predominating disease characteristics. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review the gaps filled by these models in understanding the intricate involvement and regulation of the immune system in human T1D pathogenesis. We describe the various models developed so far and the scientific questions that have been addressed using them. Finally, we discuss the limitations of these models, primarily ascribed to hosting a human immune system (HIS) in a xenogeneic recipient, and what remains to be done to improve their physiological relevance. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS To understand the role of genetic and environmental factors or evaluate immune-modifying therapies in humans, it is critical to develop and apply models in which human cells can be manipulated and their functions studied under conditions that recapitulate as closely as possible the physiological conditions of the human body. While microphysiological systems and living tissue slices provide some of these conditions, HIS mice enable more extensive analyses using in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Madley
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Borsotti
- Department of Health Sciences, Histology laboratory, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, and Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert C Sharp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Audrey V Parent
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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47
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Current Status, Barriers, and Future Directions for Humanized Mouse Models to Evaluate Stem Cell–Based Islet Cell Transplant. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1387:89-106. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Carboplatin response in preclinical models for ovarian cancer: comparison of 2D monolayers, spheroids, ex vivo tumors and in vivo models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18183. [PMID: 34521878 PMCID: PMC8440566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97434-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer. Among the key challenges in developing effective therapeutics is the poor translation of preclinical models used in the drug discovery pipeline. This leaves drug attrition rates and costs at an unacceptably high level. Previous work has highlighted the discrepancies in therapeutic response between current in vitro and in vivo models. To address this, we conducted a comparison study to differentiate the carboplatin chemotherapy response across four different model systems including 2D monolayers, 3D spheroids, 3D ex vivo tumors and mouse xenograft models. We used six previously characterized EOC cell lines of varying chemosensitivity and performed viability assays for each model. In vivo results from the mouse model correlated with 2D response in 3/6 cell lines while they correlated with 3D spheroids and the ex vivo model in 4/6 and 5/5 cell lines, respectively. Our results emphasize the variability in therapeutic response across models and demonstrate that the carboplatin response in EOC cell lines cultured in a 3D ex vivo model correlates best with the in vivo response. These results highlight a more feasible, reliable, and cost-effective preclinical model with the highest translational potential for drug screening and prediction studies in EOC.
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49
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Kim H, Kwon Y, Zhu C, Wu F, Kwon S, Yeo W, Choo HJ. Real-Time Functional Assay of Volumetric Muscle Loss Injured Mouse Masseter Muscles via Nanomembrane Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101037. [PMID: 34218527 PMCID: PMC8425913 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable regeneration capacity to recover its structure and function after injury, except for the traumatic loss of critical muscle volume, called volumetric muscle loss (VML). Although many extremity VML models have been conducted, craniofacial VML has not been well-studied due to unavailable in vivo assay tools. Here, this paper reports a wireless, noninvasive nanomembrane system that integrates skin-wearable printed sensors and electronics for real-time, continuous monitoring of VML on craniofacial muscles. The craniofacial VML model, using biopsy punch-induced masseter muscle injury, shows impaired muscle regeneration. To measure the electrophysiology of small and round masseter muscles of active mice during mastication, a wearable nanomembrane system with stretchable graphene sensors that can be laminated to the skin over target muscles is utilized. The noninvasive system provides highly sensitive electromyogram detection on masseter muscles with or without VML injury. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the wireless sensor can monitor the recovery after transplantation surgery for craniofacial VML. Overall, the presented study shows the enormous potential of the masseter muscle VML injury model and wearable assay tool for the mechanism study and the therapeutic development of craniofacial VML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojoong Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and EngineeringInstitute for Electronics and NanotechnologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Young‐Tae Kwon
- Department for Metal PowderKorea Institute of Materials ScienceChangwon51508South Korea
| | - Carol Zhu
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Shinjae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and EngineeringInstitute for Electronics and NanotechnologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Woon‐Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and EngineeringInstitute for Electronics and NanotechnologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringParker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstitute for MaterialsNeural Engineering CenterInstitute for Robotics and Intelligent MachinesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Hyojung J. Choo
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGA30322USA
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50
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Kumar S, Koenig J, Schneider A, Wermeling F, Boddul S, Theobald SJ, Vollmer M, Kloos D, Lachmann N, Klawonn F, Lienenklaus S, Talbot SR, Bleich A, Wenzel N, von Kaisenberg C, Keck J, Stripecke R. In Vivo Lentiviral Gene Delivery of HLA-DR and Vaccination of Humanized Mice for Improving the Human T and B Cell Immune Reconstitution. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080961. [PMID: 34440166 PMCID: PMC8393476 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models generated with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and reconstituting the human immune system (HIS-mice) are invigorating preclinical testing of vaccines and immunotherapies. We have recently shown that human engineered dendritic cells boosted bonafide human T and B cell maturation and antigen-specific responses in HIS-mice. Here, we evaluated a cell-free system based on in vivo co-delivery of lentiviral vectors (LVs) for expression of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DRA*01/ HLA-DRB1*0401 functional complex, “DR4”), and a LV vaccine expressing human cytokines (GM-CSF and IFN-α) and a human cytomegalovirus gB antigen (HCMV-gB). Humanized NOD/Rag1null/IL2Rγnull (NRG) mice injected by i.v. with LV-DR4/fLuc showed long-lasting (up to 20 weeks) vector distribution and expression in the spleen and liver. In vivo administration of the LV vaccine after LV-DR4/fLuc delivery boosted the cellularity of lymph nodes, promoted maturation of terminal effector CD4+ T cells, and promoted significantly higher development of IgG+ and IgA+ B cells. This modular lentigenic system opens several perspectives for basic human immunology research and preclinical utilization of LVs to deliver HLAs into HIS-mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.K.); (J.K.); (A.S.); (M.V.)
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Koenig
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.K.); (J.K.); (A.S.); (M.V.)
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), DZIF Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.K.); (J.K.); (A.S.); (M.V.)
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, 17177 Solna, Sweden; (F.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Sanjaykumar Boddul
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, 17177 Solna, Sweden; (F.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Sebastian J. Theobald
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, D-50924 Cologne, Germany;
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, D-50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Vollmer
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.K.); (J.K.); (A.S.); (M.V.)
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Doreen Kloos
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Biostatistics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Institute for Information Engineering, Ostfalia University, D-38302 Wolfenbuettel, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.L.); (S.R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Steven R. Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.L.); (S.R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.L.); (S.R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Nadine Wenzel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - James Keck
- The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, CA 95838, USA;
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.K.); (J.K.); (A.S.); (M.V.)
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), DZIF Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-6999
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