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Zeng J, Yang Q, Ran Y, Guo Y, Jiao P, Qiao D, Cao Y, Xu H. Novel extracellular lipase gene Lip1728 influences nutrient-dependent performance bacterial quorum sensing of Burkholderia pyrrocinia WZ10-3. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134299. [PMID: 39097047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a cellular communication mechanism in which bacteria secrete and recognize signaling molecules to regulate group behavior. Lipases provide energy for bacterial cell growth but it is unknown whether they influence nutrient-dependent QS by hydrolyzing substrate. A high-yield lipase-producing strain, Burkholderia pyrrocinia WZ10-3, was previously identified in our laboratory, but the composition of its crude enzymes was not elucidated. Here, we identified a key extracellular lipase, Lip1728, in WZ10-3, which accounts for 99 % of the extracellular lipase activity. Lip1728 prefers to hydrolyze triglycerides at sn-1,3 positions, with pNP-C16 being its optimal substrate. Lip1728 exhibited activity at pH 5.0-10.0 and regardless of the presence of metal ions. It had strong resistance to sodium dodecyl sulfate and short-chain alcohols and was activated by phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride (PMSF). Lip1728 knockout significantly affected lipid metabolism and biofilm formation in the presence of olive oil. Finally, oleic acid, a hydrolysate of Lip1728, influenced the production of the signal molecule N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) and biofilm formation by downregulating the AHL synthetase gene pyrI. In conclusion, Lip1728, as a key extracellular lipase in B. pyrrocinia WZ10-3, exhibits superior properties that make it suitable for biodiesel production and plays a crucial role in QS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Qingzhuoma Yang
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yulu Ran
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yihan Guo
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Pengrui Jiao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Dairong Qiao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yi Cao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Hui Xu
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
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2
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de Oliveira BFR, Lopes IR, Canellas ALB, Muricy G, Jackson SA, Dobson ADW, Laport MS. Genomic and in silico protein structural analyses provide insights into marine polysaccharide-degrading enzymes in the sponge-derived Pseudoalteromonas sp. PA2MD11. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:973-995. [PMID: 34555402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Active heterotrophic metabolism is a critical metabolic role performed by sponge-associated microorganisms, but little is known about their capacity to metabolize marine polysaccharides (MPs). Here, we investigated the genome of the sponge-derived Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain PA2MD11 focusing on its macroalgal carbohydrate-degrading potential. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) for the depolymerization of agar and alginate were found in PA2MD11's genome, including glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and polysaccharide lyases (PLs) belonging to families GH16, GH50 and GH117, and PL6 and PL17, respectively. A gene potentially encoding a sulfatase was also identified, which may play a role in the strain's ability to consume carrageenans. The complete metabolism of agar and alginate by PA2MD11 could also be predicted and was consistent with the results obtained in physiological assays. The polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL) potentially involved in the metabolism of agarose contained mobile genetic elements from other marine Gammaproteobacteria and its unusual larger size might be due to gene duplication events. Homology modelling and structural protein analyses of the agarases, alginate lyases and sulfatase depicted clear conservation of catalytic machinery and protein folding together with suitable industrially-relevant features. Pseudoalteromonas sp. PA2MD11 is therefore a source of potential MP-degrading biocatalysts for biorefinery applications and in the preparation of pharmacologically-active oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Francesco Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 Y960 Cork, Ireland
| | - Isabelle Rodrigues Lopes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna Luiza Bauer Canellas
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Muricy
- Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n°, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Stephen Anthony Jackson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 Y960 Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 Y960 Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Marinella Silva Laport
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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3
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Tanaka D, Ohnishi KI, Watanabe S, Suzuki S. Isolation of cellulase-producing Microbulbifer sp. from marine teleost blackfish (Girella melanichthys) intestine and the enzyme characterization. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2021; 67:47-53. [PMID: 33250506 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Most animals cannot digest cellulose but have symbiotic microbes that degrade the matrix polysaccharides of plant matter. Herbivorous and omnivorous marine fish are similarly expected to rely on symbiotic microbes, but reports to date on cellulase-producing bacteria in fish intestines are limited. Here, we report the isolation of new cellulase-producing bacteria from the marine omnivorous teleost, blackfish (Girella melanichthys), and the characterization of cellulase activity. Three strains of cellulase-producing bacteria sp. were isolated from the hindgut of wild G. melanichthys. The strains of cellulase-producing bacteria grew in medium with artificial seawater but not in NaCl alone. Growth was optimum at 20-35°C, but there was no growth at 40°C, suggesting adaptation in a marine environment at a low temperature. Isolates were identified to Microbulbifer sp., among which GL-2 strain produced a high enzyme activity. The GL-2 strain was further used for enzyme characterization with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the substrate. Maximum activity of the cellulase was observed at 60°C, and activity was more than 30% at 20°C, while commercial cellulase Enthiron showed an optimum activity at 50°C and 17% activity at 20°C. Hydrolytic products by GL-2 cellulase were cellobiose but not glucose, suggesting a deficiency of β-glucosidase activity. Active gel electrophoresis containing CMC showed five bands, suggesting several cellulolytic enzymes. The GL-2 strain and its enzyme are potential probiotics for aquaculture fish and the industrial production of cellobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Tanaka
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University.,Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University
| | | | - Seiya Watanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University.,Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University.,Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University.,Food and Health Sciences Research Center, Ehime University
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4
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Jin Y, Yu S, Kim DH, Yun EJ, Kim KH. Characterization of Neoagarooligosaccharide Hydrolase BpGH117 from a Human Gut Bacterium Bacteroides plebeius. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19050271. [PMID: 34068166 PMCID: PMC8152962 DOI: 10.3390/md19050271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Neoagarobiose (NAB)/neoagarooligosaccharide (NAO) hydrolase plays an important role as an exo-acting 3,6-anhydro-α-(1,3)-L-galactosidase in agarose utilization. Agarose is an abundant polysaccharide found in red seaweeds, comprising 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (AHG) and D-galactose residues. Unlike agarose degradation, which has been reported in marine microbes, recent metagenomic analysis of Bacteroides plebeius, a human gut bacterium, revealed the presence of genes encoding enzymes involved in agarose degradation, including α-NAB/NAO hydrolase. Among the agarolytic enzymes, BpGH117 has been partially characterized. Here, we characterized the exo-acting α-NAB/NAO hydrolase BpGH117, originating from B. plebeius. The optimal temperature and pH for His-tagged BpGH117 activity were 35 °C and 9.0, respectively, indicative of its unique origin. His-tagged BpGH117 was thermostable up to 35 °C, and the enzyme activity was maintained at 80% of the initial activity at a pre-incubation temperature of 40 °C for 120 min. Km and Vmax values for NAB were 30.22 mM and 54.84 U/mg, respectively, and kcat/Km was 2.65 s−1 mM−1. These results suggest that His-tagged BpGH117 can be used for producing bioactive products such as AHG and agarotriose from agarose efficiently.
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Wang D, Wang J, Zeng R, Wu J, Michael SV, Qu W. The degradation activities for three seaweed polysaccharides of Shewanella sp. WPAGA9 isolated from deep-sea sediments. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:406-418. [PMID: 33729617 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seaweed oligosaccharides possess great bioactivities. However, different microbial strains are required to degrade multiple polysaccharides due to their limited biodegradability, thereby increasing the cost and complexity of production. Shewanella sp. WPAGA9 was isolated from deep-sea sediments in this study. According to the genomic and biochemical analyses, the extracellular fermentation broth of WPAGA9 had versatile degradation abilities for three typical seaweed polysaccharides including agar, carrageenan, and alginate. The maximum enzyme activities of the extracellular fermentation broth of WPAGA9 were 71.63, 76.4, and 735.13 U/ml for the degradation of agar, alginate, and carrageenan, respectively. Moreover, multiple seaweed oligosaccharides can be produced by the extracellular fermentation broth of WPAGA9 under similar optimum conditions. Therefore, WPAGA9 can simultaneously degrade three types of seaweed polysaccharides under similar conditions, thereby greatly reducing the production cost of seaweed oligosaccharides. This finding indicates that Shewanella sp. WPAGA9 is an ideal biochemical tool for producing multiple active seaweed oligosaccharides at low costs and is also an important participant in the carbon cycle process of the deep-sea environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingquan Wang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Runying Zeng
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Shija V Michael
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Wu Qu
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
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6
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Kandasamy KP, Subramanian RK, Srinivasan R, Ragunath S, Balaji G, Gracy M, Latha K. Shewanella algae and Microbulbifer elongatus from marine macro-algae - isolation and characterization of agar-hydrolysing bacteria. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000170. [PMID: 33294773 PMCID: PMC7717482 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macro-algae are a good source of agar oligosaccharides, which can be obtained through bacterial enzymatic hydrolysis. The agarase enzyme secreted by the micro-organisms cleaves the cell wall of the algae and releases agar oligosaccharides as degradation products with various applications. Agarolytic bacteria were isolated from the marine algae Kappaphycus sp., and Sargassum sp., and studied for their agar-degrading properties. Among the 70 isolates, 2 isolates (A13 and Sg8) showed agarase activity in in vitro assays. The maximum agarolytic index was recorded in the isolate Sg8 (3.75 mm and 4.29 µg ml-1 agarase activity), followed by the isolate A13 (2.53 mm and 2.6 µg ml-1 agarase activity). Optimum agarase production of isolate Sg8 was observed at pH7 and at a temperature of 25 °C in 24-48 h, whereas for isolate A13 the optimum production was at pH7 and at a temperature of 37 °C in 48 h. The identities of the agarolytic isolates (Sg8 and A13) were confirmed based on microscopy, morphological, biochemical and molecular analysis as Shewanella algae [National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank accession number MK121204.1] and Microbulbifer elongatus [NCBI GenBank accession number MK825484.1], respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - G. Balaji
- T. Stanes and Company Limited, Coimbatore, India
| | - M. Gracy
- T. Stanes and Company Limited, Coimbatore, India
| | - K. Latha
- T. Stanes and Company Limited, Coimbatore, India
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7
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Pluvinage B, Robb CS, Jeffries R, Boraston AB. The structure of PfGH50B, an agarase from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas fuliginea PS47. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:422-427. [PMID: 32880590 PMCID: PMC7470041 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20010328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently identified marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas fuliginea sp. PS47 possesses a polysaccharide-utilization locus dedicated to agarose degradation. In particular, it contains a gene (locus tag EU509_06755) encoding a β-agarase that belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 50 (GH50), PfGH50B. The 2.0 Å resolution X-ray crystal structure of PfGH50B reveals a rare complex multidomain fold that was found in two of the three previously determined GH50 structures. The structure comprises an N-terminal domain with a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM)-like fold fused to a C-terminal domain by a rigid linker. The CBM-like domain appears to function by extending the catalytic groove of the enzyme. Furthermore, the PfGH50B structure highlights key structural features in the mobile loops that may function to restrict the degree of polymerization of the neoagaro-oligosaccharide products and the enzyme processivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pluvinage
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Craig S. Robb
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Roderick Jeffries
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Alisdair B. Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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8
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Lau NS, Tan WR, Furusawa G, Amirul AAA. Complete genome sequence of the novel agarolytic Catenovulum-like strain CCB-QB4. Mar Genomics 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Li RK, Chen Z, Ying XJ, Ng TB, Ye XY. A novel GH16 beta-agarase isolated from a marine bacterium, Microbulbifer sp. BN3 and its characterization and high-level expression in Pichia pastoris. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:1164-1170. [PMID: 30107160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An agar-degrading bacterium, strain BN3, was isolated from a coastal soil sample collected in Taiwan Strait, China and identified to be a novel species of the genus Microbulbifer. The gene (N3-1) encoding for a novel β-agarase from the isolate was cloned and sequenced. It encoded a mature protein with 274 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 34.3 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence manifested sequence similarity (61-84% identity) to characterized β-agarases in the glycoside hydrolase family 16. The recombinant agarase was hyper-produced extracellularly using Pichia pastoris as the host. After induction in a shake flask for 96 h, the yield of recombinant N3-1 protein reached 0.406 mg/mL, and the enzyme activity attained 502.1 U/mL. The enzyme purified by ion exchange chromatography displayed a specific activity of 6447 U/mg at pH 6.0 and 50 °C. The optimal pH and temperature for agarase activity were approximately 6 and 50 °C, respectively. The pattern of agarose hydrolysis showed that the enzyme was an endo-type β-agarase, capable of hydrolyzing agarose and Gracilaria lemaneiformis, with neoagarobiose and neoagarotetraose as the final main products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Kuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, PR China
| | - Zeng Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, PR China
| | - Xi-Juan Ying
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, PR China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, PR China.
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10
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Future direction in marine bacterial agarases for industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6847-6863. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Chen ZW, Lin HJ, Huang WC, Hsuan SL, Lin JH, Wang JP. Molecular cloning, expression, and functional characterization of the β-agarase AgaB-4 from Paenibacillus agarexedens. AMB Express 2018; 8:49. [PMID: 29594843 PMCID: PMC5874223 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a β-agarase gene, agaB-4, was isolated for the first time from the agar-degrading bacterium Paenibacillus agarexedens BCRC 17346 by using next-generation sequencing. agaB-4 consists of 2652 bp and encodes an 883-amino acid protein with an 18-amino acid signal peptide. agaB-4 without the signal peptide DNA was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). His-tagged recombinant AgaB-4 (rAgaB-4) was purified from the soluble fraction of E. coli cell lysate through immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. The optimal temperature and pH of rAgaB-4 were 55 °C and 6.0, respectively. The results of a substrate specificity test showed that rAgaB-4 could degrade agar, high-melting point agarose, and low-melting point agarose. The Vmax and Km of rAgaB-4 for low-melting point agarose were 183.45 U/mg and 3.60 mg/mL versus 874.61 U/mg and 9.29 mg/mL for high-melting point agarose, respectively. The main products of agar and agarose hydrolysis by rAgaB-4 were confirmed to be neoagarotetraose. Purified rAgaB-4 can be used in the recovery of DNA from agarose gels and has potential application in agar degradation for the production of neoagarotetraose.
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12
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Wang Y, Liu T, Guo S, Zhang P, Sun P, Chen M, Ming H. Characterization and overexpression of a glycosyl hydrolase family 16 β-agarase Aga0917 from Pseudoalteromonas fuliginea YTW1-15-1. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2018; 64:276-283. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Tingwei Liu
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Shuai Guo
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Peng Zhang
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Pengyang Sun
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Mengqian Chen
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Hong Ming
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
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13
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Gomaa M, Hifney AF, Fawzy MA, Abdel-Gawad KM. Statistical Optimization of Culture Variables for Enhancing Agarase Production by Dendryphiella arenaria Utilizing Palisada perforata (Rhodophyta) and Enzymatic Saccharification of the Macroalgal Biomass. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 19:592-600. [PMID: 29080933 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Agarase is a promising biocatalyst for several industrial applications. Agarase production was evaluated by the marine fungus Dendryphiella arenaria utilizing Palisada perforata as a basal substrate in semi-solid state fermentation. Seaweed biomass, glucose, and sucrose were the most significant parameters affecting agarase production, and their levels were further optimized using Box-Behnken design. The maximum agarase activity was 7.69 U/mL. Agarase showed a degree of thermostability with half-life of 99 min at 40 °C, and declining to 44.72 min at 80 °C. Thermodynamics suggested an important process of protein aggregation during thermal inactivation. Additionally, the enzymatic saccharification of the seaweed biomass using crude agarase was optimized with respect to biomass particle size, solid/liquid ratio, and enzyme loadings. The amount of biosugars obtained after optimization was 26.15 ± 1.43 mg/g. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on optimization of agarase in D. arenaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Gomaa
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Awatief F Hifney
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Mustafa A Fawzy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Khayria M Abdel-Gawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
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14
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Yoon SY, Lee HM, Kong JN, Kong KH. Secretory expression and enzymatic characterization of recombinant Agarivorans albus β-agarase in Escherichia coli. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:1037-1042. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1373292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sug-Young Yoon
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Lee
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Na Kong
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kwang-Hoon Kong
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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15
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An K, Shi X, Cui F, Cheng J, Liu N, Zhao X, Zhang XH. Characterization and overexpression of a glycosyl hydrolase family 16 beta-agarase YM01-1 from marine bacterium Catenovulum agarivorans YM01 T. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 143:1-8. [PMID: 28986239 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Agar, usually extracted from seaweed, has a wide variety of industrial applications due to its gelling and stabilizing characteristics. Agarases are the enzymes which hydrolyze agar into agar oligosaccharides. The produced agar oligosaccharides have been widely used in cosmetic, food, and medical fields due to their biological functions. A beta-agarase gene, YM01-1, was cloned and expressed from a marine bacterium Catenovulum agarivorans YM01T. The encoding agarase of YM01-1 consisted of 331 amino acids with an apparent molecular mass of 37.7 kDa and a 23-amino-acids signal peptide. YM01-1 belongs to glycoside hydrolase 16 (GH16) family based on the amino acid sequence homology. The optimum pH and temperature for its activity was 7.0 and 50 °C, respectively. YM01-1 was stable at a pH of pH 6.0-9.0 and temperatures below 45 °C. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and ion trap mass spectrometer of the YM01-1 hydrolysis products displayed that YM01-1 was an endo-type β-agarase and degrades agarose, neoagarohexaose, neoagarotetraose into neoagarobiose. The Km, Vmax, Kcat and Kcat/Km values of the YM01-1 for agarose were 8.69 mg/ml, 4.35 × 103 U/mg, 2.4 × 103 s-1 and 2.7 × 106 s-1 M-1, respectively. Hence, the enzyme with high agarolytic activity and single end product was different from other GH16 agarases, which has potential applications for the production of oligosaccharides with remarkable activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke An
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaochong Shi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Fangyuan Cui
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingguang Cheng
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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16
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Marine microbes as a valuable resource for brand new industrial biocatalysts. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Li M, Shang Q, Li G, Wang X, Yu G. Degradation of Marine Algae-Derived Carbohydrates by Bacteroidetes Isolated from Human Gut Microbiota. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15040092. [PMID: 28338633 PMCID: PMC5408238 DOI: 10.3390/md15040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrageenan, agarose, and alginate are algae-derived undigested polysaccharides that have been used as food additives for hundreds of years. Fermentation of dietary carbohydrates of our food in the lower gut of humans is a critical process for the function and integrity of both the bacterial community and host cells. However, little is known about the fermentation of these three kinds of seaweed carbohydrates by human gut microbiota. Here, the degradation characteristics of carrageenan, agarose, alginate, and their oligosaccharides, by Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Bacteroides ovatus, and Bacteroides uniforms, isolated from human gut microbiota, are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qingsen Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | | | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Guangli Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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18
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Nguyen TH, Nguyen VD. Characterization and Applications of Marine Microbial Enzymes in Biotechnology and Probiotics for Animal Health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 80:37-74. [PMID: 28215328 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine microorganisms have been recognized as potential sources of novel enzymes because they are relatively more stable than the corresponding enzymes derived from plants and animals. Enzymes from marine microorganisms also differ from homologous enzymes in terrestrial microorganisms based on salinity, pressure, temperature, and lighting conditions. Marine microbial enzymes can be used in diverse industrial applications. This chapter will focus on the biotechnological applications of marine enzymes and also their use as a tool of marine probiotics to improve host digestion (food digestion, food absorption, and mucus utilization) and cleave molecular signals involved in quorum sensing in pathogens to control disease in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Nguyen
- Faculty of Food Technology, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Vietnam.
| | - V D Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Vietnam.
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19
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Furusawa G, Lau NS, Suganthi A, Amirul AAA. Agarolytic bacterium Persicobacter sp. CCB-QB2 exhibited a diauxic growth involving galactose utilization pathway. Microbiologyopen 2016; 6. [PMID: 27987272 PMCID: PMC5300873 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The agarolytic bacterium Persicobacter sp. CCB‐QB2 was isolated from seaweed (genus Ulva) collected from a coastal area of Malaysia. Here, we report a high‐quality draft genome sequence for QB2. The Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) annotation server identified four β‐agarases (PdAgaA, PdAgaB, PdAgaC, and PdAgaD) as well as galK, galE, and phosphoglucomutase, which are related to the Leloir pathway. Interestingly, QB2 exhibited a diauxic growth in the presence of two kinds of nutrients, such as tryptone and agar. In cells grown with agar, the profiles of agarase activity and growth rate were very similar. galK, galE, and phosphoglucomutase genes were highly expressed in the second growth phase of diauxic growth, indicating that QB2 cells use galactose hydrolyzed from agar by its agarases and exhibit nutrient prioritization. This is the first report describing diauxic growth for agarolytic bacteria. QB2 is a potential novel model organism for studying diauxic growth in environmental bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Furusawa
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
| | - Nyok-Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
| | - Appalasamy Suganthi
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia.,Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Al-Ashraf Amirul
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia.,School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
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20
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Leema Roseline T, Sachindra N. Characterization of extracellular agarase production by Acinetobacter junii PS12B, isolated from marine sediments. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Amy63, a novel type of marine bacterial multifunctional enzyme possessing amylase, agarase and carrageenase activities. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18726. [PMID: 26725302 PMCID: PMC4698717 DOI: 10.1038/srep18726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A multifunctional enzyme is one that performs multiple physiological functions, thus benefiting the organism. Characterization of multifunctional enzymes is important for researchers to understand how organisms adapt to different environmental challenges. In the present study, we report the discovery of a novel multifunctional enzyme Amy63 produced by marine bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus 63. Remarkably, Amy63 possesses amylase, agarase and carrageenase activities. Amy63 is a substrate promiscuous α-amylase, with the substrate priority order of starch, carrageenan and agar. Amy63 maintains considerable amylase, carrageenase and agarase activities and stabilities at wide temperature and pH ranges, and optimum activities are detected at temperature of 60 °C and pH of 6.0, respectively. Moreover, the heteroexpression of Amy63 dramatically enhances the ability of E. coli to degrade starch, carrageenan and agar. Motif searching shows three continuous glycosyl hydrolase 70 (GH70) family homologs existed in Amy63 encoding sequence. Combining serial deletions and phylogenetic analysis of Amy63, the GH70 homologs are proposed as the determinants of enzyme promiscuity. Notably, such enzymes exist in all kingdoms of life, thus providing an expanded perspective on studies of multifunctional enzymes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an amylase having additional agarase and carrageenase activities.
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22
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Al-saari N, Gao F, A.K.M. Rohul A, Sato K, Sato K, Mino S, Suda W, Oshima K, Hattori M, Ohkuma M, Meirelles PM, Thompson FL, Thompson C, A. Filho GM, Gomez-Gil B, Sawabe T, Sawabe T. Advanced Microbial Taxonomy Combined with Genome-Based-Approaches Reveals that Vibrio astriarenae sp. nov., an Agarolytic Marine Bacterium, Forms a New Clade in Vibrionaceae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136279. [PMID: 26313925 PMCID: PMC4551953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in genomic microbial taxonomy have opened the way to create a more universal and transparent concept of species but is still in a transitional stage towards becoming a defining robust criteria for describing new microbial species with minimum features obtained using both genome and classical polyphasic taxonomies. Here we performed advanced microbial taxonomies combined with both genome-based and classical approaches for new agarolytic vibrio isolates to describe not only a novel Vibrio species but also a member of a new Vibrio clade. Two novel vibrio strains (Vibrio astriarenae sp. nov. C7T and C20) showing agarolytic, halophilic and fermentative metabolic activity were isolated from a seawater sample collected in a coral reef in Okinawa. Intraspecific similarities of the isolates were identical in both sequences on the 16S rRNA and pyrH genes, but the closest relatives on the molecular phylogenetic trees on the basis of 16S rRNA and pyrH gene sequences were V. hangzhouensis JCM 15146T (97.8% similarity) and V. agarivorans CECT 5085T (97.3% similarity), respectively. Further multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) on the basis of 8 protein coding genes (ftsZ, gapA, gyrB, mreB, pyrH, recA, rpoA, and topA) obtained by the genome sequences clearly showed the V. astriarenae strain C7T and C20 formed a distinct new clade protruded next to V. agarivorans CECT 5085T. The singleton V. agarivorans has never been included in previous MLSA of Vibrionaceae due to the lack of some gene sequences. Now the gene sequences are completed and analysis of 100 taxa in total provided a clear picture describing the association of V. agarivorans into pre-existing concatenated network tree and concluded its relationship to our vibrio strains. Experimental DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) data showed that the strains C7T and C20 were conspecific but were separated from all of the other Vibrio species related on the basis of both 16S rRNA and pyrH gene phylogenies (e.g., V. agarivorans CECT 5085T, V. hangzhouensis JCM 15146T V. maritimus LMG 25439T, and V. variabilis LMG 25438T). In silico DDH data also supported the genomic relationship. The strains C7T also had less than 95% average amino acid identity (AAI) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) towards V. maritimus C210, V. variabilis C206, and V. mediterranei AK1T, V. brasiliensis LMG 20546T, V. orientalis ATCC 33934T, and V. sinaloensis DSM 21326. The name Vibrio astriarenae sp. nov. is proposed with C7 as the type strains. Both V. agarivorans CECT 5058T and V. astriarenae C7T are members of the newest clade of Vibrionaceae named Agarivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhidayu Al-saari
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Amin A.K.M. Rohul
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Sato
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sato
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Sayaka Mino
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Wataru Suda
- Laboratory of Metagenomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Oshima
- Laboratory of Metagenomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Laboratory of Metagenomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moriya Ohkuma
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Pedro M. Meirelles
- Institute of Biology, SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiano L. Thompson
- Institute of Biology, SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Thompson
- Institute of Biology, SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Gomez-Gil
- CIAD, AC Mazatlan Unit for Aquaculture and Environmental Management, Mazatlán, México
| | - Toko Sawabe
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hakodate Junior College, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sawabe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Japan
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23
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Song T, Zhang W, Wei C, Jiang T, Xu H, Cao Y, Cao Y, Qiao D. Isolation and characterization of agar-degrading endophytic bacteria from plants. Curr Microbiol 2014; 70:275-81. [PMID: 25331792 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Agar is a polysaccharide extracted from the cell walls of some macro-algaes. Among the reported agarases, most of them come from marine environment. In order to better understand different sources of agarases, it is important to search new non-marine native ones. In this study, seven agar-degrading bacteria were first isolated from the tissues of plants, belonging to three genera, i.e., Paenibacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Klebsiella sp. Among them, the genus Klebsiella was first reported to have agarolytic ability and the genus Pseudomonas was first isolated from non-marine environment with agarase activity. Besides, seven strains were characterized by investigating the growth and agarase production in the presence of various polysaccharides. The results showed that they could grow on several polysaccharides such as araban, carrageenan, chitin, starch, and xylan. Besides, they could also produce agarase in the presence of different polysaccharides other than agar. Extracellular agarases from seven strains were further analyzed by SDS-PAGE combined with activity staining and estimated to be 75 kDa which has great difference from most reported agarases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29#, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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24
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Kim JH, Choi BH, Jo M, Kim SC, Lee PC. Flavobacterium faecale sp. nov., an agarase-producing species isolated from stools of Antarctic penguins. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:2884-2890. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.059618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomic studies were performed on an agarase-producing strain, designated WV33T, isolated from faeces of Antarctic penguins. Cells of strain WV33T were Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, orange and rod-shaped. Strain WV33T displayed agarase activity and was able to utilize galactose as a sole carbon source. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain WV33T was closely related to
Flavobacterium algicola
TC2T (98.0 % similarity),
F. frigidarium
ATCC 700810T (96.9 %) and
F. frigoris
LMG 21922T (96.1 %). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c). Menaquinone 6 (MK-6) was the sole quinone identified, and the major pigment was zeaxanthin. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. DNA–DNA relatedness of strain WV33T with respect to its closest phylogenetic neighbours was 25 % for
F. algicola
NBRC 102673T, 23 % for
F. frigidarium
DSM 17623T and 21 % for
F. frigoris
DSM 15719T. The DNA G+C content of strain WV33T was 37±0.6 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain WV33T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus
Flavobacterium
, for which the name Flavobacterium faecale sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WV33T ( = KCTC 32457T = CECT 8384T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology and Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Woncheon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Hyun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology and Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Woncheon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Jo
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 500-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Gwanhangno, Yusong-gu, Taejon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung Cheon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology and Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Woncheon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
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25
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Production and Characterization of a Novel Thermostable Extracellular Agarase from Pseudoalteromonas hodoensis Newly Isolated from the West Sea of South Korea. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1703-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Cui F, Dong S, Shi X, Zhao X, Zhang XH. Overexpression and characterization of a novel thermostable β-agarase YM01-3, from marine bacterium Catenovulum agarivorans YM01(T). Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2731-47. [PMID: 24824021 PMCID: PMC4052312 DOI: 10.3390/md12052731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing of Catenovulum agarivorans YM01T reveals 15 open-reading frames (ORFs) encoding various agarases. In this study, extracellular proteins of YM01T were precipitated by ammonium sulfate and separated by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results of in-gel agarase activity assay and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the protein, YM01-3, was an agarase with the most evident agarolytic activity. Agarase YM01-3, encoded by the YM01-3 gene, consisted of 420 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 46.9 kDa and contained a glycoside hydrolase family 16 β-agarase module followed by a RICIN superfamily in the C-terminal region. The YM01-3 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant agarase, YM01-3, showed optimum activity at pH 6.0 and 60 °C and had a K(m) of 3.78 mg mL⁻¹ for agarose and a Vmax of 1.14 × 10⁴ U mg⁻¹. YM01-3 hydrolyzed the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages of agarose, yielding neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose as the main products. Notably, YM01-3 was stable below 50 °C and retained 13% activity after incubation at 80 °C for 1 h, characteristics much different from other agarases. The present study highlights a thermostable agarase with great potential application value in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Cui
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Sujie Dong
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiaochong Shi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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28
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Song T, Cao Y, Xu H, Zhang W, Fei B, Qiao D, Cao Y. Purification and characterization of a novel β-agarase of Paenibacillus sp. SSG-1 isolated from soil. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:125-9. [PMID: 24631192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Agar is a polysaccharide polymer material, generally extracted from seaweed. Most agar degradation strains were isolated from seawater. In order to find new species resources and novel agarase from soil, an agar-degrading bacterium Paenibacillus sp. SSG-1 was isolated from soil. Agarase SSG-1a was purified to homogeneity by 30.2 fold with a yield of 4.8% through ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE FF chromatography and native-PAGE separation. The tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) results indicated that purified SSG-1a should be a novel β-agarase. The molecular mass of SSG-1a was estimated to be 77 kDa. The optimal temperature and pH for SSG-1a were 50°C and pH 6.0, respectively. Moreover, SSG-1a was stable in pH range of 4.0-10.0 and at temperature up to 40°C. It could hydrolyze the β-1,4 linkage of agarose to produce neoagarohexaose (95 mol%) and neoagarooctaose (5 mol%). Metal ion Mn(2+) and reducing reagents (β-Me and DTT) could increase its activity by 150% and 60%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yu Cao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Hui Xu
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Baojin Fei
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; Chengdu Ronsen Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Chengdu 610061, PR China
| | - Dairong Qiao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yi Cao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
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29
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Minegishi H, Shimane Y, Echigo A, Ohta Y, Hatada Y, Kamekura M, Maruyama T, Usami R. Thermophilic and halophilic β-agarase from a halophilic archaeon Halococcus sp. 197A. Extremophiles 2013; 17:931-9. [PMID: 23949137 PMCID: PMC3824881 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An agar-degrading archaeon Halococcus sp. 197A was isolated from a solar salt sample. The agarase was purified by hydrophobic column chromatography using a column of TOYOPEARL Phenyl-650 M. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme, designated as Aga-HC, was ~55 kDa on both SDS-PAGE and gel-filtration chromatography. Aga-HC released degradation products in the order of neoagarohexose, neoagarotetraose and small quantity of neoagarobiose, indicating that Aga-HC was a β-type agarase. Aga-HC showed a salt requirement for both stability and activity, being active from 0.3 M NaCl, with maximal activity at 3.5 M NaCl. KCl supported similar activities as NaCl up to 3.5 M, and LiCl up to 2.5 M. These monovalent salts could not be substituted by 3.5 M divalent cations, CaCl2 or MgCl2. The optimal pH was 6.0. Aga-HC was thermophilic, with optimum temperature of 70 °C. Aga-HC retained approximately 90 % of the initial activity after incubation for 1 hour at 65-80 °C, and retained 50 % activity after 1 hour at 95 °C. In the presence of additional 10 mM CaCl2, approximately 17 % remaining activity was detected after 30 min at 100 °C. This is the first report on agarase purified from Archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Minegishi
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Center, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan,
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Pluvinage B, Hehemann JH, Boraston AB. Substrate recognition and hydrolysis by a family 50 exo-β-agarase, Aga50D, from the marine bacterium Saccharophagus degradans. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28078-88. [PMID: 23921382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteria that metabolize agarose use multiple enzymes of complementary specificities to hydrolyze the glycosidic linkages in agarose, a linear polymer comprising the repeating disaccharide subunit of neoagarobiose (3,6-anhydro-l-galactose-α-(1,3)-d-galactose) that are β-(1,4)-linked. Here we present the crystal structure of a glycoside hydrolase family 50 exo-β-agarase, Aga50D, from the marine microbe Saccharophagus degradans. This enzyme catalyzes a critical step in the metabolism of agarose by S. degradans through cleaving agarose oligomers into neoagarobiose products that can be further processed into monomers. The crystal structure of Aga50D to 1.9 Å resolution reveals a (β/α)8-barrel fold that is elaborated with a β-sandwich domain and extensive loops. The structures of catalytically inactivated Aga50D in complex with non-hydrolyzed neoagarotetraose (2.05 Å resolution) and neoagarooctaose (2.30 Å resolution) provide views of Michaelis complexes for a β-agarase. In these structures, the d-galactose residue in the -1 subsite is distorted into a (1)S3 skew boat conformation. The relative positioning of the putative catalytic residues are most consistent with a retaining catalytic mechanism. Additionally, the neoagarooctaose complex showed that this extended substrate made substantial interactions with the β-sandwich domain, which resembles a carbohydrate-binding module, thus creating additional plus (+) subsites and funneling the polymeric substrate through the tunnel-shaped active site. A synthesis of these results in combination with an additional neoagarobiose product complex suggests a potential exo-processive mode of action of Aga50D on the agarose double helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pluvinage
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada and
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Optimization of Pseudoalteromonas sp. JYBCL 1 culture conditions, medium composition and extracellular β-agarase activity. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Koti BA, Lakshmikanth M, Manohar S, Lalitha J. AQUEOUS TWO-PHASE EXTRACTION FOR THE PURIFICATION OF ALKALINE AGARASES FROM CULTURE EXTRACTS OFPseudomonas aeruginosaAG LSL-11. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 42:364-77. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2011.623210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rhodococcus sp. Q5, a novel agarolytic bacterium isolated from printing and dyeing wastewater. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2012; 57:379-86. [PMID: 22538428 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-012-0150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An agar-degrading bacterium, Rhodococcus sp. Q5, was isolated from printing and dyeing wastewater using a mineral salts agar plate containing agar as the sole carbon source. The bacterium grew from pH 4.0 to 9.0, from 15 to 35°C, and in NaCl concentrations of 0-5 %; optimal values were pH 6.0, 30°C, and 1 % NaCl. Maximal agarase production was observed at pH 6.0 and 30°C. The bacterium did not require NaCl for growth or agarase production. The agarase secreted by Q5 was inducible by agar and was repressed by all simple sugars tested except lactose. Strain Q5 could hydrolyze starch but not cellulose or carboxymethyl cellulose. Agarase activity could also be detected in the medium when lactose or starch was the sole source of carbon and energy. Strain Q5 could grow in nitrogen-free mineral media; an organic nitrogen source was more effective than inorganic carbon sources for growth and agarase production. Addition of more organic nitrogen (peptone) to the medium corresponded with reduced agarase activity.
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Vijayaraghavan R, Rajendran S. Identification of a novel agarolyticγ-ProteobacteriumMicrobulbifer maritimusand characterization of its agarase. J Basic Microbiol 2012; 52:705-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jonnadula R, Ghadi SC. Purification and characterization of β-agarase from seaweed decomposing bacterium Microbulbifer sp. Strain CMC-5. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Gene cloning, expression and characterization of a neoagarotetraose-producing β-agarase from the marine bacterium Agarivorans sp. HZ105. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:1691-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Identification and biochemical characterization of Sco3487 from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), an exo- and endo-type β-agarase-producing neoagarobiose. J Bacteriol 2011; 194:142-9. [PMID: 22020647 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05978-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor can degrade agar, the main cell wall component of red macroalgae, for growth. To constitute a crucial carbon source for bacterial growth, the alternating α-(1,3) and β-(1,4) linkages between the 3,6-anhydro-L-galactoses and D-galactoses of agar must be hydrolyzed by α/β-agarases. In S. coelicolor, DagA was confirmed to be an endo-type β-agarase that degrades agar into neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose. Genomic sequencing data of S. coelicolor revealed that Sco3487, annotated as a putative hydrolase, has high similarity to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) GH50 β-agarases. Sco3487 encodes a primary translation product (88.5 kDa) of 798 amino acids, including a 45-amino-acid signal peptide. The sco3487 gene was cloned and expressed under the control of the ermE promoter in Streptomyces lividans TK24. β-Agarase activity was detected in transformant culture broth using the artificial chromogenic substrate p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside. Mature Sco3487 (83.9 kDa) was purified 52-fold with a yield of 66% from the culture broth. The optimum pH and temperature for Sco3487 activity were 7.0 and 40°C, respectively. The K(m) and V(max) for agarose were 4.87 mg/ml (4 × 10(-5) M) and 10.75 U/mg, respectively. Sco3487 did not require metal ions for its activity, but severe inhibition by Mn(2+) and Cu(2+) was observed. Thin-layer chromatography analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry of the Sco3487 hydrolysis products revealed that Sco3487 is both an exo- and endo-type β-agarase that degrades agarose, neoagarotetraose, and neoagarohexaose into neoagarobiose.
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Yang JI, Chen LC, Shih YY, Hsieh C, Chen CY, Chen WM, Chen CC. Cloning and characterization of β-agarase AgaYT from Flammeovirga yaeyamensis strain YT. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:225-32. [PMID: 21715227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A bacterium with potent agar-degrading capability was isolated from the surface of a red algae, Gracilaria tenuistipitata. Based on phenotypic characteristics, 16S rDNA gene sequence and a phylogenetic analysis, this bacterium was identified and named as Flammeovirga yaeyamensis strain YT. PCR using homology-based degenerate primers was employed to clone any agarase gene belonging to GH16 family encoded in F. yaeyamensis strain YT. The resolved 1512 nucleotides revealed that the cloned gene, namely AgaYT, encodes a protein of 503 amino acids comprising a signal peptide, a glycosyl hydrolase catalytic module and a C-terminal domain with an unknown function. The recombinant protein r-AgaYT is an endo-type β-agarase hydrolyzing agarose to yield neoagarobiose and neoagarotetraose as the main hydrolytic products. The specific activity of r-AgaYT was determined about 178.6 U mg(-1) at 40°C and pH 8.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Iong Yang
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142 Hai-chuan Rd., Nan-tzu, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Choi HJ, Hong JB, Park JJ, Chi WJ, Kim MC, Chang YK, Hong SK. Production of agarase from a novel Micrococcus sp. GNUM-08124 strain isolated from the East Sea of Korea. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Oh C, Nikapitiya C, Lee Y, Whang I, Kang DH, Heo SJ, Choi YU, Lee J. Molecular cloning, characterization and enzymatic properties of a novel βeta-agarase from a marine isolate Psudoalteromonas SP. AG52. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:876-89. [PMID: 24031567 PMCID: PMC3769764 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822010000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An agar-degrading Pseudoalteromonas sp. AG52 bacterial strain was identified from the red seaweed Gelidium amansii collected from Jeju Island, Korea. A β-agarase gene which has 96.8% nucleotide identity to Aeromonas β-agarase was cloned from this strain, and was designated as agaA. The coding region is 870 bp, encoding 290 amino acids and possesses characteristic features of the glycoside hydrolase family (GHF)-16. The predicted molecular mass of the mature protein was 32 kDa. The recombinant β-agarase (rAgaA) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified as a fusion protein. The optimal temperature and pH for activity were 55 °C and 5.5, respectively. The enzyme had a specific activity of 105.1 and 79.5 unit/mg toward agar and agarose, respectively. The pattern of agar hydrolysis demonstrated that the enzyme is an endo-type β-agarase, producing neoagarohexaose and neoagarotetraose as the final main products. Since, Pseudoalteromonas sp. AG52 encodes an agaA gene, which has greater identity to Aeromonas β-agarase, the enzyme could be considered as novel, with its unique bio chemical characteristics. Altogether, the purified rAgaA has potential for use in industrial applications such as development of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulhong Oh
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju, 690–756, Republic of Korea
- Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Ansan, 426–744, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju, 690–756, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdeuk Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju, 690–756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- Department of Life Science, Jeju National University 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju, 690–756, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Ansan, 426–744, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Ansan, 426–744, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ung Choi
- Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Ansan, 426–744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju, 690–756, Republic of Korea
- Marine and Environmental Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690–814, Republic of Korea
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Oh C, Nikapitiya C, Lee Y, Whang I, Kim SJ, Kang DH, Lee J. Cloning, purification and biochemical characterization of beta agarase from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. AG4. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 37:483-94. [PMID: 20213114 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A gene (agrP) encoding a beta-agarase from Pseudoalteromonas sp. AG4 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The agrP primary structure consists of an 870-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 290 amino acids (aa). The predicted molecular mass and isoelectric point were determined at 33 kDa and 5.9, respectively. The signal peptide was predicted to be 21 aa. The deduced aa sequence showed 98.6% identity to beta-agarase from Pseudoalteromonas atlantica. The recombinant protein was purified as a fusion protein and biochemically characterized. The purified beta-agarase (AgaP) had specific activity of 204.4 and 207.5 units/mg towards agar and agarose, respectively. The enzyme showed maximum activity at 55 degrees C and pH 5.5. It was stable at pH 4.5 to 8.0 and below 55 degrees C for 1 h. The enzyme produced neoagarohexaose and neoagarotetraose from agar and in addition to that neoagarobiose from the agarose. The neoagarooligosaccharides were biologically active. Hence, AgaP is a useful enzyme source for use by cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulhong Oh
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Long M, Yu Z, Xu X. A novel beta-agarase with high pH stability from marine Agarivorans sp. LQ48. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:62-9. [PMID: 19484308 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel endo-type beta-agarase gene, agaA, was cloned from a newly isolated marine bacterium, Agarivorans sp. LQ48. It encodes a protein of 457 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 51.2 kDa. The deduced protein contains a typical N-terminal signal peptide of 25 amino acid residues, followed by a catalytic module, which is homologous to that of glycoside hydrolase family 16. A sequence similar to a carbohydrate-binding module is found in the C-terminal region of the enzyme. The overall amino acid sequence shares a highest identity of 73% with the sequence of beta-agarase AgaB from Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain CY24. The mature agarase was highly expressed extracellularly in Escherichia coli. At pH 7.0 and 40 degrees C, the purified recombinant AgaA had a high specific activity of 349.3 micromol min(-1) mg(-1), a K(m) of 3.9 mg ml(-1), and a V(max) of 909.1 micromol min(-1) mg(-1) for agarose. The recombinant enzyme hydrolyzed the beta-1,4-glycosidic linkages of agarose, yielding neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose as the main products. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that the optimal temperature and pH of the recombinant AgaA were 40 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. Notably, AgaA still retained more than 95% activity after incubation at pH 3.0-11.0 for 1 h, a characteristic much different from other agarases reported. It is the first agarase identified to have so wide a pH range stability. This favorable property could make AgaA to be attractive to the food, cosmetic, and medical industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Agarase: review of major sources, categories, purification method, enzyme characteristics and applications. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:200-18. [PMID: 20161978 PMCID: PMC2817930 DOI: 10.3390/md8010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarases are the enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of agar. They are classified into alpha-agarase (E.C. 3.2.1.158) and beta-agarase (E.C. 3.2.1.81) according to the cleavage pattern. Several agarases have been isolated from different genera of bacteria found in seawater and marine sediments, as well as engineered microorganisms. Agarases have wide applications in food industry, cosmetics, and medical fields because they produce oligosaccharides with remarkable activities. They are also used as a tool enzyme for biological, physiological, and cytological studies. The paper reviews the category, source, purification method, major characteristics, and application fields of these native and gene cloned agarases in the past, present, and future.
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