1
|
Shaheen MNF, Ahmed N, Rady Badr K, Elmahdy EM. Detection and quantification of adenovirus, polyomavirus, and papillomavirus in urban sewage. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:401-413. [PMID: 38421633 PMCID: wh_2024_322 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence and seasonal frequency of human adenovirus (HAdV), human polyomavirus (HPyV), and human papillomavirus (HPV) in urban sewage. The detection of these viruses was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then the viral concentrations in the positive samples were quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Additionally, HAdV and HPyV genotyping was also performed by PCR. A total of 38/60 (63.3%) positive samples were found. HAdV was the most prevalent virus (26/60; 43.3%), followed by HPyV (21/60; 35%) and HPV (21/60; 35%). The viral concentrations ranged from 3.56 × 102 to 7.55 × 107 genome copies/L. The most common dual viral agents was found between HAdV and HPyV, in eight samples (8/38, 21%). HAdV types 40 and 41 as well as HPyV types JC and BK were identified, with HAdV-40 and HPyV JC being the most prevalent types. Furthermore, the detection rates of HAdV, HPyV, and HPV were higher during the winter season than the other seasons. The high prevalence of HAdV and HPyV supports their suitability as viral indicators of sewage contamination. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the advantages of environmental surveillance as a tool to elucidate the community-circulating viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt E-mail: ;
| | - Nehal Ahmed
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kareem Rady Badr
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elmahdy Mohamed Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Filipić A, Dobnik D, Gutiérrez-Aguirre I, Ravnikar M, Košir T, Baebler Š, Štern A, Žegura B, Petkovšek M, Dular M, Mozetič M, Zaplotnik R, Primc G. Cold plasma within a stable supercavitation bubble - A breakthrough technology for efficient inactivation of viruses in water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108285. [PMID: 37972530 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity, one of the most pressing challenges we face today, has developed for many reasons, including the increasing number of waterborne pollutants that affect the safety of the water environment. Waterborne human, animal and plant viruses represent huge health, environmental, and financial burden and thus it is important to efficiently inactivate them. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to construct a unique device combining plasma with supercavitation and to evaluate its efficiency for water decontamination with the emphasis on inactivation of viruses. High inactivation (>5 log10 PFU/mL) of bacteriophage MS2, a human enteric virus surrogate, was achieved after treatment of 0.43 L of recirculating water for up to 4 min. The key factors in the inactivation were short-lived reactive plasma species that damaged viral RNA. Water treated with plasma for a short time required for successful virus inactivation did not cause cytotoxic effects in the in vitro HepG2 cell model system or adverse effects on potato plant physiology. Therefore, the combined plasma-supercavitation device represents an environmentally-friendly technology that could provide contamination-free and safe water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arijana Filipić
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Dobnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ion Gutiérrez-Aguirre
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Košir
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alja Štern
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Petkovšek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Dular
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Mozetič
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Zaplotnik
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Primc
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aguayo-Acosta A, Jiménez-Rodríguez MG, Silva-Lance F, Oyervides-Muñoz MA, Armenta-Castro A, de la Rosa O, Ovalle-Carcaño A, Melchor-Martínez EM, Aghalari Z, Parra-Saldívar R, Sosa-Hernández JE. Passive Sampler Technology for Viral Detection in Wastewater-Based Surveillance: Current State and Nanomaterial Opportunities. Viruses 2023; 15:1941. [PMID: 37766347 PMCID: PMC10537877 DOI: 10.3390/v15091941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) is an efficient community-wide surveillance tool, its implementation for pathogen surveillance remains limited by ineffective sample treatment procedures, as the complex composition of wastewater often interferes with biomarker recovery. Moreover, current sampling protocols based on grab samples are susceptible to fluctuant biomarker concentrations and may increase operative costs, often rendering such systems inaccessible to communities in low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs). As a response, passive samplers have emerged as a way to make wastewater sampling more efficient and obtain more reliable, consistent data. Therefore, this study aims to review recent developments in passive sampling technologies to provide researchers with the tools to develop novel passive sampling strategies. Although promising advances in the development of nanostructured passive samplers have been reported, optimization remains a significant area of opportunity for researchers in the area, as methods for flexible, robust adsorption and recovery of viral genetic materials would greatly improve the efficacy of WBS systems while making them more accessible for communities worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Aguayo-Acosta
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Mildred G. Jiménez-Rodríguez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Fernando Silva-Lance
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Mariel Araceli Oyervides-Muñoz
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Arnoldo Armenta-Castro
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Orlado de la Rosa
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Antonio Ovalle-Carcaño
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Zahra Aghalari
- Faculty of Public Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47754, Iran;
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qamsari EM, Mohammadi P. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Presence in Treated and Untreated Hospital Sewage. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2023; 234:273. [PMID: 37073306 PMCID: PMC10090750 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-023-06273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a potential approach for determining the viral prevalence in a community. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have begun to pay close attention to the presence of SARS-COV-2 RNA in various wastewaters. The potential for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in hospital sewage could make it an invaluable resource for epidemiological studies. In this regard, two specialized hospitals dedicated to COVID-19 patients were chosen for this investigation. Both hospitals utilize the same wastewater treatment systems. The influent and effluents of the two hospitals were sampled in May and June of 2021, and the samples were evaluated for their chemical properties. According to the findings of this study, the wastewater qualities of the two studied hospitals were within the standard ranges. The sewage samples were concentrated using ultrafiltration and PEG precipitation techniques. The E and S genes were studied with RT-qPCR commercial kits. We found E gene of SARS-CoV-2 in 83.3% (5/6) and 66.6% (4/6) of wastewater samples from hospital 1 and hospital 2, respectively, using ultrafiltration concentration method. Wastewater samples taken after chlorine treatment accounted for 16.6% of all positive results. In addition, due to the small sample size, there was no significant correlation (p > 0.05) between the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and the number of COVID-19 cases. Hospitals may be a source of SARS-CoV-2 pollution, thus it is important to monitor and enhance wastewater treatment systems to prevent the spread of the virus and safeguard the surrounding environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Mobarak Qamsari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohammadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Takuissu GR, Kenmoe S, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Ndzie Ondigui JL, Kenfack-Momo R, Tchatchouang S, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Lontuo Fogang R, Zeuko’o Menkem E, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Veneri C, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Orlandi L, Del Giudice C, Suffredini E, La Rosa G. Occurrence of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Matrices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1054. [PMID: 36673812 PMCID: PMC9859052 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A is a common form of viral hepatitis. It is usually transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. This systematic review was carried out to summarise the overall prevalence of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in different water matrices: untreated and treated wastewater, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and others (e.g., irrigation water and floodwater). The literature search was performed in four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, and Excerpta Medica Database. Heterogeneity (I2) was assessed using the χ2 test on the Cochran Q statistic and H parameters. A total of 200 prevalence data from 144 articles were included in this meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of HAV in water matrices was 16.7% (95% CI: 13.4−20.3). The prevalence for individual matrix was as follows: 31.4% (95% CI: 23.0−40.4) untreated wastewater, 18.0% (95% CI: 9.5−28.2) treated wastewater, 15.0% (95% CI: 10.1−20.5) surface water, 2.3% (95% CI: 0.1−6.0) in groundwater, 0.3% (95% CI: 0.0−1.7) in drinking water, and 8.5% (95% CI: 3.1−15.6) in other matrices. The prevalence was higher in low-income economies (29.0%). Africa and Eastern Mediterranean were the regions with higher HAV prevalence values. This study showed a high heterogeneity (I2 > 75%) with a significant publication bias (p value Egger test < 0.001). The results of this review suggest that water matrices could be an important route of HAV transmission even in industrialized countries, despite the lower prevalence compared to less industrialized countries, and the availability of advanced water management systems. More effective water/wastewater treatment strategies are needed in developing countries to limit the environmental circulation of HAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Roussel Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne-Ndé
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Arnol Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Raoul Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | | | - Ginette Irma Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lidia Orlandi
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Giudice
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schumann VF, de Castro Cuadrat RR, Wyler E, Wurmus R, Deter A, Quedenau C, Dohmen J, Faxel M, Borodina T, Blume A, Freimuth J, Meixner M, Grau JH, Liere K, Hackenbeck T, Zietzschmann F, Gnirss R, Böckelmann U, Uyar B, Franke V, Barke N, Altmüller J, Rajewsky N, Landthaler M, Akalin A. SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics revealed by wastewater sequencing analysis and deconvolution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158931. [PMID: 36228784 PMCID: PMC9549760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of RNA sequencing from wastewater samples is a valuable way for estimating infection dynamics and circulating lineages of SARS-CoV-2. This approach is independent from testing individuals and can therefore become the key tool to monitor this and potentially other viruses. However, it is equally important to develop easily accessible and scalable tools which can highlight critical changes in infection rates and dynamics over time across different locations given sequencing data from wastewater. Here, we provide an analysis of lineage dynamics in Berlin and New York City using wastewater sequencing and present PiGx SARS-CoV-2, a highly reproducible computational analysis pipeline with comprehensive reports. This end-to-end pipeline includes all steps from raw data to shareable reports, additional taxonomic analysis, deconvolution and geospatial time series analyses. Using simulated datasets (in silico generated and spiked-in samples) we could demonstrate the accuracy of our pipeline calculating proportions of Variants of Concern (VOC) from environmental as well as pre-mixed samples (spiked-in). By applying our pipeline on a dataset of wastewater samples from Berlin between February 2021 and January 2022, we could reconstruct the emergence of B.1.1.7(alpha) in February/March 2021 and the replacement dynamics from B.1.617.2 (delta) to BA.1 and BA.2 (omicron) during the winter of 2021/2022. Using data from very-short-reads generated in an industrial scale setting, we could see even higher accuracy in our deconvolution. Lastly, using a targeted sequencing dataset from New York City (receptor-binding-domain (RBD) only), we could reproduce the results recovering the proportions of the so-called cryptic lineages shown in the original study. Overall our study provides an in-depth analysis reconstructing virus lineage dynamics from wastewater. While applying our tool on a wide range of different datasets (from different types of wastewater sample locations and sequenced with different methods), we show that PiGx SARS-CoV-2 can be used to identify new mutations and detect any emerging new lineages in a highly automated and scalable way. Our approach can support efforts to establish continuous monitoring and early-warning projects for detecting SARS-CoV-2 or any other pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vic-Fabienne Schumann
- Bioinformatics & Omics Data Science Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael Ricardo de Castro Cuadrat
- Bioinformatics & Omics Data Science Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- RNA Biology and Posttranscriptional Regulation, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricardo Wurmus
- Bioinformatics & Omics Data Science Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aylina Deter
- RNA Biology and Posttranscriptional Regulation, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Quedenau
- Genomics Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Dohmen
- Bioinformatics & Omics Data Science Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Faxel
- Bioinformatics & Omics Data Science Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatiana Borodina
- Genomics Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Blume
- Bioinformatics & Omics Data Science Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Freimuth
- Bioinformatics & Omics Data Science Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bora Uyar
- Bioinformatics & Omics Data Science Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vedran Franke
- Bioinformatics & Omics Data Science Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas Barke
- RNA Biology and Posttranscriptional Regulation, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Genomics Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Markus Landthaler
- RNA Biology and Posttranscriptional Regulation, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Altuna Akalin
- Bioinformatics & Omics Data Science Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hashemi SY, Shahmahmoodi S, Hadi M, Nodehi RN, Alimohammadi M, Nejati A, Mesdaghinia A. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of enteroviruses in raw-eatable vegetables irrigated by wastewater: examining different scenarios of washing. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:629-640. [PMID: 36406612 PMCID: PMC9672215 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-022-00789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing water crisis, the reuse of wastewater deserves attention as a method to reduce the pressure of the water crisis, especially in developing countries. The application of health risk assessment models is a way to estimate disease burdens associated with crop irrigation by wastewater effluents. In this study, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) with probabilistic Monte-Carlo simulation was used to estimate the annual risk of enteroviruses (EVs) infection and disease burden for consumers of effluent-irrigated raw vegetables in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Wastewater effluent samples were collected over two seasons: summer and winter. EVs were analyzed in three stages, concentration and separation, cell culture, and real-time PCR (RT-PCR). A questionnaire was used to determine the dominant patterns of vegetable washing by consumers. There were 4 vegetable washing steps: wiping away mud (A), rinsing (B), using detergents (C), using disinfectants (D). 5 patterns of washing were examined in the laboratory and the concentration of enteroviruses was measured in every pattern. pattern 1: just wiping away mud (A), pattern 2: wiping away mud and rinsing (AB), pattern 3: wiping away mud by using detergents and rinsing (ABCB), pattern 4: wiping away mud by using disinfectants and rinsing (ABDB), and pattern 5: wiping away mud by using detergents and disinfectants and rinsing (ABCBDB). For washing pattern 1, pattern 2, and pattern 3, the estimated annual infection risk of EVs was estimated to be 5.6 × 10-1, 3.6 × 10-1, 1.7 × 10-1 (risk/per.day), and burden of disease was calculated as 3 × 10-2, 2 × 10-2, and 9 × 10-3 (burden/year), respectively. The results showed that if vegetables are washed according to method 5, the microbial risk will be minimized and the excess prevalence of viral infections will be eliminated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Yaser Hashemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hadi
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mesdaghinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiménez-Rodríguez MG, Silva-Lance F, Parra-Arroyo L, Medina-Salazar DA, Martínez-Ruiz M, Melchor-Martínez EM, Martínez-Prado MA, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R, Barceló D, Sosa-Hernández JE. Biosensors for the detection of disease outbreaks through wastewater-based epidemiology. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 155:116585. [PMID: 35281332 PMCID: PMC8898787 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) is a novel community-wide monitoring tool that provides comprehensive real-time data of the public and environmental health status and can contribute to public health interventions, including those related to infectious disease outbreaks (e.g., the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic). Nonetheless, municipalities without centralized laboratories are likely still not able to process WBE samples. Biosensors are a potentially cost-effective solution to monitor the development of diseases through WBE to prevent local outbreaks. This review discusses the economic and technical feasibility of eighteen recently developed biosensors for the detection and monitoring of infectious disease agents in wastewater, prospecting the prevention of future pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Silva-Lance
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Lizeth Parra-Arroyo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - D Alejandra Medina-Salazar
- Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Durango (TecNM-ITD), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote. Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Dgo, 34080, Mexico
| | - Manuel Martínez-Ruiz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | | | - María Adriana Martínez-Prado
- Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Durango (TecNM-ITD), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote. Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Dgo, 34080, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | | | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H2O, 17003, Girona, Spain
- College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gholipour S, Hosseini M, Nikaeen M, Hadi M, Sarmadi M, Saderi H, Hassanzadeh A. Quantification of human adenovirus in irrigation water-soil-crop continuum: are consumers of wastewater-irrigated vegetables at risk? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54561-54570. [PMID: 35304720 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Because of health concerns regarding the presence of enteric viruses in wastewater effluents, this study was designed to investigate the occurrence of human adenovirus (HAdV) in the irrigation water-soil-crop continuum. Viral particles were extracted from wastewater and wastewater- or water-irrigated soil and crop samples and analyzed using real-time PCR. Concentration of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were also determined. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was performed to determine the HAdV illness risk associated with the consumption of wastewater-irrigated vegetables. HAdV-F was detected in 74% of wastewater effluent samples with a mean concentration of 38 Genomic Copy (GC)/mL. HAdV was also detected in wastewater-irrigated soil (2 × 102 GC/g) and crop (< 10 GC/g) samples, with no statistically significant difference in concentrations between wastewater- and freshwater-irrigated samples. The results showed no correlation between concentrations of FIB and HAdV in the analyzed samples. Mean probability of illness risk from consumption of wastewater-irrigated vegetables was 4 × 10-1 per person per year (pppy) which was about two orders of magnitude higher than the proposed value by WHO (10-3 pppy) for safe reuse of wastewater. This finding suggests that the wastewater reuse for irrigation of vegetables eaten raw could pose a threat to human health with respect to the risk of viral illness, signifying stricter management of wastewater reuse. However, because of uncertainties in the QMRA model, particularly the ratio of infectious to non-infectious virus particles, more data is required to validate the predicted risk. This information is especially important in arid and semi-arid regions where high temperatures, UV radiation intensity, and desiccation can efficiently inactivate microorganisms in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mona Hosseini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Hadi
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Sarmadi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Horieh Saderi
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center (MMRC), Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Hassanzadeh
- Department of Statistics & Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li J, Liu J, Yu H, Zhao W, Xia X, You S, Zhang J, Tong H, Wei L. Sources, fates and treatment strategies of typical viruses in urban sewage collection/treatment systems: A review. DESALINATION 2022; 534:115798. [PMID: 35498908 PMCID: PMC9033450 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) throughout the world has severely threatened the global economy and public health. Due to receiving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a wide variety of sources (e.g., households, hospitals, slaughterhouses), urban sewage treatment systems are regarded as an important path for the transmission of waterborne viruses. This review presents a quantitative profile of the concentration distribution of typical viruses within wastewater collection systems and evaluates the influence of different characteristics of sewer systems on virus species and concentration. Then, the efficiencies and mechanisms of virus removal in the units of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are summarized and compared, among which the inactivation efficiencies of typical viruses by typical disinfection approaches under varied operational conditions are elucidated. Subsequently, the occurrence and removal of viruses in treated effluent reuse and desalination, as well as that in sewage sludge treatment, are discussed. Potential dissemination of viruses is emphasized by occurrence via aerosolization from toilets, the collection system and WWTP aeration, which might have a vital role in the transmission and spread of viruses. Finally, the frequency and concentration of viruses in reclaimed water, the probability of infection are also reviewed for discussing the potential health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xinhui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hailong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
SARS-CoV-2 from Urban to Rural Water Environment: Occurrence, Persistence, Fate, and Influence on Agriculture Irrigation. A Review. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), originating from China, has rapidly crossed borders, infecting people worldwide. While its transmission may occur predominantly via aerosolization of virus-laden droplets, the possibility of other routes of contagion via the environment necessitates considerable scientific consideration. SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA has been detected in the feces of infected persons, and studies also have reported its occurrence in wastewater and surface water bodies. Therefore, water may be a possible route of virus outbreaks. Agricultural irrigation is the largest use of water globally, accounting for 70% of water use worldwide. Ensuring adequate water quality within irrigation practices is fundamental to prevent harm to plants and soils, maintain food safety, and protect public health. This review aims to gather information on possible SARS-CoV-2 transmission routes within urban and rural water environments, looking into the detection, persistence, and fate of SARS-CoV-2. Based on published literature, the effect of current treatment technologies in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on SARS-CoV-2 inactivation has also been investigated. Preliminary research efforts that concentrated on SARS-CoV-2 indicate that the risk of virus transmission from the aquatic environment may currently be non-existent, although a few studies have reported the presence of SARS-CoV RNA in soils, whereas there are still no studies on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in crops.
Collapse
|
12
|
Donia A, Hassan SU, Zhang X, Al-Madboly L, Bokhari H. COVID-19 Crisis Creates Opportunity towards Global Monitoring & Surveillance. Pathogens 2021; 10:256. [PMID: 33668358 PMCID: PMC7996165 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of emerging new diseases as well as re-emerging old diseases is broadening as infectious agents evolve, adapt, and spread at enormous speeds in response to changing ecosystems. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recent phenomenon and may take a while to understand its transmission routes from less traveled territories, ranging from fomite exposure routes to wastewater transmission. The critical challenge is how to negotiate with such catastrophic pandemics in high-income countries (HICs ~20% of the global population) and low-and middle-income countries (LMICs ~ 80% of the global population) with a total global population size of approximately eight billion, where practical mass testing and tracing is only a remote possibility, particularly in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Keeping in mind the population distribution disparities of high-income countries (HICs) and LMICs and urbanisation trends over recent years, traditional wastewater-based surveillance such as that used to combat polio may help in addressing this challenge. The COVID-19 era differs from any previous pandemics or global health challenges in the sense that there is a great deal of curiosity within the global community to find out everything about this virus, ranging from diagnostics, potential vaccines/therapeutics, and possible routes of transmission. In this regard, the fact that the gut is the common niche for both poliovirus and SARS-CoV-2, and due to the shedding of the virus through faecal material into sewerage systems, the need for long-term wastewater surveillance and developing early warning systems for better preparedness at local and global levels is increasingly apparent. This paper aims to provide an insight into the ongoing COVID-19 crisis, how it can be managed, and what measures are required to deal with a current global international public health concern. Additionally, it shed light on the importance of using wastewater surveillance strategy as an early warning practical tool suitable for massive passive screening, as well as the urgent need for microfluidic technology as a rapid and cost-effective approach tracking SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Donia
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Sammer-ul Hassan
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Xunli Zhang
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Lamiaa Al-Madboly
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tavakoli Nick S, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Mirjalali H, Alebouyeh M. Monitoring of rotavirus in treated wastewater in Tehran with a monthly interval, in 2017-2018. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:1065-1072. [PMID: 33328375 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are among the major causes of viral acute gastroenteritis in newborns and children younger than 5 years worldwide. The ability of rotaviruses to remain infectious in harsh environments as well as in the wastewater treatment process makes them one of the most prevalent enteric viruses. The current study aimed to determine the presence of rotavirus genomes and to analyze them phylogenetically in secondary treated wastewater (TW) samples. In total, 13 TW samples were collected from September 2017 to August 2018. Viral concentration was carried out using the absorption-elution method, and after RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, real-time and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed. A phylogenetic tree was drawn using Maximum Likelihood and Tamura 3-parameter using MEGA v.6 software. Rotavirus genomes were detected in 7/13 (53.8%) and 3/13 (23.07%) samples using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and conventional PCR, respectively. Accordingly, phylogenetic analysis revealed G4P[8], G9P[4], and G9P[8] genotypes among the samples. The presence of rotavirus in secondary TW samples discharged into surface water emphasizes the importance of monitoring and assessing viral contamination in the water sources used for agricultural and recreational purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Tavakoli Nick
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail:
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail:
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chacón L, Barrantes K, Santamaría-Ulloa C, Solano M, Reyes L, Taylor L, Valiente C, Symonds EM, Achí R. A Somatic Coliphage Threshold Approach To Improve the Management of Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents in Resource-Limited Regions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00616-20. [PMID: 32591380 PMCID: PMC7440787 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00616-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective wastewater management is crucial to ensure the safety of water reuse projects and effluent discharge into surface waters. Multiple studies have demonstrated that municipal wastewater treatment with conventional activated sludge processes is inefficient for the removal of a wide spectrum of viruses in sewage. In this study, a well-accepted statistical approach was used to investigate the relationship between viral indicators and human enteric viruses during wastewater treatment in a resource-limited region. Influent and effluent samples from five urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Costa Rica were analyzed for somatic coliphage and human enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, norovirus genotypes I and II, and rotavirus. All WWTPs provide primary treatment followed by conventional activated sludge treatment prior to discharge into surface waters that are indirectly used for agricultural irrigation. The results revealed a statistically significant relationship between the detection of at least one of the five human enteric viruses and somatic coliphage. Multiple logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified a threshold of 3.0 × 103 (3.5 log10) somatic coliphage PFU per 100 ml, which corresponded to an increased likelihood of encountering enteric viruses above the limit of detection (>1.83 × 102 virus targets/100 ml). Additionally, quantitative microbial risk assessment was executed for farmers indirectly reusing WWTP effluent that met the proposed threshold. The resulting estimated median cumulative annual disease burden complied with World Health Organization recommendations. Future studies are needed to validate the proposed threshold for use in Costa Rica and other regions.IMPORTANCE Effective wastewater management is crucial to ensure safe direct and indirect water reuse; nevertheless, few countries have adopted the virus log reduction value management approach established by the World Health Organization. In this study, we investigated an alternative and/or complementary approach to the virus log reduction value framework for the indirect reuse of activated sludge-treated wastewater effluent. Specifically, we employed a well-accepted statistical approach to identify a statistically sound somatic coliphage threshold value which corresponded to an increased likelihood of human enteric virus detection. This study demonstrates an alternative approach to the virus log reduction value framework which can be applied to improve wastewater reuse practices and effluent management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luz Chacón
- Health Sciences Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud [INISA]), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Kenia Barrantes
- Health Sciences Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud [INISA]), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Carolina Santamaría-Ulloa
- Health Sciences Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud [INISA]), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Melissa Solano
- Health Sciences Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud [INISA]), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Liliana Reyes
- Health Sciences Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud [INISA]), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Lizeth Taylor
- College of Microbiology (Facultad de Microbiología), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Carmen Valiente
- National Water Laboratory (Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas), Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewerage (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados), Tres Ríos, Costa Rica
| | - Erin M Symonds
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Rosario Achí
- Health Sciences Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud [INISA]), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tavakoli Nick S, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Mirjalali H, Alebouyeh M. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Torque teno virus (TTV) in a wastewater treatment plant in Tehran. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:971-977. [PMID: 31850903 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is a single-stranded DNA virus which is predominantly transmitted by the fecal-oral route and may be excreted in the absence of the clinical symptoms. TTV was previously considered a probable cause of hepatitis, but further studies could not strongly connect TTV to any serious health problem. TTV is highly resistant to water and wastewater treatment processes and can be a useful indicator for determining the fecal contamination of water. The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence and molecular characterization of TTV in treated wastewater in Tehran. Thirteen effluent samples were collected monthly from the biggest wastewater treatment plant in Tehran, Iran (from September 2017 to August 2018). The presence of the TTV was monitored in the samples by the nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The TTV genome was found in 76.9% of the samples, and TTV of groups 1 and 3 were determined using phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, treated wastewater can play a key role in the transmission of TTV and the usage of treated wastewater as a source of potable water needs to be carefully controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Tavakoli Nick
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail:
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Worley‐Morse T, Mann M, Khunjar W, Olabode L, Gonzalez R. Evaluating the fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses in water resource recovery facilities. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:830-842. [PMID: 30848516 PMCID: PMC6849880 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A year-long sampling campaign at nine water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) was conducted to assess the treatability and fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses. Influent concentrations of viral indicators (male-specific and somatic coliphages) and bacterial indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) remained relatively constant, typically varying by one order of magnitude over the course of the year. Annual average bacterial indicator reduction ranged from 4.0 to 6.7 logs, and annual average viral indicator reduction ranged from 1.6 to 5.4 logs. Bacterial and viral indicator reduction depended on the WRRF's treatment processes, and bacterial indicator reduction was greater than viral indicator reduction for many processes. Viral reduction (adenovirus 41, norovirus GI, and norovirus GII) was more similar to viral indicator reduction than bacterial indicator reduction. Overall, this work suggests that viral indicator reduction in WRRFs is variable and depends on specific unit processes. Moreover, for the same unit treatment process, viral indicator reduction and bacterial indicator reduction can vary. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A year-long sampling campaign was conducted at nine water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs). The treatability and fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses were assessed. Viral indicator reduction in WRRFs is variable and depends on specific unit processes. For the same unit treatment process, viral indicator reduction and bacterial indicator reduction can vary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raul Gonzalez
- Hampton Roads Sanitation DistrictVirginia BeachVirginia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) as a smart method for fast environmental virological analyses: validation on Picornaviruses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12598. [PMID: 31467322 PMCID: PMC6715700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Virological analysis is time-consuming and expensive. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the applicability of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to the classification of viruses, reducing the time for this analysis and its costs. Experimental tests were performed in which different viruses were irradiated with a UV laser emitting at 266 nm and the emitted spectra were recorded by a spectrometer. The classification techniques show the possibility of discriminating viruses. Although the application of the LIF technique to biological agents has been thoroughly studied by many researchers over the years, this work aims at validating for the first time its applicability to virological analyses. The development of a fast virological analysis may revolutionize this field, allowing fast responses to epidemiologic events, reducing their risks and improving the efficiency of monitoring environments. Moreover, a cost reduction may lead to an increase in the monitoring frequency, with an obvious enhancement of safety and prevention.
Collapse
|
18
|
Elmahdy EM, Ahmed NI, Shaheen MNF, Mohamed ECB, Loutfy SA. Molecular detection of human adenovirus in urban wastewater in Egypt and among children suffering from acute gastroenteritis. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:287-294. [PMID: 30942778 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Incidence of enteric viruses in sewage, the efficacy of wastewater treatment plants to remove these viruses, and health effects from their release into the surface water are very important environmental issues in the microbiology field. One of the most pathogenic enteric viruses is adenovirus which can cause a serious disease such as gastroenteritis with low grade fever and mild dehydration in humans. In this study we performed qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of HAdV on 60 stool samples from children with acute gastroenteritis admitted to Abu-Rish hospital and 96 environmental samples (32 raw sewage, 32 treated sewage, 32 sewage sludge) collected from Zenin wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). HAdV were detected in 17 (28.3%) of stool, 27 (84.4%) of raw sewage, 16 (50%) of treated sewage and 25 (78%) of sludge samples. The viral concentrations were in the range of 2.02 × 106-7.23 × 106, 8.7 × 105-4.3 × 106, 1.22 × 104-3.7 × 106 and 1.48 × 106-1.77 × 107 GC/mL in stool, raw sewage, treated sewage, and sludge, respectively. HAdV was detected throughout the whole year of sample collection. Moreover, our results suggested that males were more susceptible to adenovirus infections than females. The results indicate that the high incidence of HAdV in the treated sewage may cause adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elmahdy M Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt E-mail:
| | - Nehal I Ahmed
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt E-mail:
| | - Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt E-mail:
| | - El-Chaimaa B Mohamed
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah A Loutfy
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The immense global burden of infectious disease outbreaks and the need to establish prediction and prevention systems have been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the United States Agency of International Development (USAID), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the international scientific community. Despite multiple efforts, this infectious burden is still increasing. For example, it has been reported that between 1.5 and 12 million people die each year from waterborne diseases and diarrheal diseases are listed within the top 15 leading causes of death worldwide. Rapid population growth, climate change, natural disasters, immigration, globalization, and the corresponding sanitation and waste management challenges are expected to intensify the problem in the years to come.
Collapse
|
20
|
Falman JC, Fagnant-Sperati CS, Kossik AL, Boyle DS, Meschke JS. Evaluation of Secondary Concentration Methods for Poliovirus Detection in Wastewater. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:20-31. [PMID: 30612304 PMCID: PMC6394643 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-09364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective surveillance of human enteric viruses is critical to estimate disease prevalence within a community and can be a vital supplement to clinical surveillance. This study sought to evaluate simple, effective, and inexpensive secondary concentration methods for use with ViroCap™ filter eluate for environmental surveillance of poliovirus. Wastewater was primary concentrated using cartridge ViroCap filters, seeded with poliovirus type 1 (PV1), and then concentrated using five secondary concentration methods (beef extract-Celite, ViroCap flat disc filter, InnovaPrep® Concentrating Pipette, polyethylene glycol [PEG]/sodium chloride [NaCl] precipitation, and skimmed-milk flocculation). PV1 was enumerated in secondary concentrates by plaque assay on BGMK cells. Of the five tested methods, PEG/NaCl precipitation and skimmed-milk flocculation resulted in the highest PV1 recoveries. Optimization of the skimmed-milk flocculation method resulted in a greater PV1 recovery (106 ± 24.8%) when compared to PEG/NaCl precipitation (59.5 ± 19.4%) (p = 0.004, t-test). The high PV1 recovery, short processing time, low reagent cost, no required refrigeration, and requirement for only standard laboratory equipment suggest that the skimmed-milk flocculation method would be a good candidate to be field-validated for secondary concentration of environmental ViroCap filter samples containing poliovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Falman
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christine S Fagnant-Sperati
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alexandra L Kossik
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - David S Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - John Scott Meschke
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Molecular characterization of human enteric viruses in food, water samples, and surface swabs in Sicily. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 80:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
22
|
Delogu R, Battistone A, Buttinelli G, Fiore S, Fontana S, Amato C, Cristiano K, Gamper S, Simeoni J, Frate R, Pellegrinelli L, Binda S, Veronesi L, Zoni R, Castiglia P, Cossu A, Triassi M, Pennino F, Germinario C, Balena V, Cicala A, Mercurio P, Fiore L, Pini C, Stefanelli P. Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses from Environmental Surveillance in Italy, 2009-2015. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:333-342. [PMID: 29948963 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Within the initiatives for poliomyelitis eradication by WHO, Italy activated an environmental surveillance (ES) in 2005. ES complements clinical Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance for possible polio cases, detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage, and is used to monitor transmission in communities. In addition to polioviruses, the analyses comprised: (i) the monitoring of the presence of non-polio enteroviruses in sewage samples and (ii) the temporal and geographical distribution of the detected viruses. From 2009 to 2015, 2880 sewage samples were collected from eight cities participating in the surveillance. Overall, 1479 samples resulted positive for enteroviruses. No wild-type polioviruses were found, although four Sabin-like polioviruses were detected. The low degree of mutation found in the genomes of these four isolates suggests that these viruses have had a limited circulation in the population. All non-polio enteroviruses belonged to species B and the most frequent serotype was CV-B5, followed by CV-B4, E-11, E-6, E-7, CV-B3, and CV-B2. Variations in the frequency of different serotypes were also observed in different seasons and/or Italian areas. Environmental surveillance in Italy, as part of the 'WHO global polio eradication program', is a powerful tool to augment the polio surveillance and to investigate the silent circulation or the re-emergence of enteroviruses in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Delogu
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Battistone
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Buttinelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fontana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Amato
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Karen Cristiano
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabine Gamper
- Comprensorio Sanitario di Bolzano, Servizio Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Josef Simeoni
- Comprensorio Sanitario di Bolzano, Servizio Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Laura Pellegrinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Binda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Veronesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Zoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Castiglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Pennino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Balena
- Hygiene Unit, Department DIMO, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Lucia Fiore
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Pini
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Assis ASF, Fumian TM, Miagostovich MP, Drumond BP, da Rosa E Silva ML. Adenovirus and rotavirus recovery from a treated effluent through an optimized skimmed-milk flocculation method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17025-17032. [PMID: 29633189 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sewage treatment may be insufficient for the complete removal of enteric viruses, such as human adenoviruses (HAdV) and group A rotavirus (RVA). The differences in the efficiency of the treatment methodologies used may interfere with the detection of these viruses. The objective of this study was to optimize a skimmed-milk flocculation technique for the recovery of HAdV and RVA in the samples of treated effluent. The treated effluent collected at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was processed via four protocols including modifications in the initial centrifugation step and the final concentration of skimmed-milk. The viral load and recovery rate were determined by quantitative PCR TaqMan® System. The highest recovery rates of HAdV, RVA, and bacteriophage PP7 (internal control process) were obtained when the concentration of skimmed-milk was doubled and no centrifugation step was used for the sample clarification. The optimized protocol was assessed in a field study conducted with 24 treated effluent samples collected bi-monthly during 2015. HAdV and RVA were detected in 50.0% (12/24) and 33.3% (08/24) of the samples tested, respectively, throughout the year, without seasonal variation (p > 0.05). This study corroborates the use of the organic flocculation method for virus recovery in environmental samples with the adaptation of the protocols to different aquatic matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrêssa Silvino Ferreira Assis
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Virus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luzia da Rosa E Silva
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pennino F, Nardone A, Montuori P, Aurino S, Torre I, Battistone A, Delogu R, Buttinelli G, Fiore S, Amato C, Triassi M. Large-Scale Survey of Human Enteroviruses in Wastewater Treatment Plants of a Metropolitan Area of Southern Italy. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:187-192. [PMID: 29248990 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (HEVs) occur in high concentrations in wastewater and can contaminate receiving environmental waters, constituting a major cause of acute waterborne disease worldwide. In this study, we investigated the relative abundance, occurrence, and seasonal distribution of polio and other enteroviruses at three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Naples, Southern Italy, from January 2010 to December 2014. Influent and effluent samples from the three WWTPs were collected monthly. One hundred and sixty-one of the 731 wastewater samples collected (22.0%) before and after water treatment were CPE positive on RD cells; while no samples were positive on L20B cells from any WWTPs. Among the 140 non-polio enterovirus isolated from inlet sewage, 69.3% were Coxsackieviruses type B and 30.7% were Echoviruses. Among these, CVB3 and CVB5 were most prevalent, followed by CVB4 and Echo6. The twenty-one samples tested after treatment contained 6 CVB4, 5 CVB3, 3 Echo11, and 2 Echo6; while other serotypes were isolated less frequently. Data on viral detection in treated effluents of WWTPs confirmed the potential environmental contamination by HEVs and could be useful to establish standards for policies on wastewater management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pennino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Sara Aurino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Torre
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Battistone
- National Center for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines (CNCF), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Delogu
- National Center for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines (CNCF), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Buttinelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Amato
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Moazeni M, Nikaeen M, Hadi M, Moghim S, Mouhebat L, Hatamzadeh M, Hassanzadeh A. Estimation of health risks caused by exposure to enteroviruses from agricultural application of wastewater effluents. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 125:104-113. [PMID: 28841422 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural reuse of wastewater is a common practice worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid area due to the freshwater scarcity. Wastewater irrigation in the Middle East, one of the most water-stressed regions in the world, could be a key factor for socio-economic development, but the microbial contamination of untreated or partially treated wastewater is a serious public health concern. Potential transmission of enteric viral infections through wastewater reuse in agricultural activities represents a true health risk for exposed individuals. Accordingly, it is important to assess the health risks associated with wastewater reuse. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) with Monte-Carlo simulation was used to estimate the annual risk of enterovirus (EV) infection and disease burden for farmers and consumers of wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Iran, a semiarid country in the Middle East region. Risk analysis was performed based on the measured concentrations of EV in effluent of two activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Wastewater effluent sampling was carried out over a nine-month period, and the presence of total and fecal coliforms and EV was determined. Fecal coliform bacteria were found at a high level exceeded the guideline limit for wastewater reuse in agriculture. EVs were detected in 40% of samples with the highest frequency in summer with a mean of 12 and 16 pfu/ml for WWTP-A and B, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no correlation between the concentration of fecal coliforms and EV. The estimated infection risk for EVs was 8.8 × 10-1 and 8.2 × 10-1 per person per year (pppy) for farmers of WWTP-A and -B, respectively which was about 2 log higher than the tolerable infection risk of 2 × 10-3 pppy. The estimated risk for lettuce consumers exhibited a lower level of infection and disease burden but higher than the guideline limits. The median disease burden for consumption of lettuce irrigated with activated sludge effluents was about 10-3 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) pppy which exceeded the WHO guideline threshold of 10-4 DALY pppy. The results of study indicated that the activated sludge effluents require an additional reduction of EVs to achieve the acceptable level of risk for agricultural reuse of wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Moazeni
- Student Research Center, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Hadi
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leili Mouhebat
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Hatamzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akbar Hassanzadeh
- Department of Statistics & Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Iaconelli M, Valdazo-González B, Equestre M, Ciccaglione AR, Marcantonio C, Della Libera S, La Rosa G. Molecular characterization of human adenoviruses in urban wastewaters using next generation and Sanger sequencing. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 121:240-247. [PMID: 28550812 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are of major public health importance and are associated with a variety of clinical manifestations, including gastroenteritis, respiratory, ocular and urinary tract infections. To study the occurrence, prevalence and diversity of HAdV species and types circulating in Italy, we conducted a large-scale molecular-epidemiological investigation, a yearlong monitoring of 22 wastewater treatment plants, covering 10 Italian regions, representative of northern, central, and southern Italy. A total of 141 raw sewage samples were collected from January to December 2013, and processed to detect and characterize by phylogenetic analysis a fragment of the hexon coding region of HAdVs. Nested PCR results showed the presence of HAdVs in 85 out of 141 samples (60% of samples). Fifty-nine samples were characterized by conventional Sanger sequencing as belonging to four HAdV species and four types: A (type 12, 5 samples), B (type 3, 8 samples), C (type 5, 1 sample) and F (type 41, 45 samples). The remaining 26 samples could not be characterized because of uninterpretable (mixed) electropherograms suggesting the presence of multiple species and/or types. Pools of characterized and uncharacterized PCR amplicons were further analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). NGS results revealed a marked HAdV diversity with 16 additional types detected beyond the four types found by Sanger sequencing. Overall, 19 types were identified, belonging to HAdV species A-F: types 12 and 31 (species A), type 3 (species B), types 1, 2, and 5 (species C), types 9, 17, 24, 26, 37, 38, 42, 44, 48, and 70 (species D), type 4 (species E), and types 40 and 41(species F). An untypeable HAdV was also detected, showing similar percentages of identity with more than one prototype (types 15, 30, 56, and 59). Our findings documented the circulation of a wide variety of species and types in raw sewage, potentially able to affect other surface water environments and hence human health. Next-generation sequencing proved to be an effective strategy for HAdV genotyping in wastewater samples. It was able to detect a wide range of "less prevalent" types unidentified by conventional Sanger sequencing, confirming that studies based on conventional technologies may grossly underestimate the existence of some, possibly less common, types. Knowledge of the distribution of HAdV species and types would improve our understanding of waterborne HAdV-related health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Iaconelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Health, Rome, Italy
| | - B Valdazo-González
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - M Equestre
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Rome, Italy
| | - A R Ciccaglione
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - C Marcantonio
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - S Della Libera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Health, Rome, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Health, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
McMinn BR, Ashbolt NJ, Korajkic A. Bacteriophages as indicators of faecal pollution and enteric virus removal. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 65:11-26. [PMID: 28304098 PMCID: PMC6089083 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are an attractive alternative to faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), particularly as surrogates of enteric virus fate and transport, due to their closer morphological and biological properties. Based on a review of published data, we summarize densities of coliphages (F+ and somatic), Bacteroides spp. and enterococci bacteriophages (phages) in individual human waste, raw wastewater, ambient fresh and marine waters and removal through wastewater treatment processes utilizing traditional treatments. We also provide comparisons with FIB and enteric viruses whenever possible. Lastly, we examine fate and transport characteristics in the aquatic environment and provide an overview of the environmental factors affecting their survival. In summary, concentrations of bacteriophages in various sources were consistently lower than FIB, but more reflective of infectious enteric virus levels. Overall, our investigation indicates that bacteriophages may be adequate viral surrogates, especially in built systems, such as wastewater treatment plants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Bacteriophage are alternative fecal indicators that may be better surrogates for viral pathogens than fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). This report offers a summary of the existing literature concerning the utility of bacteriophage as indicators of viral presence (fecal sources and surface waters) and persistence (in built infrastructure and aquatic environments). Our findings indicate that bacteriophage levels in all matrices examined are consistently lower than FIB, but similar to viral pathogens. Furthermore, in built infrastructure (e.g. wastewater treatment systems) bacteriophage closely mimic viral pathogen persistence suggesting they may be adequate sentinels of enteric virus removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. McMinn
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268 United States
| | - Nicholas J. Ashbolt
- University of Alberta, School of Public Health, 3-57D South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Asja Korajkic
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268 United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Enteroviruses are RNA viruses that are responsible for both mild gastroenteritis and mild respiratory illnesses as well as debilitating diseases such as meningitis and myocarditis. The disease burden of enteroviruses in the United States is difficult to assess because most infections are not recorded. Since infected individuals shed enterovirus in feces and urine, surveillance of municipal wastewater can reveal the diversity of enteroviruses circulating in human populations. Therefore, monthly municipal wastewater samples were collected for 1 year and enteroviruses were quantified by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR and identified by next-generation, high-throughput sequencing. Enterovirus concentrations ranged from 3.8 to 5.9 log10 equivalent copies/liter in monthly samples. From the mean monthly concentration, it can be estimated that 2.8% of the contributing population was shedding enterovirus daily. Sequence analysis showed that Enterovirus A and Enterovirus B alternate in predominance, with Enterovirus B comprising over 80% of the reads during the summer and fall months and Enterovirus A accounting for >45% of the reads in spring. Enterovirus C was observed throughout the year, while Enterovirus D was present intermittently. Principal-component analysis further supported the date corresponding to enterovirus seasonal trends as CVA6 (Enterovirus A) was predominant in the spring months; CVB3, CVB5, and E9 (Enterovirus B) were predominant in the summer and fall months; and CVA1, CVA19, and CVA22 (Enterovirus C) and EV97 (Enterovirus B) were predominant in winter. Rhinoviruses were also observed. Wastewater monitoring of human enterovirus provided improved insight into the seasonal patterns of enteroviruses circulating in communities and can contribute to understanding of enterovirus disease burden. IMPORTANCE Enterovirus infections are often not tracked or reported to health officials. This makes it hard to know how many people in a community are infected with these viruses at any given time. Here, we explored enterovirus in municipal wastewater to look at this issue. We show that enteroviruses are present year-round in municipal wastewater at levels of up to 800,000 genomic copies per liter. We estimate that, on average, 2.8% of the people contributing to the wastewater shed enterovirus daily. Sequence analysis of the viral capsid protein 4 gene shows that 8 enterovirus types are key drivers of seasonal trends. Populations of Enterovirus A members peak in the spring, while Enterovirus B types are most prevalent during the summer and fall months and Enterovirus C members influence the winter months. Enterovirus D was observed sporadically and did not influence seasonal trends.
Collapse
|
29
|
O'Brien E, Munir M, Marsh T, Heran M, Lesage G, Tarabara VV, Xagoraraki I. Diversity of DNA viruses in effluents of membrane bioreactors in Traverse City, MI (USA) and La Grande Motte (France). WATER RESEARCH 2017; 111:338-345. [PMID: 28107747 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses diversity of DNA viruses in the effluents of two membrane bioreactor (MBR) wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs): an MBR in the United States and an MBR in France. Viral diversity of these effluents is compared to that of a conventional activated sludge WWTP in the U.S. Diversity analysis indicates Herpesvirales to be the most abundant order of potentially pathogenic human DNA viruses in wastewater treated effluent in all utilities. Other potentially pathogenic human viruses detected include Adenoviridae, Parvoviridae, and Polyomaviridae. Bacteriophage order Caudovirales comprises the majority of DNA virus sequences in the effluent of all utilities. The choice of treatment process (MBR versus activated sludge reactor) utilized had no impact on effluent DNA viral diversity. In contrast, the type of disinfection applied had an impact on the viral diversity present in the effluent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan O'Brien
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Mariya Munir
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Terence Marsh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Marc Heran
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR-5635, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Geoffroy Lesage
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR-5635, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Volodymyr V Tarabara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Verani M, Di Giuseppe G, Tammaro C, Carducci A. Investigating the role of Acanthamoeba polyphaga in protecting Human Adenovirus from water disinfection treatment. Eur J Protistol 2016; 54:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
31
|
Kokkinos P, Mandilara G, Nikolaidou A, Velegraki A, Theodoratos P, Kampa D, Blougoura A, Christopoulou A, Smeti E, Kamizoulis G, Vantarakis A, Mavridou A. Performance of three small-scale wastewater treatment plants. A challenge for possible re use. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:17744-17752. [PMID: 26154042 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study focused on the assessment of the performance of three WWTPs in Greece by the estimation of the microbiological and chemical quality of influent and effluent sewage. Physicochemical parameters were recorded (temperature, pH, COD, BOD, suspended solids, conductivity), and meteorological data were collected (air temperature, rain). Microbiological parameters were analyzed (Escherichia coli, total coliforms, bacteriophages, Salmonella, human adenoviruses, Candida, Pseudallescheria boydii, helminths, parasites Cryptosporidium ssp., and Giardia spp.). Statistically significant correlations among the various aforementioned parameters were investigated, in an attempt to propose appropriate processing performance indicators. Furthermore, the study aimed to assess current joint ministerial decision (JMD) on wastewater reuse, for irrigation purposes; to evaluate its practicability and its potential for public health protection. In the vast majority, outlet samples from all three studied WWTPs were not appropriate for irrigation reuse purposes based on BOD50 and suspended solids limit values, set by the current JMD, for both limited and unrestricted irrigation applications. Reductions for E. coli, total coliforms, and bacteriophages were found to range between 2-3, 1.5-2.5, and 2-4 log10 values, respectively. Salmonella spp. was detected in outlet sewage samples from Patra (PAT), Arachova (ARH), and Livadeia (LEV), at 23% (3/13), 33% (4/12), and 38% (5/13), respectively. Molds were detected at 92.3% (12/13), 100% (13/13), and 91.6% (11/12), respectively, while Candida was found at 85% (11/13), 67% (8/12), and 46% (6/13). A high prevalence of Pseudallescheria boydii, in outlet samples from all studied WWTPs is an important public health issue, which underlines the need for further studies on this emerging fungal pathogen in wastewater reuse applications. Pseudallescheria boydii was found at 85% (11/13), 67% (8/12), and 46% (6/13), respectively. Helminths were found in both inlet and outlet samples, of all studied WWTPs, at 100%. Human adenoviruses, were detected at high percentages in outlet samples at 76.9% (10/13), 92.3% (12/13), 84.6% (11/13), respectively, while no influence of UV irradiation was recorded on the entry and exit loads of human adenoviruses. No influence of meteorological parameters was found on the microbiological and chemical parameters, with the exception of a weak positive correlation between environmental temperature and bacteriophages. A moderate positive correlation was found between BOD and suspended solids, bacteriophages, and total coliforms, bacteriophages and E. coli, and bacteriophages and adenoviruses. A significant positive correlation was found between total coliforms and E. coli, COD and BOD, and suspended solids and COD. No correlations were proved between human pathogens and bacterial indicator parameters. Collectively, our findings underlined the unsuitability of the current JMD on wastewater reuse in Greece, or public health protection. The study is expected to support the development of a public health risk assessment model based on quantitative risk assessment on the use of treated wastewater for irrigation purposes in Greece.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Kokkinos
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - G Mandilara
- Department of Microbiology, National School of Public Health, Alexandras Ave., Athens, Greece
| | - A Nikolaidou
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A Velegraki
- Mycology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Theodoratos
- Department of Public and Social Health, Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - D Kampa
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - A Blougoura
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Hygiene, Viotia Regional Division, Region of Central Greece, Livadia, Greece
| | - A Christopoulou
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - G Kamizoulis
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A Vantarakis
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - A Mavridou
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hassine-Zaafrane M, Kaplon J, Ben Salem I, Sdiri-Loulizi K, Sakly N, Pothier P, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. Detection and genotyping of group A rotaviruses isolated from sewage samples in Monastir, Tunisia between April 2007 and April 2010. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1443-53. [PMID: 26248601 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To ascertain the viral load, the distribution of G and P types of group A rotaviruses (RV-A) in sewage samples and to compare strains in clinical, animal and environmental samples. METHODS AND RESULTS During our study from April 2007 to April 2010, 518 samples of raw and treated sewage were collected from two biological sewage treatment plants (STPs) located in the Monastir region, Tunisia. RV-A was detected by real-time RT-PCR in 375 (72·4%) sewage samples. According to the quantification results of RV-A, it appears that the viral load in raw and treated sewage of the two STPs was quite similar (P = 0·735). The genotyping of RV-A strains detected in sewage samples showed a great diversity with 10 G types and 8 P types. Most of them were described as common in humans, but we also detected genotypes commonly found in animals. All the genotypes detected in two previous studies performed in our laboratory on clinical and bovine samples were also found in environmental samples. However, some genotypes commonly found in animal were only found in sewage samples. CONCLUSION The comparison of environmental, clinical and animal data suggests that STPs may convey not only human sewage but also animal wastes, both of them contaminated with numerous RV-A strains which are not efficiently eliminated by the sewage treatment process and may spread to surface waters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work demonstrates the potential release of human and animal RV-A into water sources, representing a public health risk, by inducing gastroenteritis in population, but also by increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission and formation of reassortant viruses which could get a higher infectious potential. Our findings also suggest that monitoring of sewage may provide an additional tool to determine the epidemiology of RV-A circulating in a given community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hassine-Zaafrane
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - J Kaplon
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - I Ben Salem
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - K Sdiri-Loulizi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - N Sakly
- Laboratory of Immunology, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - P Pothier
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - M Aouni
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - K Ambert-Balay
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sporadic isolation of sabin-like polioviruses and high-level detection of non-polio enteroviruses during sewage surveillance in seven Italian cities, after several years of inactivated poliovirus vaccination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 80:4491-501. [PMID: 24814793 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00108-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sewage surveillance in seven Italian cities between 2005 and 2008, after the introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccination (IPV) in 2002, showed rare polioviruses, none that were wild-type or circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), and many other enteroviruses among 1,392 samples analyzed. Two of five polioviruses (PV) detected were Sabin-like PV2 and three PV3, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR results. Neurovirulence-related mutations were found in the 5'noncoding region (5'NCR) of all strains and, for a PV2, also in VP1 region 143 (Ile>Thr). Intertypic recombination in the 3D region was detected in a second PV2 (Sabin 2/Sabin 1) and a PV3 (Sabin 3/Sabin 2). The low mutation rate in VP1 for all PVs suggests limited interhuman virus passages, consistent with efficient polio immunization in Italy. Nonetheless, these findings highlight the risk of wild or Sabin poliovirus reintroduction from abroad. Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were detected, 448 of which were coxsackievirus B (CVB) and 294 of which were echoviruses (Echo). Fifty-six NPEVs failing serological typing were characterized by sequencing the VP1 region (nucleotides [nt] 2628 to 2976). A total of 448 CVB and 294 Echo strains were identified; among those strains, CVB2, CVB5, and Echo 11 predominated. Environmental CVB5 and CVB2 strains from this study showed high sequence identity with GenBank global strains. The high similarity between environmental NPEVs and clinical strains from the same areas of Italy and the same periods indicates that environmental strains reflect the viruses circulating in the population and highlights the potential risk of inefficient wastewater treatments. This study confirmed that sewage surveillance can be more sensitive than acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in monitoring silent poliovirus circulation in the population as well as the suitability of molecular approaches to enterovirus typing.
Collapse
|
34
|
Removal of Pathogens by Membrane Bioreactors: A Review of the Mechanisms, Influencing Factors and Reduction in Chemical Disinfectant Dosing. WATER 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/w6123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
35
|
Rotavirus genotypes in sewage treatment plants and in children hospitalized with acute diarrhea in Italy in 2010 and 2011. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:241-9. [PMID: 25344240 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02695-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the molecular surveillance network RotaNet-Italy provides useful nationwide data on rotaviruses causing severe acute gastroenteritis in children in Italy, scarce information is available on rotavirus circulation in the general Italian population, including adults with mild or asymptomatic infection. We investigated the genotypes of rotaviruses present in urban wastewaters and compared them with those of viral strains from clinical pediatric cases. During 2010 and 2011, 285 sewage samples from 4 Italian cities were tested by reverse transcription-PCRs (RT-PCRs) specific for rotavirus VP7 and VP4 genes. Rotavirus was detected in 172 (60.4%) samples, 26 of which contained multiple rotavirus G (VP7 gene) genotypes, for a total of 198 G types. Thirty-two samples also contained multiple P (VP4 gene) genotypes, yielding 204 P types in 172 samples. Genotype G1 accounted for 65.6% of rotaviruses typed, followed by genotypes G2 (20.2%), G9 (7.6%), G4 (4.6%), G6 (1.0%), G3 (0.5%), and G26 (0.5%). VP4 genotype P[8] accounted for 75.0% of strains, genotype P[4] accounted for 23.0% of strains, and the uncommon genotypes P[6], P[9], P[14], and P[19] accounted for 2.0% of strains altogether. These rotavirus genotypes were also found in pediatric patients hospitalized in the same areas and years but in different proportions. Specifically, genotypes G2, G9, and P[4] were more prevalent in sewage samples than among samples from patients, which suggests either a larger circulation of the latter strains through the general population not requiring medical care or their greater survival in wastewaters. A high level of nucleotide identity in the G1, G2, and G6 VP7 sequences was observed between strains from the environment and those from patients.
Collapse
|
36
|
Battistone A, Buttinelli G, Bonomo P, Fiore S, Amato C, Mercurio P, Cicala A, Simeoni J, Foppa A, Triassi M, Pennino F, Fiore L. Detection of Enteroviruses in Influent and Effluent Flow Samples from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Italy. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:13-22. [PMID: 24277051 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the presence and seasonal distribution of polio and other enteroviruses in four wastewater treatment plants in three cities in Italy, using different treatment systems. Detection of enteroviruses was carried out by virus isolation in cell cultures after concentration of water samples collected at both inlet and outlet of the treatment plants, following the methods described in the WHO guidelines. Viral serotypes isolated before and after water treatment were compared. Forty-eight non-polio enteroviruses were isolated from 312 samples collected at the inlet of the four wastewater treatment plants, 35 of which were Coxsackievirus type B (72.9 %) and 13 Echovirus (27.1 %). After treatment, 2 CVB3, 1 CVB5, and 1 Echo 6 were isolated. CVB3 and Echo 6 serotypes were also detected in samples collected at the inlet of the TP, in the same month and year. The high rate of detection of infectious enteroviruses in inlet sewage samples (30.1 %) indicates wide diffusion of these viruses in the populations linked to the collectors. The incomplete removal of infectious viruses following sewage treatment highlights possible risks for public health relate to treated waters discharge into the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Battistone
- CRIVIB, National Centre for Immunobiologicals Research and Evaluation, Viral Vaccines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Buttinelli
- CRIVIB, National Centre for Immunobiologicals Research and Evaluation, Viral Vaccines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonomo
- CRIVIB, National Centre for Immunobiologicals Research and Evaluation, Viral Vaccines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiore
- CRIVIB, National Centre for Immunobiologicals Research and Evaluation, Viral Vaccines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Amato
- CRIVIB, National Centre for Immunobiologicals Research and Evaluation, Viral Vaccines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Mercurio
- A.M.A.P. S.p.A. "Impianto di depurazione Acqua dei Corsari", Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Cicala
- A.M.A.P. S.p.A. "Impianto di depurazione Acqua dei Corsari", Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Triassi
- Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Fiore
- CRIVIB, National Centre for Immunobiologicals Research and Evaluation, Viral Vaccines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kauppinen A, Martikainen K, Matikka V, Veijalainen AM, Pitkänen T, Heinonen-Tanski H, Miettinen IT. Sand filters for removal of microbes and nutrients from wastewater during a one-year pilot study in a cold temperate climate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 133:206-213. [PMID: 24384282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are recognised as potential threats to groundwater or other water environments subject to discharged effluents. In this study, the microbiological and nutrient removal properties of three different pilot-scale sand filters (SFs) were followed over a one-year period. Moreover, a separate phosphorus removal unit was tested for six months. For the best treatment system, the average log removals were 2.2-3.5 for pathogenic human noro- and adenoviruses and 4.3-5.2 and 4.6-5.4 for indicator viruses and bacteria, respectively. The system that effectively removed microbes was also efficient at removing nutrients. However, the poorest treatment system yielded substantially lower removals. The remarkable differences noted between the studied SFs highlights the importance of construction materials and the careful planning of the filters. Moreover, seasonal conditions appear to have a clear effect on purification efficiencies, emphasising the vulnerability of these systems especially in cold climates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ari Kauppinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, Water and Health Unit, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kati Martikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Matikka
- Savonia University of Applied Sciences, Engineering, Teaching and Research, P.O. Box 6, FI-70201 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Veijalainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, Water and Health Unit, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Helvi Heinonen-Tanski
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka T Miettinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, Water and Health Unit, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lin J, Ganesh A. Water quality indicators: bacteria, coliphages, enteric viruses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2013; 23:484-506. [PMID: 23438312 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2013.769201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water quality through the presence of pathogenic enteric microorganisms may affect human health. Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and coliphages are normally used as indicators of water quality. However, the presence of above-mentioned indicators do not always suggest the presence of human enteric viruses. It is important to study human enteric viruses in water. Human enteric viruses can tolerate fluctuating environmental conditions and survive in the environment for long periods of time becoming causal agents of diarrhoeal diseases. Therefore, the potential of human pathogenic viruses as significant indicators of water quality is emerging. Human Adenoviruses and other viruses have been proposed as suitable indices for the effective identification of such organisms of human origin contaminating water systems. This article reports on the recent developments in the management of water quality specifically focusing on human enteric viruses as indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Lin
- a School of Life Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kargar M, Javdani N, Najafi A, Tahamtan Y. First molecular detection of group A rotavirus in urban and hospital sewage systems by nested-RT PCR in Shiraz, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2013; 11:4. [PMID: 24499551 PMCID: PMC4176302 DOI: 10.1186/2052-336x-11-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A rotaviruses are the most significant cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Rotaviruses are shed in high numbers and dispersed widely throughout bodies of water in the environment. This represents a significant health hazard for humans, mainly due to the stability of the viruses during wastewater treatment processes. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of rotaviruses, to determine G genotypes of circulating rotaviruses and to assess the efficiency of rotavirus removal in urban and hospital sewage treatment plants in Shiraz, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS During the period from October 2010 to June 2011, a total of sixty sewage samples from urban and hospital sewage disposal systems were collected by Grab Sampling in Shiraz, Iran. All the samples were concentrated in pellet form and two-phase methods and then group A rotaviruses were investigated with enzyme immunoassays (EIA). Rotavirus-positive specimens were genotyped by the nested RT-PCR and by using different types of specific primers. RESULTS In total, rotaviruses were identified in 25% (15 cases) of sewage samples, representing 73.33% (11 cases) of influent and 26.67% (4 cases) of effluent systems. The frequency of rotavirus detection in autumn, winter and spring was 46.67%, 33.33% and 20%, respectively (P= 0.004). The most common circulating genotype was G1 (73.33%), followed by G1G4 (20%) and non-typeable (6.67%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of rotaviruses in urban and hospital sewage systems highlights the importance of environmental surveillance as a tool to detect new genotypes and to investigate the epidemiology of rotaviruses circulating in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Negin Javdani
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Firoozabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Firoozabad, Iran
| | - Akram Najafi
- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center. Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Poma HR, Rajal VB, Blanco Fernández MD, Barril PA, Giordano MO, Masachessi G, Martínez LC, Isa MB, Freire MC, López Riviello G, Cisterna D, Nates SV, Mbayed VA. Evaluation of concentration efficiency of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage PP7 in various water matrixes by different methods. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:2565-76. [PMID: 22763654 PMCID: PMC5705224 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses monitoring in surface waters requires the concentration of viruses before detection assays. The aim of this study was to evaluate different methods in terms of recovery efficiencies of bacteriophage PP7 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, measured by real-time PCR, using it as a viral control process in water analysis. Different nucleic acid extraction methods (silica-guanidinium thiocyanate, a commercial kit (Qiagen Viral RNA Kit) and phenol-chloroform with alcohol precipitation) exhibited very low recovery efficiencies (0.08-4.18 %), being the most efficient the commercial kit used for subsequent experiments. To evaluate the efficiency of three concentration methods, PBS (as model for clean water) and water samples from rivers were seeded to reach high (HC, 10(6) pfu ml(-1)) and low concentrations (LC, 10(4) pfu ml(-1)) of PP7. Tangential ultrafiltration proved to be more efficient (50.36 ± 12.91, 17.21 ± 9.22 and 12.58 ± 2.35 % for HC in PBS and two river samples, respectively) than adsorption-elution with negatively charged membranes (1.00 ± 1.34, 2.79 ± 2.62 and 0.05 ± 0.08 % for HC in PBS and two river samples, respectively) and polyethylene glycol precipitation (15.95 ± 7.43, 4.01 ± 1.12 and 3.91 ± 0.54 %, for HC in PBS and two river samples, respectively), being 3.2-50.4 times more efficient than the others for PBS and 2.7-252 times for river samples. Efficiencies also depended on the initial virus concentration and aqueous matrixes composition. In consequence, the incorporation of an internal standard like PP7 along the process is useful as a control of the water concentration procedure, the nucleic acid extraction, the presence of inhibitors and the variability of the recovery among replicas, and for the calculation of the sample limit of detection. Thus, the use of a process control, as presented here, is crucial for the accurate quantification of viral contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ramiro Poma
- INIQUI-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Carducci A, Verani M. Effects of bacterial, chemical, physical and meteorological variables on virus removal by a wastewater treatment plant. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2013; 5:69-76. [PMID: 23412727 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of wastewater treatment is to minimize chemical and microbial contamination of recipient waters. The present study evaluated the impacts of meteorological variables, such as temperature and rainfall, on the removal of human viruses and indicators by a wastewater treatment plant servicing Pisa, Italy. Data were obtained during four sampling campaigns from 2007 to 2010. Wastewater sewage samples were analyzed for human adenovirus (HAdV) and norovirus using quantitative molecular techniques. In parallel, Escherichia coli, enterococci and somatic coliphages were measured, and meteorological and chemical data were recorded. We detected a continuous presence of HAdV in both influent and effluent samples with an average removal rate of 2.01 log10 Genomic Copies/l. An association between meteorological parameters and viral removal rates was detected only for rainfall and HAdV removal during a specific sampling campaign. No correlation was found between viral data and microbial, chemical and physical ones. Viral removal rates were not strongly influenced by meteorological conditions and were unrelated to other process indicators routinely monitored. Our results suggest that HAdV is a suitable parameter to assess the viral removal efficiency of wastewater treatment plants, particularly in the case of heavy rainfall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Amdiouni H, Faouzi A, Fariat N, Hassar M, Soukri A, Nourlil J. Detection and molecular identification of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in wastewater from Morocco. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 54:359-66. [PMID: 22324352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Reclaimed wastewater is a considerable water resource in Morocco. Its agricultural reuse requires an assessment of viral contamination. The aim of this study was to detect both infectious and noninfectious human adenoviruses (HAdV) and enteroviruses (EV) in raw wastewater and treat effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and domestic sewage in Morocco. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 22 samples were analysed. A polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method was used, followed by integrated cell culture-PCR (ICC-PCR) using two cell lines: human rhabdomyosarcoma tumour tissue and laryngeal carcinoma cells (RD and Hep2 cells). Furthermore, viral genome amplification was confirmed by sequencing. HAdV were detected in 10 (45·5%) of the 22 samples involving two species: HAdV-B and HAdV-D. EV was detected in 5 (23%) samples belonging to Coxsackievirus B5 and poliovirus vaccine strain (Sabin 2). CONCLUSIONS Human adenoviruses and EV were detected in the analysed samples from two WWTPs and HAdV in domestic sewage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work is the first study in Morocco using cell culture, PCR and sequencing of enteric viruses from wastewater. The presence of infectious HAdV and EV in treated effluent emphasizes the need of wastewater treatment surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Amdiouni
- Medical Virology and BSL3 Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc., Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Simmons FJ, Xagoraraki I. Release of infectious human enteric viruses by full-scale wastewater utilities. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:3590-8. [PMID: 21570703 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, infectious human enteric viruses are introduced daily into the environment through the discharge of treated water and the digested sludge (biosolids). In this study, a total of 30 wastewater and 6 biosolids samples were analyzed over five months (May-September 2008-2009) from five full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Michigan using real-time PCR and cell culture assays. Samples were collected from four different locations at each WWTP (influent, pre-disinfection, post-disinfection and biosolids) using the 1MDS electropositive cartridge filter. Adenovirus (HAdV), enterovirus (EV) and norovirus genogroup II (NoV GGII) were detected in 100%, 67% and 10%, respectively of the wastewater samples using real-time PCR. Cytopathic effect (CPE) was present in 100% of the cell culture samples for influent, pre- and post-disinfection and biosolids with an average log concentration of 4.1 (2.9-4.7, range) 1.1 (0.0-2.3, range) and 0.5 (0.0-1.6, range) MPN/100 L and 2.1 (0.5-4.1) viruses/g, respectively. A significant log reduction in infectious viruses throughout the wastewater treatment process was observed at an average 4.2 (1.9-5.0, range) log units. A significant difference (p-value <0.05) was observed using real-time PCR data for HAdV but not for EV (p-value >0.05) removal in MBR as compared to conventional treatment. MBR treatment was able to achieve an additional 2 and 0.5 log reduction of HAdV and EV, respectively. This study has demonstrated the release of infectious enteric viruses in the final effluent and biosolids of wastewater treatment into the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick James Simmons
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kokkinos P, Ziros P, Meri D, Filippidou S, Kolla S, Galanis A, Vantarakis A. Environmental surveillance. An additional/alternative approach for virological surveillance in Greece? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:1914-22. [PMID: 21776209 PMCID: PMC3138004 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8061914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The detection of viruses in the sewage of an urban city by nucleic acid amplification techniques allows the identification of the viral strains that are circulating in the community. The aim of the study was the application of such detection which gives useful data on the distribution, spread, and frequency of these viruses, supporting epidemiological studies of the related viral infections. A two year (2007–2009) survey was conducted in order to evaluate the presence of human adenoviruses (hAdV), hepatitis A viruses (HAV), hepatitis E viruses (HEV), noroviruses (NoV), and human polyomaviruses (hPyV) in sewage samples collected from the inlet of a municipal biological wastewater treatment plant located in southwestern Greece. PCR methods were used for this survey. In total, viruses have been detected in 87.5% (42/48) of the analyzed sewage samples. Analytically, DNA viruses, hAdVs and hPyVs have been detected in 45.8% (22/48) and 68.8% (33/48) of the samples, respectively. As it concerns RNA viruses, HAV was detected in 8.3% (4/48), NoVs in 6.3% (3/48), while HEV has not been detected at all. After sequencing, AdVs were typed as Ad8, Ad40 and Ad41, while both JC and BK hPyVs have been recognized. All NoVs have been identified as GII4, while HAV was typed as genotype IA. Similar long-term studies could be undertaken in countries such as Greece in order to offer a valuable and complementary tool to current problematic epidemiological surveillance systems. This study demonstrates the advantages of environmental surveillance as a tool to determine the epidemiology of viruses circulating in a given community. To our knowledge this was the first of its kind study performed in Greece in order to establish this new way of surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petros Kokkinos
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, GR 26504, Greece; E-Mails: (P.K.); (P.Z.); (D.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Panos Ziros
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, GR 26504, Greece; E-Mails: (P.K.); (P.Z.); (D.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Danai Meri
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, GR 26504, Greece; E-Mails: (P.K.); (P.Z.); (D.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Sevasti Filippidou
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, GR 26504, Greece; E-Mails: (P.K.); (P.Z.); (D.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Stella Kolla
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, GR 68100, Greece; E-Mails: (S.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Alexis Galanis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, GR 68100, Greece; E-Mails: (S.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Apostolos Vantarakis
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, GR 26504, Greece; E-Mails: (P.K.); (P.Z.); (D.M.); (S.F.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +30-2610-969875
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kokkinos PA, Ziros PG, Mpalasopoulou A, Galanis A, Vantarakis A. Molecular detection of multiple viral targets in untreated urban sewage from Greece. Virol J 2011; 8:195. [PMID: 21524296 PMCID: PMC3096948 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urban sewage virological analysis may produce important information about the strains that cause clinical and subclinical infections in the population, thus supporting epidemiological studies. Methods In the present study, a twenty one-month survey (November 2007 to July 2009) was conducted in order to evaluate the presence of human adenoviruses (hAdV), hepatitis A viruses (HAV), hepatitis E viruses (HEV), Noroviruses (NoV), and human Polyomaviruses (hPyV) in untreated sewage samples collected from the inlet of Patras' municipal biological wastewater treatment plant, located in southwestern Greece. Nucleic acid amplification techniques were applied for viral nucleic acid detection. Positive samples were confirmed by sequencing and comparative phylogenetic analysis was performed on the isolated viral strains. Results In total, viruses were detected in 87.5% (42/48) of sewage samples. AdVs, PyVs, HAV, and NoVs were detected in 45.8% (22/48), 68.8% (33/48), 8.3% (4/48), and 6.3% (3/48) of the samples collected from the plant's inlet, while HEV was not detected at all. Adenovirus types 8 (Ad8), 40 (Ad40) and 41 (Ad41) were recognized, while JC and BK polyomaviruses were recorded. Noroviruses were identified as GII.4. HAV was typed as genotype IA. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the advantages of environmental surveillance as a tool to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of community circulating viruses. We underline the need of environmental surveillance programs in countries such as Greece with inadequate and problematic epidemiological surveillance system and no environmental surveillance system currently in action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petros A Kokkinos
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, GR 26504, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Prado T, Silva DM, Guilayn WC, Rose TL, Gaspar AMC, Miagostovich MP. Quantification and molecular characterization of enteric viruses detected in effluents from two hospital wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:1287-97. [PMID: 21040941 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hospital wastewater has been described as an important source of spreading pathogenic microorganisms in the environment. However, there are few studies reporting the presence and concentrations of gastroenteric viruses and hepatitis A viruses in these environmental matrices. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination by viruses responsible for acute gastroenteritis and hepatitis derived from hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Rotavirus A (RV-A), human adenoviruses (HAdV), norovirus genogroup I and II (NoV GI/GII) and hepatitis A viruses (HAV) were detected and quantified in sewage samples from two WWTPs located in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) that operates different sewage treatments. WWTP-1 uses an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB reactor) and three serial anaerobic filters while WWTP-2 uses aerobic processes, activated sludge with extended aeration and final chlorination of the effluents. Viruses' detection was investigated by using conventional PCR/RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and partial sequencing of the genome of the viruses detected. Rate of viruses detection ranged from 7% (NoV GI in WWTP-1) to 95% (RV-A in WWTP-2) and genome from all viruses were detected. The most prevalent genotypes were RV-A SG I, HAdV species D and F, NoV GII/4 and HAV subgenotype IA. Mean values of viral loads (genome copies (GC)/ml) obtained in filtered effluents from anaerobic process was 1.9 × 10(3) (RV-A), 2.8 × 10(3) (HAdV) and 2.4 × 10(3) (NoV GII). For chlorinated effluents from activated sludge process, the mean values of viral loads (GC/ml) was 1.2 × 10(5) (RV-A), 1.4 × 10(3) (HAdV), 8.1 × 10(2) (NoV GII) and 2.8 × 10(4) (HAV). Data on viral detection in treated effluents of hospital WWTPs confirmed the potential for environmental contamination by viruses and could be useful to establish standards for policies on wastewater management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Prado
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Av. Brazil 4.365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jurzik L, Hamza IA, Puchert W, Überla K, Wilhelm M. Chemical and microbiological parameters as possible indicators for human enteric viruses in surface water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2010; 213:210-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
48
|
Aw TG, Gin KYH. Environmental surveillance and molecular characterization of human enteric viruses in tropical urban wastewaters. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:716-730. [PMID: 20233263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the prevalence and genotypes of waterborne pathogenic viruses in urban wastewaters in the tropical region. METHODS AND RESULTS Viruses in wastewaters collected at three water reclamation plants in Singapore were studied by molecular methods. Over a 6-month sampling period, adenoviruses, astroviruses and both norovirus genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) were detected in 100% of the sewage and secondary effluent. Enteroviruses and hepatitis A viruses (HAV) were found in 94 and 78% of sewage, and 89 and 28% of secondary effluent, respectively. By using quantitative real-time PCR, estimated concentrations of astrovirus in the sewage were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those for adenovirus, noroviruses GI and GII. Genotyping of environmental isolates revealed multiple genotypes of GI and GII noroviruses. Coxsackieviruses A, astrovirus type 1 and adenovirus type 41 were prevalent. Norovirus GII/4 and coxsackievirus A24 isolates in wastewaters were closely related to respective outbreak strains isolated previously in Singapore. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the widespread occurrence of all tested enteric virus groups in urban wastewaters. Genetic diversity of astroviruses, enteroviruses and noroviruses in the tropical region was observed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The high prevalence and great genetic diversity of human enteric viruses in urban wastewaters strongly supports the need of further comprehensive studies for evaluating the public health risk associated with viral pathogens in water environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T G Aw
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - K Y-H Gin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Donia D, Bonanni E, Diaco L, Divizia M. Statistical correlation between enterovirus genome copy numbers and infectious viral particles in wastewater samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 50:237-40. [PMID: 19943888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Classic virological tests are time consuming and labour-intensive; real-time RT-PCR has proven to be a fast method to detect and quantify enterovirus genomes in clinical and environmental samples. This method is unable to discriminate between infective and noninfective enterovirus particles; few clinical studies have compared real-time RT-PCR and viral culture. We wondered if the enterovirus genome quantification could be correlated to the infectivity. METHODS AND RESULTS We used the statistical approach to verify our hypotheses to correlate data, obtained by the standard method (most probable number of cytopathic units-MPNCU) and molecular test (real-time RT-PCR), on wastewater treatment plant samples. Chi-squared test was used, considering several cut-off values ('50'-'100'-'200' genome copy numbers), to determine statistical significance in comparison of the two methods. Chi-square value was not significant when cut-off of 50 (P = 0.103) and 100 (P = 0.178) was assumed but was significant with cut-off of 200 (P = 0.044). CONCLUSION This limit, 200 genome copy, could be used as cut-off value to indicate enterovirus survival in environmental monitoring. SIGNIFICANT AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To introduce a fast procedure that is able to compensate for disadvantages of cell culture method for viral environmental analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Donia
- Department of Public Health, Hygiene Chair, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kamel AH, Ali MA, El-Nady HG, Aho S, Pothier P, Belliot G. Evidence of the co-circulation of enteric viruses in sewage and in the population of Greater Cairo. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:1620-9. [PMID: 19840175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize major enteric viruses (enterovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus) in the sewage of Greater Cairo and to compare the results with clinical data collected during the same period. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy-two sewage samples from two waste water treatment plants were collected from April 2006 through February 2007. Enteroviruses, noroviruses (NoVs) and rotaviruses (RVs) were detected by RT-PCR in 22%, 18% and 8.3% of the samples, respectively. No adenovirus and astrovirus was detected. G2P[8], G9P[8], G1P[8], G2P[4] and rare G12 RV isolates were detected in the environment as well as a bovine RV. The environmental NoV strains mostly belonged to genogroup I (84%). Rotaviruses and some of the NoVs were similar to those found in the clinical samples at the same time. CONCLUSIONS The comparison of environmental and clinical data suggests that similar RV and NoV isolates were circulating in the environment and in the population during the same period. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Few studies have investigated the prevalence and the epidemiology of RVs and NoVs in Cairo. This work is the first to establish a correlation between viral gastroenteritis and the concomitant presence of enteric viruses in the environment for Greater Cairo where combined environmental and clinical surveys should help to prevent infections caused by these major pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Kamel
- Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Public Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|